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'{{About|the group of colleges, and the athletic conference that gave the group its name}} {{Infobox Athletic Conference | name = Ivy League | short_name = Ivies, Ancient Eight | established = 1954 | logo = Ivy League logo.svg | logo_size = 100 | association = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] | division = [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] | subdivision = [[NCAA Division I Football Championship|FCS]] | members = 8 | sports = 33 | mens = 17 | womens = 16 | region = [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] | former_names = | hq_city = Princeton | hq_state = New Jersey | commissioner = Robin Harris<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/schools/robinharris.asp|title=Executive Director Robin Harris|accessdate=2009-07-07}}{{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> | since = 2009 | website = [http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/ ivyleaguesports.com] | color = 006600 | font_color = FFFFFF | map = Ivy League Map.svg | map_size = 250 }} The '''Ivy League''' is an [[athletic conference]] composed of sports teams from eight private institutions of [[university|higher education]] in the [[Northeastern United States]]. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/ivy_league.html |title=Princeton Campus Guide – Ivy League|accessdate=2007-04-26}}</ref> The eight institutions are [[Brown University]], [[Columbia University]], [[Cornell University]], [[Dartmouth College]], [[Harvard University]], [[Princeton University]], the [[University of Pennsylvania]], and [[Yale University]]. The term ''Ivy League'' also has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social [[elitism]]. The term became official after the formation of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I (NCAA)|Division&nbsp;I]] athletic conference in 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ivysport.com/history.php|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060324134404/http://www.ivysport.com/history.php|archivedate=2006-03-24|title=IvySport – History|accessdate=2008-01-06}}</ref> The use of the phrase is no longer limited to athletics, and now represents an educational philosophy inherent to the nation's oldest schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/ivy_league.shtml|title=What is the origin of the term, Ivy League?|accessdate=2006-05-17}}</ref> Seven of the eight schools were founded during the [[Thirteen Colonies|United States colonial period]]; the exception is [[Cornell University|Cornell]], which was founded in 1865. Ivy League institutions, therefore, account for seven of the nine [[Colonial Colleges]] chartered before the [[American Revolution]]. Ivy League schools are viewed as some of the most prestigious, and are ranked among the best universities in the United States and worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/worlds-best-colleges/2009/06/18/worlds-best-colleges-top-400.html|title=World's Best Colleges|accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref> All eight Ivy League institutions place within the top fifteen of the ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' [[college and university rankings]], including the top four schools and six of the top ten. A member of the Ivy League has been the ''U.S. News'' number-one-ranked university in each of the past 12 years: Princeton University five times, Harvard University twice, and the two schools tied for first five times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings |title=National Universities Rankings – Best College |publisher=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com |date=2010-08-17 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> The Ivies are all in the Northeast region of the United States. Each school receives millions of dollars in research grants and other subsidies from federal and state government. Undergraduate enrollments among the Ivy League schools range from about 4,000 to 14,000,<ref>[[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]] and [[Cornell University|Cornell]] respectively</ref> making them larger than those of a typical private [[liberal arts college]] and smaller than a typical public [[state university system|state university]]. Overall enrollments range from approximately 6,100 in the case of Dartmouth to over 20,000 in the case of Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy League university [[financial endowment]]s range from Brown's $2.2 billion to Harvard's $32 billion,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmc.harvard.edu/docs/Sept%2021%20Draft-Annual%20Report.pdf |title=September 2011 Harvard Management Company Endowment Report |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-03-10}}</ref> the [[Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment|largest financial endowment]] of any academic institution in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2011/06/28/10-universities-with-largest-financial-endowments|title=10 Private Universities With Largest Financial Endowments|accessdate=2012-01-09}}</ref> [[Image:IvyLeagueLocations.png|right|thumb|300px|Locations of Ivy League schools]] ==Members== {| class="wikitable" cellspacing=4 style="text-align:left; margin-right:0" |- !Institution !Location !Athletic nickname !Undergraduate enrollment !Graduate enrollment !Motto |- |[[Brown University]] |[[Providence, Rhode Island]] |[[Brown Bears|Bears]] |{{nts|6316}}<ref name="brown.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/web/about/facts/enrollment |title=Facts about Brown University |publisher=Brown.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> |{{nts|2333}}<ref name="brown.edu"/> |''In Deo Speramus''<br />(In God We Hope) |- |[[Columbia University]] |[[New York City, New York]] |[[Columbia Lions|Lions]] |{{nts|7160}}<ref name="columbia.edu">[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/enrollment_fte_school_all.htm]. Columbia University Common Data Set. Retrieved on 2010-04-18.</ref> |{{nts|15760}}<ref name="columbia.edu"/> |''In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen''<br />(In Thy light shall we see the light) |- |[[Cornell University]] |[[Ithaca, New York]] |[[Cornell Big Red|Big Red]] |{{nts|13931}}<ref name="dpb.cornell.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.dpb.cornell.edu/documents/1000435.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks |title=Cornell Common Data Set |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> |{{nts|6702}}<ref name="dpb.cornell.edu"/> |I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study. |- |[[Dartmouth College]] |[[Hanover, New Hampshire]] |[[Dartmouth Big Green|Big Green]] |{{nts|4248}}<ref name="dartmouth.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~oir/pdfs/enrollments_10.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - header_factbook.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-07-17}}</ref> |{{nts|1893}}<ref name="dartmouth.edu"/> |''Vox clamantis in deserto''<br />(The voice of one crying in the wilderness)<ref>The former English translation is that more commonly used by Dartmouth itself</ref> |- |[[Harvard University]] |[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |[[Harvard Crimson|Crimson]] |{{nts|7181}}<ref name="provost.harvard.edu">[http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec02_Enrollments.pdf]. Harvard University Factbook. Retrieved on 2010-04-18.</ref> |{{nts|14044}}<ref name="provost.harvard.edu"/> |''Veritas''<br/>(Truth) |- |[[Princeton University]] |[[Princeton, New Jersey]] |[[Princeton Tigers|Tigers]] |{{nts|5113}}<ref name="registrar.princeton.edu">[http://registrar.princeton.edu/university_enrollment_sta/common_cds2009.pdf]. Princeton University Common Data Set. Retrieved on 2010-04-18.</ref> |{{nts|2479}}<ref name="registrar.princeton.edu"/> |''Dei sub numine viget''<br />(Under God's power she flourishes) |- |[[University of Pennsylvania]] |[[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] |[[Penn Quakers|Quakers]] |{{nts|10337}}<ref name="Penn: Facts and Figures">{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php |title=Penn: Facts and Figures |publisher=Upenn.edu |date=2010-11-19 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> |{{nts|10306}}<ref name="Penn: Facts and Figures"/> |''Leges sine moribus vanae''<br />(Laws without morals are useless)<ref>[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/vis_obj/heraldry/guide.html Guide to the Usage of the Seal and Arms of the University of Pennsylvania] University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 10 September 2009.</ref> |- |[[Yale University]] |[[New Haven, Connecticut]] |[[Yale Bulldogs|Bulldogs]] |{{nts|5275}}<ref name="yale.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html#Fall%201995%20Enrollment |title=Factsheet – Statistical Summary of Yale University |publisher=Yale.edu |date=2009-06-30 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> |{{nts|6391}}<ref name="yale.edu"/> |[[Urim and Thummim|אורים ותומים]]<br />''Lux et veritas''<br />(Light and truth) |} ==History== ===Year founded=== {| class="wikitable" cellspacing=4 style="margin-right:0" |- !Institution !Founded !Founding affiliation |- |Harvard University<ref>The institution, though founded in 1636, did not receive its name until 1639. It was nameless for its first two years</ref> |1636 as ''New College'' |[[Calvinist]] ([[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] [[Puritan]]s) |- |Yale University |1701 as ''Collegiate School'' |Calvinist (Congregationalist) |- |University of Pennsylvania |1740 as ''Unnamed Charity School'' <ref name=PennFoundingYear>See [[University of Pennsylvania]] for details of the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century.[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/trustees.html] In 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal [[academic procession]]s would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Penn's periodical "The Alumni Register," published by the General Alumni Society, then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university's founding date to 1740, in order to appear older than [[Princeton University]], which had been chartered in 1746. In 1899, the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740. The rationale offered in 1899 was that, in 1750, founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed an unnamed trust from a group which had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia. This edifice was commonly called the "New Building" by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn's archives. No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust, hence "Unnamed Charity School" serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn's association with a founding date of 1740. The first named entity in Penn's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called "Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania."[http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php] Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to "College, Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania."[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html] Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later.</ref> |[[Nonsectarian]],<ref>Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with [[Benjamin Franklin]] and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen."[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html]. Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." In Franklin's 1749 founding [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/1749proposals.html Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania] [http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksNew/index.cfm?TextID=franklin_youth&PagePosition=20 (page images)], religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "''History'' will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a ''Publick Religion,'' from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts." [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/charitysch.html], and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist [[George Whitefield]]. The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with [[Great Awakening|The Great Awakening]]; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labelled [[Church of England|Episcopalian]], and in fact ''Brown'' University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".[http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html] Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and [[Haverford College]] implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America."[http://www.haverford.edu/publicrelations/news/QandA.html]</ref> founded by [[Church of England]]/[[Methodists]] members<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Protestant_Episcopal_Church |title=Protestant Episcopal Church – LoveToKnow 1911 |publisher=1911encyclopedia.org |date=2006-10-06 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html |title=Brown Admission: Our History |publisher=Brown.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> |- |Princeton University |1746 as ''College of New Jersey'' |Nonsectarian, founded by Calvinist [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]]<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/Stop05.htm University Chapel: Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> |- |Columbia University |1754 as ''King's College'' |Church of England |- |Brown University |1764 as the ''College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations'' |[[Baptist]], founding charter promises "no religious tests" and "full liberty of conscience"<ref>Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was "the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions."[http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html] Brown's charter stated that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." The charter called for twenty-two of the thirty-six trustees to be Baptists, but required that the remainder be "five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians."[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PRE_PYR/PROVIDENCE.html]</ref> |- |Dartmouth College |1769 |Calvinist (Congregationalist) |- |Cornell University |1865 |Nonsectarian |} :<small>'''Note:''' Six of the eight Ivy League universities consider their founding dates to be simply the date that they received their charters and thus became legal corporations with the authority to grant academic degrees. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college. The University of Pennsylvania initially considered its founding date to be 1750; this is the year which appears on the first iteration of the university seal.<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Hughes| first=Samuel| year=2002| url=http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0102/0102finals.html| title=Whiskey, Loose Women, and Fig Leaves: The University's seal has a curious history| journal=Pennsylvania Gazette| volume=100| issue=3}}</ref> Sometime in Penn's early history, it began to refer to 1749 as its founding date; this year was used for over a century, including at the centennial celebration in 1849. In 1899, the university's Board of Trustees voted to change the founding date to 1740 (the creation date of an unnamed inactive educational trust that Penn assumed in 1750 when it acquired its first building), in order to make their institution appear older than Princeton University, which had been chartered in 1746.<ref name=PennFoundingYear/> Penn began operating as a secondary school in 1751 and commenced undergraduate education with the granting of a collegiate charter in 1755. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion.</small> ===Origin of the name=== Students have long revered the ivied walls of older colleges. "Planting the ivy" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893 an alumnus told ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', "In 1850, class day was placed upon the University Calendar.... the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time."<ref>{{cite web|title=Class Day, New and Old|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1893/6/3/class-day-old-and-new-it-is/?print=1}}</ref> At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as "Ivy Day" in 1874.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Penn: Ivy day and Ivy Stones, a Penn Tradition|url=http://www.upenn.edu/spotlights/ivy-day-and-ivy-stones-penn-tradition}}</ref> Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale,<ref>Boston Daily Globe, Jun 27, 1882, p. 4: "CLASS DAY.: Yale Seniors Plant the Ivy, Sing "Blage," and Entertain the Beauty of New Haven;"</ref> [[Simmons College (Massachusetts)|Simmons]],<ref>Boston Evening Transcript, Jun 11, 1912, p. 12, "Simmons Seniors Hosts Class Day Exercises Late in Afternoon, Planting of the Ivy will be One of the Features;</ref> [[Bryn Mawr College|Bryn Mawr]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Play a Romance and Plant Ivy, Pretty Class Day Exercises of the Women's College|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1126&dat=19070609&id=uXpRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kWcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4741,1858451|author= |newspaper=The Gazette Times |date= June 9, 1907|accessdate=October 22, 2012}}</ref> and many others. Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ivy Club: History|url=http://theivyclub.net/history/}}</ref> The first usage of ''Ivy'' in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895–1965). {{quote|A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil.|Stanley Woodward, ''[[New York Tribune]]'', October 14, 1933, describing the football season<ref>"Yale Book of Quotations" (2006) [[Yale University Press]] edited by Fred R. Shapiro</ref>}} According to the book ''Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins'' (1988), author William Morris writes that Stanley Woodward actually took the term from fellow ''[[New York Tribune]]'' sportswriter Caswell Adams. Morris writes that during the 1930s, the [[Fordham University]] [[college football|football]] team was running roughshod over all its opponents. One day in the sports room at the ''Tribune'', the merits of Fordham's football team were being compared to those of [[Princeton University|Princeton]] and [[Columbia University|Columbia]]. Adams remarked disparagingly of the latter two, saying they were "only ''Ivy League''." Woodward, the sports editor of the ''Tribune'', picked up the term and printed the next day. Note though that in the above quote Woodward used the term ''ivy college'', not ''ivy league'' as Adams is said to have used, so there is a discrepancy in this theory, although it seems certain the term ''ivy college'' and shortly later ''Ivy League'' acquired its name from the sports world. The first known instance of the term ''Ivy League'' being used appeared in ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' on February 7, 1935.<ref>"The Yale Book of Quotations" (2006) [[Yale University]] Press, edited by Fred R. Shapiro</ref><ref>[[OED|Oxford English Dictionary]] entry for "Ivy League"</ref><ref>[http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/WhatIsIvy/history.asp Ivy League Sports]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the [[Colonial colleges|colonial era]], together with the [[United States Military Academy]] (West Point), the [[United States Naval Academy]], and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league. [[Image:West College Princeton.jpg|thumb|Ivy covering West College, Princeton University]] [[File:Harvard crimsons v brown 2009.JPG|thumb|The 2009 Brown-Harvard football game]] [[Image:Palestra interior.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Palestra]], Penn's basketball arena]] The Ivy League universities are also called the "Ancient Eight" or simply the ''Ivies''.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} A common [[folk etymology]] attributes the name to the Roman numerals for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The ''Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins'' helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a 4th school that varies depending on who is telling the story.<ref>The [[Chicago Public Library]] reports the "IV League" explanation, [http://www.chipublib.org/008subject/005genre/faqiv.html]{{dead link|date=January 2011}} sourced only from the ''Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins''.</ref><ref>Various ''Ask Ezra'' student columns report the "IV League" explanation, apparently relying on the ''Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins'' as the sole source: [http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=895550400#question13] [http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=798955200#question9] [http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=639892800#question5]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/2002/101702/askbenny.html |title=The Penn Current / October 17, 2002 / Ask Benny |publisher=Upenn.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> However, it is clear that [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[Yale University|Yale]] and [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia]] met on November 23, 1876 at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/football/1800s/origins.html |title=This according to the Penn history of varsity football |publisher=Archives.upenn.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> ===Pre-Ivy League=== Seven of the Ivy League schools were founded before the [[American Revolution]]; Cornell was founded just after the [[American Civil War]]. These seven were the primary colleges in the Northern and Middle Colonies, and their early faculties and founding boards were largely, therefore, drawn from other Ivy League institutions. There were also some British graduates from the [[University of Cambridge]], the [[University of Oxford]], the [[University of Edinburgh]], and elsewhere on their boards. Similarly, the founder of [[The College of William & Mary]], in 1693, was a British graduate of the University of Edinburgh. Cornell provided [[Stanford University]] with its [[David Starr Jordan|first president]]. The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable. This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the first two decades of the 19th century when Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities for each of these states. In 1801 a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the [[University of South Carolina]] were Princeton alumni. They appointed [[Jonathan Maxcy]], a Brown graduate, as the university's first president. [[Thomas Cooper (US politician)|Thomas Cooper]], an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member became the second president of the South Carolina college. The founders of the [[University of California]] came from Yale, hence the school colors of University of California are [[Yale Blue]] and California Gold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resource.berkeley.edu/r_html/r01_04.html |title=Resource: Student history |publisher=Resource.berkeley.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> Some of the Ivy League schools have identifiable Protestant roots, while others were founded as nonsectarian schools. [[Church of England]] ''King's College'' broke up during the Revolution and was reformed as public nonsectarian [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]]. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries, but a denominational tone and such relics as compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century. Penn and Brown were officially founded as nonsectarian schools. Brown's charter promised no religious tests and "full liberty of conscience", but placed control in the hands of a board of twenty-two Baptists, five Quakers, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians. Cornell has been strongly nonsectarian from its founding. "Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an [[elite]] [[Social class|class]], even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This sense dates back to at least 1935.<ref>{{cite book | title=Snobbery: The American Version | first = Joseph |last = Epstein | year=2003 |publisher = Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 0-618-34073-4}} p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern [[University-preparatory school|prep schools]], the Ivy League colleges, and the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] among them."</ref> Novels<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book | first = Louis | last = Auchincloss | title = East Side Story | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-618-45244-3 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin}} p. 179, "he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges"</ref> and memoirs<ref>{{cite book | title = Project Girl | first = Janet |last = McDonald | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2000|isbn = 0-520-22345-4}} p. 163 "''Newsweek'' is a morass of incest, nepotism, elitism, racism and utter classic white male patriarchal corruption.... It is completely Ivy League — a Vassar/Columbia J-School dumping ground... I will always be excluded, regardless of how many Ivy League degrees I acquire, because of the next level of hurdles: family connections and money."</ref> attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools. After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of students. They had always had distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with [[doctorate]]s had taught for them; but they now decided that they could not both be world-class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals of any other big-time football programs, although more quietly.<ref>scandals: James Axtell, ''The Making of Princeton University'' (2006), p.274; quoting a former executive director of the Ivy League</ref> ===History of the athletic league=== The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Rowing teams from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on [[Lake Winnipesaukee]], [[New Hampshire]], on August 3, 1852. Harvard's team, "The Oneida", won the race and was presented with trophy black walnut oars from then presidential nominee General [[Franklin Pierce]]. The first formal athletic league involving eventual Ivy League schools (or any US colleges, for that matter) was created in 1870 with the formation of the [[Rowing Association of American Colleges]]. The RAAC hosted a de facto national championship in rowing during the period 1870–1894. In 1895, Cornell, Columbia, and Penn founded the [[Intercollegiate Rowing Association]], which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US. To this day, the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete. A basketball league was later created in 1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale and Princeton formed the [[Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League]]; they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth. In 1906, the organization that eventually became the [[NCAA|National Collegiate Athletic Association]] was formed, primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football. But of the 39 original member colleges in the NCAA, only two of them (Dartmouth and Penn) later became Ivies. Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". In 1935, the [[Associated Press]] reported on an example of collaboration between the schools:{{quote|The athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League" are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields.|The Associated Press|''The New York Times''<ref>{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | title = Colleges Searching for Check On Trend to Goal Post Riots | publisher = The New York Times | page = 33 | date = 1935-12-06 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60D13F63D58107A93C4A91789D95F418385F9}}</ref>}} Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. [[Romeyn Berry]], Cornell's manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows: {{quote|I can say with certainty that in the last five years—and markedly in the last three months—there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency. Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic "Ivy League". That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment.<ref>{{cite news | author = Robert F. Kelley | title = Cornell Club Here Welcomes Lynah | publisher = The New York Times | page = 22 | date = 1936-01-17}}</ref>}} Within a year of this statement and having held month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]'', ''[[The Cornell Daily Sun]]'', ''[[The Dartmouth]]'', ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', ''[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]'', ''[[The Daily Princetonian]]'' and the ''[[Yale Daily News]]'' would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.<ref>{{cite news | title = Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges | publisher = The New York Times | page = 33 | date = 1936-12-03}}</ref> Part of the editorial read as follows:{{quote|The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association. The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=456169 |title=The Harvard Crimson :: News :: AN EDITORIAL |publisher=Thecrimson.com |date=1936-12-03 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref>}} The proposal did not succeed—on January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."<ref>{{cite news | title = Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities | publisher = The New York Times | page = 26 | date = 1937-01-12}}</ref> In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first ''Ivy Group Agreement'', which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the [[American football|football]] teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:{{quote|The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of [[athletic scholarships]]. Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gwertzman |first=Bernard M. |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=128992 |title=The Harvard Crimson '&#39;Ivy League: Formalizing the Fact'&#39; Saturday, October 13, 1956 |publisher=Thecrimson.com |date=1956-10-13 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref>}} In 1954, the date generally accepted as the birth of the Ivy League, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports effective with the 1955-56 basketball season. As part of the transition, Brown, the only Ivy that hadn't joined the EIBL, did so for the 1954-55 season. A year later, the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL. The Ivy League claims the EIBL's history as its own. Through the EIBL, it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I.<ref>[http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/conferences/ivy/ “Ivy Group”], ''Sports-reference.com''</ref><ref>“Division I Conference Alignment History” in the ''2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Record Book'', p. 221, http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/BK09.pdf</ref> As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become [[coeducation]]al. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]] [[women's college]]s, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at [[Barnard College]] and [[Radcliffe College]], which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie ''[[Animal House]]'' includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet [[Smith College|Smith]] and [[Mount Holyoke College|Mount Holyoke]] women, a drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "The '[[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters']] was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, [[Vassar College|Vassar]], [[Bryn Mawr College|Bryn Mawr]], [[Wellesley College|Wellesley]], and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men’s colleges."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.gov/offices/OERI/PLLI/webreprt.html |title=Archived: Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges |publisher=Ed.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College, Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard. ==Cohesion of the group== The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with acceptance rates ranging from 6 to 16 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |title=National University Rankings |publisher= U.S.News & World Report LP |date= |accessdate=2011-05-11}}</ref> These universities compete in many ways, as illustrated by Yale's aggressive reaction to an incident in 2002. A Princeton admissions staffer mentioned at a joint meeting of all eight Ivy admissions departments that he and others from his office had logged onto the Yale admissions website to see how their system to notify applicants worked. At the time, Princeton and many other colleges were considering a transition from using mailed letters to website notification, a process which Yale had already completed. No immediate reaction from the group resulted at the initial meeting, as was the case when the same individual brought up the subject again at a subsequent conference one month later. He told the others present that he and his colleagues had used the names, birth dates and [[Social Security number]]s of some Princeton applicants who might have also applied to Yale. In particular, the Princeton representative brought up the topic because he was surprised to find that Yale had used no password besides a Social Security number. Despite the fact that the Princeton staffer had proactively volunteered the information and Yale officials at both meetings had voiced no objection, the Yale administration examined its computer records and called the FBI to complain that its computers had been "hacked," then issued a press release to that effect. After this apparent attempt to embarrass Princeton publicly, the admissions official at the center of the controversy was moved to a different department and the university's dean of admissions Fred Hargadon retired at the end of the academic year, though Princeton president [[Shirley Tilghman]] said that the dean's decision to retire was unconnected to the incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2002/05/17/news/5201.shtml |title=Princeton removes LeMenager from admission office for violations |publisher=The Daily Princetonian |date= |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> In 2007, Princeton honored the dean by naming a new campus dormitory after him. Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student-led [[Ivy Council]] that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. ===Social elitism=== The phrase ''Ivy League'' historically has been perceived as connected not only with academic excellence, but also with social elitism. In 1936, sportswriter [[John Kieran]] noted that student editors at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Yale University|Yale]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[Cornell University|Cornell]], [[Columbia University|Columbia]], [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]], and [[University of Pennsylvania|Penn]] were advocating the formation of an athletic association. In urging them to consider "[[United States Military Academy|Army]] and [[United States Naval Academy|Navy]] and [[Georgetown University|Georgetown]] and [[Fordham University|Fordham]] and [[Syracuse University|Syracuse]] and [[Brown University|Brown]] and [[University of Pittsburgh|Pitt]]" as candidates for membership, he exhorted: [[File:Columbiaman.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A cartoon portrait of the stereotypical Columbia man in the 20th century]] {{quote|It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose.<ref>Kieran, John (1936), "Sports of the Times", ''The New York Times'', December 4, 1936, p. 36. "There will now be a little test of the "the power of the press" in intercollegiate circles since the student editors at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Cornell, Columbia, Dartmouth and Penn are coming out in a group for the formation of an Ivy League in football. The idea isn't new.... It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose." He recommended the consideration of "plenty of institutions covered with home-grown ivy that are not included in the proposed group. [such as ] Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt, just to offer a few examples that come to mind" and noted that "Pitt and Georgetown and Brown and Bowdoin and Rutgers were old when Cornell was shining new, and Fordham and Holy Cross had some building draped in ivy before the plaster was dry in the walls that now tower high about Cayuga's waters."</ref>}} The Ivy League has sometimes been associated with the [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]] community.<ref>{{cite book | title=Snobbery: The American Version | first = Joseph |last = Epstein | year=2003 |publisher = Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 0-618-34073-4}} p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern prep schools, the Ivy League colleges, and the Episcopal Church among them." and {{cite book | title=The Ideal of the University | first = Robert Paul |last = Wolff | publisher = Transaction Publishers | year=1992 | isbn = 1-56000-603-X}} p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique."</ref> Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery"<ref>{{cite book | title=The Ideal of the University | first = Robert Paul |last = Wolff | publisher = Transaction Publishers | year=1992 | isbn = 1-56000-603-X}} p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique."</ref> are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the twentieth century. A [[Louis Auchincloss]] character dreads "the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges".<ref name="autogenerated1"/> A business writer, warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his): {{quote|We Ivy Leaguers [read: mostly white and Anglo]<!--This bracketed phrase is part of the quotation and is in the original, not an editorial interpolation.---> know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization.<ref>{{cite book|title=The 10 Lenses: your guide to living and working in a multicultural world|first=Mark|last=Williams|year=2001|publisher=Capital Books}}, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1892123592&id=bkiuOG-k2vUC&pg=RA1-PA85&lpg=RA1-PA85&sig=_uGkwxQd3tP0Zxf65xZ96ls3HSw#PRA1-PA85,M1 p. 85]</ref>}} Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the 1988 presidential election, when [[George H. W. Bush]] (Yale '48) derided [[Michael Dukakis]] (graduate of Harvard Law School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tarpley.net/bush22.htm|title=George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography: Chapter XXII Bush Takes The Presidency|author=Webster G. Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin|publisher=Webster G. Tarpley|accessdate=2006-12-17}} <!--obviously a poor source but it has the exact phrase the New York Times columnists are referring to, which I couldn't find in the NYT articles themselves--></ref> ''New York Times'' columnist [[Maureen Dowd]] asked "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained however that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it.... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and said Harvard in his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class.<ref>Dowd, Maureen (1998), "Bush Traces How Yale Differs From Harvard." ''The New York Times,'' June 11, 1998, p. 10</ref> Columnist [[Russell Baker]] opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their [[undershirt]] no matter how hot the weather gets."<ref>Baker, Russell (1998), "The Ivy Hayseed." ''The New York Times,'' June 15, 1988, p. A31</ref> Still, the last four presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education—George H.W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business School), and Barack Obama (Columbia undergrad, Harvard Law School). ==Cooperation== Up until recently, seven of the eight schools (Harvard excluded) participated in the Borrow Direct [[interlibrary loan]] program, making a total of 88 million items available to participants with a waiting period of four working days.<ref>Columbia's [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/requestit/borrow_direct.html Borrow Direct] website</ref> This [[Interlibrary loan|ILL]] program is not affiliated with the formal Ivy arrangement. Harvard and MIT joined the Direct Borrow partnership in January 2011, together contributing over 70 million books to the existing collection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.brown.edu/libnews/2011/01/24/harvard-and-mit-libraries-join-borrow-direct-20-million-additional-books-available-to-brown-borrowers/ |title=» Harvard and MIT Libraries Join Borrow Direct – 20 Million Additional Books Available to Brown Borrowers Brown University Library News |publisher=Blogs.brown.edu |date=2011-01-24 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> The governing body of the Ivy League is the [[Council of Ivy Group Presidents]]. During meetings, the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives. ==Competition and athletics== [[File:Cornell Baseball2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A [[Cornell Big Red]] [[college baseball]] player from 1908.]] Ivy champions are recognized in sixteen men's and sixteen women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other; for example, the six league members who participate in [[ice hockey]] do so as members of [[ECAC Hockey]], but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year. Unlike all other Division I [[basketball]] conferences, the Ivy League has no tournament for the league title;<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/id/75007 May The Madness Begin] by Mark Starr [[Newsweek|Newsweek.com]]; March 14, 2002. Retrieved January 25, 2008.</ref> the school with the best conference record represents the conference in the Division I NCAA [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|Men's]] and [[NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship|Women's]] Basketball Tournament (with a playoff, or playoffs, in the case of a tie).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/university-news/2002/03/06/yale-basketball-shares-ivy-league-title/ |title=Yale basketball shares Ivy League title |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=2002-03-06 |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament. On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based ([[financial aid (educational expenses)|financial aid]]).<ref>[http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/whatisivy/index.asp Ivy League Sports]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> Ivy League teams' non-league games are often against the members of the [[Patriot League]], which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies. In the time before recruiting for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 26 recognized national championships in [[college football]] (last in 1935), and Yale won 18 (last in 1927).<ref>http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/nchamps_year.php</ref> Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]], which has won 13, [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]], which has won 12, and [[USC Trojans football|USC]], which has won 11. Yale, whose coach [[Walter Camp]] was the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan]] on November 10, 2001. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 17. Beginning with the 1982 football season, the Ivy League has competed in [[Division I-AA]] (renamed [[Division I Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]] in 2006).<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/17/sports/ncaafootball/17ivy.html?ei=5088&en=eef43e83c884e0f3&ex=1321419600&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=print New York Times] – 2006-11-17</ref> The Ivy League teams are eligible for the FCS tournament held to determine the national champion, and the league champion receives an automatic bid (and any other team may qualify for an at-large selection) from the NCAA. Through the 2009 season, all eligible teams have declined the invitation, citing rules governing the league's academic concerns posed by the extended December schedule. The Ivy League plays a strict 10 game schedule, compared to other FCS members' schedules of 11 or 12 regular season games, plus post-season, which was expanded in 2010 to five rounds with 20 teams, with a bye week for the top 12 teams. Football is the only sport in which the Ivy League declines to compete for a national title. [[Image:Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Yale Bowl]] during [[The Game (Harvard-Yale)|The Game]].]] Although no longer as successful nationally as they once were in many of the more popular college sports, the Ivy League is still competitive in others. One such example is [[college rowing (United States)|rowing]]. All of the Ivies have historically been among the top crews in the nation, and most continue to be so today. Cornell's 38 national championships in men's rowing makes that program perhaps the most decorated varsity athletic program in the country in any sport. Most recently, on the men's side, Harvard won the [[Intercollegiate Rowing Association]] Championships in 2003, 2004, 2005, and on the women's side Brown won the team championship in 2007, 2008 and 2011 [[NCAA Rowing Championships]] and Yale won the NCAA title for the I-eight event (the most elite event) in 2007, 2008 and 2010. Additionally, Cornell's men's lightweight team won back to back to back IRA National Championships in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The Ivy League schools are also very competitive in men's lacrosse and both men's and women's hockey. {| class="wikitable" style= |+ '''Teams in Ivy League competition'''<ref>http://www.ivyleaguesports.com</ref> !Sport||Men's||Women's |- |[[Baseball]]||<center>8</center>||<center>-</center> |- |[[Basketball]]||<center>8</center>||<center>8</center> |- |[[Cross country running|Cross Country]]||<center>8</center>||<center>8</center> |- |[[Fencing]]||<center>6</center>||<center>7</center> |- |[[Field Hockey]]||<center>-</center>||<center>8</center> |- |[[American football|Football]]||<center>8</center>||<center>-</center> |- |[[Golf]]||<center>8</center>||<center>7</center> |- |[[Ice Hockey]]||<center>6</center>||<center>6</center> |- |[[Lacrosse]]||<center>7</center>||<center>8</center> |- |[[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]||<center>7</center>||<center>7</center> |- ||[[College soccer|Soccer]]||<center>8</center>||<center>8</center> |- |[[Softball]]||<center>-</center>||<center>8</center> |- |[[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]] & [[Diving]]||<center>7</center>||<center>8</center> |- |[[Squash (sport)|Squash]]||<center>8</center>||<center>8</center> |- ||[[Tennis]]||<center>8</center>||<center>8</center> |- ||[[Track and field#Indoor|Track and Field (Indoor)]]||<center>8</center>||<center>8</center> |- ||[[Track and field#Outdoor|Track and Field (Outdoor)]]||<center>8</center>||<center>8</center> |- |[[Volleyball]]||<center>-</center>||<center>8</center> |- |[[Wrestling]]||<center>6</center>||<center>-</center> |} The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest [[college rugby]] teams. Although these teams are not "varsity" sports, they compete annually in the [[Ivy Rugby Conference]]. ===Historical results=== {| class="wikitable" cellspacing=4 style="margin-right:0" |- !Institution !Ivy League Championships !NCAA Team Championships |- |Princeton University Tigers |414 |10 |- |Harvard University Crimson |361 |4 |- |Cornell University Big Red |208 |5 |- |University of Pennsylvania Quakers |195 |3 |- |Yale University Bulldogs |181 |2 |- |Dartmouth College Big Green |130 |3 |- |Brown University Bears |119 |7 |- |Columbia University Lions |88 |9 |} The table above includes team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition in the 1956-57 academic year through 2011-12. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished six times by Harvard and 21 times by Princeton, including a conference-record 15 championships in 2010-11. Only once has one of the other six schools earned more than eight titles in a single academic year (Cornell with nine in 2005-06). In the 33 academic years beginning 1979-80, Princeton has averaged 11 championships per year, one-third of the conference total of 33 sponsored sports.<ref>http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/championships/IvyLeague/BySchool</ref> In the seven academic years beginning 2005-06, Harvard has won Ivy titles in 22 different sports, two-thirds of the league total, and Princeton has won championships in 31 different sports, all except wrestling and men's tennis.<ref>http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/championships/IvyLeague/WomensSports</ref> ===Internal rivalries=== Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League. For instance, Princeton and [[Penn Quakers men's basketball|Penn]] are longstanding [[Penn – Princeton basketball rivalry|men's basketball rivals]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2002/02/12/sports/4317.shtml |title=The game: the tables are turned – Penn hoops travel to Jadwin tonight for premier rivalry of Ivy League basketball |publisher=The Daily Princetonian |date=2002-02-12 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> "Puck Frinceton", and "Pennetrate the Puss" t-shirts are worn by Quaker fans at games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2002/02/12/sports/4318.shtml |title=The rivalry? Not with Penn's paltry performance this season |publisher=The Daily Princetonian |date=2002-02-12 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> In only ten instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and in only six seasons since Yale's 1962 title, has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball,<ref>[http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/sports/ivy-champs.asp?intSID=6 Ivy League Basketball]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> with Princeton champion or co-champion 26 times and Penn 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 19 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion). Harvard won its first title of either variety in 2011, losing a dramatic play-off game to Princeton for the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win an outright championship in 2012. Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including [[Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry|Cornell and Harvard in hockey]] (the only two League members to have won the NCAA tournament), Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have each had two unbeaten seasons since 2001).<ref>[http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/sports/ivy-champs.asp?intSID=3 Ivy League Football]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> In [[field lacrosse|men's lacrosse]], [[Cornell Big Red men's lacrosse|Cornell]] and [[Princeton Tigers men's lacrosse|Princeton]] are perennial rivals, and they are the only two Ivy League teams to have won the NCAA tournament. In 2009, the Big Red and Tigers met for their 70th game in the [[2009 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship|NCAA tournament]].<ref>[http://www.theithacajournal.com/article/20090516/SPORTS03/905160373/1128/New+wrinkle+to+Cornell-Princeton+lacrosse+rivalry New wrinkle in the Cornell Princeton lacrosse rivalry], ''[[The Ithaca Journal]]'', May 16, 2009.</ref> No team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title outright since 1972, although Yale, Columbia, and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time. Similarly, no program other than Princeton and Harvard has won the women's swimming championship since Brown's 1999 title. Princeton or Cornell has won every indoor and outdoor track and field championship, both men's and women's, every year since 2002-03, with one exception (Columbia women won indoor championship in 2012). Harvard and Yale are [[The Game (Harvard-Yale)|football]] and [[Harvard-Yale Regatta|crew]] rivals although the competition has become unbalanced; Harvard has won all but one of the last 11 football games and all but one of the last 13 crew races. ====Football rivalries==== {| class="wikitable" cellspacing=5 style="margin-right:0" |- |Teams |Name |Trophy |First met |Games played |Series record |- |Columbia-Cornell |Empire State Bowl |Empire Cup |1889 |98 games |35–60–3 |- |Cornell-Penn |None |Trustee's Cup |1893 |118 games |45–68–5 |- |Dartmouth-Princeton |None |Sawhorse Dollar |1897 |90 games |43–43–4 |- |Harvard-Yale |The Game |None |1875 |128 games |55–65–8 |- |Princeton-Yale |None |None |1873 |134 games |50–74–10 |} The Yale-Princeton series is the nation's second longest, exceeded only by [[The Rivalry (Lehigh-Lafayette)|"The Rivalry"]] between [[Lehigh University|Lehigh]] and [[Lafayette College|Lafayette]], which began later in 1884 but included two or three games in each of 17 early seasons.<ref>http://www.lehighsports.com/info/history/lehigh-lafayette.aspx</ref> For the first three decades of the Yale-Princeton rivalry, the two played their season-ending game at a neutral site, usually New York City, and with one exception (1890: Harvard), the winner of the game also won at least a share of the [[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|national championship]] that year, covering the period 1869 through 1903.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/16/sports/college-football-a-woeful-yale-loses-to-princeton.html</ref><ref>http://collegefootball.about.com/od/nationalchampions/a/champions-list.htm</ref> This phenomenon of a finale contest at a neutral site for the national title created a social occasion for the society elite of the metropolitan area akin to a [[Super Bowl]] in the era prior to the establishment of the [[National Football League|NFL]] in 1920.<ref>http://www.openculture.com/2012/02/princeton_v_yale_1903_the_oldest_college_football_game_on_film.html</ref><ref>http://tiptop25.com/champ1903.html</ref> These football games were also financially profitable for the two universities, so much that they began to play baseball games in New York City as well, drawing record crowds for that sport also, largely from the same social demographic.<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=FA0C14F93B5C12738DDDA00994DE405B848CF1D3</ref> In a period when the only professional sports were fledgling baseball leagues, these high profile early contests between Princeton and Yale played a role in popularizing spectator sports, demonstrating their financial potential and raising public awareness of Ivy universities at a time when few people attended college. ==Athletic facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! ! colspan="3"| Football stadium ! colspan="3"| Basketball arena ! colspan="3"| Baseball field ! colspan="3"| Hockey rink ! colspan="3"| Soccer stadium |- ! School<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/WhatIsIvy/facilities.asp | title = Ivy Facilities | accessdate = 2006-06-10 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060318001423/http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/WhatIsIvy/facilities.asp |archivedate = March 18, 2006}}</ref> ! Name!! Capacity!! Year ! Name!! Capacity!! Year ! Name!! Capacity!! Year ! Name!! Capacity!! Year ! Name!! Capacity!! Year |- |'''[[Brown Bears|Brown]]''' |[[Brown Stadium]] ||{{nts|20000}}||1925 |[[Pizzitola Sports Center]]||{{nts|2800}}||1989 |[[Murray Stadium]] ||{{nts|1000}}||1959 |[[Meehan Auditorium]] ||{{nts|3100}}||1961 |[[Stevenson Field]] ||{{nts|3500}}||1979 |- |'''[[Columbia Lions|Columbia]]''' |[[Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium|Wien Stadium]]||{{nts|17000}}||1984 |[[Levien Gymnasium]] ||{{nts|3408}}||1974 |[[Hal Robertson Field at Phillip Satow Stadium]] ||{{N/A}}||{{N/A}} |colspan="3" align=center| ''Non-hockey school'' |[[Columbia Soccer Stadium]] ||{{nts|3500}}||1985 |- |'''[[Cornell Big Red|Cornell]]''' |[[Schoellkopf Field]] ||{{nts|25597}}||1915 |[[Newman Arena]] ||{{nts|4472}}||1990 |[[Hoy Field]] ||{{nts|500}}||1922 |[[Lynah Rink]] ||{{nts|4267}}||1957 |[[Charles F. Berman Field]]||{{nts|1000}}||2000 |- |'''[[Dartmouth Big Green|Dartmouth]]''' |[[Memorial Field (Dartmouth)|Memorial Field]]||{{nts|15600}}||1923 |[[Leede Arena]] ||{{nts|2100}}||1986 |[[Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park]] ||{{nts|2000}}||{{N/A}} |[[Thompson Arena]] ||{{nts|4500}}||1975 |[[Burnham Field]] ||{{nts|1600}}||2007 |- |'''[[Harvard Crimson|Harvard]]''' |[[Harvard Stadium]] ||{{nts|30898}}||1903 |[[Lavietes Pavilion]] ||{{nts|2195}}||1926 |[[Joseph J. O'Donnell Field]] ||{{nts|1600}}||1898 |[[Bright Hockey Center]] ||{{nts|2850}}||1956 |[[Soldiers Field Soccer Stadium]]||{{nts|2500}}||2010 |- |'''[[Penn Quakers|Penn]]''' |[[Franklin Field]] ||{{nts|52593}}||1895 |The [[Palestra]] ||{{nts|8722}}||1927 |[[Meiklejohn Stadium]] ||{{nts|850}}||2000 |The [[Class of 1923 Arena]]||{{nts|2900}}||1972 |[[Rhodes Field]] ||{{nts|1700}}||2002 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pennathletics.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=1700&ATCLID=66189 |title=Rhodes Field – PennAthletics.com—The Official Website of University of Pennsylvania Athletics |publisher=Pennathletics.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-10}}</ref> |- |'''[[Princeton Tigers|Princeton]]''' |[[Princeton University Stadium]] ||{{nts|27800}}||1998 |[[Jadwin Gymnasium]] ||{{nts|6854}}||1969 |[[Bill Clarke Field]] ||{{N/A}}||1961 |[[Hobey Baker Memorial Rink]] ||{{nts|2094}}||1923 |[[Roberts Stadium (Soccer stadium)|Roberts Stadium]]||{{nts|3000}}||2008 |- |'''[[Yale Bulldogs|Yale]]''' |[[Yale Bowl]] ||{{nts|64269}}||1914 |[[Payne Whitney Gymnasium]]||{{nts|3100}}||1932 |[[Yale Field]] ||{{nts|6200}}||1927 |[[Ingalls Rink]] ||{{nts|3486}}||1958 |[[Reese Stadium]] ||{{nts|3000}}||1981 |} ==Other Ivies== <!--Please do not remove this section without discussion on the talk page. --> Marketing groups, journalists, and some educators sometimes promote other colleges as "Ivies," as in [[Little Ivies]] (colloquialism referring to a group of small, selective American liberal arts colleges), [[Public Ivies]] or [[Southern Ivies]]. These uses of ''Ivy'' are intended to promote the other schools by comparing them to the Ivy League. For example, in the 2007 edition of Newsweek's ''How to Get Into College Now'', the editors designated twenty-five schools as "New Ivies."<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2006/08/20/25-new-ivies.html |title=America's 25 New Elite 'Ivies' |publisher=Newsweek.com |date=2006-08-21 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> The term "Ivy Plus" is sometimes used to refer to the Ancient Eight plus several other schools for purposes of alumni associations,<ref name="BluePrint">{{cite web|url=http://alumni.yale.edu/aya/blueprint/article.php?id=93|title=Yale Hosts Ivy Plus Conference|last=Babbit|first=Nory|date=Fall 2005|publisher=The Blue Print|accessdate=2009-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Untangling" /> university affiliations,<ref name="Untangling" /><ref name=sustain>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/sustainability/ivyplus.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080101140116/http://www.yale.edu/sustainability/ivyplus.htm|archivedate=2008-01-01|title=Ivy Plus Sustainability Working Group |publisher=Yale|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ivyplusannualfund.net/|title=ivy plus annual fund|publisher=harvard|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/ivyplusalumni/|title=Ivy + Alumni Relations Conference|publisher=Princeton|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> or endowment comparisons.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2007/11/02/risk_pays_off_for_endowments/|title=Risk pays off for endowments|last=Weisman|first=Robert |date=November 2, 2007|publisher=The Boston Globe|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=522468|title=Columbia, MIT Fall Into Line on Aid|last=PERLOFF-GILES |first=ALEXANDRA|date=March 11, 2008|publisher=The Harvard Crimson|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref name="DangerousWealth">{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_50/b4062038784589.htm?campaign_id=rss_null|title=The Dangerous Wealth of the Ivy League|last=Bianco|first=Anthony |date=November 29, 2007,|publisher=Businessweek|accessdate=2009-03-24}}</ref><ref name="Lerner">{{cite journal|last=Lerner|first=Josh|coauthors=Antoinette Schoar, and Jialan Wang|date=Summer 2008|title=Secrets of the Academy: The Drivers of University Endowment Success|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|publisher=The American Economic Association|location=Nashville, TN|volume= 22|issue=3|pages=207–22|issn=0895-3309|oclc=16474127|url=http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.22.3.207|doi=10.1257/jep.22.3.207}}</ref> In his book ''Untangling the Ivy League'', Zawel writes, "The inclusion of non-Ivy League schools under this term is commonplace for some schools and extremely rare for others. Among these other schools, <!--DO NOT EDIT THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE. IT IS A QUOTE FROM A BOOK-->[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and [[Stanford University]] are almost always included. The <!--DO NOT EDIT THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE. IT IS A QUOTE FROM A BOOK-->[[University of Chicago]] and [[Duke University]] are often included as well."<ref name="Untangling">{{cite book|last=Zawel|first=Marc|title=Untangling the Ivy League |publisher=College Prowler|date=September 1, 2005|page=9|chapter=Defining the Ivy League|isbn=1-59658-500-5}}</ref> ==See also== <!-- Please add entries here only if they have a direct connection of some kind, by name or by history, to the Ivy League (and are not already linked in the article). This is not the place to assert that other universities or groups are comparable or equivalent. See discussion on this article's Talk page. --> {{Portal|University}} *[[Little Three]]—three liberal arts colleges in [[New England]] ([[Amherst College|Amherst]], [[Wesleyan University|Wesleyan]], and [[Williams College|Williams]]), in contrast to the [[Big Three (colleges)|Big Three]] (a term used to refer to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton) of the Ivy League *[[List of Ivy League medical schools]]—schools of the Ivy League universities that offer medical education (both [[Doctor of Medicine|MDs]] and [[PhD]]s). *[[List of Ivy League law schools]]—schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various law degrees. *[[List of Ivy League business schools]]—schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various business degrees, especially the [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]. *''[[Hidden Ivies]]: Thirty Colleges of Excellence'' *[[Jesuit Ivy]]—complementary use of ''Ivy'' to characterize [[Boston College]]. *[[Black Ivy League]]—informal list of colleges that attracted top African American students prior to the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in the 1960s. *[[Public Ivy]]—is a term coined by Richard Moll to refer to universities which "provide an Ivy League collegiate experience at a public school price." ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== * {{Official website|http://www.ivyleaguesports.com}} {{Ivy League navbox}} {{NCAA Division I FCS conference navbox}} [[Category:Ivy League|*]] [[Category:Northeastern United States]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1954]] [[Category:Sports in the Eastern United States]] [[Category:1954 establishments in the United States]]'