Associate degree
- For other degrees, see Academic degree
An Associate Degree is an academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges and some bachelor's degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years. Common abbreviations are AA (Associate of Arts), AS (Associate of Science), AAS (Associate of Applied Science; or in some cases, Associate of Arts and Sciences) and ABA (Associate of Business Administration).
In the United States and, more rarely, Canada, an associate degree is equivalent to the first two years of a four-year college or university. It is the lowest in the hierarchy of academic degrees offered in these countries. It is also equivalent to the UK's foundation degree. In 2000, Hong Kong introduced associate's degrees, as an equivalence to higher diplomas. These programmes are mainly provided through affiliated colleges at universities. In 2004, Australia added "associate degree" to the Australian Qualifications Framework. This title was given to more academically focused advanced diploma courses. However, very few courses yet use the new title.
Associate Degree
Generalized categories or types of Associate's Degrees
It is possible to break the Associate's Degree into two general categories.
Transfer Degrees:
These degrees form the foundation of a bachelors degree by allowing students to complete all of the general education requirements prior to (possible) transfer to a four year university. They include:
An Associate of Arts degree is often awarded for programs that are terminal or intended for transfer to a four year college, usually with a major in the social sciences or humanities. It is also awarded to General Studies students, those who decline to select an area of concentration.
The Associate of Science degree is similarly awarded to terminal students or to potential transferees to a four years college, but the areas of concentration are usually in mathematics, natural sciences, or technology.
The Associate of Fine Arts degree is typically awarded to student in Music, Theater, and Art (either performance or education related) and is usually transferrable. In many cases, general education requirements are not satisfied upon conferral.
The Associate of Arts in Teaching degree (or in some cases an associate of arts with an emphasis in teacher education) allows students who transfer to any participating four-year institution to receive full credit for their approved lower-division education courses. The intent is to encourage a larger, more diverse pool of students who want to become teachers by allowing students to test their interest in teaching early in their academic career and to shorten the time it takes them to obtain their degree.
Career or Professional Degrees:
The Associate of Applied Science degree is awarded to students who are permitted to relax some of the general education requirements in order to study more course work in their program area. Typically, this kind of degree is for students who intend to enter the work force upon graduation.
The Associate of Business Administration degree is often awarded for programs that are terminal or intended for transfer to a four year college, usually with a major in one of the business majors.
Time Requirements
The associate degree is most often awarded to students completing educationally broad based post secondary programs requiring at least one but generally no more than two years of full-time study. In some instances, particularly allied heath programs, three years is the norm. A lesser diploma, called a Certificate, is awarded for specific studies that complete in a one year program or less, for example certification in a particular subfield of information technology may only run for four to six months.
However, for an associate's degree it is not unusual for students to study more than two years (at a reduced pace while concurrently holding a job) to complete the requirements as many of them are offered as part of evening classes, in what is known as adult continuing education. Many persons in the workforce earn bachelor's and the practice of evening studies is so prevalent in the United States that the numbers of Master's degrees as well as post graduate degrees like Law degrees earned in evening classes frequently out numbers those awarded for full day-time study[citation needed].
Names of Associate Degrees
Wittstruck (1975) notes that the associate degree goes by several different names formally:
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Data on associate degrees are frequently disaggregated by curriculum: vocational or nonvocational. The Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS) counts nonvocational degrees under the category "Arts and Sciences or General Programs"; vocational degrees are counted under six headings:
- business and commerce technologies
- data processing technologies
- health services/paramedical technologies
- mechanical/engineering technologies
- natural science technologies
- public service-related technologies
Annual number awarded
The number of associate degrees awarded rose rapidly in the 1970s. In 1981–1982, 434,515 associate degrees were awarded, representing a 25% increase over the number of associate degrees awarded during 1973–1974. All of the increase is accounted for by growth in the number of vocational degrees awarded. Between 1973–1974 and 1981–1982, percent changes in the number of associate degrees awarded were as follows:
- data processing technologies (225%)
- mechanical and engineering technologies (86%)
- business and commerce technologies (39%)
- health services and paramedical technologies (31%)
- natural sciences technologies (30%)
- arts and sciences or general programs (-4.5%)
- public service-related technologies (-7%)
In terms of absolute numbers, 158,000 nonvocational and 276,493 vocational degrees were awarded in 1981–1982. Of the vocational degrees awarded:
- 35% were in business and commerce technologies,
- 22% were in health services and paramedical technologies;
- 21% were in mechanical and engineering technologies;
- 9% were in public service-related technologies;
- 8% were in data processing technologies, and
- 5% were in natural science technologies.
The growing popularity of vocational degrees is not necessarily a sign of the diminution of the transfer function, because many occupational students transfer to senior institutions. Indeed, a study conducted by the State University of New York (SUNY) found that 29% of SUNY community college students receiving vocational associate degrees in 1980 transferred to a four-year institution.
Illinois data also shed light on transfers with vocational associate degrees. Of the 3,871 students who transferred with an associate degree from an Illinois community college to an Illinois senior institution in Fall 1979, 19% (727) held the associate in applied science (AAS) degree. While the baccalaureate attainment rate for AAS transfers (19%) was lower than the baccalaureate attainment rate of those transfers with associate of arts or associate of science degrees (31%), it was higher than the attainment rate of those community college transfers who had earned no associate degree at all (11%).
Students who earn this degree
Since 1976–1977, over 50% of associate degrees have been earned by women. Though female students are beginning to enter occupational curricula in which women have been traditionally under-represented, most women who obtain occupational associate degrees remain in health, office, and public service occupations. The 1981–1982 data reveal that women made up:
- 88% of the degree recipients in health services and paramedical technologies (compared to 89% in 1971–1972)
- 65% of the degree recipients in business and commerce technologies (compared to 47% in 1971–1972)
- 52% of the degree recipients in public service-related technologies (compared to 38.6% in 1971–1972)
- 50% of the degree recipients in data processing technologies (compared to 30% in 1971–1972)
- 41% of the degree recipients in natural science technologies (compared to 24% in 1971–1972)
- 9% of the degree recipients in mechanical and engineering technologies (compared to 2% in 1971–1972)
Of the nonvocational associate degrees awarded in 1981–1982, 54% were awarded to women (compared to 43% in 1971–1972).
Advantages
Advantages include lower costs, more evening classes for those with day jobs, and often a more convenient location. Many students first attend a local community college before transferring to four-year college for a combination of these reasons. See Community College for a more detailed list of the advantages.
Problems
Koltai (1984) presents a comprehensive analysis of the current status of the associate degree. He reports several issues that need to be addressed as community college educators plan associate degree programs for the future. These issues include:
- the relatively low prestige of the degree in higher education
- college-by-college variation in subject area and unit requirements
- the fact that many colleges and universities prefer their own transfer requirements rather than accepting the associate degree as qualifying students for transfer
- the need to keep up with high technology in vocational associate degree programs
- the desirability of competency-based programs that certify the learning outcomes of associate degree programs
- the need for more honour sections to attract and retain gifted students
- the types of courses for terminal two year programs are not adequate (or not transferable) for a four year college
In light of these issues, Koltai recommends that colleges establish testing and placement procedures for entering students, specify competency standards for degree graduates, improve the pre-service and in-service professional development of community college faculty, and establish associate degree committees to work with faculty, students, four-year institutions and businesses in improving counselling, job-placement, and transfer. In response, many community colleges have made arrangements with four-year institutions (usually those nearby or that offer advanced training in a specialized field) whereby the associates degree and the related hours will normally meet the "core" requirements for the first two years towards a bachelor's degree.
Bibliography
Associate Degrees: A Look At The 70's., National Center For Educational Statistics Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, 1981. ED 207 628.
Bragg, A. K. Fall 1979 Transfer Study. Report 3: Second Year Persistence And Achievement. Springfield: Illinois Community College Board, 1982. ED 230 228.
Koltai, L. Redefining The Associate Degree. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, 1984. ED 242 378.
SUNY Community College Graduates: Their Futures. Analysis Paper No. 822. Albany: State University of New York, Office for Community Colleges, 1982. ED 223 282.
Wittstruck, J. R. Requirements For Certificates, Diplomas And Associate Degrees: A Survey Of The States. Denver, CO: State Higher Education Executive Officers Association, 1985.