South Los Angeles

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South Los Angeles

South Los Angeles is the official name for a large geographic and cultural portion lying to the southwest and southeast of downtown Los Angeles, California. The area was formerly called South Central Los Angeles, and is still sometimes called South Central. It borders the Westside on the northwest, and Downtown LA on the northeast.

In 2003, the city of Los Angeles changed the area's official name from South Central Los Angeles to South Los Angeles, hoping to blur collective memories of violence and blight. The name "South Central" had become almost synonymous with urban decay and street crime. The new name is rather misleading though, since geographically, South Los Angeles would refer to the L.A. Harbor/San Pedro district. Though the city took it upon itself to change street signs and freeway signs with the new name to make it "official", and though media like the Los Angeles Times and L.A. news networks now refer to the area as South Los Angeles, the name is not very widely used. Most residents of the Los Angeles area (including residents of South Los Angeles) still use the old name. Prominent figures from South Los Angeles, such as Ice Cube, also continue to refer to the area as South Central Los Angeles.

South Los Angeles is a notoriously dangerous region in the City of Los Angeles with an extensive history of gang violence, as it gave birth to dangerous gangs such as the Bloods, Crips, 38th St. Gang, 18th Street gang and Florencia 13. A majority of gang wars in Los Angeles have taken place there, as well as conflicts between African-Americans and Latinos usually occurring in the streets and in schools.

Geographic definition

The name "South Central" originally referred to an area bounded roughly by Main Street on the west and Washington Boulevard on the north, and sharply by Slauson Avenue (which had Santa Fe Railroad track running alongside it) on the south and Alameda Street (including Southern Pacific Railroad track) on the east. Central Avenue bisects this area from north to south. Along with Watts several miles to the south, this corridor was the only district-scale area within the city in which African-Americans could purchase property prior to 1948. While some African-Americans rented and sometimes even owned property in other areas of the city, they were generally confined to single streets or small neighborhoods.

Since the 1950s, the definition of "South Central" has gradually expanded to include all of the areas of the city of Los Angeles (and small unincorporated pockets of Los Angeles County) lying south of the Santa Monica Freeway, east of the city limits of Culver City and north of the Century Freeway. Some incorporated cities outside of L.A. city limits lying east of Alameda Street are considered identifiable with South L.A. to some extent by their urban or "inner city" characteristics.

The demography of South Los Angeles has been changing since 1990, when Hispanic immigrants from Mexico and Central America arrived to buy or rent apartments and homes vacated by African American renters who moved out of the area. In the 2000 census, 55% of residents in the designated area of South L.A. were Latino, while 40% were African American. A large percentage of small stores and shops are owned by Asian American immigrants, especially Koreans and Indians. Filipinos have also been part of the area. Prior to the 1990s, the area was predominantly black.[1] The main reasons of the population shifts were mainly due to gang violence, police brutality, and immigration.

History

19th Century-1948

South LA contains some of the oldest neighborhoods in Los Angeles, featuring many spectacular examples of Victorian and Craftsman architecture in West Adams. It is home to the University of Southern California, founded in 1880, as well as the Doheny Campus of Mount St. Mary's College, which was founded in 1920. The 1932 and 1984 Olympic Games took place near the USC campus at neighboring Exposition Park, which hosts the Los Angeles Coliseum. Until the rise of the Wilshire Boulevard corridor refocused Los Angeles' development to the west of downtown in the 1920s, West Adams was one of the most desirable areas of the city.

At the same time that the wealthy were building stately mansions in West Adams and Jefferson Park and the white working class was establishing itself in Crenshaw and Hyde Park, the area of modest bungalows and low-rise commercial buildings along Central Avenue emerged as the heart of the black community in southern California (notably playing host to one of the first jazz scenes in the western U.S., with trombonist Kid Ory a prominent resident). Under racially restrictive covenants, blacks were only allowed to own property within the Main-Slauson-Alameda-Washington box and in Watts, as well as in small enclaves elsewhere in the city. Affluent blacks were somewhat less restricted in their ability to purchase property, gradually moving into West Adams and Jefferson Park, but the working- and middle-class blacks who poured into Los Angeles during the Great Depression and World War II found themselves penned into what was becoming a severely overcrowded neighborhood. During the war, blacks faced such dire housing shortages that the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles built the virtually all-black Pueblo del Rio project, running against its previous policy of integrating all of its housing projects.

1948-1960s

When the Supreme Court banned the legal enforcement of race-oriented restrictive covenants in 1948's Shelley v. Kraemer, blacks began to move into areas outside the increasingly overcrowded Slauson-Alameda-Washington-Main settlement area. For a time in the early 1950s, southern Los Angeles became the site of significant racial violence, with whites bombing, firing into, and burning crosses on the lawns of homes purchased by black families south of Slauson. In an escalation of behavior that had begun in the 1920s, white gangs in nearby cities such as South Gate and Huntington Park would routinely accost blacks who traveled through white areas; the black mutual protection clubs that formed in response to these assaults ultimately formed the basis of the region's fearsome street gangs.

As was the case in most urban areas, 1950s freeway construction radically altered the geography of southern Los Angeles; and, as was the case in most large American cities, a major motivation in planning freeway routes was the reinforcement of traditional segregation lines.[citation needed] The Harbor Freeway ran just to the west of Main Street, and the Santa Monica Freeway just to the north of Washington Boulevard. The Marina Freeway was originally to run near Slauson Avenue all the way to the Orange County line, but was deemed redundant and went unbuilt except for its westernmost portions.

However well the freeways worked in moving cars around, they were decidedly unsuccessful as instruments of segregation. The explosive growth of suburbs, most of which barred blacks by a variety of methods, provided the opportunity for most whites in neighborhoods bordering black districts to leave en masse. The spread of blacks throughout the area was achieved in large part through "blockbusting," a technique whereby real estate speculators would buy a home on an all-white street, sell or rent it to a black family, and then buy up the remaining homes from whites at cut-rate prices and sell them at a hefty profit to housing-hungry blacks. This process accelerated after the Watts Riots of 1965, a traumatic event that resulted in the near-total abandonment of southern Los Angeles by white residents and merchants, as well as a large-scale movement to the north and west by middle-class blacks. By the late 1960s most of Los Angeles south of Pico Boulevard and east of La Cienega Boulevard had become overwhelmingly black. Areas wealthy (Baldwin Hills, West Adams) and impoverished (Watts) alike were referred to under the umbrella name of "South Central," even if they were 10 miles from the intersection of Vernon and Central Avenues. The Santa Monica Freeway formed the northern boundary of the "new" South Central, primarily dividing the middle-class blacks of Mid-Wilshire from the poor and working-class blacks to the south.

1970s-1990s

Beginning in the 1970s, the precipitous decline of the area's manufacturing base resulted in widespread unemployment, poverty and street crime. Street gangs, such as the Crips and Bloods, rose to great notoriety, becoming even more powerful with money from the crack cocaine trade, dominated by gangs in the 1980s. The downtown Los Angeles' service sector, which had long been dominated by unionized African Americans earning relatively high wages, replaced most of these black workers with newly arrived Central American immigrants. The immigrants were willing to work at lower wages without union representation. By the time of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, which began in South Central and spread throughout the city, South Central had become a byword for urban decay, its bad reputation spread by movies such as Colors, South Central, Menace II Society, Friday, and in particular, South Central native John Singleton's Boyz N the Hood. The rap group N.W.A.'s album Straight Outta Compton and the Rockstar video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas also popularized South Central's bad image.

Landmarks

Communities

South Central is a district of City of Los Angeles to the east of Inglewood.

File:Highsmithrandysdonuts.jpg
Randy's Donuts, a landmark of Inglewood, is visible from the freeway

Communities in South Los Angeles include:

Although the following are incorporated cities or unincorporated communities, they are often considered part of the South Los Angeles area despite being outside of the Los Angeles city limits:

Cities:

unincorporated Los Angeles County communities:

People from South Los Angeles

References

  1. ^ Lee, John, "Counter Culture In Los Angeles, Korean-American stores Are Sometimes the Flashpoint of Racial Animosity-but They Are Also the Proving Ground for Tolerance," Los Angeles Times 17 October 1993: A1.

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South Central Los Angeles Photos http://southcentralphotos.info

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