List of vegetable oils
The following is a comprehensive list of vegetable oils - oils that are extracted from plants. Although few plants are entirely without oil, the oil from a relatively small set of plants has become widely used and traded. Oils can be classified in several ways, for example:
- By source - most, but not all vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits or seeds of plants. One classification might group oils from similar plants, e.g. "Nut oils".
- By use - oils from plants are used in cooking, for fuel, for cosmetic and medical purposes, and for other industrial purposes.
This list groups the oils by what seems to be the most common classes. Note that some plants are used to make both pressed oils (obtained by placing the respective part of the plant under pressure, to squeeze out the oil) and essential oils (obtained by dissolving parts of plants in water or another medium, and distilling out the oil). This list includes only the first of these. Essential oils often have quite different properties and uses, and are considered separately.[1] Macerated oils, obtained by infusing parts of plants in a base oil, are also not listed here.
Edible oils
Major oils
Oils that account for a significant fraction of world-wide edible oil production. All are also used as fuel oils.
- Coconut oil, a cooking oil, high in saturated fats, particularly used in baking and cosmetics.[2]
- Corn oil, a common cooking oil with little odor or taste.[3]
- Cottonseed oil, used in manufacturing potato chips and other snack foods. Very low in trans-fats.[4]
- Canola oil (a variety of rapeseed oil), one of the most widely used cooking oils, from a (trademarked) cultivar of rapeseed.[5]
- Olive oil, used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps[6]
- Palm oil, the most widely produced tropical oil. Also used to make biofuel.[7]
- Peanut oil (Ground nut oil), a clear oil pressed from peanuts, used for salads and, because it has a high smoke point, especially used for frying.[8]
- Safflower oil, produced for export for over 50 years, first for use in paint industry, now mostly as a cooking oil.[9]
- Sesame oil, cold pressed is a light cooking oil. Hot pressed is darker and stronger flavored.[10]
- Soybean oil, accounts for about half of worldwide edible oil production.[11]
- Sunflower oil, a common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel.[12]
Nut oils
Nut oils are generally used for their flavor. They are also quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.
- Almond oil, used as an edible oil, but primarily in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.[13]
- Cashew oil, somewhat comparable to olive oil. May have value for fighting cavities.[14]
- Hazelnut oil, used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight astringent nature.[15][16]
- Macadamia oil, strongly flavored, contains no trans-fats, and a good balance of omega-3 and omega-6.[17]
- Pecan oil, valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil.[18]
- Pistachio oil, strongly flavored oil, particularly for use in salads.[19]
- Walnut oil, used for its flavor, also used by Renaissance painters in oil paints[20][21]
Food supplements
- Acai oil, from the fruit of several species of the Açaí Palm or Euterpe. Grown in the Amazon region. Similar to grape seed oil. Used in cosmetics and as a food supplement.[22]
- Blackcurrant seed oil, used as a food supplement, because of high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.[23]
- Borage seed oil, similar to blackcurrant seed oil, used primarily medicinally.[24]
- Evening primrose oil, used as a food supplement for its purported medicinal properties.[25]
Other edible oils
- Amaranth oil, high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids, used in food and cosmetic industries.[26]
- Apricot oil, similar to, but much cheaper than almond oil, which it resembles. Only obtained from certain cultivars.[27]
- Argan oil, a food oil from Morocco that has also attracted recent attention in Europe.[28]
- Avocado oil, used a substitute for olive oil.[29] Also used in cosmetics.[30] Unusually high smoke point of 510°F.[31]
- Babassu oil, similar to, and used as a substitute for coconut oil.[32]
- Ben oil, extracted from the seeds of the moringa oleifera. High in behenic acid. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for biofuel.[33]
- Carob pod oil (Algaroba oil), used medicinally.[34]
- Coriander seed oil, used medicinally. Also used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical and food industries.[35]
- False flax oil made of the seeds of Camelina sativa, available in Russia as рыжиковое масло. Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.[36]
- Grape seed oil, suitable for cooking at high temperatures. Also used as a salad oil, and in cosmetics.[37]
- Hemp oil, a high quality food oil.[38]
- Kapok seed oil, used as an edible oil, and in soap production.[39]
- Meadowfoam seed oil, highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain fatty acids. Competes with rapeseed oil for industrial applications. [40]
- Mustard oil (pressed), used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a massage oil.[41]
- Okra seed oil (Hibiscus seed oil), from the seed of the Hibiscus esculentus. Composed predominately of oleic and linoleic acids.[42]
- Perilla seed oil, high in omega-3 fatty acids. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes, in skin care products and as a drying oil.[43]
- Pine seed oil. an expensive food oil, used in salads and as a condiment. [44]
- Poppyseed oil, used for cooking,[45] moisturizing skin,[46] and in paints, varnishes[47] and soaps.
- Prune kernel oil, marketed as a gourmet cooking oil. [48]
- Pumpkin seed oil, a specialty cooking oil, produced in Austria and Slovenia. Doesn't tolerate high temperatures.[49]
- Quinoa oil, similar in composition and use to corn oil.[50]
- Ramtil oil, pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus Guizotia abyssinica (Niger pea) in India and Ethiopia. Used for both cooking and lighting.[51]
- Rice bran oil, suitable for high temperature cooking. Widely used in Asia.[52]
- Tea oil (Camellia oil), widely used in southern China as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, hair oils and a variety of other products.[53]
- Thistle oil, pressed from the seeds of Silybum marianum. Relatively unstable. Also used for skin care products.[54]
- Wheat germ oil, used as a food supplement, and for its "grainy" flavor. Also used medicinally. Highly unstable.[55]
Oils used for biofuel
This section includes oils that are used for biofuel (biodiesel and Straight Vegetable Oil), and which are not known to be useful for other purposes.[56][57] These oils are divided into two categories. The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes - all but tung oil are edible. Oils that are cultivated solely for use as biofuels, and that are not known to have other uses, are listed separately.
Although diesel engines were invented with peanut oil in mind[58], diesel fuel is almost exclusively petroleum based. Rising oil prices have made biodiesel more attractive. Vegetable oils are evaluated for use a biofuel based on:
- Suitability as a fuel, based on flash point, energy content, viscosity, combustion products and other factors
- Cost, based in part on yield, effort required to grow and harvest, and post-harvest processing cost
- Castor oil, lower cost than many candidates. Kinematic viscosity may be an issue.[59]
- Coconut oil (copra oil), promising for local use in places that produce coconuts.[60]
- Corn oil, appealing because of the abundance of corn as a crop.
- Cottonseed oil, both costly and lower value as a fuel.[61]
- False flax oil, used in Europe in oil lamps until the 18th century.[36]
- Hemp oil, relatively low in emissions. High flash point. Production is problematic in some countries because of its association with marijuana.[62]
- Mustard oil, shown to be comparable to Canola oil as a biofuel.[63]
- Palm oil, very popular for biofuel, but the environmental impact from growing large quantities of oil palms has recently called the use of palm oil into question.[64]
- Peanut oil, the original biofuel. The diesel engine was invented for use with peanut oil[58].
- Radish oil. Wild radish contains up to 48% oil, making it appealing as a fuel.[65]
- Rapeseed oil, the most common base oil used in Europe in biodiesel production.[57]
- Ramtil oil, used for lighting in India.
- Rice bran oil, appealing because of lower cost. Widely grown in Asia.[66]
- Safflower oil, explored recently as a biofuel in Montana.[67]
- Soybean oil, not economical as a fuel crop, but appealing as a byproduct of soybean crops for other uses.[57]
- Sunflower oil, suitable as a fuel, but not necessarily cost effective.[68]
- Tung oil, referenced in several lists of vegetable oils that are suitable for biodiesel[69][70]
Inedible oils used only as biofuel
Oils from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel.[71] These, plus the major oils described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.
- Algae oil, recently developed by MIT scientist Isaac Berzin. Byproduct of a smokestack emission reduction system.[72][73]
- Honge oil, pioneered as a biofuel by Udipi Shrinivasa in Bangalore, India.[74]
- Jatropha oil, widely used in India as a fuel oil. One of the more promising biofuel sources, according to some.[75]
- Jojoba oil, from the Simmondsia chinensis, a desert shrub.[76]
- Milk bush, popularized by chemist Melvin Calvin in the 1950s. Researched in the 1980s by PetroBras, the Brazilian national petroleum company.[77]
- Petroleum nut oil, native to the Philippines. The Philippine government once explored the use of the petroleum nut as a biofuel.[78]
Other oils
Pressed oils that are either not edible, or not used as an edible oil.
- Amur cork tree fruit oil, pressed from the fruit of the Phellodendron amurense, used medicinally and as an insecticide.[79]
- Balanos oil, pressed from the seeds of the Balanites aegyptiaca, was used in ancient Egypt as the base for perfumes.[33]
- Burdock oil (Bur oil) extracted from the root of the burdock. Used medicinally in scalp treatment[80]
- Candlenut oil (Kukui nut oil), produced in Hawai'i, used primarily for skin care products.[81]
- Carrot seed oil (pressed), used in skin care products.[82][83]
- Castor oil, with many industrial and medicinal uses. Castor beans are also a source of the toxin ricin.[84]
- Dammar oil, from the Canarium strictum, used in paint as a drying agent.[85] Can also be used as in oil lamps.[86]
- Jojoba oil, alternative to whale oil spermaceti. Used in cosmetics.[87]
- Linseed oil, used in paints, also suitable for human consumption[88]
- Mango oil, pressed from the stones of the mango fruit, is high in stearic acid, and can be used for making soap[89]
- Neem oil, used in cosmetics and for medicinal purposes.
- Palm kernel oil, extracted from the kernel of the palm fruit. High in saturated fats. Popular in West African and Brazilian cuisine.[90]
- Rosehip seed oil, used primarily in skin care products, particularly for aging or damaged skin. Produced in Chile[91]
- Sea buckthorn oil, derived from Hippophae rhamnoides, produced in northern China, used primarily medicinally.[92]
- Shea butter, used primarily in skin care products.[93]
- Snowball seed oil (Viburnum oil), from Viburnum opulus seeds. High in tocopherol, carotinoides and unsaturated fatty acids. Used medicinally.[94]
- Tall oil, produced as a byproduct of wood pulp manufacture. A further byproduct called tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) is a cheap source of oleic acid.[95]
- Tamanu oil, originates in Tahiti, from the Calophyllum tacamahaca, used for skin care and medicinally.[96]
- Tonka bean oil (Cumaru oil), used for flavoring tobacco and snuff.[97]
- Tung oil, used in wood finishing.[98]
See also
- Carrier oil discusses the use of (pressed) vegetable oils, mixed with essential oils
- Complementary and alternative medicine
- INCI explains naming conventions for oils used in cosmetics and soaps
- Linoleic acid
- Lysine
Notes and references
- ^ Orange oil and lemon oil, while both cold pressed, are considered essential oils and are therefore listed in list of essential oils rather than here.
- ^ Template:Cite webublisher=url=http://www.coconut-info.com/
- ^ "Bulk Oil: Corn oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Bulk oil: Cottonseed oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Canola Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Olive oil history". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Bulk oil: Palm oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Cook's encyclopedia: Peanut oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Bulk oil: safflower". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Bulk oil: sesame oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ See chart in Vegetable oil#consumption
- ^ "Bulk oil: Sunflower oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Bulk oil: Almond oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ Science Service, Inc. (March 23, 1991). "Cashew oil may conquer cavities". Science News.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Cook's encyclopedia: Hazelnut oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Bulk Carrier and Vegetable Oils: Hazelnut oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Mac Nut Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ J. Benton Storey. "Pecans as a health food". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Virgin pistachio oil". 1,001 Huiles Web site. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "What's cooking America? - Walnut oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "About.com: Is Walnut Oil a Good, Non-Toxic Medium for Oils?". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Bulk oil: Acai oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "PDR Health: Blackcurrant Seed Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Truestar Health: Borage Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Truestar Health: Evening primrose oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Nu World: Amaranth oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Botanical.com: Apricit". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Argan oil". Retrieved 2006-02-10.
- ^ "Food reference: Avocado". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Purdue New Crops: Avocado oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ See chart in smoke point
- ^ "By the planet: What is Babassu Oil?". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ a b "Beauty Secrets of the Ancient Egyptians". Tour Egypt online magazine. Retrieved 2006-07-24. Mentions use of balanos oil and ben oil in perfumes
- ^ "Carob@Everything2.com". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Coriander Seed Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ a b "False Flax Oil". Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ "All Spirit Fitness: Grape Seed Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Hemp oil: A true superfood?". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Kapok seed oil". German Transport Information Service. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ Dan Burden. "Meadowfoam". AgMRC Web site. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ "German Transport Information System: Mustard oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ R. Holser, G. Bost (May, 2004). "Hibiscus seed oil compositions". AOCS. 95.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ David M. Brenner (1993). "Perilla: Botany, Uses and Genetic Resources". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Recipe Tips: Pine Seed Oil - Glossary of Kitchen and Food Terms". Retrieved 2006-07-21.
- ^ "Raw oils: Poppy Seed oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Statfold oils: Poppyseed oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "About.com: Oil Painting: Drying Oils or Mediums". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Virgin prune kernel oil". Iterg, the French Institute for Fats and Oils. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "Pumpkin seed oil - information". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ Michael J. Koziol (1993). "Quinoa: A Potential New Oil Crop". New crops. 2.
- ^ "The Probert Encyclopedia: Ramtil Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "California Rice Oil: Rice Bran Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ John M. Ruter (1993). "Nursery Production of Tea Oil Camellia Under Different Light Levels". Trends in new crops and new uses.
- ^ "Danish Food Composition Database: Thistle oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Kitchen Dictionary: Wheat Germ".
- ^ Ethanol is the other major type of biofuel.
- ^ a b c "Castoroil.in: Bio fuels". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ a b See the Historical background section in Biodiesel Cite error: The named reference "peanut_diesel" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "CastorOil.in: Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel". Retrieved 2007-07-25.
- ^ "Coconut Oil as a Biofuel in Pacific Islands - Challenges & Opportunities" (PDF). South Pacific Applied Geoscience Web site.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ Ronald C. Griffin and Madhu Jamallamudi. "The Economic Circumstances of Cottonseed Oil as Biodiesel" (PDF).
- ^ "Hemp car: Pollution: Petrol vs Hemp". Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ Office of University Research and Education (November 2001). "Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Oil". U.S. Department of Transportation.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Wes Jackson (Fall 1999). "Clearcutting the Last Wilderness". The Land Report (65). The Land Institute.
- ^ "Australian Agronomy Society: Bio-diesel, farming for the future". Retrieved 2006-02-26.
- ^ Orchidea Rachmaniah, Yi-Hsu Ju, Shaik Ramjan Vali, Ismojowati Tjondronegoro, and Musfil A.S. (2004). "A Study on Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production" (PDF). World Energy Congress (19).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jesus Fernandez. "Safflower oil in your tank". Queen City News.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ "European Energy Crops InterNetwork: Sunflower crop feasibility for biodiesel production in Spain". Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "Journey to Forever: Bio-diesel Yield". Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "The Chemistry of Biodiesel". Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel. Eucalyptus, for example, has been explored as a means of biomass for producing ethanol. These plants are not listed here.
- ^ "Greenfuel Technologies". Company developing Algae oil.
- ^ "Algae — like a breath mint for smokestacks". USA Today.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ "Honge Oil proves to be a good biodiesel". Good News India Web site.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ "The Jatropha System".
- ^ Duke, James A. (1982). "Simmondsia chinensis". Handbook of Energy Crops. Purdue Center for New Crops.
- ^ Duke, James A. (1982). "Euphorbia tirucalli". Handbook of Energy Crops. Purdue Center for New Crops.
- ^ Duke, James A. (1982). "Pittosporum resiniferum". Handbook of Energy Crops. Purdue Center for New Crops.
- ^ "Amur cork tree". Herbal Remedies Web site. Retrieved 2006-07-25. Herbal Remedies sells herbal supplements and products.
- ^ "Burdock oil for hair loss". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Oils of Aloha". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ Carrot seeds are also used to obtain an essential oil with quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil.
- ^ "Cold Pressed Carrot Seed Oil (Egypt)". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Castor Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Mast & Sail in Europe". Retrieved 2006-07-25. (Mentions the use of dammar oil in marine paints)
- ^ "Database of Oil Yielding Plants" (PDF). (Mentions uses of dammar oil)
- ^ "International Jojoba Export Council: Glossary". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Flaxseed oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ Julia F. Morton. "Mango". Fruits of Warm Climates.
- ^ "Cook's Encyclopedia: Palm oil/palm kernel oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Aromatic: Rosehip Seed Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ Subhuti Dharmananda. "Sea buckthorn". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "About.com: Shea butter". Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "Limonnik: Viburnum oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25].
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) Limonnik sells health related products from natural sources. - ^ "Tall Oil (Liquid Rosin)". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Snowdrift Farm: Fixed Oil Glossary". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Tropilab: Dipteryx Odorata - Tonka Bean". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "Finishing Solid Pine". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
General references
- "Bulk Oil Trading". Retrieved 2006-07-25. This site was very helpful in making this list more comprehensive.
- R.O. Adlof and G. Duchateau. "Seed oil translations" (PDF). Lists seed oil names in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Turkish and Portuguese.
- "Hormel Foods: Other Oils and Fats Cooking Guide". Retrieved 2006-07-25. Lists smoke points of various oils.
- "Vegetable Oil Yields and Characteristics". Retrieved 2006-07-21. Compiles useful information on vegetable oils from a number of sources.
- "Yokayo Biofuels: History of Biodiesel". Retrieved 2006-07-25. Gives a good overview of biodiesel and the oils that are used to produce it. Yokayo is a California-based company that sells biofuel.
- "Castor Oil". Retrieved 2006-07-25. The site contains a large set of resources on castor oil and many other oils, particularly those used to make biodiesel.