User:ChaneyDavis/sandbox
| Nitrospira moscoviensis | |
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| Species: | N. moscoviensis
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| Nitrospira moscoviensis Spieck and Boch, 2001
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Nitrospira moscoviensis
Nitrospira moscoviesis is a gram-negative, non-motile, facultative lithoauthotropic bacterium.[1] The most closely related species to N. moscoviensis is Nitrospira marina.[1] N. moscoviensis was discovered in Moscow, Russia in 1995, and could potentially be used in the production of bio-degradable polymers.[1]
Classification
Etymology
The genus name Nitrospira is originated from the prefix “nitro” derived from nitrite, the microbe’s electron donor and “spira” meaning coil or spiral derived from the microbe’s shape.[2] The species name moscoviensis is derived from Moscow, where the species was first discovered.[2]
Classification
Nitrospira moscoviensis is classified as being gram-negative, non-motile, and having a curved rod shape.[1] The curved rods are approximately 0.9-2.2 µm long x 0.2-0.4 µm wide.[1] N. moscoviensis can exist in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats and reproduces using binary fission.[1] A specific defining feature of N. moscoviensis is the lack of intra-cytoplasmic membranes and possession of an enlarged periplasmic space.[3]
Neighboring Phylogenetic
Discovery
In 1995, Silke Ehrich discovered Nitrospira moscoviensis in a sample taken from an eroded iron pipe.[1] The pipe was a part of a heating system in Moscow, Russia.[1] The rust was transferred to a culture where cells could be isolated.[1] For optimum growth Ehrich and his team cultivated the cells on a mineral salt medium at a temperature of 39° C and at a pH of 7.6-8.0.[1]
Characterization
Metabolism
Nitrospira moscoviensis is a facultative lithoautotroph commonly referred to as a chemolithoautotroph.[1] In aerobic environments N. moscoviensis obtains energy by oxidizing nitrite to nitrate.[3] Without the element molybdenum, the nitrite-oxidizing system will not function.[3] ). A key difference in N. moscoviensis’ nitrite-oxidizing system is location; unlike most nitrate oxidizing systems, it is not located in the cytoplasmic membrane.[3] Kirstein and Bock (1993) implied that the location of the nitrite-oxidizing system corresponds directly to N. moscoviensis having an enlarged periplasmic space.[4] By oxidizing nitrate outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, a permease nitrite system is not needed for the proton gradient.[3] The exocytoplasmic oxidation of nitrite also prevents build-up of toxic nitrite within the cytoplasm.[3]
Ecology
Genomics
Biotechnology
The cytoplasm of Nitrospira moscoviensis contains polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules.[1] PHB granules are polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers.[5] PHB granules are produced by N. moscoviensis when the presence of nitrate is limited.[5] When nutrient limitations are no longer present, N. moscoviensis degrades PHB granules using enzymes, and recycling the degraded materials for functional use as a carbon source.[5] Synthetic polymers are used to make most plastics, synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable and contribute negatively to the environment.[5] Unlike synthetic polymers polyhydroxybutyrate is a biopolymer, meaning it can be bio-degraded.[5] PHB can be utilized for packaging, medical purposes like reconstructive surgery, and personal hygiene products.[5]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ehrich, S; Behrens, D; Ludwig, W; Bock, E (1995). "A new obligately chemolithoautotrophic, nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, nitrospira moscoviensis sp. nov. and its phylogenetic relationship". Arch Microbiol. 164 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1007/BF02568729.
- ^ a b Watson, S.W.; Bock, E.; Valois, F.W.; Waterbury, J.B.; Schlosser, U (1986). "Nitrospira marina gen. nov. sp. nov.: a chemolitho- trophic nitrite-oxidizing bacterium". Arch Microbiol. 144 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1007/BF00454947.
- ^ a b c d e f Spieck, E.; Ehrich, S; Aamand, J; Bock, E. (1998). "Isolation and immunocytochemical location of the nitrite-oxidizing system in nitrospira moscoviensis". Arch Microbiol. 169 (3): 225–230. doi:10.1007/s002030050565.
- ^ Kirstein, K; Bock, E (1993). "Close genetic relationship between Ni- trobacter hamburgensis nitrite oxidoreductase and Escherichia coli nitrate reductases". Arch Microbiol. 160 (6): 447–453. doi:10.1007/BF00245305.
- ^ a b c d e f Ojumu, T.V.; Solomon, B.O (2004). "Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates, a bacterial biodegradable polymer" (PDF). African Journal of Biotechnology. 3 (1): 18–24.