Constitutional monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges a hereditary or elected monarch as head of state. Modern constitutional monarchies usually implement the concept of trias politica, and have the monarch as the (symbolic) head of the executive branch. Where a monarch holds absolute power, it is known as an absolute monarchy.
Today, constitutional monarchy is almost always combined with representative democracy, and represents theories of sovereignty which place sovereignty in the hands of the people, and those that see a role for tradition in the theory of government. Though the king or queen may be regarded as the government's symbolic head, it is the Prime Minister, whose power derives directly or indirectly from elections, who actually governs the country.
Although current constitutional monarchies are mostly representative democracies, this has not always historically been the case. There have been monarchies which have coexisted with constitutions which were fascist (or quasi-fascist), as was the case in Italy, Japan and Spain, or those in which the government is run as a military dictatorship, as was the case in Thailand.
Some constitutional monarchies are hereditary; others, such as that of Malaysia are elective monarchies.
Some constitutional monarchies are:
- Antigua and Barbuda (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Australia (Queen Elizabeth II)
- The Bahamas (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Barbados (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Belgium (King Albert II)
- Belize (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Bhutan (King Jigme Singye Wangchuk)
- Cambodia (King Norodom Sihamoni)
- Canada (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Denmark (Queen Margrethe II)
- Grenada (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Jamaica (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Japan (Emperor Akihito)
- Liechtenstein (His Serene Highness Hans-Adam II)
- Luxembourg (Grand Duke Henri)
- Malaysia (Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin)
- The Netherlands (Queen Beatrix)
- New Zealand (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Norway (King Harald V)
- Papua New Guinea (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Saint Lucia (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Queen Elizabeth II)
- The Solomon Islands (Queen Elizabeth II)
- Spain (King Juan Carlos)
- Sweden (King Carl XVI Gustaf)
- Thailand (King Bhumibol Adulyadej)
- Tuvalu (Queen Elizabeth II)
- The United Kingdom (Queen Elizabeth II)