Latin conjugation

Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from one basic form. It may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, mood, voice or other language-specific factors. When, for example, we use a verb to function as the action done by a subject, most languages require conjugating the verb to reflect that meaning. (For more information on conjugation in general, see the article on grammatical conjugation.)

In Latin, there are five main patterns of conjugation composed of groups of verbs that are conjugated following similar patterns. As in other languages, Latin verbs have a passive voice and an active voice. Furthermore, there exist deponent and semi-deponent Latin verbs (verbs with a passive form but active meaning), as well as defective verbs (verbs with a perfect form but present meaning).

In a dictionary, Latin verbs are always listed with four principal parts which allow the reader to deduce the other conjugated forms of the verbs. These are:

• the first person singular of the present indicative active
• the present infinitive
• the first person singular of the perfect indicative active
• the supine (or, in some texts, the perfect passive participle, which is nearly always identical)

Latin tenses and moods

Latin has the following tenses and moods:

• Active voice
  • Indicative: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect (past perfect), future perfect
  • Subjunctive: present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect
  • Infinitive: present, perfect, future
  • Imperative: present, future
  • Participle: present, future
  • Gerund
  • Supine
• Passive voice
  • Indicative: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
  • Subjunctive: present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect
  • Infinitive: present, perfect, future
  • Imperative: present
  • Participle: perfect
  • Gerundive

Deponent and semi-deponent verbs

Deponent verbs are verbs that are passive in form (that is, conjugated as though in the passive voice) but active in meaning. These verbs have only three principal parts, since the perfect tenses of ordinary passives are formed periphrastically with the perfect participle, which is formed on the same stem as the supine.

Deponent verbs use active conjugations for tenses that do not exist in the passive: the gerund, the supine, the present and future participles and the future infinitive.

Semideponent verbs form their imperfect tenses (present, imperfect, and future) in the manner of ordinary active verbs; but their perfect tenses are built periphrastically like deponents and ordinary passives; thus semideponent verbs have a perfect active participle instead of a perfect passive participle.

Principal parts for the active voice

The first conjugation is characterized by the vowel ā (long a) and can be recognized by the -āre ending of the present infinitive.

• The principal parts of a first-conjugation verb follows the pattern: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (to love)

The second conjugation is characterized by the vowel ē (long e) and can be recognized by the -eō ending of the first person present indicative and the -ēre ending of the present infinitive.

• The principal parts of a second-conjugation verb follows the pattern: dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētum (to destroy), sometimes with a ui in the perfect stem, and itum in the supine, like moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum (to warn).

The third conjugation consists of two sub-forms. The first is characterized by a consonant stem, and the second is characterized by the vowel ǔ (short u). In both cases the present infinitive ends in -ere.

• The third conjugation –iō' is part of the third conjugation. Though its first principle parts always end in an –iō or –ior.

• The principal parts of a normal third-conjugation verb follows the pattern: legō, legere, lēgī, lēctum (to read), the perfect stem characterized by a change of vowel sound (in this case, from 'e' to 'ē'), or the ending si: rego, regere, rexi, rectum (to rule)(g + s = x).
• The principal parts of a special third-conjugation verb follows the pattern: statuō, statǔere, statī, statūtum (to set up)

The fourth conjugation is characterized by the vowel ī (long i) and can be recognized by the -īre ending of the present infinitive.

• The principal parts of a fourth-conjugation verb follows the pattern: audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum (to hear)

There are also some verbs that are irregular and do not fall into one of the four categories. Some examples include:

• sum, esse, fuī, -- (to be) and its compound forms
• eō, īre, iī (ivī), itum (to go) and its compound forms
• volō, velle, voluī, -- (to want)
• nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, -- (to not want)
• mālō, mālle, māluī, -- (to prefer)
• ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (to carry or wear)

Some verbs that fall under one of the four categories may follow its method of conjugation but not necessarily have the same progression of principal parts. This is especially true in the third conjugation, where there is no general pattern for the third and fourth principal parts of the verb. For example, the verb occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (to kill) is third conjugation but has principal parts that are different from that of legō. These include deponent verbs (which are passive in form, but active in meaning: conor, conari, conatus sum, to try), and semi-deponent verbs, which are active, but have a passive perfect stem (confido, confidere, confisus sum, to trust).

Conjugation radicals

The present infinitive radical is derived by dropping the -āre, -ēre, or -īre from the present infinitive.

The perfect indicative radical is derived by dropping the -ī from the first-person singular perfect indicative:

• amāvī: amāv-
• dēlēvī: dēlēv-
• lēgī: lēg-

The supine radical is derived by dropping the -um from the supine:

• amātum: amat-

First conjugation (ā)

The first conjugation is fairly common. All non-deponent verbs of the conjugation have an infinitive with stem āre. Deponent verbs have ārī. Dare, an irregular verb, does not have a long a in the usual forms. Verbs of this conjugation usually follow the –ō, –āre, –āvī, –ātum pattern. This conjugation is signified by the letter a in the indicative, and an e in the subjunctive.

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum — "to love"
Non-finite	(masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl., neut. sing., neut. pl.)
	Infinitives	amāre (present active), amārī (present passive) amātūrus, –a, –um esse (future active); amātūrus, –a, –um īrī (future passive) amāvisse (present active), amātus, –a, –um esse (perfect passive)
	Gerund	(nom.) amandus, (gen.) amandī, (dat.) amandō, (acc.) amandum, (abl.) amandō
	Gerundive	amandus, –a, –um
	Participles	amātus, –a, –um (perfect passive) amāns, –antis (present active) amātūrus, –a, –um (future active)
	Agents	amātor, –ōris (male); amātrix, –īcis (female)
Indicative Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	amō	amās	amat	amāmus	amātis	amant
	Imperfect	amābam	amābās	amābat	amābāmus	amābātis	amābant
	Future	amābō	amābis	amābit	amābimus	amābitis	amābunt
	Pefect	amāvī	amāvistī	amāvit	amāvimus	amāvistis	amāvērunt
	Pluperfect	amāveram	amāverās	amāverat	amāverāmus	amāverātis	amāverant
	Future Perfect	amāverō	amāveris	amāverit	amāverimus	amāveritis	amāverint
Indicative Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	amor	amāris	amātur	amāmur	amāminī	amantur
	Imperfect	amābar	amābāris	amābātur	amābāmur	amābāminī	amābantur
	Future	amābor	amābiris	amābitur	amābimur	amābiminī	amābuntur
	Pefect	*amātus sum	*amātus es	*amātus est	*amātī sumus	*amātī estis	*amātī sunt
	Pluperfect	*amātus eram	*amātus erās	*amātus erat	*amātī erāmus	*amātī erātis	*amātī erant
	Future Perfect	*amātus erō	*amātus eris	*amātus erit	*amātī erimus	*amātī eritis	*amātī erunt
Subjunctive Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	amem	amēs	amet	amēmus	amētis	ament
	Imperfect	amārem	amārēs	amāret	amārēmus	amārētis	amārent
	Perfect	amāverim	amāverīs	amāverit	amāverīmus	amāverītis	amāverint
	Pluperfect	amāvissem	amāvissēs	amāvisset	amāvissēmus	amāvissētis	amāvissent
Subjunctive Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	amer	amēris	amētur	amēmur	amēminī	amentur
	Imperfect	amārer	amārēris	amārētur	amārēmur	amārēminī	amārentur
	Perfect	*amātus sim	*amātus sīs	*amātus sit	*amātī sīmus	*amātī sītis	*amātī sint
	Pluperfect	*amātus essem	*amātus essēs	*amātus esset	*amātī essēmus	*amātī essētis	*amātī essent
Imperative Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	——	amā	——	——	amāte	——
	Future	——	amātō	amātō	——	amātōte	amātōte
Imperative Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	——	amāre	——	——	amāminī	——
	Future	——	amātor	amātor	——	——	amantor

• —The forms amātus and amātī are reserved for masculine subjects only. Amāta (sing.) and amātae (pl.) are used for feminine subjects. Amātum (sing.) and amāta (pl.) are used for neuter subjects.

Second conjugation (ē)

The second conjugation is less prolific. Regular verbs have an –ēre in the second principle part, and deponent verbs have an –ērī. They usually follow the –eō, –ēre, –ui, –itus pattern. The first principle part always ends in an eō or eor. Second conjugation verbs are signified by an ē in the indicative, and an eā in the subjunctive.

misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtum — "to unite"
Non-finite	(masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl., neut. sing., neut. pl.)
	Infinitives	miscēre (present active), miscērī (present passive) mixtūrus, –a, –um esse (future active); mixtūrus, –a, –um īrī (future passive) miscuisse (present active), mixtus, –a, –um esse (perfect passive)
	Gerund	(nom.) miscendus, (gen.) miscendī, (dat.) miscendō, (acc.) miscendum, (abl.) miscendō
	Gerundive	miscendus, –a, –um
	Participles	mixtus, –a, –um (perfect passive) miscēns, –entis (present active) mixtūrus, –a, –um (future active)
	Agents	mixtor, –ōris (male); mixtrix, –īcis (female)
Indicative Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	misceō	miscēs	miscet	miscēmus	miscētis	miscent
	Imperfect	miscēbam	miscēbās	miscēbat	miscēbāmus	miscēbātis	miscēbant
	Future	miscēbō	miscēbis	miscēbit	miscēbimus	miscēbitis	miscēbunt
	Pefect	miscuī	miscuistī	miscuit	miscuimus	miscuistis	miscuērunt
	Pluperfect	miscueram	miscuerās	miscuerat	miscuerāmus	miscuerātis	miscuerant
	Future Perfect	miscuerō	miscueris	miscuerit	miscuerimus	miscueritis	miscuerint
Indicative Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	misceor	miscēris	miscētur	miscēmur	miscēminī	miscentur
	Imperfect	miscēbar	miscēbāris	miscēbātur	miscēbāmur	miscēbāminī	miscēbantur
	Future	miscēbor	miscēbiris	miscēbitur	miscēbimur	miscēbiminī	miscēbuntur
	Pefect	*mixtus sum	*mixtus es	*mixtus est	*mixtī sumus	*mixtī estis	*mixtī sunt
	Pluperfect	*mixtus eram	*mixtus erās	*mixtus erat	*mixtī erāmus	*mixtī erātis	*mixtī erant
	Future Perfect	*mixtus erō	*mixtus eris	*mixtus erit	*mixtī erimus	*mixtī eritis	*mixtī erunt
Subjunctive Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	misceam	misceās	misceat	misceāmus	misceātis	misceant
	Imperfect	miscērem	miscērēs	miscēret	miscērēmus	miscērētis	miscērent
	Perfect	miscuerim	miscuerīs	miscuerit	miscuerīmus	miscuerītis	miscuerint
	Pluperfect	miscuissem	miscuissēs	miscuisset	miscuissēmus	miscuissētis	miscuissent
Subjunctive Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	miscear	misceāris	misceātur	misceāmur	misceāminī	misceantur
	Imperfect	miscērer	miscērēris	miscērētur	miscērēmur	miscērēminī	miscērentur
	Perfect	*mixtus sim	*mixtus sīs	*mixtus sit	*mixtī sīmus	*mixtī sītis	*mixtī sint
	Pluperfect	*mixtus essem	*mixtus essēs	*mixtus esset	*mixtī essēmus	*mixtī essētis	*mixtī essent
Imperative Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	——	miscē	——	——	miscēte	——
	Future	——	miscētō	miscētō	——	miscētōte	miscētōte
Imperative Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	——	miscēre	——	——	miscēminī	——
	Future	——	miscētor	miscētor	——	——	miscentor

• –The forms mixtus and mixtī are reserved for masculine subjects only. mixta (sing.) and mixtae (pl.) are used for feminine subjects. mixtum (sing.) and mixta (pl.) are used for neuter subjects.

Third conjugation (ě)

The third conjugation is fairly common. The verb pradigm shown below is of the regular third conjugation type. However, there is a third conjugation in –iō. For both, there is an –ere for regular verbs in the second principle part, and an –ī for deponent verbs. The third conjugation is by far, the least regular.

regō, regere, rēxī, rectum — "to rule"
Non-finite	(masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl., neut. sing., neut. pl.)
	Infinitives	regere (present active), regī (present passive) rectūrus, –a, –um esse (future active); rectūrus, –a, –um īrī (future passive) rēxisse (present active), rectus, –a, –um esse (perfect passive)
	Gerund	(nom.) regendus, (gen.) regendī, (dat.) regendō, (acc.) regendum, (abl.) regendō
	Gerundive	regendus, –a, –um
	Participles	rectus, –a, –um (perfect passive) regēns, –entis (present active) rectūrus, –a, –um (future active)
	Agents	rector, –ōris (male); rectrix, –īcis (female)
Indicative Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	regō	regis	regit	regimus	regitis	regunt
	Imperfect	regēbam	regēbās	regēbat	regēbāmus	regēbātis	regēbant
	Future	regam	regēs	reget	regēmus	regētis	regent
	Pefect	rēgī	rēgistī	rēgit	rēgimus	rēgistis	rēgērunt
	Pluperfect	rēgeram	rēgerās	rēgerat	rēgerāmus	rēgerātis	rēgerant
	Future Perfect	rēgerō	rēgeris	rēgerit	rēgerimus	rēgeritis	rēgerint
Indicative Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	regor	regiris	regitur	regimur	regiminī	reguntur
	Imperfect	regēbar	regēbāris	regēbātur	regēbāmur	regēbāminī	regēbantur
	Future	regar	regēris	regētur	regēmur	regēminī	regēntur
	Pefect	*rectus sum	*rectus es	*rectus est	*rectī sumus	*rectī estis	*rectī sunt
	Pluperfect	*rectus eram	*rectus erās	*rectus erat	*rectī erāmus	*rectī erātis	*rectī erant
	Future Perfect	*rectus erō	*rectus eris	*rectus erit	*rectī erimus	*rectī eritis	*rectī erunt
Subjunctive Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	regam	regās	regat	regāmus	regātis	regant
	Imperfect	regerem	regerēs	regeret	regerēmus	regerētis	regerent
	Perfect	rēgerim	rēgerīs	rēgerit	rēgerīmus	rēgerītis	rēgerint
	Pluperfect	rēgissem	rēgissēs	rēgisset	rēgissēmus	rēgissētis	rēgissent
Subjunctive Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	regar	regāris	regātur	regāmur	regāminī	regantur
	Imperfect	regerer	regerēris	regerētur	regerēmur	regerēminī	regerentur
	Perfect	*rectus sim	*rectus sīs	*rectus sit	*rectī sīmus	*rectī sītis	*rectī sint
	Pluperfect	*rectus essem	*rectus essēs	*rectus esset	*rectī essēmus	*rectī essētis	*rectī essent
Imperative Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	——	rege	——	——	regite	——
	Future	——	regitō	regitō	——	regitōte	regitōte
Imperative Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	——	regere	——	——	regiminī	——
	Future	——	regitor	regitor	——	——	reguntor

• –The forms rectus and rectī are reserved for masculine subjects only. recta (sing.) and rectae (pl.) are used for feminine subjects. rectum (sing.) and recta (pl.) are used for neuter subjects.

Third conjugation –iō (ě)

The third conjugation –iō is somewhat moderately sized part of the third conjugation. The third conjugation –iō verbs end in an –iō in the first principle part. Deponent third conjugation –iō verbs end in an –ior in the first principle part. Though this conjugation is part of the third conjugation, it largely resembles the fourth.

cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītum — "to desire"
Non-finite	(masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl., neut. sing., neut. pl.)
	Infinitives	cupere (present active), cupī (present passive) cupītūrus, –a, –um esse (future active); cupītūrus, –a, –um īrī (future passive) cupīvisse (present active), cupītus, –a, –um esse (perfect passive)
	Gerund	(nom.) cupiendus, (gen.) cupiendī, (dat.) cupiendō, (acc.) cupiendum, (abl.) cupiendō
	Gerundive	cupiendus, –a, –um
	Participles	cupītus, –a, –um (perfect passive) cupiēns, –entis (present active) cupītūrus, –a, –um (future active)
	Agents	cupītor, –ōris (male); cupītrix, –īcis (female)
Indicative Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	cupiō	cupis	cupit	cupimus	cupitis	cupiunt
	Imperfect	cupiēbam	cupiēbās	cupiēbat	cupiēbāmus	cupiēbātis	cupiēbant
	Future	cupiam	cupiēs	cupiet	cupiēmus	cupiētis	cupient
	Pefect	cupīvī	cupīvistī	cupīvit	cupīvimus	cupīvistis	cupīvērunt
	Pluperfect	cupīveram	cupīverās	cupīverat	cupīverāmus	cupīverātis	cupīverant
	Future Perfect	cupīverō	cupīveris	cupīverit	cupīverimus	cupīveritis	cupīverint
Indicative Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	cupior	cupiris	cupitur	cupimur	cupiminī	cupiuntur
	Imperfect	cupiēbar	cupiēbāris	cupiēbātur	cupiēbāmur	cupiēbāminī	cupiēbantur
	Future	cupiar	cupiēris	cupiētur	cupiēmur	cupiēminī	cupientur
	Pefect	*cupītus sum	*cupītus es	*cupītus est	*cupītī sumus	*cupītī estis	*cupītī sunt
	Pluperfect	*cupītus eram	*cupītus erās	*cupītus erat	*cupītī erāmus	*cupītī erātis	*cupītī erant
	Future Perfect	*cupītus erō	*cupītus eris	*cupītus erit	*cupītī erimus	*cupītī eritis	*cupītī erunt
Subjunctive Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	cupiam	cupiās	cupiat	cupiāmus	cupiātis	cupiant
	Imperfect	cuperem	cuperēs	cuperet	cuperēmus	cuperētis	cuperent
	Perfect	cupīverim	cupīverīs	cupīverit	cupīverīmus	cupīverītis	cupīverint
	Pluperfect	cupīvissem	cupīvissēs	cupīvisset	cupīvissēmus	cupīvissētis	cupīvissent
Subjunctive Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	cupiar	cupiāris	cupiātur	cupiāmur	cupiāminī	cupiantur
	Imperfect	cuperer	cuperēris	cuperētur	cuperēmur	cuperēminī	cuperentur
	Perfect	*cupītus sim	*cupītus sīs	*cupītus sit	*cupītī sīmus	*cupītī sītis	*cupītī sint
	Pluperfect	*cupītus essem	*cupītus essēs	*cupītus esset	*cupītī essēmus	*cupītī essētis	*cupītī essent
Imperative Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	——	cupe	——	——	cupite	——
	Future	——	cupitō	cupitō	——	cupitōte	cupitōte
Imperative Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	——	cupere	——	——	cupiminī	——
	Future	——	cupitor	cupitor	——	——	cupiuntor

• –The forms cupītus and cupītī are reserved for masculine subjects only. cupīta (sing.) and cupītae (pl.) are used for feminine subjects. cupītum (sing.) and cupīta (pl.) are used for neuter subjects.

Fourth conjugation (ī)

The fourth conjugation is a fairly uncommon. Non-deponents usually end in an –iō in the first principle part. Deponent verbs terminate in an –ior. All fourth present active infinitives end in either –īre or –īrī (deponent). Most verbs of this type have principal parts ending –iō, –īre, –īvī (sometimes replaced with –iī), ītum. This conjugation is signified by an –ī in the indicative, and an –iā in the subjunctive.

sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum — "to feel"
Non-finite	(masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl., neut. sing., neut. pl.)
	Infinitives	sentīre (present active), sentīrī (present passive) sēnsūrus, –a, –um esse (future active); sēnsūrus, –a, –um īrī (future passive) sēnsisse (present active), sēnsus, –a, –um esse (perfect passive)
	Gerund	(nom.) sentiendus, (gen.) sentiendī, (dat.) sentiendō, (acc.) sentiendum, (abl.) sentiendō
	Gerundive	sentiendus, –a, –um
	Participles	sēnsus, –a, –um (perfect passive) sentiēns, –entis (present active) sēnsūrus, –a, –um (future active)
	Agents	sēnsor, –ōris (male); sēnsrix, –īcis (female)
Indicative Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	sentiō	sentīs	sentit	sentīmus	sentītis	sentiunt
	Imperfect	sentiēbam	sentiēbās	sentiēbat	sentiēbāmus	sentiēbātis	sentiēbant
	Future	sentiam	sentiēs	sentiet	sentiēmus	sentiētis	sentient
	Pefect	sēnsī	sēnsistī	sēnsit	sēnsimus	sēnsistis	sēnsērunt
	Pluperfect	sēnseram	sēnserās	sēnserat	sēnserāmus	sēnserātis	sēnserant
	Future Perfect	sēnserō	sēnseris	sēnserit	sēnserimus	sēnseritis	sēnserint
Indicative Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	sentior	sentīris	sentītur	sentīmur	sentīminī	sentiuntur
	Imperfect	sentiēbar	sentiēbāris	sentiēbātur	sentiēbāmur	sentiēbāminī	sentiēbantur
	Future	sentiar	sentiēris	sentiētur	sentiēmur	sentiēminī	sentientur
	Pefect	*sēnsus sum	*sēnsus es	*sēnsus est	*sēnsī sumus	*sēnsī estis	*sēnsī sunt
	Pluperfect	*sēnsus eram	*sēnsus erās	*sēnsus erat	*sēnsī erāmus	*sēnsī erātis	*sēnsī erant
	Future Perfect	*sēnsus erō	*sēnsus eris	*sēnsus erit	*sēnsī erimus	*sēnsī eritis	*sēnsī erunt
Subjunctive Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	sentiam	sentiās	sentiat	sentiāmus	sentiātis	sentiant
	Imperfect	sentīrem	sentīrēs	sentīret	sentīrēmus	sentīrētis	sentīrent
	Perfect	sēnserim	sēnserīs	sēnserit	sēnserīmus	sēnserītis	sēnserint
	Pluperfect	sēnsissem	sēnsissēs	sēnsisset	sēnsissēmus	sēnsissētis	sēnsissent
Subjunctive Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	sentiar	sentiāris	sentiātur	sentiāmur	sentiāminī	sentiantur
	Imperfect	sentīrer	sentīrēris	sentīrētur	sentīrēmur	sentīrēminī	sentīrentur
	Perfect	*sēnsus sim	*sēnsus sīs	*sēnsus sit	*sēnsī sīmus	*sēnsī sītis	*sēnsī sint
	Pluperfect	*sēnsus essem	*sēnsus essēs	*sēnsus esset	*sēnsī essēmus	*sēnsī essētis	*sēnsī essent
Imperative Active		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	——	sentī	——	——	sentīte	——
	Future	——	sentītō	sentītō	——	sentītōte	sentītōte
Imperative Passive		ego	tū	is, ea, id	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
	Present	——	sentīre	——	——	sentīminī	——
	Future	——	sentītor	sentītor	——	——	sentiuntor

• –The forms sēnsus and sēnsī are reserved for masculine subjects only. sēnsa (sing.) and sēnsae (pl.) are used for feminine subjects. sēnsum (sing.) and sēnsa (pl.) are used for neuter subjects.

Irregular verbs

See Latin Irregular Verbs.

Syncopated Forms

'Syncopation' (as opposed to 'syncope') occurs when vowels (most often with consonant v or i) are condensed, usually in poetry.

This most commonly occurs with verbs in the perfect tense, when the -vi- (also -ve) is dropped before endings beginning with s and r.

Examples:

• amāvistī becomes amāstī
• amāvistis becomes amāstis
• dēlēvērunt becomes dēlērunt
• dēlēvisse becomes dēlēsse
• audīvissēs becomes audīssēs

This also occurs in nōscō, and compounds of moveō (Charles E. Bennett, New Latin Grammar)

• nōvistī becomes nōstī
• commōverat becomes commōrat

Patterns and Similarities

Notice that in all forms the endings are (at least remotely) similar, 'o' or 'm' endings indicate the first person - I/we . '-s' indicates second person: you ; 't' endings indicate third person - he/she/it/they

So:

Singular

1. -ō/m = I: sum or amo
2. -s = You: amas
3. -t = He: est or amat

Plural (note the simularities with the singular)

1. -mus
2. -tis
3. -nt

A few elements of conjugation, often similar to Latin conjugation, survive in English and can serve as helpful mnemonics. 'am' (I am) retains the nasal 'mmm' sound inherited from its ancestors (note: me). is is remarkably similar to the Latin est (cf. German ist). Such similarities are a result of English and Latin's common descent from an Indo-European ancestor.

Derivations for all verbs

• Non-finite forms
  • Perfect infinitive: Perfect radical + -isse
  • Future infinitive: Future participle + esse
• Active indicative
  • Perfect: Perfect radical +: -ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt
  • Pluperfect: Perfect radical +: -eram, -erās, -erat, -erāmus, -erātis, -erant
  • Future perfect: Perfect radical +: -erō, -erīs, -erit, -erīmus, -erītis, -erint
• Active subjunctive
  • Inflection: -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
  • Imperfect: Present infinitive + subjunctive inflection
  • Perfect: Perfect radical + -eri- + subjunctive inflection
  • Pluperfect: Perfect radical + -isse- + subjunctive inflection
• Passive voice
  • Passive particle: Supine radical +: -us, -ī

See also

• Latin declension
• Latin verbs