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| Nitrospira moscoviensis | |
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| Species: | N. moscoviensis
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| Nitrospira moscoviensis Garrity et al. 2001[1]
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Nitrospira moscoviesis is a gram-negative, non-motile, facultative lithoauthotropic bacterium.[2] The most closely related species to N. moscoviensis is Nitrospira marina.[2] N. moscoviensis was discovered in Moscow, Russia in 1995, and could potentially be used in the production of bio-degradable polymers.[2]
Classification
Etymology
The genus name Nitrospira is originated from the prefix “nitro” derived from nitrite, the microbe’s electron donor and “spira” meaning coil or spiral derived from the microbe’s shape.[3] The species name moscoviensis is derived from Moscow, where the species was first discovered.[3]
Classification
Nitrospira moscoviensis is classified as being gram-negative, non-motile, and having a curved rod shape.[2] The curved rods are approximately 0.9-2.2 µm long x 0.2-0.4 µm wide.[2] N. moscoviensis can exist in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats and reproduces using binary fission.[2] A specific defining feature of N. moscoviensis is the lack of intra-cytoplasmic membranes and possession of an enlarged periplasmic space.[4]
Neighboring Phylogenetics
The species most closely related to Nitrospira moscoviensis is Nitrospira marina, which has an 88.9% similarity for the 16S rRNA gene structure. [2] These similarities are seen in the membrane proteins, morphology, and metabolism; however, distinction between the two species include habitats, growth requirements, and G+C content. [2]
Related Nitrifying bacteria
Three closely-related chemolithotrophs include Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus, and Nitrospina; all four genera possess the ability to oxidize nitrite, however differ morphologically and reproductively.[3] Morphological differences include the rod/pear-shaped cell of Nitrobacter and Nitrospina and cocci-shaped cell of Nitrococcus; while reproduction via budding separates Nitrobacter from Nitrococcus and Nitrospina’s transverse binary fission. [3]Also, key differences in the ultrastructure within the cytomembrane separates the four genera.[3] Nitrospina and Nitrospira differ from Nitrobacter and Nitrococcus in that they lack intracytoplasmic nitrite oxidoreductase.[4]
Discovery
In 1995, Silke Ehrich discovered Nitrospira moscoviensis in a sample taken from an eroded iron pipe.[2] The pipe was a part of a heating system in Moscow, Russia.[2] The rust was transferred to a culture where cells could be isolated.[2] For optimum growth Ehrich and his team cultivated the cells on a mineral salt medium at a temperature of 39° C and at a pH of 7.6-8.0.[2]
Characterization
Metabolism
Nitrospira moscoviensis is a facultative lithoautotroph commonly referred to as a chemolithoautotroph.[2] In aerobic environments N. moscoviensis obtains energy by oxidizing nitrite to nitrate.[4] Without the element molybdenum, the nitrite-oxidizing system will not function.[4] ). A key difference in N. moscoviensis’ nitrite-oxidizing system is location; unlike most nitrate oxidizing systems, it is not located in the cytoplasmic membrane.[4] Kirstein and Bock (1993) implied that the location of the nitrite-oxidizing system corresponds directly to N. moscoviensis having an enlarged periplasmic space.[5] By oxidizing nitrate outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, a permease nitrite system is not needed for the proton gradient.[4] The exocytoplasmic oxidation of nitrite also prevents build-up of toxic nitrite within the cytoplasm.[4]
Ecology
Nitrospira moscoviensis plays a key role in the two-step Nitrogen Cycle process. [6] The first step of Nitrification requires an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium (AOB) or ammonia-oxidizing archaeon (AOA) followed by a nitrite-oxidizing bacterium (NOB).[6] The unique capability of N. moscoviensis to cleave urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide allows for a symbiotic relationship with ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms that lack this urease-production ability.[6] N. moscoviensis provides ammonia via hydrolysis of urea to these ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms which in turn produce nitrite, the primary energy source of N. moscoviensis.[6] Thus far, Nitrospira has been recognized only in soils.[6] Further investigation of the ecological abundance of N. moscoviensis can be studied with monoclonal antibodies such as Hyb 153-3, which detects the nitrite-oxidizing capabilities. [4]
Genomics
After original isolation, N. moscoviensis’s DNA was sequenced by Dr. Ehrich et al. via modified Marmur method.[2] The genome size, 4.59 Mb, was determined by Koch et al. while studying N. moscoviensis’ ureolytic activity, along with 4,863 predicted coding sequences (Koch et al. 2015). The GC-content was determined to be 56.9+/-0.4 mol%.[2] Further genomic analysis by Koch et al. determined the presence of gene clusters encoding urease production enabling this bacteria to hydrolyze urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide.[6]
Biotechnology
The cytoplasm of Nitrospira moscoviensis contains polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules.[2] PHB granules are polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers.[7] PHB granules are produced by N. moscoviensis when the presence of nitrate is limited.[7] When nutrient limitations are no longer present, N. moscoviensis degrades PHB granules using enzymes, and recycling the degraded materials for functional use as a carbon source.[7] Synthetic polymers are used to make most plastics, synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable and contribute negatively to the environment.[7] Unlike synthetic polymers polyhydroxybutyrate is a biopolymer, meaning it can be bio-degraded.[7] PHB can be utilized for packaging, medical purposes like reconstructive surgery, and personal hygiene products.[7]
References
- ^ Garrity, George; Castenholz, Richard W.; Boone, David R., eds. (2001). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: New York, NY. pp. 451–453. ISBN 978-0-387-21609-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ehrich, S; Behrens, D; Ludwig, W; Bock, E (1995). "A new obligately chemolithoautotrophic, nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, nitrospira moscoviensis sp. nov. and its phylogenetic relationship". Arch Microbiol. 164 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1007/BF02568729.
- ^ a b c d e Watson, S.W.; Bock, E.; Valois, F.W.; Waterbury, J.B.; Schlosser, U (1986). "Nitrospira marina gen. nov. sp. nov.: a chemolitho- trophic nitrite-oxidizing bacterium". Arch Microbiol. 144 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1007/BF00454947.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Spieck, E.; Ehrich, S; Aamand, J; Bock, E. (1998). "Isolation and immunocytochemical location of the nitrite-oxidizing system in nitrospira moscoviensis". Arch Microbiol. 169 (3): 225–230. doi:10.1007/s002030050565.
- ^ Kirstein, K; Bock, E (1993). "Close genetic relationship between Ni- trobacter hamburgensis nitrite oxidoreductase and Escherichia coli nitrate reductases". Arch Microbiol. 160 (6): 447–453. doi:10.1007/BF00245305.
- ^ a b c d e f Koch, H.; Luecker, S.; Albertsen, M.; Kitzinger, K.; Herbold, K.; Spieck, E.; Daims, H. (2015). "Expanded metabolic versatility of ubiquitous nitrite-oxidizing bacteria from the genus nitrospira". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 112 (36).
- ^ a b c d e f Ojumu, T.V.; Solomon, B.O (2004). "Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates, a bacterial biodegradable polymer" (PDF). African Journal of Biotechnology. 3 (1): 18–24.