Cinema of France
France has been influential in the development of film as a mass medium and as an art form.
History
Late 19th century to early 20th century
In the late 19th century, during the early years of cinema, France produced several important pioneers. Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinématographe and their screening of L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de la Ciotat in Paris in 1895 is marked by many historians as the official birth of cinema. During the next few years, filmmakers all over the world started experimenting with this new medium, and France's Georges Méliès was influential. He invented many of the techniques now common in the cinematic language, and made the first ever science fiction film A Trip to the Moon (Le Voyage dans la Lune, 1902).
Other early individuals and organizations of this period included Gaumont Pictures and Pathé Frères.
Beginning in 1935, renowned playright and actor Sacha Guitry directed his first film. He made more than 30 films that are seen as the precursor to the new wave era.
In 1937 Jean Renoir, the son of famous painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir, directed what many see as his first masterpiece, La Grande Illusion. In 1939 Renoir directed La Règle du Jeu (The Rules of the Game). Several movie critic's have cited this film as one of the greatest of all-time.
Post-World War II: 1940s-1970s
In the critical magazine Cahiers du cinéma founded by André Bazin, critics and lovers of film would discuss film and why it worked. Modern film theory was born there. Additionally, Cahiers critics such as Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, etc. went on to make films themselves, creating what was to become known as the French New Wave. Some of the first movies of this new genre was Truffaut's The 400 Blows (Les Quatre Cent Coups, 1959) starring Jean-Pierre Léaud and Godard's Breathless (À bout de souffle, 1960), starring Jean-Paul Belmondo.
Personalities from this period
- André Bazin
- Brigitte Bardot (actor)
- Jacques Becker
- Sarah Bernhardt
- Robert Bresson
- René Clément
- Claude Chabrol
- Maurice Chevalier
- Henri-Georges Clouzot
- Jean Cocteau
- Jacques Demy
- Jean Eustache
- Jean-Luc Godard
- Henri Langlois
- Claude Lelouch
- Louis Malle
- Marcel Marceau
- Chris Marker
- Jeanne Moreau
- Michel Piccoli
- Jean Renoir
- Alain Resnais
- Eric Rohmer
- Jacques Rivette
- Jacques Tati (actor, comedian)
- Jean-Louis Trintignant (actor)
- François Truffaut
- Roger Vadim (director)
- Agnès Varda
1980s
When Jean-Jacques Beineix made Diva (1981) it sparked the beginning of the 80s wave of French cinema. Movies which followed in its wake included Betty Blue (37°2 le matin, 1986) by Beineix, The Big Blue (Le Grand bleu, 1988) by Luc Besson and The Lovers on the Bridge (Les Amants du Pont-Neuf, 1991) by Leos Carax.
1990s
In 1991, Jean-Pierre Jeunet made Delicatessen. In 1995 The City of Lost Children (La Cité des enfants perdus) came out. Both films featured a distinctive style.
In the mid-1990s, Krzysztof Kieslowski released his Three colors trilogy, Blue, White and Red. Mathieu Kassovitz's film Hate (La Haine, 1995) made Vincent Cassel into a star.
In 2001 after a brief stunt in Hollywood with the fourth Alien film (Alien: Resurrection), Jeunet returned to France with Amélie (Le fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain) starring Audrey Tautou and Kassovitz.
Current situation
As the advent of television threatened the life of cinema itself, countries were faced with the problem of reviving cinema-going. The French cinema market, and more generally the French-speaking market, is smaller than the English-speaking market, one reason being that some major markets such as the United States are fairly reluctant to import foreign movies. As a consequence, French movies have to be amortized on a relatively small market and thus generally have budgets far lower than their American counterparts, ruling out expensive settings and special effects. Interestingly, the once prospering filmmaking industry of countries such as Italy has now largely been eliminated. The French government has therefore implemented various measures aimed at supporting local film production and movie theaters, including:
- the Canal Plus TV channel has a broadcast license imposing that it should support the production of movies;
- some taxes are levied on movies and TV channels for use as subsidies for movie production;
- some tax breaks are given for investment in movie productions;
- the sale of DVDs and videocassettes of movies shown in theaters is prohibited for six months after the showing in theaters, so as to ensure some revenue for movie theaters.
Notable contemporary French cinema personalities
Actors
- Daniel Auteuil
- Emmanuelle Béart
- Monica Bellucci
- Juliette Binoche, Academy Award for role in The English Patient
- Catherine Deneuve
- Vincent Cassel
- Gérard Depardieu
- Isabelle Huppert
- Virginie Ledoyen
- Sophie Marceau, Princess Isabelle in Braveheart, a Bond girl
- Emmanuelle Seigner
- Marie Trintignant
- Michael Vartan
Directors
Various actors
- Isabelle Adjani
- Renée Adorée
- Anouk Aimée
- Fanny Ardant
- Jean-Pierre Aumont
- Charles Aznavour
- Charles Boyer
- Capucine
- Leslie Caron
- Aurore Clément
- Claudette Colbert
- Alain Delon
- Julie Delpy
- Fernandel
- Louis de Funès
- Judith Godrèche
- Irène Jacob
- Jean Marais
- Mistinguett
- Simone Signoret
- Hervé Villechaize
Various directors
- Bertrand Blier
- Robert Bresson
- Jean Eustache
- Louis Malle
- André Malraux
- Maurice Pialat
- Agnès Varda
- Jean Vigo