Timeline of black hole physics

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Timeline of black hole physics

  • 1784 - John Michell discusses classical bodies which have escape velocities greater than the speed of light
  • 1795 - Pierre Laplace discusses classical bodies which have escape velocities greater than the speed of light
  • 1916 - Karl Schwarzschild solves the Einstein vacuum field equations for uncharged spherically symmetric systems
  • 1918 - H. Reissner and G. Nordstrom solve the Einstein-Maxwell field equations for charged spherically symmetric systems
  • 1923 - George Birkhoff proves that the Schwarzschild spacetime geometry is the unique spherically symmetric solution of the Einstein vacuum field equations
  • 1939 - Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland Snyder calculate the collapse of a pressure-free homogeneous fluid sphere and find that it cuts itself off from communication with the rest of the universe
  • 1963 - Roy Kerr solves the Einstein vacuum field equations for uncharged rotating systems
  • 1964 - Roger Penrose proves that an imploding star will necessarily produce a singularity once it has formed an event horizon
  • 1965 - Ezra Newman, E. Couch, K. Chinnapared, A. Exton, A. Prakash, and Robert Torrence solve the Einstein-Maxwell field equations for charged rotating systems
  • 1968 - Brandon Carter uses Hamilton-Jacobi theory to derive first-order equations of motion for a charged particle moving in the external fields of a Kerr- Newman black hole
  • 1969 - Roger Penrose discusses the Penrose process for the extraction of the spin energy from a Kerr black hole
  • 1969 - Roger Penrose proposes the cosmic censorship hypothesis
  • 1971 - Identification of Cygnus X-1/HDE 226868 as a binary black hole candidate system
  • 1972 - Stephen Hawking proves that the area of a classical black hole's event horizon cannot decrease
  • 1972 - James Bardeen, Brandon Carter, and Stephen Hawking propose four laws of black hole mechanics in analogy with the laws of thermodynamics
  • 1972 - Jacob Bekenstein suggests that black holes have an entropy proportional to their surface area due to information loss effects
  • 1974 - Stephen Hawking applies quantum field theory to black hole spacetimes and shows that black holes will radiate particles with a blackbody spectrum which can cause black hole evaporation
  • 1989 - Identification of GS2023+338/V404 Cygni as a binary black hole candidate system
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