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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Exchange of insults in the form of verse}}
[[File:Lokasenna by Lorenz Frølich.jpg|thumb|The Norse gods [[Freyja]] and [[Loki]] flyte in an illustration (1895) by [[Lorenz Frølich]].]]
'''Flyting''' or '''fliting''' is a contest consisting of the exchange of insults between two parties, often conducted in verse.<ref>Parks, Ward. "Flyting, Sounding, Debate: Three Verbal Contest Genres", ''Poetics Today'' '''7'''.3, Poetics of Fiction (1986:439-458) provided some variable in the verbal contest, to provide a basis for differentiating the [[genre]]s of flyting, sounding, and [[debate]].</ref>
==Etymology==
The word ''flyting'' comes from the [[Old English]] verb {{lang|ang|flītan}} meaning 'to quarrel', made into a noun with the suffix -''ing''. Attested from around 1200 in the general sense of a verbal quarrel, it is first found as a technical literary term in Scotland in the sixteenth century.<ref>"[https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/71711 fliting | flyting, n.]", ''OED Online'', 1st edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press), accessed 1 April 2020.</ref> The ''[[Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue]]'' gives the first attestation in this sense as ''[[The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie]]'',<ref>''[https://dsl.ac.uk Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue]'', 12 vols (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1931–2002), s.v. ''[https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/flyting flyting]''.</ref> from around 1500.<ref>''The Poems of William Dunbar'', ed. by James Kinsley (Oxford University Press, 1979) {{ISBN|9780198118886}}, [https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198118886.book.1/actrade-9780198118886-div1-24?r-1=1.000&wm-1=1&t-1=contents-tab&p1-1=1&w1-1=1.000&p2-1=1&w2-1=0.400 note to text 23].</ref>
== Description ==
{{Quote box
|quote = I will no longer keep it secret:<br />it was with thy sister<br />thou hadst such a son<br />hardly worse than thyself.
|source = ''[[Lokasenna]]''
|width = 25%
|align = right
}}
{{Quote box
|quote = Like ane boisteous bull, ye rin and ryde<br />Royatouslie, lyke ane rude rubatour<br />Ay fukkand lyke ane furious fornicatour
|source = [[David Lyndsay|Sir David Lyndsay]], ''An Answer quhilk Schir David Lyndsay maid Y Kingis Flyting'' (''The Answer Which Sir David Lyndsay made to the King's Flyting''), 1536.
|width = 25%
|align = right
}}
{{Quote box
|quote = Ajax: Thou bitch-wolf's son, canst thou not hear? Feel then.<br />
Thersites: The plague of Greece upon thee, thou mongrel beef-witted lord!
|source = [[William Shakespeare]], ''[[Troilus and Cressida]]'', Act 2, Scene 1.
|width = 25%
|align = right
}}
Flyting is a ritual, poetic exchange of insults practised mainly between the 5th and 16th centuries. Examples of flyting are found throughout Norse, Celtic,<ref name="Icelandic vis-à-vis Irish flyting">{{cite web | url=http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/6i/6_sayers.pdf | title=Serial Defamation in Two Medieval Tales: The Icelandic Ölkofra Þáttr and The Irish Scéla Mucce Meic Dathó | work=Oral Tradition | date=1991 | accessdate=2016-03-16 | author=Sayers, William | pages=35–57}}</ref> [[Old English]] and [[Middle English]] literature involving both historical and mythological figures. The exchanges would become extremely provocative, often involving accusations of [[cowardice]] or [[sexual perversion]].
Norse literature contains stories of the gods flyting. For example, in ''[[Lokasenna]]'' the god [[Loki]] insults the other gods in the hall of [[Ægir]]. In the poem ''[[Hárbarðsljóð]]'', Hárbarðr (generally considered to be [[Odin]] in disguise) engages in flyting with [[Thor]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Byock |first=Jesse |authorlink= |title=Feud in the Icelandic Saga |publisher=University of California Press |year=1983 |origyear=1982 |location=Berkeley |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPUnnVkWf4sC |isbn=0-520-08259-1}}</ref>
In the confrontation of [[Beowulf (hero)|Beowulf]] and [[Unferð]] in the poem ''[[Beowulf]]'', flytings were used as either a prelude to battle or as a form of combat in their own right.<ref>Clover, Carol (1980). "The Germanic Context of the Unferth Episode", ''Spoeculum'' '''55''' pp. 444-468.</ref>
In [[Anglo-Saxon England]], flyting would take place in a feasting hall. The winner would be decided by the reactions of those watching the exchange. The winner would drink a large cup of beer or [[mead]] in victory, then invite the loser to drink as well.<ref>''Quaestio: selected proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic'' Volumes 2-3, p43-44, University of Cambridge, 2001.</ref>
The 13th century poem ''[[The Owl and the Nightingale]]'' and [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[Parlement of Foules]]'' contain elements of flyting.
Flyting became public entertainment in [[Scotland]] in the 15th and 16th centuries, when [[makar]]s would engage in verbal contests of provocative, often sexual and [[Scatology#Literature|scatological]] but highly poetic abuse. Flyting was permitted despite the fact that the penalty for profanities in public was a fine of 20 shillings (over £300 in {{CURRENTYEAR}} prices) for a lord, or a whipping for a servant.<ref name="Hughes" /> [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] and [[James V of Scotland|James V]] encouraged "court flyting" between poets for their entertainment and occasionally engaged with them. ''[[The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie]]'' records a contest between [[William Dunbar]] and [[Walter Kennedy (poet)|Walter Kennedy]] in front of James IV, which includes the earliest recorded use of the word [[shit]] as a personal insult.<ref name="Hughes">''An encyclopedia of swearing: the social history of oaths, profanity, foul language, and ethnic slurs in the English-speaking world'', Geoffrey Hughes, M.E. Sharpe, 2006, p175</ref> In 1536 the poet [[David Lyndsay|Sir David Lyndsay]] composed a [[ribaldry|ribald]] 60-line flyte to James V after the King demanded a response to a flyte.
Flytings appear in several of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays. [[Margaret Galway]] analysed 13 comic flytings and several other ritual exchanges in the tragedies.<ref>Margaret Galway, ''Flyting in Shakespeare's Comedies'', The Shakespeare Association Bulletin'', vol. 10, 1935, pp. 183-91.</ref> Flytings also appear in Nicholas Udall's ''[[Ralph Roister Doister]]'' and John Still's ''[[John Still#Gammer Gurton's Needle|Gammer Gurton's Needle]]'' from the same era.
While flyting died out in Scottish writing after the Middle Ages, it continued for writers of Celtic background. [[Robert Burns]] parodied flyting in his poem, "[[To a Louse]]", and [[James Joyce]]'s poem "The Holy Office" is a curse upon society by a bard.<ref>"flyting." ''Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature''. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1995. ''Literature Resource Center''. Web. 1 Oct. 2015.</ref> Joyce played with the traditional two-character exchange by making one of the characters representing society as a whole.
[[File:The Papal Belvedere.jpg|thumb|right|This woodcut references flyting, if not an outright illustration of it. From a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as the ''Papstspotbilder'' or ''Papstspottbilder'' in German or ''Depictions of the Papacy'' in English,<ref group="Note">The element ''spott'' suggests mockery, rather than straightforward 'depiction'.</ref><ref name=Oberman>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_leG5ztYoZwC&pg=PA61|title=The Impact of the Reformation: Essays|first=Heiko Augustinus|last=Oberman|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=9780802807328|via=Google Books}}</ref> by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder|Lucas Cranach]], commissioned by [[Martin Luther]].<ref name=Edwards-1>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4 ''Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46'' By Mark U. Edwards, Jr.] Fortress Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-8006-3735-4}}</ref> Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet.<ref>In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"</ref> German peasants respond to a papal bull of [[Pope Paul III]]. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."<ref>"Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"</ref><ref name=Edwards-2>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA198 Mark U. Edwards, Jr., ''Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46'' (2004), p. 199]</ref>]]
== Similar practices ==
Hilary Mackie has detected in the ''[[Iliad]]'' a consistent differentiation between representations in Greek of Achaean and Trojan speech,<ref>{{cite book |last=Mackie |first=Hilary Susan |authorlink= |title=Talking Trojan: Speech and Community in the Iliad |publisher=Rowmann & Littlefield |year=1996 |location=Lanham MD |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3F_so8HNg4C |isbn=0-8476-8254-4}}, reviewed by Joshua T. Katz in ''Language'' '''74'''.2 (1998) pp. 408-09.</ref> where Achaeans repeatedly engage in public, ritualized abuse: "Achaeans are proficient at blame, while Trojans perform praise poetry."<ref>Mackie 1996:83.</ref>
Taunting songs are present in the [[Inuit]] culture, among many others. Flyting can also be found in [[Arabic poetry]] in a popular form called ''naqā’iḍ'', as well as the competitive verses of Japanese [[Haikai]].
Echoes of the genre continue into modern poetry. [[Hugh MacDiarmid]]'s poem ''[[A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle]]'', for example, has many passages of flyting in which the poet's opponent is, in effect, the rest of humanity.
Flyting is similar in both form and function to the modern practice of [[freestyle battle]]s between rappers and the historic practice of [[the Dozens]], a verbal-combat game representing a synthesis of flyting and its [[Early Modern English]] descendants with comparable African verbal-combat games such as ''Ikocha Nkocha''.<ref name="rap">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3998862/Rap-music-originated-in-medieval-Scottish-pubs-claims-American-professor.html |title=Rap music originated in medieval Scottish pubs, claims American professor |accessdate=2008-12-30 |last=Johnson |first=Simon |work=telegraph.co.uk |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |date=2008-12-28 |quote=Professor Ferenc Szasz argued that so-called [[rap battles]], where two or more performers trade elaborate insults, derive from the ancient Caledonian art of "flyting." According to the theory, Scottish slave owners took the tradition with them to the United States, where it was adopted and developed by slaves, emerging many years later as rap; see also John Dollard, "The Dozens: the dialect of insult", ''American Image'' '''1''' (1939), pp 3-24; Roger D. Abrahams, "Playing the dozens", ''Journal of American Folklore'' '''75''' (1962), pp 209-18.}}</ref>
In Finnic [[Kalevala]] the hero [[Väinämöinen]] uses similar practice of ''kilpalaulanta'' (duel singing) to win opposing [[Joukahainen]].
==Modern portrayals==
In "[[The Roaring Trumpet]]", part of Harold Shea's introduction to the Norse gods is a flyting between Heimdall and Loki in which Heimdall utters the immortal line "All insults are untrue. I state facts."
The climactic scene in [[Rick Riordan]]'s novel ''[[The Ship of the Dead]]'' consists of a flyting between the protagonist [[Magnus Chase]] and the Norse god Loki.
In the [[Monkey Island (series)|Monkey Island]] video game series, insults are often integral to duels such as sword fighting and arm wrestling.
In [[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]], in which the protagonist is a Viking themselves, players can engage in flyting with various [[non-playable characters]] for prestige and other rewards.
== Recreation ==
In a May 2010 episode of the [[Channel 4]] series ''[[Time Team]]'', archaeologists [[Matt Williams (archaeologist)|Matt Williams]] and [[Phil Harding (archaeologist)|Phil Harding]] engage in some mock flyting in [[Old English]] written by Saxon historian [[Sam Newton]] to demonstrate the practice. For example, {{lang|ang|italic=no|"Mattaeus, ic þé onsecge þæt þín scofl is nú unscearp æfter géara ungebótes"}} ("Matthew, I to thee say that thy shovel is now blunt after years of misuse").
== See also ==
*[[Beot]]
*[[Senna (poetic)|Senna]]
*[[Slam poetry]]
*[[The Dozens]]
*[[Maternal insult]]
*[[Battle rap]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/211736/flyting Flyting – britannica.com]
[[Category:Genres of poetry]]
[[Category:Theatrical combat]]
[[Category:European court festivities]]
[[Category:Competitions]]
[[Category:Verse contests]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'reed is a fagg who thinks vikings really rap
==Etymology==
The word ''flyting'' comes from the [[Old English]] verb {{lang|ang|flītan}} meaning 'to quarrel', made into a noun with the suffix -''ing''. Attested from around 1200 in the general sense of a verbal quarrel, it is first found as a technical literary term in Scotland in the sixteenth century.<ref>"[https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/71711 fliting | flyting, n.]", ''OED Online'', 1st edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press), accessed 1 April 2020.</ref> The ''[[Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue]]'' gives the first attestation in this sense as ''[[The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie]]'',<ref>''[https://dsl.ac.uk Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue]'', 12 vols (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1931–2002), s.v. ''[https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/flyting flyting]''.</ref> from around 1500.<ref>''The Poems of William Dunbar'', ed. by James Kinsley (Oxford University Press, 1979) {{ISBN|9780198118886}}, [https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198118886.book.1/actrade-9780198118886-div1-24?r-1=1.000&wm-1=1&t-1=contents-tab&p1-1=1&w1-1=1.000&p2-1=1&w2-1=0.400 note to text 23].</ref>
== Description ==
{{Quote box
|quote = I will no longer keep it secret:<br />it was with thy sister<br />thou hadst such a son<br />hardly worse than thyself.
|source = ''[[Lokasenna]]''
|width = 25%
|align = right
}}
{{Quote box
|quote = Like ane boisteous bull, ye rin and ryde<br />Royatouslie, lyke ane rude rubatour<br />Ay fukkand lyke ane furious fornicatour
|source = [[David Lyndsay|Sir David Lyndsay]], ''An Answer quhilk Schir David Lyndsay maid Y Kingis Flyting'' (''The Answer Which Sir David Lyndsay made to the King's Flyting''), 1536.
|width = 25%
|align = right
}}
{{Quote box
|quote = Ajax: Thou bitch-wolf's son, canst thou not hear? Feel then.<br />
Thersites: The plague of Greece upon thee, thou mongrel beef-witted lord!
|source = [[William Shakespeare]], ''[[Troilus and Cressida]]'', Act 2, Scene 1.
|width = 25%
|align = right
}}
Flyting is a ritual, poetic exchange of insults practised mainly between the 5th and 16th centuries. Examples of flyting are found throughout Norse, Celtic,<ref name="Icelandic vis-à-vis Irish flyting">{{cite web | url=http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/6i/6_sayers.pdf | title=Serial Defamation in Two Medieval Tales: The Icelandic Ölkofra Þáttr and The Irish Scéla Mucce Meic Dathó | work=Oral Tradition | date=1991 | accessdate=2016-03-16 | author=Sayers, William | pages=35–57}}</ref> [[Old English]] and [[Middle English]] literature involving both historical and mythological figures. The exchanges would become extremely provocative, often involving accusations of [[cowardice]] or [[sexual perversion]].
Norse literature contains stories of the gods flyting. For example, in ''[[Lokasenna]]'' the god [[Loki]] insults the other gods in the hall of [[Ægir]]. In the poem ''[[Hárbarðsljóð]]'', Hárbarðr (generally considered to be [[Odin]] in disguise) engages in flyting with [[Thor]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Byock |first=Jesse |authorlink= |title=Feud in the Icelandic Saga |publisher=University of California Press |year=1983 |origyear=1982 |location=Berkeley |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPUnnVkWf4sC |isbn=0-520-08259-1}}</ref>
In the confrontation of [[Beowulf (hero)|Beowulf]] and [[Unferð]] in the poem ''[[Beowulf]]'', flytings were used as either a prelude to battle or as a form of combat in their own right.<ref>Clover, Carol (1980). "The Germanic Context of the Unferth Episode", ''Spoeculum'' '''55''' pp. 444-468.</ref>
In [[Anglo-Saxon England]], flyting would take place in a feasting hall. The winner would be decided by the reactions of those watching the exchange. The winner would drink a large cup of beer or [[mead]] in victory, then invite the loser to drink as well.<ref>''Quaestio: selected proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic'' Volumes 2-3, p43-44, University of Cambridge, 2001.</ref>
The 13th century poem ''[[The Owl and the Nightingale]]'' and [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[Parlement of Foules]]'' contain elements of flyting.
Flyting became public entertainment in [[Scotland]] in the 15th and 16th centuries, when [[makar]]s would engage in verbal contests of provocative, often sexual and [[Scatology#Literature|scatological]] but highly poetic abuse. Flyting was permitted despite the fact that the penalty for profanities in public was a fine of 20 shillings (over £300 in {{CURRENTYEAR}} prices) for a lord, or a whipping for a servant.<ref name="Hughes" /> [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] and [[James V of Scotland|James V]] encouraged "court flyting" between poets for their entertainment and occasionally engaged with them. ''[[The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie]]'' records a contest between [[William Dunbar]] and [[Walter Kennedy (poet)|Walter Kennedy]] in front of James IV, which includes the earliest recorded use of the word [[shit]] as a personal insult.<ref name="Hughes">''An encyclopedia of swearing: the social history of oaths, profanity, foul language, and ethnic slurs in the English-speaking world'', Geoffrey Hughes, M.E. Sharpe, 2006, p175</ref> In 1536 the poet [[David Lyndsay|Sir David Lyndsay]] composed a [[ribaldry|ribald]] 60-line flyte to James V after the King demanded a response to a flyte.
Flytings appear in several of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays. [[Margaret Galway]] analysed 13 comic flytings and several other ritual exchanges in the tragedies.<ref>Margaret Galway, ''Flyting in Shakespeare's Comedies'', The Shakespeare Association Bulletin'', vol. 10, 1935, pp. 183-91.</ref> Flytings also appear in Nicholas Udall's ''[[Ralph Roister Doister]]'' and John Still's ''[[John Still#Gammer Gurton's Needle|Gammer Gurton's Needle]]'' from the same era.
While flyting died out in Scottish writing after the Middle Ages, it continued for writers of Celtic background. [[Robert Burns]] parodied flyting in his poem, "[[To a Louse]]", and [[James Joyce]]'s poem "The Holy Office" is a curse upon society by a bard.<ref>"flyting." ''Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature''. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1995. ''Literature Resource Center''. Web. 1 Oct. 2015.</ref> Joyce played with the traditional two-character exchange by making one of the characters representing society as a whole.
[[File:The Papal Belvedere.jpg|thumb|right|This woodcut references flyting, if not an outright illustration of it. From a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as the ''Papstspotbilder'' or ''Papstspottbilder'' in German or ''Depictions of the Papacy'' in English,<ref group="Note">The element ''spott'' suggests mockery, rather than straightforward 'depiction'.</ref><ref name=Oberman>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_leG5ztYoZwC&pg=PA61|title=The Impact of the Reformation: Essays|first=Heiko Augustinus|last=Oberman|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=9780802807328|via=Google Books}}</ref> by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder|Lucas Cranach]], commissioned by [[Martin Luther]].<ref name=Edwards-1>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4 ''Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46'' By Mark U. Edwards, Jr.] Fortress Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-8006-3735-4}}</ref> Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet.<ref>In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"</ref> German peasants respond to a papal bull of [[Pope Paul III]]. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."<ref>"Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"</ref><ref name=Edwards-2>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA198 Mark U. Edwards, Jr., ''Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46'' (2004), p. 199]</ref>]]
== Similar practices ==
Hilary Mackie has detected in the ''[[Iliad]]'' a consistent differentiation between representations in Greek of Achaean and Trojan speech,<ref>{{cite book |last=Mackie |first=Hilary Susan |authorlink= |title=Talking Trojan: Speech and Community in the Iliad |publisher=Rowmann & Littlefield |year=1996 |location=Lanham MD |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3F_so8HNg4C |isbn=0-8476-8254-4}}, reviewed by Joshua T. Katz in ''Language'' '''74'''.2 (1998) pp. 408-09.</ref> where Achaeans repeatedly engage in public, ritualized abuse: "Achaeans are proficient at blame, while Trojans perform praise poetry."<ref>Mackie 1996:83.</ref>
Taunting songs are present in the [[Inuit]] culture, among many others. Flyting can also be found in [[Arabic poetry]] in a popular form called ''naqā’iḍ'', as well as the competitive verses of Japanese [[Haikai]].
Echoes of the genre continue into modern poetry. [[Hugh MacDiarmid]]'s poem ''[[A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle]]'', for example, has many passages of flyting in which the poet's opponent is, in effect, the rest of humanity.
Flyting is similar in both form and function to the modern practice of [[freestyle battle]]s between rappers and the historic practice of [[the Dozens]], a verbal-combat game representing a synthesis of flyting and its [[Early Modern English]] descendants with comparable African verbal-combat games such as ''Ikocha Nkocha''.<ref name="rap">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3998862/Rap-music-originated-in-medieval-Scottish-pubs-claims-American-professor.html |title=Rap music originated in medieval Scottish pubs, claims American professor |accessdate=2008-12-30 |last=Johnson |first=Simon |work=telegraph.co.uk |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |date=2008-12-28 |quote=Professor Ferenc Szasz argued that so-called [[rap battles]], where two or more performers trade elaborate insults, derive from the ancient Caledonian art of "flyting." According to the theory, Scottish slave owners took the tradition with them to the United States, where it was adopted and developed by slaves, emerging many years later as rap; see also John Dollard, "The Dozens: the dialect of insult", ''American Image'' '''1''' (1939), pp 3-24; Roger D. Abrahams, "Playing the dozens", ''Journal of American Folklore'' '''75''' (1962), pp 209-18.}}</ref>
In Finnic [[Kalevala]] the hero [[Väinämöinen]] uses similar practice of ''kilpalaulanta'' (duel singing) to win opposing [[Joukahainen]].
==Modern portrayals==
In "[[The Roaring Trumpet]]", part of Harold Shea's introduction to the Norse gods is a flyting between Heimdall and Loki in which Heimdall utters the immortal line "All insults are untrue. I state facts."
The climactic scene in [[Rick Riordan]]'s novel ''[[The Ship of the Dead]]'' consists of a flyting between the protagonist [[Magnus Chase]] and the Norse god Loki.
In the [[Monkey Island (series)|Monkey Island]] video game series, insults are often integral to duels such as sword fighting and arm wrestling.
In [[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]], in which the protagonist is a Viking themselves, players can engage in flyting with various [[non-playable characters]] for prestige and other rewards.
== Recreation ==
In a May 2010 episode of the [[Channel 4]] series ''[[Time Team]]'', archaeologists [[Matt Williams (archaeologist)|Matt Williams]] and [[Phil Harding (archaeologist)|Phil Harding]] engage in some mock flyting in [[Old English]] written by Saxon historian [[Sam Newton]] to demonstrate the practice. For example, {{lang|ang|italic=no|"Mattaeus, ic þé onsecge þæt þín scofl is nú unscearp æfter géara ungebótes"}} ("Matthew, I to thee say that thy shovel is now blunt after years of misuse").
== See also ==
*[[Beot]]
*[[Senna (poetic)|Senna]]
*[[Slam poetry]]
*[[The Dozens]]
*[[Maternal insult]]
*[[Battle rap]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/211736/flyting Flyting – britannica.com]
[[Category:Genres of poetry]]
[[Category:Theatrical combat]]
[[Category:European court festivities]]
[[Category:Competitions]]
[[Category:Verse contests]]' |
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-{{short description|Exchange of insults in the form of verse}}
-[[File:Lokasenna by Lorenz Frølich.jpg|thumb|The Norse gods [[Freyja]] and [[Loki]] flyte in an illustration (1895) by [[Lorenz Frølich]].]]
-'''Flyting''' or '''fliting''' is a contest consisting of the exchange of insults between two parties, often conducted in verse.<ref>Parks, Ward. "Flyting, Sounding, Debate: Three Verbal Contest Genres", ''Poetics Today'' '''7'''.3, Poetics of Fiction (1986:439-458) provided some variable in the verbal contest, to provide a basis for differentiating the [[genre]]s of flyting, sounding, and [[debate]].</ref>
+reed is a fagg who thinks vikings really rap
==Etymology==
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>reed is a fagg who thinks vikings really rap
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Similar_practices"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Similar practices</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Modern_portrayals"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern portrayals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Recreation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Recreation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
<p>The word <i>flyting</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> verb <i lang="ang" title="Old English (ca. 450-1100) language text">flītan</i> meaning 'to quarrel', made into a noun with the suffix -<i>ing</i>. Attested from around 1200 in the general sense of a verbal quarrel, it is first found as a technical literary term in Scotland in the sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Older_Scottish_Tongue" title="Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue">Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue</a></i> gives the first attestation in this sense as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flyting_of_Dumbar_and_Kennedie" title="The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie">The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> from around 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
<div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r887775652">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:0.5em auto 0.8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft p,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright p{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:360px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{min-width:100%;margin:0 0 0.8em!important;float:none!important}}</style>
<div class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">I will no longer keep it secret:<br />it was with thy sister<br />thou hadst such a son<br />hardly worse than thyself.</div>
<p><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a></i></cite>
</p>
</div>
<div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r887775652"/>
<div class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">Like ane boisteous bull, ye rin and ryde<br />Royatouslie, lyke ane rude rubatour<br />Ay fukkand lyke ane furious fornicatour</div>
<p><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/David_Lyndsay" title="David Lyndsay">Sir David Lyndsay</a>, <i>An Answer quhilk Schir David Lyndsay maid Y Kingis Flyting</i> (<i>The Answer Which Sir David Lyndsay made to the King's Flyting</i>), 1536.</cite>
</p>
</div>
<div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r887775652"/>
<div class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">Ajax: Thou bitch-wolf's son, canst thou not hear? Feel then.<br />
Thersites: The plague of Greece upon thee, thou mongrel beef-witted lord!</div>
<p><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i>, Act 2, Scene 1.</cite>
</p>
</div>
<p>Flyting is a ritual, poetic exchange of insults practised mainly between the 5th and 16th centuries. Examples of flyting are found throughout Norse, Celtic,<sup id="cite_ref-Icelandic_vis-à-vis_Irish_flyting_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icelandic_vis-à-vis_Irish_flyting-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> literature involving both historical and mythological figures. The exchanges would become extremely provocative, often involving accusations of <a href="/wiki/Cowardice" title="Cowardice">cowardice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_perversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual perversion">sexual perversion</a>.
</p><p>Norse literature contains stories of the gods flyting. For example, in <i><a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a></i> the god <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> insults the other gods in the hall of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a>. In the poem <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1rbar%C3%B0slj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Hárbarðsljóð">Hárbarðsljóð</a></i>, Hárbarðr (generally considered to be <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> in disguise) engages in flyting with <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the confrontation of <a href="/wiki/Beowulf_(hero)" title="Beowulf (hero)">Beowulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unfer%C3%B0" title="Unferð">Unferð</a> in the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, flytings were used as either a prelude to battle or as a form of combat in their own right.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>, flyting would take place in a feasting hall. The winner would be decided by the reactions of those watching the exchange. The winner would drink a large cup of beer or <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> in victory, then invite the loser to drink as well.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 13th century poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Nightingale" title="The Owl and the Nightingale">The Owl and the Nightingale</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Foules" title="Parlement of Foules">Parlement of Foules</a></i> contain elements of flyting.
</p><p>Flyting became public entertainment in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> in the 15th and 16th centuries, when <a href="/wiki/Makar" title="Makar">makars</a> would engage in verbal contests of provocative, often sexual and <a href="/wiki/Scatology#Literature" title="Scatology">scatological</a> but highly poetic abuse. Flyting was permitted despite the fact that the penalty for profanities in public was a fine of 20 shillings (over £300 in 2020 prices) for a lord, or a whipping for a servant.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-8">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" title="James V of Scotland">James V</a> encouraged "court flyting" between poets for their entertainment and occasionally engaged with them. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flyting_of_Dumbar_and_Kennedie" title="The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie">The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie</a></i> records a contest between <a href="/wiki/William_Dunbar" title="William Dunbar">William Dunbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kennedy_(poet)" title="Walter Kennedy (poet)">Walter Kennedy</a> in front of James IV, which includes the earliest recorded use of the word <a href="/wiki/Shit" title="Shit">shit</a> as a personal insult.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-8">[8]</a></sup> In 1536 the poet <a href="/wiki/David_Lyndsay" title="David Lyndsay">Sir David Lyndsay</a> composed a <a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">ribald</a> 60-line flyte to James V after the King demanded a response to a flyte.
</p><p>Flytings appear in several of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s plays. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Galway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Galway (page does not exist)">Margaret Galway</a> analysed 13 comic flytings and several other ritual exchanges in the tragedies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Flytings also appear in Nicholas Udall's <i><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Roister_Doister" title="Ralph Roister Doister">Ralph Roister Doister</a></i> and John Still's <i><a href="/wiki/John_Still#Gammer_Gurton's_Needle" title="John Still">Gammer Gurton's Needle</a></i> from the same era.
</p><p>While flyting died out in Scottish writing after the Middle Ages, it continued for writers of Celtic background. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> parodied flyting in his poem, "<a href="/wiki/To_a_Louse" title="To a Louse">To a Louse</a>", and <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s poem "The Holy Office" is a curse upon society by a bard.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Joyce played with the traditional two-character exchange by making one of the characters representing society as a whole.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg/220px-The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="972" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>This woodcut references flyting, if not an outright illustration of it. From a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as the <i>Papstspotbilder</i> or <i>Papstspottbilder</i> in German or <i>Depictions of the Papacy</i> in English,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[Note 1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oberman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberman-12">[11]</a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards-1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-1-13">[12]</a></sup> Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> German peasants respond to a papal bull of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards-2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2-16">[15]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Similar_practices">Similar practices</span></h2>
<p>Hilary Mackie has detected in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> a consistent differentiation between representations in Greek of Achaean and Trojan speech,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> where Achaeans repeatedly engage in public, ritualized abuse: "Achaeans are proficient at blame, while Trojans perform praise poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Taunting songs are present in the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> culture, among many others. Flyting can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a> in a popular form called <i>naqā’iḍ</i>, as well as the competitive verses of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Haikai" title="Haikai">Haikai</a>.
</p><p>Echoes of the genre continue into modern poetry. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacDiarmid" title="Hugh MacDiarmid">Hugh MacDiarmid</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/A_Drunk_Man_Looks_at_the_Thistle" title="A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle">A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle</a></i>, for example, has many passages of flyting in which the poet's opponent is, in effect, the rest of humanity.
</p><p>Flyting is similar in both form and function to the modern practice of <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freestyle battle">freestyle battles</a> between rappers and the historic practice of <a href="/wiki/The_Dozens" title="The Dozens">the Dozens</a>, a verbal-combat game representing a synthesis of flyting and its <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> descendants with comparable African verbal-combat games such as <i>Ikocha Nkocha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rap_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rap-19">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Finnic <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a> the hero <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen" title="Väinämöinen">Väinämöinen</a> uses similar practice of <i>kilpalaulanta</i> (duel singing) to win opposing <a href="/wiki/Joukahainen" title="Joukahainen">Joukahainen</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_portrayals">Modern portrayals</span></h2>
<p>In "<a href="/wiki/The_Roaring_Trumpet" title="The Roaring Trumpet">The Roaring Trumpet</a>", part of Harold Shea's introduction to the Norse gods is a flyting between Heimdall and Loki in which Heimdall utters the immortal line "All insults are untrue. I state facts."
</p><p>The climactic scene in <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ship_of_the_Dead" title="The Ship of the Dead">The Ship of the Dead</a></i> consists of a flyting between the protagonist <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus Chase">Magnus Chase</a> and the Norse god Loki.
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Monkey_Island_(series)" title="Monkey Island (series)">Monkey Island</a> video game series, insults are often integral to duels such as sword fighting and arm wrestling.
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed:_Valhalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin's Creed: Valhalla">Assassin's Creed: Valhalla</a>, in which the protagonist is a Viking themselves, players can engage in flyting with various <a href="/wiki/Non-playable_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-playable characters">non-playable characters</a> for prestige and other rewards.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recreation">Recreation</span></h2>
<p>In a May 2010 episode of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Team" title="Time Team">Time Team</a></i>, archaeologists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matt_Williams_(archaeologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matt Williams (archaeologist) (page does not exist)">Matt Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Harding_(archaeologist)" title="Phil Harding (archaeologist)">Phil Harding</a> engage in some mock flyting in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> written by Saxon historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Newton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Newton (page does not exist)">Sam Newton</a> to demonstrate the practice. For example, <span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;" title="Old English (ca. 450-1100) language text">"Mattaeus, ic þé onsecge þæt þín scofl is nú unscearp æfter géara ungebótes"</span> ("Matthew, I to thee say that thy shovel is now blunt after years of misuse").
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Beot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senna_(poetic)" title="Senna (poetic)">Senna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slam_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slam poetry">Slam poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Dozens" title="The Dozens">The Dozens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_insult" title="Maternal insult">Maternal insult</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">Battle rap</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The element <i>spott</i> suggests mockery, rather than straightforward 'depiction'.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/71711">fliting | flyting, n.</a>", <i>OED Online</i>, 1st edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press), accessed 1 April 2020.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsl.ac.uk">Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue</a></i>, 12 vols (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1931–2002), s.v. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/flyting">flyting</a></i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Poems of William Dunbar</i>, ed. by James Kinsley (Oxford University Press, 1979) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r982806391">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198118886" title="Special:BookSources/9780198118886">9780198118886</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198118886.book.1/actrade-9780198118886-div1-24?r-1=1.000&wm-1=1&t-1=contents-tab&p1-1=1&w1-1=1.000&p2-1=1&w2-1=0.400">note to text 23</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Icelandic_vis-à-vis_Irish_flyting-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Icelandic_vis-à-vis_Irish_flyting_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSayers,_William1991" class="citation web cs1">Sayers, William (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/6i/6_sayers.pdf">"Serial Defamation in Two Medieval Tales: The Icelandic Ölkofra Þáttr and The Irish Scéla Mucce Meic Dathó"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oral Tradition</i>. pp. 35–57<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oral+Tradition&rft.atitle=Serial+Defamation+in+Two+Medieval+Tales%3A+The+Icelandic+%C3%96lkofra+%C3%9E%C3%A1ttr+and+The+Irish+Sc%C3%A9la+Mucce+Meic+Dath%C3%B3&rft.pages=35-57&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Sayers%2C+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.oraltradition.org%2Ffiles%2Farticles%2F6i%2F6_sayers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlyting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFByock1983" class="citation book cs1">Byock, Jesse (1983) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yPUnnVkWf4sC"><i>Feud in the Icelandic Saga</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08259-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08259-1"><bdi>0-520-08259-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feud+in+the+Icelandic+Saga&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-520-08259-1&rft.aulast=Byock&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyPUnnVkWf4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlyting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clover, Carol (1980). "The Germanic Context of the Unferth Episode", <i>Spoeculum</i> <b>55</b> pp. 444-468.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quaestio: selected proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic</i> Volumes 2-3, p43-44, University of Cambridge, 2001.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hughes-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An encyclopedia of swearing: the social history of oaths, profanity, foul language, and ethnic slurs in the English-speaking world</i>, Geoffrey Hughes, M.E. Sharpe, 2006, p175</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Galway, <i>Flyting in Shakespeare's Comedies</i>, The Shakespeare Association Bulletin<i>, vol. 10, 1935, pp. 183-91.</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"flyting." <i>Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature</i>. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1995. <i>Literature Resource Center</i>. Web. 1 Oct. 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Oberman-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oberman_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOberman1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_leG5ztYoZwC&pg=PA61"><i>The Impact of the Reformation: Essays</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802807328" title="Special:BookSources/9780802807328"><bdi>9780802807328</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+the+Reformation%3A+Essays&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=9780802807328&rft.aulast=Oberman&rft.aufirst=Heiko+Augustinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_leG5ztYoZwC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlyting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Edwards-1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards-1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4"><i>Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46</i> By Mark U. Edwards, Jr.</a> Fortress Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3735-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3735-4">978-0-8006-3735-4</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Edwards-2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards-2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA198">Mark U. Edwards, Jr., <i>Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46</i> (2004), p. 199</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1996" class="citation book cs1">Mackie, Hilary Susan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3F_so8HNg4C"><i>Talking Trojan: Speech and Community in the Iliad</i></a>. Lanham MD: Rowmann & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8254-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8254-4"><bdi>0-8476-8254-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+Trojan%3A+Speech+and+Community+in+the+Iliad&rft.place=Lanham+MD&rft.pub=Rowmann+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8476-8254-4&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Hilary+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3F_so8HNg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlyting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/>, reviewed by Joshua T. Katz in <i>Language</i> <b>74</b>.2 (1998) pp. 408-09.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackie 1996:83.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-rap-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rap_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Simon (2008-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3998862/Rap-music-originated-in-medieval-Scottish-pubs-claims-American-professor.html">"Rap music originated in medieval Scottish pubs, claims American professor"</a>. <i>telegraph.co.uk</i>. Telegraph Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-30</span></span>. <q>Professor Ferenc Szasz argued that so-called <a href="/wiki/Rap_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap battles">rap battles</a>, where two or more performers trade elaborate insults, derive from the ancient Caledonian art of "flyting." According to the theory, Scottish slave owners took the tradition with them to the United States, where it was adopted and developed by slaves, emerging many years later as rap; see also John Dollard, "The Dozens: the dialect of insult", <i>American Image</i> <b>1</b> (1939), pp 3-24; Roger D. Abrahams, "Playing the dozens", <i>Journal of American Folklore</i> <b>75</b> (1962), pp 209-18.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Rap+music+originated+in+medieval+Scottish+pubs%2C+claims+American+professor&rft.date=2008-12-28&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2F3998862%2FRap-music-originated-in-medieval-Scottish-pubs-claims-American-professor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlyting" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="/wiki/Category:Flyting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Flyting"><span style="">Flyting</span></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/211736/flyting">Flyting – britannica.com</a></li></ul>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1605138213 |