Berkeley, California

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Berkeley as seen from the Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve.

Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern California, in the United States. Its neighbors to the south are the cities of Oakland, California and Emeryville, California. To the north is the city of Albany and the unincorporated Kensington. The eastern city limits coincide with the county line which generally follows the ridgeline of the Berkeley Hills. Berkeley is located in Alameda County.

Berkeley is the site of the University of California, Berkeley, the flagship campus of the University of California, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Hall of Science, Space Sciences Laboratory, and Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, which are on the campus grounds. Adjacent to the University campus is the Graduate Theological Union.

The City of Berkeley highlighted within Alameda County.


History

The site of today's City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochen/Huichin band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived. Remnants of their existence in the area include pits in various rock formations which were used to grind acorns from native oak trees, and a shellmound now mostly leveled and covered up along the shoreline of San Francisco Bay at the mouth of Strawberry Creek. Other artifacts were discovered in the 1950's in the downtown area during the remodeling of a commercial building, near the course of the same Strawberry Creek.

The first people of European ancestry (most of whom were actually of mixed ancestry and born in America) arrived with the De Anza Expedition of 1776, which is today noted by signage on U.S. Interstate 80 which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley.

The De Anza Expedition resulted in the establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay (the "Golden Gate") which is due west of Berkeley. Among the soldiers serving at the Presidio was one Luís Peralta. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast extent of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay (the "contra costa") for a ranch, including that portion which now comprises the City of Berkeley.

Luis Peralta named his holding "Rancho San Antonio". The primary activity of the ranch was the raising of cattle for meat and hides, but hunting and farming were also pursued. Eventually, he gave portions of his ranch to each of his four sons. Most of the portion that is now Berkeley was the domain of his son Domingo, the rest being held by his son Vicente. No artifact survives of the ranches of Domingo or Vicente, although their names have been preserved in the naming of Berkeley streets (Vicente, Domingo, and Peralta). However, the legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant.

The Peraltas' Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty as a result of the Mexican War of Independence.

However, the advent of U.S. sovereignty as a result of the Mexican War, and especially, the Gold Rush, saw the Peralta's lands quickly encroached on by squatters and diminished by dubious legal proceedings. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes. The rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants.

Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, but shortly, Alameda County was created by division of Contra Costa County.

The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of open land, farms and ranches, with a small though busy wharf by the Bay. It was not yet "Berkeley", but merely the northern part of the "Oakland Township" subdivision of Alameda County.

In 1866, the private College of California located in the city of Oakland sought out a new site. They picked a location north of Oakland along the foot of the Contra Costa Hills (later called the Berkeley Hills) astride Strawberry Creek, and at about an elevation of 500 feet above the Bay, commanding a fantastic view of the Bay Area and the Pacific Ocean through the Golden Gate.

According to the Centennial Record of the University of California, "In 1866...at Founders' Rock, a group of College of California men were watching two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. One of them, Frederick Billings, was reminded of the lines of Bishop Berkeley, 'westward the course of empire takes its way,' and suggested that the town and college site be named for the eighteenth-century British philosopher and poet."

The College of California's "College Homestead Association" laid out a plat and street grid which became the basis of Berkeley's modern street plan. Their plans to raise funds though fell far short of their desires, and collaboration was then begun with the State of California, culminating in 1868 with the creation of the public University of California.

As construction began on the new site, more residences began to be constructed in the vicinity of the new campus. At the same time, a settlement of residences, saloons, and various industries had also been growing up around the wharf on the bayshore called "Ocean View".

By the 1870's the Transcontinental Railroad had reached its terminus in Oakland. In 1876, a branch line of the Central Pacific Railroad was laid from Oakland into what is now downtown Berkeley. That same year, the main line of the transcontinental railroad into Oakland was re-routed, putting the right-of-way along the bayshore through Ocean View.

In 1878, the people of Ocean View and the area around the University campus, together with the local farmers incorporated themselves as the Town of Berkeley. The first elected trustees of the Town were the slate of the Workingman's Party who were particularly favored in the working class area of the former Ocean View, now called "West Berkeley". The area near the University became known as "East Berkeley".

The modern age came quickly to Berkeley, no doubt due to the influence of the University. Electric lights were in use by 1888. The telephone had already come to town. Electric streetcars soon replaced the horsecar. A silent film of one of these early streetcars in Berkeley can be seen at the Library of Congress website: "A Trip To Berkeley, California"

Berkeley's slow growth ended abruptly with the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906. The city and other parts of the East Bay somehow managed to escape even moderate damage from the massive temblor, and hundreds if not thousands of refugees flowed across the Bay. Rapid growth continued right up to the Crash of 1929. The Great Depression hit Berkeley hard, but not as hard as many other places in the U.S. thanks in part to the University.

The next big growth occurred with the advent of World War II when large numbers of people moved into the Bay Area to work in the many war industries. One who moved out, but played a big role in the outcome of the War was U.C. Professor and Berkeley resident J. Robert Oppenheimer.

The postwar years saw moderate growth of the City, but events on the U.C. campus began to build up to the recognizeable activism of the sixties. In the 1950's, McCarthyism induced the University to demand a loyalty oath from its professors, many of whom refused to sign any such oath on the principle of freedom of thought. In 1960, a U.S. House committee (HUAC) came to San Francisco to investigate the influence of communists in the Bay Area. Their inquisition was met by protestors, including many from the University. Meanwhile, a number of U.C. students became active in support of the Civil Rights Movement. Finally, the University in 1964 provoked a massive student protest by banning the distribution of political literature on campus. This protest became known as the Free Speech Movement. As the Vietnam War rapidly escalated in the ensuing years, so did student activism at the University.

Perhaps the crowning event of the Berkeley Sixties scene was the conflict over a parcel of University property south of the contiguous campus site which came to be called "People's Park".

People's Park with high-rise student housing in the background

The battle over the disposition of People's Park resulted in a month-long occupation of Berkeley by the National Guard on orders of then-Governor Ronald Reagan. In the end, the park remained undeveloped, and remains so today. A spin-off "People's Park Annex" was established at the same time by activist citizens of Berkeley on a strip of land above the Bay Area Rapid Transit subway construction along Hearst Avenue northwest of the U.C. campus. The land had also been intended for development, but was peacefully turned over to the City and is now Ohlone Park.

The era of large public protest in Berkeley waned considerably with the end of the Vietnam War in 1974. But activist politics continued. One person who rose in prominence during the late sixties and into the seventies was Ron Dellums, nephew of C.L. Dellums, an African American labor leader. He first served on the Berkeley City Council, and later became a Congressman for the district which includes Berkeley.

The seventies saw a decline in the population of Berkeley. People left for various reasons, some moving to the suburbs, some because of the rising cost of living throughout the Bay Area, and others because of the decline and disappearance of many industries in West Berkeley.

The period from the 1980's right up to the present has been marked by a continuation of rising costs, particularly with respect to housing, especially since the mid-1990's. In 2005-2006, sales of homes appear to finally be slowing, but the price of an average home is still among the highest in the nation.

Population by decade:

Geography

Location of Berkeley, California
Location of Berkeley, California

Berkeley is located at 37°52'18" North, 122°16'29" West (37.871775, -122.274603)Template:GR.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 45.9 km² (17.7 mi²). 27.1 km² (10.5 mi²) of it is land and 18.8 km² (7.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 40.94% water.

Berkeley borders the cities of Albany, Oakland, and Emeryville and unincorporated Contra Costa County including Kensington as well as San Francisco Bay.

Geology

Most of Berkeley lies on a rolling sedimentary plain, rising gently from sea level to the base of the Berkeley Hills. From there, the land rises dramatically. The highest peak along the ridgeline above Berkeley is Grizzly Peak, elevation 1,754 feet (535 m). A number of small creeks run from the hills to the Bay through Berkeley: Codornices, Schoolhouse, Marin and Strawberry are the principal streams. Most of these are largely culverted below the hills.

The Berkeley Hills are part of the Pacific Coast Ranges, and run in a northwest-southeast alignment. In Berkeley, the hills consist mainly of a soft rock with outcroppings of harder material of old (and extinct) volcanic origin. Some of these rhyolite formations can be seen in several city parks and in the yards of a number of private residences. One such park is Indian Rock Park in the northeastern part of Berkeley near the Arlington/Marin Circle.

Berkeley is traversed by the Hayward Fault, a major branch of the San Andreas Fault to the west. No large earthquake has occurred on the Hayward Fault near Berkeley in historic times, but seismologists warn about the geologic record of large temblors several times in the deeper past, and their current assessment is that a quake of 6.5 or greater is imminent, sometime in the next 30 years.

In 1868, a large earthquake did occur on the southern segment of the Hayward Fault in the vicinity of today's city of Hayward (hence, how the fault got its name). This quake destroyed the county seat of Alameda County, which was then moved to Oakland. It was strongly felt in San Francisco, causing major damage, and waking up one Samuel Clemens a.k.a. Mark Twain. It was regarded as the "Great San Francisco Quake" prior to 1906. The quake produced a furrow in the ground along the faultline in Berkeley, across the grounds of the new School for the Blind which was noted by one early University of California professor.

Today, the Hayward Fault can be seen "creeping" at various locations in Berkeley, although since it cuts across the base of the hills, this creep is typically concealed by and confused with slide activity. Some of this slide activity however is itself the result of the Hayward Fault's slow movement. Springs and sharp perpendicular jogs of streams are another sign of the fault's location and movement.

One notorious segment of the Hayward Fault runs right down the middle of Memorial Stadium at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon on the campus of the University of California.

Climate

Berkeley shares the cool type of Mediterranean climate with the rest of the Bay Area. This means dry summers and wet winters as in the Mediterranean region, but with a cool modification in summer thanks to upwelling ocean currents along the California coast.

Night and morning fog (actually, ocean stratus-it rarely actually touches the ground, except in the hills) with sunny afternoons are the characteristic summertime weather.

Winter is punctuated with storms of varying ferocity and duration, but also produces stretches of bright sunny days and clear cold nights. Snowfall is extremely rare in most locations, but the hilltops get an occasional dusting. One favored spot when it does snow is along Grizzly Peak Boulevard adjacent to the Miniature Train Ride.

Spring and fall are transitional and intermediate, with some rainfall and variable temperature.

The warmest weather in Berkeley occurs in spring and fall. Strong offshore winds of sinking air typically develop, bringing heat and dryness to the area. In spring, this is usually not a hazard since vegetation is still moist from winter rains, but in the fall, the danger of fire is excessive. In September 1923 a major fire swept through the Northside of Berkeley, stopping just short of downtown. On October 21, 1991, gusty hot winds fanned a conflagration along the Berkeley-Oakland border, killing 25 people and injuring 150, as well as destroying 2,449 single-family dwellings and 437 apartment and condominium units. (See "East Bay Hills Firestorm").

Demographics

Street fair on Telegraph Avenue

The city's population is culturally diverse, with a significant portion in transient residence attending UC Berkeley. As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there are 102,743 people, 44,955 households, and 18,656 families residing in the city. The population density is 3,792.5/km² (9,823.3/mi²), one of the highest in California. There are 46,875 housing units at an average density of 1,730.3/km² (4,481.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 59.17% White, 13.63% Black or African American, 0.45% Native American, 16.39% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 4.64% from other races, and 5.57% from two or more races. 9.73% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 44,955 households out of which 17.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% are married couples living together, 9.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 58.5% are non-families. 38.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.16 and the average family size is 2.84.

In the city the population is spread out with 14.1% under the age of 18, 21.6% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $44,485, and the median income for a family is $70,434. Males have a median income of $50,789 versus $40,623 for females. The per capita income for the city is $30,477. 20.0% of the population and 8.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 13.4% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Transportation

Berkeley is served by Amtrak, AC Transit, BART (Downtown Berkeley Station, North Berkeley, and Ashby Station) and bus shuttles operated by major employers including UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The only major freeway is Interstate 80. Each day there is an influx of thousands of cars into the city by commuting UC faculty, staff and students, making parking for more than a few hours an expensive proposition.

Berkeley has one of the highest rates of bicycle and pedestrian commuting in the nation. In areas around the UC campus, students can often be seen jaywalking, especially on the one-way streets near campus residence halls. Berkeley is the safest city of its size for pedestrians and cyclists, a fact attributed to a safety in numbers effect, according to recent research.

Berkeley has modified its original grid roadway structure through use of diverters and barriers, moving most traffic out of neighborhoods and onto arterial streets (visitors often find this confusing, because the diverters are not shown on all maps). Berkeley maintains a separate grid of arterial streets for bicycles, called Bicycle Boulevards, with bike lanes and lower amounts of car traffic than the major streets to which they often run parallel.

Berkeley hosts a car sharing network run by City CarShare. Rather than owning (and parking) their own cars, members share a group of cars parked nearby. Online reservation systems keep track of hours and charges.

  • Transportation Past

The first commuter service to San Francisco was provided by the Central Pacific's Berkeley Branch Railroad, a standard gauge steam railroad which ran from the Oakland ferry pier to downtown Berkeley starting in 1876. This line was extended from Shattuck and University to Vine Street ("Berryman's Station") in 1878. In the 1880's, Southern Pacific assumed operations of the Berkeley Branch. In 1911, Southern Pacific electrified this line and the several others it constructed in Berkeley, creating its East Bay Electric Lines division. The huge and heavy cars specially built for these lines came to be called the "Big Red Trains". The Shattuck line was extended and connected with two other Berkeley lines (the Ninth Street Line and the California Street line) at Solano and Colusa (the "Colusa Wye"). It was at this time that the Northbrae Tunnel and the Rose Street Undercrossing were constructed, both of which still exist. The last Red Trains ran in 1941.

The first electric rail service in Berkeley was provided by several small streetcar companies starting in the late 1800's. Most of these were eventually bought up by the Key System of "Borax" Smith who added lines and improved equipment. The Key System's streetcars were operated by its East Bay Street Railways division. Principal lines in Berkeley ran on Euclid, The Arlington, College, Telegraph, Shattuck, and Grove (today's Martin Luther King Jr. Way). The last streetcars ran in 1948.

The first electric commuter interurban-type trains to San Francisco from Berkeley were put in operation by the Key System in 1910, a year before the Southern Pacific electrified its steam commuter lines. Like the SP, Key trains ran to a pier serviced by the Key's own fleet of ferryboats which also docked at the Ferry Building in San Francisco. After the Bay Bridge was built, the Key trains ran to the Transbay Terminal in San Francisco, sharing tracks on the lower deck of the Bay Bridge with the SP's red trains and the Sacramento Northern Railroad. It was at this time that the Key trains acquired their letter designations, which were later preserved by Key's public successor, AC Transit. Today's F bus is the successor of the F train. Likewise, the E, G and the H. Before the Bridge, these lines were simply the Shattuck Avenue Line, the Claremont Line, the Westbrae Line, and the Sacramento Street Line, respectively.

After the Southern Pacific abandoned transbay service in 1941, the Key System acquired the rights to use its tracks and overhead on Shattuck north of University and through the Northbrae Tunnel to The Alameda for the F-train, and also the tracks along Monterey Avenue as far as Colusa for the H-train. The Key System trains stopped running in April of 1958.

The Northbrae Tunnel was opened to auto traffic four years later in 1962.

Mayors

City of Berkeley Mayor's Office

Sister Cities

Berkeley has declared the following Sister City relationships:

Notable Berkeley residents past and present



See also these lists of notable people associated with the University:

Places

Streets

Main streets include: Shattuck Avenue, home to the downtown business district and the Gourmet Ghetto to the north; Telegraph Avenue; University Avenue, including the Indian business districts; San Pablo Avenue; College Avenue; Martin Luther King Junior Way; and Solano Avenue.

Bicycle and Pedestrian Paths

  • I-80 Bridge - opened in 2002, a green, arch-suspension bridge spanning Interstate 80, for bikes and pedestrians only, giving access from the city at the foot of Addison Street to the San Francisco Bay Trail and the Berkeley Marina.
  • Berkeley's Network of Historic Pathways - Berkeley has a network of charming and historic pathways that link the winding neighborhoods found in the hills. If you have the stamina, you can look out over the panoramic landscape that makes the East Bay so unique. Some sets of stairs are quite challenging, and are falling prey to time and weather, so use caution when picking a path. You can find a complete guide to the pathways at Berkeley Path Wanderers Association

Districts and neighborhoods

  • The Berkeley Hills - Roughly bounded by Cedar Street, Spruce Street, Eunice Street, Sutter Street, and Arlington Avenue on the west, and Tilden Regional Park on the east.
    • La Loma Park/ Nut Hill - Roughly bounded by Euclid Avenue on the west and the main University of California campus on the south.
    • Cragmont
    • North Cragmont
    • Southampton - Roughly bounded by Arlington Avenue on the west, Tilden Regional Park on the east, and Marin Avenue on the south.
  • Claremont - Centered around the intersection of Claremont Avenue, Ashby Avenue, and Claremont Boulevard. Parts of the Claremont district are in the City of Oakland, including most of:
    • Claremont Hills - Roughly bounded by Tunnel Road and the Claremont Hotel.
  • Downtown Berkeley - Roughly bounded by Martin Luther King Jr Way, Hearst Avenue, Oxford Street, and Dwight Way.
  • Elmwood - Roughly bounded by Dwight Way, Telegraph Avenue and the Oakland city limits.
  • North Berkeley - Roughly bounded by Hearst Avenue and Eunice Street.
  • Northbrae - Roughly bounded by Solano Avenue on the north, Hopkins and Eunice Streets on the south, the Albany city limits on the west, and Spruce Street on the east.
  • Northside - Roughly bordered by Hearst Avenue and Cedar Street.
  • Panoramic Hill - Bounded by Piedmont Avenue, the Clark Kerr Campus and the main University of California campus. The eastern half of this neighborhood is in the City of Oakland.
  • South Berkeley - Roughly bounded by Telegraph Avenue, Dwight Way, and the Oakland city limits.
    • Harmon Tract - Centered on the intersection of Sacramento Street and Harmon Street.
    • Lorin District - Centered on the intersection of Alcatraz Avenue and Adeline Street.
  • Southside - Between Bancroft Way and Dwight Way.
  • Thousand Oaks - Roughly bounded by Solano Avenue, The Alameda, and Arlington Avenue
  • The University of California, Berkeley campus
  • West Berkeley - Roughly bounded by San Francisco Bay on the west, and San Pablo Avenue or Sacramento Street on the east.
    • Berkeley Marina
    • Oceanview - Located around the Fourth Street shopping district; roughly bounded by Gilman Street on the north, University Avenue on the south, San Pablo Avenue on the east, and the San Francisco Bay on the west.
  • Westbrae - Centered on the intersection of Santa Fe Avenue and Gilman Street.

Points of interest

The Campanile.

Other notable places include:

Landmarks and Historic Districts

165 buildings in Berkeley are designated as local landmarks or local structures of merit. Of these, 49 are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and one is listed as a State Historic Landmark. National Historic Landmarks include:

  • Berkeley City Hall, now Old City Hall - John Bakewell Jr. & Arthur M. Brown Jr. (1907)
  • Berkeley Women’s City Club, now Berkeley City Club - Julia Morgan (1929–30)
  • Church of the Good Shepherd, Episcopal - Charles L. Bugbee (1878)
  • First Church of Christ, Scientist - Bernard Maybeck (1910)
  • St. John’s Presbyterian Church, now Julia Morgan Center for the Arts - Julia Morgan (1908, 1910)
  • William R. Thorsen House, now Sigma Phi Society Chapter House - Charles Sumner Greene & Henry Mather Greene (1908–10)

Historic Districts listed in the National Registrar of Historic Places:

  • Berkeley Historic Civic Center District - Roughly bounded by McKinney Avenue, Addison Street, Shattuck Avenue, and Kittredge Street (99 acres, 7 buildings, 1 structure; added 1998).
  • George C. Edwards Stadium - Located at intersection of Bancroft Way and Fulton Street on University of California, Berkeley campus (80 acres, 3 buildings, 4 structures, 3 objects; added 1993).
  • Panoramic Hill, also known as University Terrace - Located at Panoramic Way, Canyon Road, Mosswood Road, Orchard Lane, and Arden Road (123 acres, 61 buildings, 16 structures, 1 object; added 2005).
  • State Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind, also known as California Schools for the Deaf and Blind, now Clark Kerr Campus - Bounded by Dwight Way, the City line, Derby Street, and Warring Street (500 acres, 20 buildings; added 1982).

City-designated Historic Districts:

  • Civic Center Historic District - Between Center Street & Allston Way, Milvia Street & Martin Luther King, Jr. Way
  • Delaware Street Historic District - 800 Block of Delaware Street & 1801 Fifth Street
  • La Loma Park Historic District - La Loma Avenue between La Vereda Road & Buena Vista Way
  • Ocean View Sisterna Historic District - Sisterna Tract Block 106, bounded by Fifth Street to the west, Addison Street to the north, Sixth Street to the east, and Allston Way to the south

See List of Berkeley Landmarks, Structures of Merit, and Historic Districts

Trivia

  • Due to the generally liberal to radical views of the Berkeley public, the city is sometimes mockingly referred to as the People's Republic of Berkeley (and have led some to deride it as "Berzerkley"). This reputation, along with its generally temperate weather, high rates of tourism, and large student population have attracted large populations of transient people, many of whom are homeless. As a result, and because of the city's proximity to high-poverty areas in neighboring Oakland, California, crime rates per capita are often among the top in the state.
  • Berkeley's police department, under its first chief August Vollmer early in the 20th century, was the first in the U.S. to require that officers have a college degree. This department developed the lie detector test, and was one of the first to use fingerprints and radios. In 1973, Berkeley's city council enacted its well-known Berkeley Marijuana Initiative. The act ordered Berkeley police to make "no arrests and issue no citations for violations of marijuana laws."
  • In 1986 Berkeley officially became a Nuclear Free Zone after a local vote, disallowing the operation of nuclear reactors within city limits and preventing work from being done on nuclear weapons within its borders. This is somewhat ironic, given Berkeley's past: the UC Berkeley played a major role in the development of nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project, and a nuclear research center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), is located in the hills above the city. Street signs posted at the city borders declaring its Nuclear Free Zone status are the most noticeable effect of the measure. The University once housed a small research reactor, which was decommissioned in the 1990s, though the University denies that this had anything to do with the Act.
  • Berkeley celebrates "Indigenous People's Day" rather than Columbus Day.
  • Since the 1970s, the Bay Area Rapid Transit system (BART), a metro train system, has linked Berkeley to San Francisco and the other cities of the Bay Area. Berkeley has nevertheless maintained its own character. Originally the planners of BART proposed an above-ground route through Berkeley, but Berkeley residents voted for a subway instead, whose extra cost was funded by a bond issue. Consequently, BART runs entirely underground through Berkeley, but above ground in the neighboring city of Albany.
  • The city is also the birthplace of the nation's first community funded radio station, KPFA, the flagship station of the Pacifica Network.
  • "Three things have come out of Berkeley: LSD, BSD, and the SCA. This is no coincidence." -- Anon.
  • Fewer people live in Berkeley today than did 55 years ago. Few other cities in the western United States can make this claim.
  • Dick Leonard, the “father of modern rock climbing,” and noted environmentalist David Brower, founder of Friends of the Earth, learned rock climbing and developed their mountaineering techniques at Indian Rock Park in Berkeley. Brower used this special knowledge to prepare training manuals during World War II.
  • In 1966, the first Peet's Coffee opened in Berkeley, at the corner of Vine and Walnut.
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