Erich Kästner

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For the designer of movie cameras, see Erich Kästner (camera designer)

Erich Kästner (February 23, 1899 - July 29, 1974) was one of the most famous German authors, screenplay writers, and satirists of the 20th century. His popularity in Germany is primarily due to his humorous and perceptive children's literature and his often satirical poetry.


Dresden 1899 - 1919

Kästner was born in 1899 in Dresden, Germany. He grew up in the Königsbrücker Strasse of Dresden's Äussere Neustadt. Close by, the Erich Kästner Museum is located in Kästner's uncle Franz Augustin's former villa on the Albertplatz.

Kästner's father Emil was a leatherworker. His mother Ida, née Augustin, was a maidservant and housewife, and in her thirties trained to be a hairstylist. Kästner had a particularly close relationship with his mother. While he lived in Leipzig and Berlin, he wrote her fairly intimate daily letters and post cards. His novels, too, seem to be pervaded by overbearing mothers. It was rumored that Erich Kästner's natural father was not Emil Kästner, but rather the Jewish family doctor, Emil Zimmermann (1864-1953). These rumors never were substantiated. Kästner wrote about his childhood in his 1957 autobiography When I Was a Little Boy. According to Kästner, he did not suffer from being an only child, had many friends, and was not lonely or over-indulged.

In 1913 Kästner entered a teaching school in Dresden, but left the school in 1916 shortly before completing the courses that would have qualified him to teach at public schools. Germany was in turmoil. In 1914, when he was 15, World War I broke out. He later wrote about the event that it "brought an end to my childhood." Kästner was drafted in 1917 and became part of a heavy artillery company. The brutality of the training he underwent as a soldier impressed Kästner strongly; it and the slaughter of the war in general had a strong influence on his anti-militarist opinions. Moreover, the merciless drilling by Kästner's sergeant Waurich caused the author a life-long heart affliction. Kästner critiques the sergeant's character in his poem "Sergeant Waurich". At the end of the war, Kästner returned to school and achieved the Abitur with distinction, earning a stipend from the city of Dresden.


Leipzig 1919 - 1927

In the autumn of 1919 Kästner enrolled at the university of Leipzig to study history, philosophy, German language and literature, and theatre. His studies took Kästner to Rostock and Berlin, and in in 1925 he received a doctorate for a thesis on Friedrich the Great and German literature. Kästner paid for his studies by working as a journalist and theatre critic for the prestigious Neue Leipziger Zeitung newspaper. Kästner's increasingly critical reviews and the "frivolous" publication of his erotic poem "Evening Song of the Chamber Virtuoso" (with illustrations by Erich Ohser) got him fired in [[1927]. The same year, Kästner moved to Berlin. He did, however, continue to write for theNeue Leipziger Zeitung under the pseudonym "Berthold Bürger" ("Bert Citizen") as a freelance correspondant. Kästner would later use several other pseudonyms, for example "Melchior Kurtz," "Peter Flint," and "Robert Neuner".


Berlin 1927 - 1933

Kästner's years in Berlin from 1927 until the end of the Weimar Republic and the rise of the Nazis in 1933 were his most productive. In just a few years, Kästner became one of the most important intellectual figures in the German capital. He published poems, newspaper columns, articles, and reviews in many of Berlin's important periodicals. Kästner was a regular contributor to different daily newspapers such as the Berliner Tageblatt and the Vossische Zeitung, as well as to the thatre journal Die Weltbühne. In Kästner's "Complete Works" (published in German in 1998), editors Hans Sarkowicz and Franz Josef Görtz list over 350 articles from 1923 to 1933, but the actual number may be much higher. Much was lost when Kästner's flat burnt during a World War II bombing raid in February 1944.

In 1928 Kästner published his first book, Herz auf Taille, a collection of poems he wrote in Leipzig. Kästner published three more collections of poetry by 1933. His Gebrauchslyrik ("Lyrics for Everyday Use") made him the leading figure of the Neue Sachlichkeit movement, which focused on a sobering, distant and objective style employed to satirize contemporary society. Other major writers of the movement include Joseph Roth, Hermann Hesse, Carl Zuckmayer, Erich Maria Remarque, Thomas Mann, and Heinrich Mann.

In the autumn of 1928, Kästner published his best-known children's book, Emil und die Detektive ("Emil and the Detectives"). The owner of the Weltbühnen-Verlag publishing house, Edith Jacobsen, had suggested the detective story to Kästner. The book sold two million copies in Germany and has been translated into 59 languages, including English. The most unusual aspect of the novel at the time was that it was realistically set in the suburbs of Berlin, and not in some fairy land. Kästner followed up on his success with Pünktchen und Anton (1931) and Das fliegende Klassenzimmer (1933). Walter Trier's illustration helped make the books as popular as they still are.

Gerhard Lamprecht's 1931 film version of ''Emil und die Detektive'' was a great success. Kästner, however, was dissatisfied with the screenplay. This led him to work as a screenwriter for the Babelsberg film studios located just outside Berlin's Versaille-equivalent Potsdam.

Kästner's only adult novel of stature is Fabian (1931). Kästner wrote the novel in an almost cinematic style: Rapid cuts and montages are important stylistic elements. The novel is set in early 1930s Berlin. Kästner lets the unemployed German literary expert Fabian explain the uproarious quick pace of the times and the downfall of the Weimar Republic.

From 1927 until 1929 Kästner lived in the Prager Strasse 6 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf. From 1929 to 1944, he then moved to the Rocherstrasse 16 in the Berlin district of Charlottenburg.


Berlin 1933 - 1945

Kästner was a pacifist and wrote for children because of his belief in the regenerating powers of youth. He was opposed to the Nazi regime in Germany that began January 30, 1933, but unlike many of his fellow authors critical of the dictatorship, Kästner did not emigrate. Kästner did travel to Meran in Switzerland just after the Nazis assumed power, and he met with exiled fellow writers there. However, Kästner returned to Berlin, arguing that he could chronicle the times better from there. It is probable that Kästner also wanted to avoid abandoning his mother. His epigram "Necessary Answer to Superfluous Questions" ("Notwendige Antwort auf überflüssige Fragen") in Kurz und Bündig explains Kästner's position:

I'm a German from Dresden in Saxony My homeland won't let me go I'm like a tree that, grown in Germany, Will likely wither there also.

The Gestapo interrogated Kästner several times, and the writer's guild excluded him. Fanatic mobs burnt Kästner's books as "contrary to the German spirit" during the book burnings of 1933. Kästner witnessed the event in person. Kästner was denied entry into the new Nazi-controlled national writer's guild, the ''Reichsschrifttumskammer'', because of what officials called the "culturally Bolshevist attitude in his writings predating 1933." This amounted to a gag order for Kästner throughout the Third Reich. Instead, Kästner published apolitical, entertaining novels such as Drei Männer im Schnee (1934) in Switzerland. Kästner received an exemption to write the well-regarded screenplay Münchhausen under the pseudonym Berthold Bürger in 1942. Bombs destroyed Kästner's home in Berlin in 1944. In early 1945, Kästner and others faked a filming engagement in the remote Mayrhofen in Tyrol to avoid the brutal Soviet assault on Berlin. Kästner was in Mayrhofen when the war ended. He wrote about this time in a diary that he published in 1961 as "Notabene 45".


Munich 1945 - 1974

After the end of World War II Kästner moved to Munich. There, he was the culture editor for the Neue Zeitung newspaper and published a magazine Pinguin aimed at children and teenagers. Kästner was also active in literary cabaret; he was involved in productions at the Schaubude (1945 - 1948) and Die kleine Freiheit (after 1951). Additionally, he worked for different radio networks. During this time, Kästner wrote a number of skits, songs, audio plays, speeches, and essays about National Socialism, World War II, and the stark realities of destroyed post-war Germany. These works include the "Marschlied 1945", the Deutsches Ringelspiel, and the children's book Die Konferenz der Tiere.

Kästner's optimism during the immediate post-war years gave way to resignation as the people of West Germany attempted to normalize their lives following the economic reforms of the early 1950s and the ensuing boom called the "economic miracle" ("Wirtschaftswunder"). His pacifism suffered further with the call by chancellor Konrad Adenauer and his realpolitik allies to remilitarize West Germany so that it could do its part in defending the democracies of Western Europe and the NATO against the Soviet dictatorships, including Communist Eastern Germany, which formed the Warsaw Pact under the leadership of the Soviet Union. Kästner remained a pacifist, speaking at the anti-militarist Ostermarsch demonstrations that protested the stationing of nuclear weapons in West Germany. He later also took a stand against the Vietnam War.

Kästner began publishing less and less, in part because of a growing alcoholism. He did not integrate into any of the post-war literary movements in West Germany and in the 1950s and 1960s was perceived mainly as an author of children's books. Kästner was not rediscovered as the serious writer of his work during the Weimar Republic until the 1970s. His novel Fabian was made into a movie in 1980.

Nevertheless, Kästner was very successful. His children's books sold well and were translated into many different languages. Several of the novels were made into movies. Kästner received a number of prizes, including the ''Filmband in Gold'' for the best screenplay for the movie Das doppelte Lottchen in 1951, the prize in literature of the city of Munich in 1956, and the Georg Büchner Prize in 1957. The German government honored Kästner with its order of merit, the ''Bundesverdienstkreuz'', in 1959. In 1960 Kästner received the prestigious Hans Christian Andersen Prize and in 1968 the Lessing-Ring together with the Prize in Literature of the German Masonic Order.


In 1951 Kästner was elected president of the West German P.E.N. Center, and he remained in office until 1961. In 1965 he became the group's president emeritus. Kästner was also instrumental in the founding of Munich's ''Internationale Jugendbibliothek'' library.

Kästner never married. However, Kästner wrote his last two childrens books Der kleine Mann and Der kleine Mann und die kleine Miss for his son Thomas Kästner, who was born in 1957.

Kästner frequently read from his works. Already in the 1920s, he recorded his socio-critical poems. In movies based on his books, he often lent his voice to the narrator, as he did for the first audio production of "Pünktchen und Anton". Other recordings for the Deutsche Grammophon include poems, epigrams, and his version of the folktale Till Eulenspiegel. Kästner also read in theatres like the Cuvelliés-Theater in Munich, and for the radio, such as Als ich ein kleiner Junge war ("When I Was A Little Boy").

After his death in Munich's Neuperlach hospital July 29, 1974, Kästner was buried in the St. George cemetery in the Bogenhausen district of Munich.


Works

A list of his works, by their German titles and publication dates, follows

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