Sierra Leone

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Republic of Sierra Leone
Motto: "Unity - Freedom - Justice"
Anthem: High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free
Location of Sierra Leone
Capital
and largest city
Freetown
Official languagesEnglish
Demonym(s)Sierra Leonean
GovernmentRepublic
• President
Ernest Bai Koroma
Republic
• from the United Kingdom
April 27 1961
• Water (%)
1.0
Population
• July 2007 estimate
6,144,562 (103rd1)
• 2000 census
5,426,618
GDP (PPP)2005 estimate
• Total
$4.921 billion (151st)
• Per capita
$903 (172nd)
HDI (2004)Increase 0.335
Error: Invalid HDI value (176th)
CurrencyLeone (SLL)
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
Calling code232
ISO 3166 codeSL
Internet TLD.sl
1 Rank based on 2007 figures.

Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea on the north and Liberia on the south, with the Atlantic Ocean on the west. The name Sierra Leone was adapted from the Portuguese name for the country: Serra Leoa, literally "Lion Mountain Range". During the 18th century Sierra Leone was an important center of the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans. The capital Freetown was founded in 1787 by the Sierra Leone Company as a home for enslaved Africans who had fought for the British in the American Revolutionary War. In 1808, Freetown became a British Crown Colony, and in 1896, the interior of the country became a British Protectorate. The Crown Colony and Protectorate joined and gained independence in 1961. From 1991 to 2002, Sierra Leone suffered greatly under the devastating effects of rebel activities, which were stopped by UN and British forces disarming 17,000 militia and rebels. Sierra Leone has been at peace since 2002. [1]


Government and politics

Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature. The current system of government in Sierra Leone, established under the 1991 Constitution, is modeled on the following structure of government:

Within the confines of the 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone, supreme legislative powers are vested in Parliament, which is the law making body of the nation. Supreme executive authority rests in the President and members of his cabinet and judicial power with the judiciary of which the Chief Justice is head.

The President is the head of state, the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the The Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces. The president appoints and heads a cabinet of ministers (including the vice president), which must be approved by the Parliament of Sierra Leone . The president is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two five-year terms. The president power is checked by the parliament of Sierra Leone. To be elected president of Sierra Leone, a candidate must gain at least 55 percent of the vote. If no candidate gets the 55 percent requirement, there will be a second-round runoff between the top two candidates with the most votes in the first round. For qualification to be elected President of Sierra Leone, the person must be a natural born citizen of Sierra Leone; Should have attained the age of 40 years; should be a member of a political party; and Should be able to speak and read the English language. The current president of Sierra Leone is Ernest Bai Koroma. Koroma was sworn in as president on september 17, 2007, shortly after being declared the winner of a tense run-off election. Kabbah]].[2]

The Parliament of Sierra Leone is unicameral, with 124 seats. 112 members are elected concurrently with the presidential elections; the other twelve seats are filled by Paramount chief from each of the country's twelve administrative districts. All members serve five-year terms. The most recent parliamentary elections were held on August 11 2007. The All People's Congress (APC), won 59 of the 112 parliamentary seats, defeating the the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP).

The Judiciary Section 120(1) of the Constitution states that the judicial power of Sierra Leone shall be vested in the judiciary. The judiciary of Sierra Leone, headed by the Chief Justice comprises the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and the High Court. These constitute the Superior Court of Jurisdiction. The inferior courts comprise the Magistrates courts and the Local courts. The Magistrates Courts exist in each district. Local courts administer customary law. The president appoints and parliament approves justices for the three courts.

Local Government elections were held in 2004 (for the first time since 1972), electing 456 councillors sitting in nineteen local councils.

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Provinces of Sierra Leone and Districts of Sierra Leone

The Republic of Sierra Leone is composed of three provinces and one area; the provinces are further divided into twelve districts.

District capital Area km² Province
Bombali District Makeni 7,895 Northern Province
Tonkolili District Magburaka 7,003 Northern Province
Koinadugu District Kabala 12,121 Northern Province
Port Loko District Port Loko 5,719 Northern Province
Kambia District Kambia 3,108 Northern Province
Kenema District Kenema 6,053 Eastern Province
Kono District Koidu Town 5,641 Eastern Province
Kailahun District Kailahun 3,859 Eastern Province
Bo District Bo 7,003 Southern Province
Bonthe District Bonthe 3,468 Southern Province
Moyamba District Moyamba 6,902 Southern Province
Pujehun District Pujehun 4,105 Southern Province

Western area

Major cities by population

City Population
Freetown 1,070,200
Bo 472,919
Kenema 254,539
Koidu Town 123,800
Makeni 115,900

Freetown, the capital and largest city is the leading commercial, educational and cultural center of the country. Bo is the second city, followed by Kenema, Koidu Town and Makeni. Other major cities are Magburaka, Kailahun, Port Loko, Waterloo, Kabala, Bonthe and Kambia.

History

Main article: History of Sierra Leone

Foreign relations

Sierra Leone has maintained cordial relations with the west, in particular with the United Kingdom. Sierra Leone also maintains diplomatic relations with China, Libya, Iran, and Cuba. Former President of Sierra Leone Siaka Stevens' government had sought closer relations with other West African countries under the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The present government is continuing this effort.

Sierra Leone is a member of the United Nations and its specialized agencies, the Commonwealth, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the African Development Bank (AFDB), the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

Sierra Leone, along with Liberia, and Guinea formed the Manor River Union (MRU). The Manor River Union is primarily designed to implement development project and promote regional economic integration between the three nations.

Sierra Leone is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

The government maintains 16 embassies/high commissioners across the world.

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Sierra Leone
Satellite image of Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa, north of the equator. With a land area of 71,740 square kilometers (27,699 square miles). Sierra Leone is bordered by Guinea to the north and northeast, Liberia to the south and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.

There are a wide variety of ecological and agricultural zones to which people have adapted. Starting in the west, Sierra Leone has some 400 kilometers (250 miles) of coastline, giving it both bountiful marine resources and attractive tourist potential. This is followed by low-lying mangrove swamps, rain-forested plains and farmland, and finally a mountainous plateau in the east, where Mount Bintumani rises to 1,948 meters (6,390 ft). The climate is tropical, with two seasons determining the agricultural cycle: the rainy season from May to November, followed by the dry season from December to May, which includes harmattan, when cool, dry winds blow in off the Sahara Desert. The national capital Freetown sits on a coastal peninsula, situated next to the Sierra Leone Harbor, the world's third largest natural harbor. This prime location historically made Sierra Leone the center of trade and colonial administration in the region.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone is emerging from a protracted civil war and is showing signs of a successful transition. Investor and consumer confidence continue to rise, adding impetus to the country’s economic recovery. In addition to this there is greater freedom of movement and the successful rehabilitation and resettlement of residential areas. In 2001, Sierra Leone attracted US$4 million in foreign direct investment. The country has also enjoyed an improvement in the terms of trade as a result of the lower of international petroleum prices.

Rich in minerals, Sierra Leone has relied on the mining sector in general, and diamonds in particular, for its economic base. In the 1970s and early 1980s, economic growth rate slowed because of a decline in the mining sector and increasing corruption among government officials. By the 1990s economic activity was declining and economic infrastructure had become seriously degraded. Over the next decade much of Sierra Leone’s formal economy was destroyed in the country’s civil war. Since the cessation of hostilities in January 2002, massive infusions of outside assistance have helped Sierra Leone begin to recover. Much of Sierra Leone’s recovery will depend on the success of the Government of Sierra Leone efforts to limit official corruption, which many feel was the chief culprit for the country’s descent into civil war. A key indicator of success will be the effectiveness of government management of its diamond sector.

About two-thirds of the population engages in subsistence agriculture, which accounts for 52.5% of national income. The government is trying to increase food and cash crop production and upgrade small farmer skills. Also, the government works with several foreign donors to operate integrated rural development and agricultural projects.

Mineral exports remain Sierra Leone's principal foreign exchange earner. Sierra Leone is a major producer of gem-quality diamonds. Though rich in this resource, the country has historically struggled to manage its exploitation and export. Annual production estimates range between $250-300 million. However, not all of that passes through formal export channels, although formal exports have dramatically improved since the days of civil war. The balance is smuggled, where it is possibly used for money laundering or financing illicit activities. Efforts to improve the management of the export trade have met with some success. In October 2000, a UN-approved export certification system for exporting diamonds from Sierra Leone was put into place that led to a dramatic increase in legal exports. In 2001, the Government of Sierra Leone created a mining community development fund, which returns a portion of diamond export taxes to diamond mining communities. The fund was created to raise local communities' stake in the legal diamond trade.

Sierra Leone has one of the world's largest deposits of rutile, a titanium ore used as paint pigment and welding rod coatings. Sierra Rutile Limited, owned by a consortium of United States and European investors, began commercial mining operations near the city of Bonthe, in the Southern Province, in early 1979. Sierra Rutile was then the largest nonpetroleum United States investment in West Africa. The export of 88,000 tons realized $75 million in export earnings in 1990. The company and the Government of Sierra Leone concluded a new agreement on the terms of the company's concession in Sierra Leone in 1990. Rutile and bauxite mining operations were suspended when rebels invaded the mining sites in 1995, but exports resumed in 2005.

Despite its successes and development, the Sierra Leone economy still faces some significant challenges. There is a high rate of unemployment particularly among the youth and ex-combatants. Authorities have been slow to implement reforms in the civil service and the pace of the privatisation programme is also slacking and donors have urged its advancement.

Currency

Sierra Leone’s currency is the Leone. The central bank of the country is the Bank of Sierra Leone which is located in the capital, Freetown. The bank is run by the bank Governor and directors. This Governor is Dr. James D Rogers. The central Bank objectives include:

  • promotion of monetary stability and sound financial structure
  • maintenance of the internal and external values of the Leone
  • promotion of credit and exchange conditions
  • issuance and distribution of notes and currency in the country
  • conducive to balanced economy growth
  • formulation and implementation of monetary policy
  • banker and advisor to the Government in financial and economic matters
  • management of domestic and foreign debt
  • acting as custodian of the country’s reserve approved foreign exchange
  • acting as banker to the Commercial Banks
  • supervision and regulation of activities of commercial banks and other financial institutions
  • administration of the operations of structural adjustment programmes where the bank has specific responsibilities
  • diamond certification

the Bank of Sierra Leone is a 100 percent state-owned corporate body.

Sierra Leone operates a floating exchange rate system and foreign currencies can be exchanged at any of the commercial banks, recognised foreign exchange bureaux and most hotels.

Credit Card use is limited in Sierra Leone, though they may be utilised at some hotels and restaurants, for which visitors should check in advance with local managements. Sierra Leone does not have internationally linked ATM machines.

Travellers Cheques may be utilised at major hotels or cashed at banks and at a few limited shop outlets.

Currency Exchange: It is important that Sierra Leone exchange regulations be observed. For example, it is illegal to exchange money with unlicensed money dealers. All transactions may only made at banks or recognised foreign exchange bureaux.

Demographics

The population of Sierra Leone is estimated to be just over six million, the majority being youth. Freetown, the capital and largest city is the leading commercial, educational and cultural center of the country. Bo is the second city. Other major cities include Kenema, Koidu, and Makeni.

Although English is the official language spoken at schools and government administration , Krio (language derived from English and several African languages and is native to the The Sierra Leone Krio people) is widely spoken throughout the country. The Krio Language unites all the different ethnic groups, especially in their trade and interaction with each other.

Ethnicity

The population of Sierra Leone comprises about sixteen ethnic groups; each with its own language and costume, the two largest of these being the Mende, and Temne, each comprises 30% of the population. The Mende predominate in the Southern Province, and in Kailahun District in the Eastern Province; the Temne likewise predominate in the Northern Province. The third largest ethnic group is the Limba, representing about 9.5% of the population. Like the Temne, the Limba primarily live in the Northern Province. The fourth largest ethnic group is the Kono, comprises 7.8% of the population. The Kono are mostly found in the diamond-rich Kono District in the Eastern Province. The Krio (descendants of freed slaves from the West Indies, North America, and Britain landed in Freetown between 1787 and about 1855) make up 3% of the population but their language is widely spoken throughout the Country. Most Krios live in Freetown, the nation's capital. Other minority ethnic groups in the country are the Sherbro, Mandingo, Loko, Kissi, Kuranko, Fula, Susu, Yalunka Vai and the Sierra Leonean-Lebanese ( descendants of Lebanese settlers who came to Sierra Leone during the late nineteenth century). The Sierra Leonean-Lebanese community make up 1% of Sierra Leone population. They live in the major cities, particularly in Freetown, Bo, Kenema, and Koidu Town.

Religion

The Sierra Leone constitution provides freedom of religion and the government generally protects this right, and does not tolerate its abuse.

60% of Sierra Leone population are Muslim; 30% are Christian; 10% adhere to their ethno-cultural religions and faiths. [1] Unlike many other countries, the religious and tribal mix of Sierra Leone rarely causes religious or tribal conflict.

Education

Education System

Sierra Leone has an education system with six years of primary school (Class 1-6), and six years of secondary school (Form 1-6); secondary schools are further divided into Junior secondary school (Form 1-3) and Senior secondary school (Form 4-6). Primary schools usually start from ages 6 to 12, and secondary schools usually start from ages 13 to 18. Primary Education is free and compulsory in government-sponsored public schools.

The country's two main Universities are the Fourah Bay College in Freetown, founded in 1827, and Njala University in Njala, Moyamba District and Bo, founded in 1963. Teacher training colleges and religious seminaries are found in many parts of the country.

Selected Secondary Schools in Sierra Leone School Founded Location CMS / Sierra Leone Grammar School ca. 1845 Murray Town, Freetown Annie Walsh Memorialk Secondary School ca. 1848 Kissy Road, Freetown St. Edwards Secondary School ca. 1866 Kingtom, Freetown Prince of Wales Secondary School ca. 1874 Kingtom, Freetown Methodist Boys High School ca. 1874 Kissy, Freetown Methodist Girls High School ca. 1880 Kissy, Freetown Harford School for Girls ca. 1897 Moyamba Town, Moyamba District Albert Academy ca. 1904 Berry Street, Freetown Bo Government Secondary School ca. 1906 Bo Town, Bo District West African Collegiate School ca. 1911 Wilkinson Road, Freetown Government Model School ca. 1925 Circular Road, Freetown Magburaka Government Secondary School ca. 1950 Magburaka, Tonkolili District Freetown Secondary School for Girls ca. 1955 Brookfields, Freetown Kenema Government Secondary School ca. 1955 Kenema Town, Kenema District

Environment

Logging, mining, and slash and burn, deforestation for alternative land use - such as cattle grazing - have produced a dramatic decrease of forested land in Sierra Leone since the 1980s.

Until 2002, Sierra Leone lacked a forest management system due to a brutal civil war that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths. On paper, 55 protected areas covered 4.5 percent of Sierra Leone as of 2003. The country has 2,090 known species of higher plants, 147 mammals, 626 birds, 67 reptiles, 35 amphibians, and 99 fish species.

In June 2005, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and Bird-life International agreed to support a conservation-sustainable development project in the Gola Forest in southeastern Sierra Leone, the most important surviving fragment of rainforest in Sierra Leone.

Deforestation rates have increased 7.3 percent since the end of the civil war.

Media

Main article: Media in Sierra Leone

The Sierra Leone constitution guarantees freedom of speech, and freedom of the press; however, the government at times restricts these rights in practice. Dozens of newspapers are published in the country, most of them are privately run and are often critical of the government.

Under legislation enacted in 1980, all newspapers must register with the Ministry of Information and pay a sizable registration fee.

All major cities in the country run their own radio stations. Inaugurated in 1963, The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service(SLBS) is the government-run station in charge of television and radio broadcasting in the country. The UN Mission in Sierra Leone (Unomsil) operates radio services, broadcasting news of UN activities and human rights information, as well as music and news. FM relays of BBC World Service and Radio France Internationale are on the air in Freetown. Radio Sierra Leone, the oldest broadcasting service in English-speaking West Africa, broadcasts mainly in English, with regular news and discussion programs on several topics.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Sierra Leone

Football is by far the most popular sport in Sierra Leone. Cricket, basketball, table tennis, volleyball, tennis, boxing and track are also popular in the country.

Football

Main article: Football in Sierra Leone

Football (soccer) is by far the most popular sport in Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone national football team, popularly known as the Leone Stars, represents the country in international football competitions. The team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup but they have participated in the 1994 and 1996 African Cup of Nations. When Sierra Leone national football team plays a match, the nation comes to a halt, as fans rush to the national stadium in Freetown, traffic disappears from the street. The country's national television network, The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service(SLBS) broadcasts the live match, along with several radio stations throughout the country. If the Leone Stars won their match, Fireworks erupt across the skies and people throughout the country pour into the street to celebrate victory. The country most popular football star is Mohamed Kallon, who plays for AS Monaco in France Ligue 1.

The Sierra Leone National Premier League is the top football league in Sierra Leone. The league is controlled by the Sierra Leone Football Association. East End Lions and Mighty Blackpool are the two biggest and most successful football clubs in the country, but Kallon F.C. is closing in on them. Kallon F.C. won the Premier League and the Sierra Leonean FA Cup in 2006, and eliminated 2006 Nigerian Premier League Champions Ocean Boys FC in the 2007 CAF Champions League first qualifying round, but later lost to ASEC Mimosas of Ivory Coast in the second qualifying round for the group stage.

The Sierra Leone U-17 football team nickname the Sierra Stars finished as runner-up at the 2003 African U-17 Championship in Swaziland, but came in last place in their group at the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Finland.

Many Sierra Leoneans follow the major European football leagues, Particularly the English Premier League, Italian Serie A, and Spain La Liga. Cinema are often overcrowed as fans gather to watch the likes of Manchester United, Arsenal, Barcelona, AC Milan, Real Madrid, Chelsea, Liverpool, and Inter Milan matches that are being shown live on television . Argument often escalates during and after the match, between supporter of opposing teams. Many Africans follow the UEFA Champions League more than the CAF Champions League. It is so common in Sierra Leone to find local children nicknamed Thierry Henry, Ronaldinho, Steven Gerard, Lionel Messi Ronaldo,etc...

Cricket

Main article: Sierra Leone national cricket team

The Sierra Leone cricket team represents Sierra Leone in international cricket competitions, and is among the best in West Africa. They became an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council in 2002. [1] They made their international debut at the 2004 African Affiliates Championship, where they finished last out of the eight teams. They returned at the equivalent tournament in 2006, Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League, where they had a major improvement, this time finishing as runners-up to Mozambique, and only just missing out on promotion to Division Two.

Basketball

Main article: Sierra Leone national basketball team

The Sierra Leone national basketball team represents Sierra Leone in international men's basketball competitions and is controlled by the Sierra Leone Basketball Federation. The squad is mostly home-based, with a few foreign-based players.

Sierra Leone in literature

Two major Hollywood films have so far been produced that relate to Sierra Leone. Steven Spielberg’s Film "Amistad" (1997 with Morgan Freeman, Sir Anthony Hopkins, Mathew McCounaghey) is about a 1839 mutiny aboard a slave ship that was travelling towards the Northeast Coast of America. But much of the plot revolves around the court-room drama that lead to the historic supreme court decision recognizing the captives rights to freedom. The heroic role of Sengbe Pieh (Cinque), who organized and led the revolt was virtually marginalized. Edward Zwick’s film Blood Diamond (2006 Leonardo DiCaprio, Jennifer Connelly and Djimon Hounsou) is about conflict diamonds mined in Sierra Leone, Angola and Congo and sold in major diamond cutting centers – Antwerp, Tel Aviv and Mumbai – to finance (and prolong) armed conflicts in Africa. The film is centered in Sierra Leone and portrays many of the atrocities including the practice of cutting off people's limbs to spread fear and insecurity in the country side and to gain control over the diamond, gold, bauxite and rutile mining areas. But the action is focused mostly on Danny Archer (Leonardo DiCaprio), a white mercenary from Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), who trades arms for diamonds with an RUF commander (Corporal Foday Sankoh) and Maddy Bowen (Jennifer Connelly), an American journalist covering the war and investigating the illegal diamond trade. The role of De Beers Group, which is the major player in the diamond trade, was bracketed out. It has been suggested that the company pressured the producers of the film to include a disclaimer saying the events are fictional and in the past - De Beers has denied this. This film and the Nollywood Video films (Nigerian Productions) on Blood Diamonds have establish Sierra Leone as the Blood Diamond Country in the minds of people all over the world.

In literature, Sierra Leone is the setting for Graham Greene's classic novel The Heart of the Matter, which deals with diamond smuggling during World War II. Since the rebel incursion in the early 1990s a number of books have written about the "diamonds or minerals for weapons" trade - including Hugh Paxton's horror/action novel and Ishmael Beah ("A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier"). Hugh Paxton's novel Homunculus[3] juxtaposes the realities of the war in Sierra Leone with a fantasy of the exploitation of the war for the trade in blood diamonds and for the testing, demonstration and sale by auction of bio-weapons to a select clientele of international arms dealers and mercenaries.

Other Sierra Leone writers of note include Abioseh Nicol ("The Truly Married Woman And Other Stories"), Robert Wellesley Cole ("Kossoh Town Boy"), Syl Cheney-Coker ("The Last Harmattan of Alusine Dunbar"), William Conton ("Kissimi Kamara"), Amadu Yullisa Maddy ("No Past, No Present, No Future") and Sheikh Gibril Kamara ("The Spirit of Badenia).

References

  • Abraham, Arthur, Mende Government and Politics under Colonial Rule, Freetown and London, 1978.
  • Abraham, Arthur, Cultural Policy in Sierra Leone, UNESCO, 1978.
  • Abraham, Arthur, "Sengbe Pieh: A Neglected Hero?", Journal of the Historical Society of Sierra Leone, II (2), 1978.
  • Abraham, Arthur, Topics in Sierra Leone History : A Counter-Colonial Interpretation, Leone Publishers, Sierra Leone, c. 1976.
  • Bah, M. Alpha, Fulbe Migration in Sierra Leone: A Case History of Twentieth-Century Migration and Settlement Among the Kissi of Koindu, Peter Lang Publishing [New York], 1998.
  • Berger, Daniel; In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.
  • Blyden, Nemata Amelia, In Her Majesty' Service: West Indians in British Colonial Government, Sierra Leone, 1808-1880: Race, Class and Ethnicity in a British West African Colony.
  • Clarke, J.I., Nelson, S.J.A. and Swindell, K., Sierra Leone in Maps, London, 1966.
  • Cole, Bernadette, Mass Media, Freedom and Democracy in Sierra Leone, Freetown, 1995,.
  • Conteh-Morgan, Earl and Dixon-Fyle, Mac, Sierra Leone at the End of the Twentieth Century: History, Politics and Society, Peter Lang Publishing, New York, 1999.
  • Cox-George, N. A., Finance and Development in West Africa: The Sierra Leone Experience, D. Dobson, London, 1961.
  • Foray, Cyril P., Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone, the Scarecrow Press, Metuchen and London, 1977.
  • Forna, Aminatta, The Devil that danced on the Water: A daughter’s memoir. London, 2002.
  • Fyfe, Christopher, A History of Sierra Leone, Cambridge University Press, 1962; Oxford University Press, London, 1962
  • Fyle, Christopher, Sierra Leone Inheritance, London, 1964.
  • Fyfe, Christopher, Africanus Horton, 1835-1883 : West African Scientist and Patriot, Aldershot, 1992.
  • Gberie, Lansana, Smillie, Ian and Hazleton, Ralph, The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Society, A Study published by Partnership Africa Canada in January 2000.
  • Global Witness, Conflict Diamonds, Possibilities for the Identification, Certification and Control of Diamonds, A briefing document by Global Witness June, 2000.
  • Hirsch; John L., Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy, Lynne Rienner Pub (2000).
  • Jalloh, Alusine, African Entrepreneurship: Muslim Fula Merchants in Sierra Leone (Monographs in International Studies, Africa Series, No. 71), Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1999.
  • Jalloh, S. Balimo, Sierra Leone, Länderbericht, Bergisch Gladbach, 1991.
  • Jalloh, S. Balimo, "Conflicts, Resources and Social Instability in Subsahara Africa – The Sierra Leone Case"; in Internationasles Afrikaforum, 37, February 2001, Pages 166-180. *Jalloh, S. Balimo, "Subsahara Africa – Trade Expansion Through Countertrade", in: Internationales Afrikaforum, 4/1995, pages. 365–374 (Article) und in: UNCTAD-Bulletin 1995: 365-375.
  • Jones, Durosimi Eldred, Othellos Countrymen, Oxford University Press, 1965.
  • Jones, Durosimi Eldred and Eustace Palmer, African Literature Today Africa World Press – London, 1995.
  • Jones, Howard, Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and its Impact on American Abolition, Law and Diplomacy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1986.
  • Kabba, Muctaru, (Editor), Sierra Leonean Heroes, Fifty Great Men and Women Who Helped to Build Our Nation, Freetown, 1988.
  • Koroma, Abdul K. Sierra Leone – The Agony of a Nation, Andromeda Publications, Freetown, 1996.
  • Kpundeh, Sahr John, Politics and Corruption in Africa: A Case Study of Sierra Leone, University Press of America, Lanham
  • Lewis, Damien, Operation Certain Death - The Inside Story of the SAS'S Greatest Battle, Arrow Books, 2005.
  • Nicol, Davidson, Regionalism and the New International Economic Order; UNITAR-CEESTEM-Club of Rome conference at the United Nations, Pergamon Press, 1981.
  • William Reno, Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, The African Studies Centre, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • Paul Richards, Fighting for the Rain Forest – War Youth & Resources in Sierra Leone, The International African Institute, James Currey Publishers, London, 1996.
  • Sawyerr, Harry, God, Ancestor or Creator? Aspects of Traditional Belief in Ghana, Nigeria & Sierra Leone, Harlow, Longmans, 1970.
  • Turay, Harry, Land Tenure Systems in Sierra Leone, unpublished project report, Njala University College, 1980.
  • H.L. van der Laan, The Sierra Leone Diamonds, An Economic Study covering the years 1952-1961, Oxford, 1965.
  • Wyse, Akintola J.G. and Deveneaux, Gustav H.K., The Sierra Leone-German connection, 1787-1987, An Overview, Published by The German Embassy in Freetown, 1993.
  • Wyse, Akintola J. G., H. C. Bankole-Bright and Politics in Colonial Sierra Leone, 1919-1958 (African Studies Series), Cambridge University Press [Cambridge, Eng. and New York], 1990.

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b "Sierra Leone". The World Factbook. CIA. 15 May, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ BBC country profile
  3. ^ first published in hardback ISBN 978-0230000490 by Macmillan UK in October 2006 and now available in paperback (March 2007), ISBN 978-0230007369

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