George Whipple
George Whipple | |
|---|---|
| Born | August 28, 1878 |
| Died | February 1, 1976 |
| Nationality | United States |
| Alma mater | Johns Hopkins University |
| Known for | liver therapy in cases of anemia |
| Awards |  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | medicine |
| Institutions | University of California |
George Hoyt Whipple (August 28, 1878 – February 1, 1976) was an American physician, biomedical researcher, and medical school educator and administrator. Whipple shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia."
Whipple was born to Ashley Cooper Whipple and Frances Anna Hoyt in Ashland, New Hampshire. He was the son and grandson of physicians. Whipple attended Phillips Academy and then Yale University from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1900. He attended medical school at the Johns Hopkins University. from which he received the M.D. degree in 1905.
After graduation. Whipple worked in the pathology department at Hopkins until he went to Panama, during the time of the construction of the Panama Canal, as pathologist to the Ancon Hospital in 1907-08. Whipple returned to Baltimore, serving successively as Assistant, Instructor, Associate and Associate Professor in Pathology at The Johns Hopkins University between 1910 and 1914.
In 1914, Whipple was appointed Professor of Research Medicine and Director of the Hooper Foundation for Medical Research at the University of California Medical School. He was dean of that medical school in 1920 and 1921.
At the urging of Abraham Flexner, who had done pioneering studies of medical education, and University of Rochester President Rush Rhees, Whipple agreed in 1921 to become Dean of the newly funded and yet-to-be-built medical school in Rochester, New York. Whipple thus became Professor and Chairman of Pathology and the founding Dean of the new School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Rochester. Whipple served the School as the Dean until 1954 and remained at Rochester for the rest of his life. Many at the university remember him as a superb teacher.[citation needed] George Hoyt Whipple died in 1976 at the age of 97 and is interred in Rochester's Mount Hope Cemetery.
Whipple's research
Whipple's main research was concerned with anemia and with the physiology and pathology of the liver. He won the Nobel Prize for his discovery that liver fed to anemic dogs reverses the effects of the anemia. This remarkable discovery led directly to successful liver treatment of pernicious anemia by Minot and Murphy. Before that time, pernicious anemia had been truly pernicious in that it was invariably fatal.
In presenting the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934, Professor I. Holmgren of the Nobel committee observed[1] that "Of the three prize winners, it was Whipple who first occupied himself with the investigations for which the prize is now awarded. ... Whipple's experiments were planned exceedingly well, and carried out very accurately, and consequently their results can lay claim to absolute reliability. These investigations and results of Whipple's gave Minor and Murphy the idea that an experiment could be made to see whether favorable results might also be obtained in the case of pernicious anemia...by making use of the foods of the kind that Whipple had found to yield favorable results in his experiments regarding anemia from loss of blood."
Whipple was also the first person to describe an unknown disease he called lipodystrophia intestinalis because there were abnormal lipid deposits in the small intestine wall.[2] Whipple also correctly pointed to the bacterial cause of the disease in his original report in 1907. The condition has since come to be called Whipple's disease.
References
- Ortiz-Hidalgo, Carlos. "[George H. Whipple. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934. Whipple's disease, pernicious anemia, and other contributions to medicine]". Gaceta médica de México. 138 (4): 371–6. PMID 12200882.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=,|laysummary=, and|month=(help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help) - Raju, T N (1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1934: George Hoyt Whipple (1878-1976); George Richard Minot (1885-1950); William Perry Murphy (1892-1987)". Lancet. 353 (9148): 247. PMID 9923916.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Sparkman, R S (1995). "Two physicians named Whipple". Am. J. Surg. 170 (3): 306–7. PMID 7661304.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Miller, L L (1995). "George Hoyt Whipple - August 28, 1878-February 2, 1976". Biographical memoirs. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.). 66: 371–93. PMID 11616328.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=,|laysummary=, and|month=(help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Carlsson, M (1989). "[The man behind the syndrome: George Hoyt Whipple. He was the first one to theorize on infectious causes of a rare systemic disease]". Lakartidningen. 86 (14): 1271–4. PMID 2468979.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Diggs, L W (1976). "Dr. George Hoyt Whipple". The Johns Hopkins medical journal. 139 (5): 196–200. PMID 792552.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Harvey, A M (1976). "Teacher and distinguished pupil: William Henry Welch and George Hoyt Whipple". Johns Hopkins Med. J. Suppl.: 39–48. PMID 801545.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=,|laysummary=, and|month=(help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Rijlant, P (1976). "[Note on the life and work of Professor George Heyt Whipple, foreign honorary member (1878-1976)]". Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 131 (3-4-5): 139–43. PMID 798621.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=,|laysummary=, and|month=(help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Young, L E (1976). "George Hoyt Whipple 1878-1976". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 89: 34–7. PMID 798387.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=,|laysummary=, and|month=(help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Kenéz (1968). "[George Hoyt Whipple, nature lover and Nobel prize winner is 90 years old]". Orvosi hetilap. 109 (36): 1994–8. PMID 4886380.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Sulek, K (1968). "[Nobel prize in 1934 for G.H. Whipple, G.R. Minot and W.P. Murphy for discovery of treatment of anemia with liver extracts]". Wiad. Lek. 21 (7): 627–9. PMID 4876155.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - CORNER, G W (1963). "GEORGE HOYT WHIPPLE, NOBEL PRIZE PATHOLOGIST". Transactions & studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 31: 40–1. PMID 14044626.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - BIBBY, B G (1951). "George Hoyt Whipple, M. D: a benefactor of dentistry". The Journal of the American College of Dentists. 18 (4): 252–7. PMID 14897600.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link)