Epic of Gilgamesh

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The Deluge tablet of the Gilgamesh epic in Akkadian

The Epic of Gilgamesh is from Babylonia, dating from long after the time that king Gilgamesh was supposed to have ruled. It was based on earlier Sumerian legends of Gilgamesh. The most complete version of the epic was preserved on eleven clay tablets in the collection of the 7th century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.

History

The earliest Akkadian versions of the epic are known, from its incipit, as Surpassing all other kings, and dates to the first half of the second millennium BC. The "standard" version, carrying the incipit He who saw the deep, was composed by Sin-liqe-unninni sometime between 1300 BC and 1000 BC.

The "incipit", (opening phrase), very possibly should be "He who saw(knew) the unknown(secrets)". The phrase is only 3 words: " 1-What, the 2-Unknown(totality), he(she) 3-Saw ". It is Akkadian, " ša nagbu amāru ". What ( ša ), is an easy word, but can easily refer to any "qualifiers, what, which, why, etc." To see, " amāru ", obviously implies, seeing, understanding. comprehending, (being cognizant). (Later other verbs take over for 'to see'). But the important word is " nagbu ", the unknown. Some possibilites for "nagbu" are, ... "spring, well, totality, all." Therefor, the phrase is more likely: " He who 'saw'('knew') the unknown (secrets) ", ...(?) I will reveal to the Land (?) .... The entire book, 11(12) Chapters, would take quite some time to read, and only the experiences of adult life, would allow one, to understand, the Great reading of the Epic of Gilgamesh.

The earliest Sumerian (Sumer is one of the oldest civilizations, originating in the Mesopotamian river valley) versions of the texts date from as early as the Third dynasty of Ur (2100 BC-2000 BC), or to about 400 years after the supposed reign of Gilgamesh, who is now thought to have been historical, following the discovery of artifacts definitively associated with some of the other kings named in these stories.

A twelfth tablet sometimes appended to the remainder of the epic represents a sequel to the original eleven ( continuing the epic ), and was added at a later date. This tablet has commonly been omitted until recent years, as it is in a different style and is out of sequence with the rest of the tablets (Enkidu is still alive), and is considered a separate work.

The Epic of Gilgamesh is widely known today. The first modern translation of the epic was in the 1870s by George Smith. More recent translations include one undertaken with the assistance of the American novelist John Gardner, and published in 1984. Another edition is the two volume critical work by Andrew George whose translation also appeared in the Penguin Classics series in 2003. In 2004, Stephen Mitchell released a controversial edition, which is his interpretation of previous scholarly translations into what he calls the "New English version".

Contents of the eleven clay tablets

File:Gilgamesh Enkidu cylinder seal.jpg
Gilgamesh and Enkidu on a cylinder seal from Ur III
  1. Introducing Gilgamesh of Uruk, the greatest king on earth, two-thirds god and one-third human, the strongest super-human who ever existed. But his people complain that he is too harsh, so the sky-god Anu creates the wild-man Enkidu, a worthy rival as well as distraction. Enkidu is tamed by the seduction of a female priestess/ harlot Shamhat.
  2. Enkidu challenges Gilgamesh. After a mighty battle, Gilgamesh breaks off from the fight (this portion is missing from the Standard Babylonian version but is supplied from other versions) . Gilgamesh proposes an adventure in the cedar forest to kill a demon.
  3. Preparation for the adventure of the cedar forest; many give support, including the sun-god Shamash.
  4. Journey of Gilgamesh and Enkidu to the cedar forest.
  5. Gilgamesh and Enkidu, with help from Shamash, kill Humbaba, the demon guardian of the trees, then cut down the trees which they float as a raft back to Uruk.
  6. Gilgamesh rejects the sexual advances of the goddess Ishtar. Ishtar asks her father, the sky-god Anu, to send the "Bull of Heaven" to avenge the rejected sexual advances. He does. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull.
  7. The gods decide that somebody has to be punished for killing the Bull of Heaven, and it is Enkidu. Enkidu becomes ill and describes the Netherworld as he is dying.
  8. Lament of Gilgamesh for Enkidu.
  9. Gilgamesh sets out to avoid Enkidu's fate and makes a perilous journey to visit Utnapishtim and his wife, the only humans to have survived the Great Flood who were granted immortality by the gods, in the hope that he too can attain immortality. Along the way, Gilgamesh encounters the "ale-wife" Siduri who attempts to dissuade him from his quest.
  10. Completion of the journey, by punting across the Waters of Death with Urshanabi, the ferryman.
  11. Gilgamesh meets Utnapishtim, who tells him about the great flood and gives him two chances for immortality. First he tells Gilgamesh that if he can stay awake for six days and seven nights he will become immortal. Gilgamesh fails, but Utnapishtim decides to give him another chance. Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh that if he can obtain a plant from the bottom of the sea and eat it he will become immortal. Gilgamesh obtains the plant, but it is stolen by a snake. Gilgamesh, having failed both chances, returns to Uruk, where the sight of its massive walls provoke Gilgamesh to praise this enduring work of mortal men.

Note on Tablet XI (Chapter XI) Picture

At the chip indentation on the right, middle, 2nd column, are ( 4 ) identical appearing lines. Only 12 lines follow this to the end of "The Flood Story", and then Tablet XI(Chapter XI) continues(to line 322). These ( 4 ) lines are where the "Gods", are chastised for " Sending the Flood to Humanity ". The four lines start with the same three words, for each sentence, ..Instead-of, Emplace-ing, The Flood, ....and go thus:

  • Instead-of, bringing-on "The Flood", Lions, 'increase and attack', ...PEOPLE, decrease ...
  • Instead-of, emplace-ing "The Flood", Wolves, 'increase and attack', ...PEOPLE, decrease ...
  • Instead-of, bringing-on "The Flood", FAMINE, is emplaced, ...the LAND(Earth), dies ...
  • Instead-of, emplace-ing "The Flood", 'The God of Famine/Pestilence/and Disease, ..increases and attacks, ..PEOPLE(Humanity), decrease ...

(Also, note the above clay tablet has about 50 lines. "Tablet XI", Chapter XI, has lines 1 thru lines 322, but as in the above 4 lines, they are double lines; so..the above 50 line tablet, may represent almost (55 + 55)110 lines of the 322. In other words multiple, individual tablets make up the Epic, Chapters I thru Chapter XII. The Parpola reference lists about 65 tablets, some quite complete (average equals 5 per 12 chapters), yet only about 75 percent of the lines are known. 25 percent of the Epic of Gilgamesh is still missing.)

(And note "to increase, to attack", is from Akkadian, tabû, "to rise, to attack".)

Translations for several legends of Gilgamesh in the Sumerian language can be found in Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/), Oxford 1998-.

Bibliography

  • . ISBN 0-393-97516-9. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  • . ISBN 0-8047-1711-7. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help) Glossary, Appendices, Appendix(Chapter XII=Tablet XII). A line-by-line translation (Chapters I-XI).
  • . ISBN 0-7432-6164-X. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  • . ISBN 951-45-7760-4(Volume 1). {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
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