Coordinates: 39°45′07″N 46°43′44″E / 39.75194°N 46.72889°E / 39.75194; 46.72889

Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh

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2022–2023 blockade of Artsakh
Part of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Azerbaijanis blockading the Lachin corridor on 17 December
Date12 December 2022 – present
(1 year, 10 months, 1 week and 4 days)
Location
Lachin corridor and Shusha

39°45′07″N 46°43′44″E / 39.75194°N 46.72889°E / 39.75194; 46.72889
MethodsDemonstrations, sit-ins, alleged infrastructure sabotage
StatusOngoing
Parties

Azerbaijan Azerbaijani "environmental activists" [1] (according to Azerbaijan)

 Azerbaijan
Lead figures

No centralized leadership[a]

Russia Andrey Volkov[3]

-

Casualties and losses
-
-
1 civilian (a patient who could not be transferred to Armenia for tertiary care) died[4][5]

The 2022–2023 blockade of Artsakh is an ongoing event in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The Nagorno-Karabakh region is disputed between Azerbaijan and the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, which is affiliated with Armenia.

On 12 December 2022, citizens of Azerbaijan claiming to be "eco-activists" launched a blockade of the Lachin corridor (precisely the Shusha–Dashalty intersection, patrolled by Russian peacekeepers),[1][6] the only road connecting Artsakh to the outside world and to Armenia.[7] Despite the claims of peaceful intentions, the blockade has had devastating consequences for the people of Artsakh, preventing the importation of food, fuel, and medicine into Artsakh.[8][9] Shortages are widespread,[10] and emergency reserves are being rationed.[11] In the first days of the blockade (between 13 and 16 December), Azerbaijan cut off the gas supply to Artsakh.[1][12][13]

It is widely believed that the blockade has been orchestrated by the Azerbaijani government as a form of hybrid warfare in its quest to subdue and eventually annex Artsakh.[14][15][16][17] Many countries, international organizations, and political analysts have condemned the blockade and scrutinised the legitimacy of the eco-activism claims.[18][9][19] The individuals involved in the blockade have little to no record of eco-activism,[20] work for Azerbaijani state organs,[21][22] are sponsored by the government,[23][24][25] and display nationalist symbols and slogans (some of which are from the Grey Wolves).[26][27] Critics have also pointed out that freedom of assembly is not a right normally exercised freely in Azerbaijan.[28][29][30][31][32] The individuals involved in the blockade have demanded that Azerbaijan establish state control over the Lachin corridor.[33][34]

Artsakh officials have proposed the involvement of international environmental inspectors as a solution;[35][36] however, Azerbaijani officials refuse to communicate with Artsakh representatives[9] and demand entry of Azerbaijani inspectors as a condition for lifting the blockade.[2]

Background

The Republic of Artsakh is a self-declared de facto state also known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which is populated by ethnic Armenians within Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan does not recognize the sovereign status of Artsakh and, since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, it no longer promises any special status or autonomy to its ethnically Armenian residents.[37] The ongoing 2022 blockade of Artsakh is the second time Azerbaijan isolated the region from Armenia and is distinct from the other ongoing blockade of Artsakh (and Armenia) from Azerbaijan which began in 1988:[38] that is, transportation between Artsakh and the rest of internationally-recognized Azerbaijan has been prohibited by Azerbaijan since 1988.

The current 2022 blockade is an extension of the 1988 blockade insofar as it isolates Artsakh from Armenia (its only connection with the outside world). The first isolation of Artsakh lasted for 4 years (August 1988 to May 1992) as part of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[39] During the winter of 1991–1992 Stepanakert, the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh was blockaded by Azerbaijani forces and many civilian targets in the city were intentionally bombarded by artillery and aircraft.[40] The bombardment of Stepanakert and adjacent Armenian-held towns and villages during the blockade caused widespread destruction.

Because the Lachin corridor remains the only transportation route in and out of Artsakh,[7] it is often described as an essential "lifeline" to Artsakh residents.[41][42][43][44] In 2017, a second and faster highway was built between Artsakh and Armenia (the Vardenis–Martakert highway), but this alternative route has been closed since Azerbaijan took control of the Dadivank-Sotk section (in Kalbajar) during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War.[45][7] Regular air transit in and out of Artsakh has also not existed since the Stepanakert Airport was closed in 1990 during the First Nagorno-Karbakh War.[42] The Artsakh government has attempted to re-open a commercial airport various times since it was reconstructed in 2011 but has been blocked by Azerbaijan, who warn that airplanes flying over Karabakh will be destroyed.[46][47]

After Azerbaijan closed the Vardenis–Martakert highway in 2020, Artsakh residents expressed fear that Azerbaijan would eventually close the Lachin corridor and in 2021 unsuccessfully petitioned the Russian peacekeeping forces to reopen an alternative route.[48][49] With the Vardenis–Martakert highway being closed, Stepanakert is now a six-hour drive from the nearest accessible international airport in Yerevan.[50] Due to the ongoing and separate 1988 blockade of Artsakh from Azerbaijan,[51] residents are unable to access the closer airports in Zangilan and Fuzuli which were recently constructed by Azerbaijan 2020.[52]

As per the 2020 ceasefire agreement, on 26 August 2020, Armenia surrendered the Lachin region to Azerbaijan[53] with the exception of a 5-km wide corridor which is controlled by Russian peacekeepers. Between May 2021 and September 2022, Azerbaijani forces initiated several incursions into the Republic of Armenia[54] including areas around the Lachin corridor. Coinciding with the September 2022 incursions, Russia removed some of it's soldiers from the Lachin Corridor and redeployed them to the war in Ukraine.[54]

The gas connection to Artsakh has been severed three times by Azerbaijan in 2022,[13][55][56][57] with the longest shutoff period lasting 3 weeks.[58]

The second blockade of Artsakh took place in 2022. In November 2022, a senior Azerbaijani official reported to Eurasianet, "What if we were to install a [border] post at the entrance of Lachin and finish the whole process? How can you breathe with no air?"[59]

Two weeks before the 2022 blockade started, the prime minister of Armenia said amid a cabinet meeting "Azerbaijan's president is trying to come up with bogus excuses for closing the Lachin corridor and for blockading the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh and for their genocide and expulsion."[60]

Humanitarian crisis

ICRC vehicle facilitating the transfer of a patient in need of urgent medical assistance across Lachin road to Armenia.[61]

The blockade is creating a humanitarian crisis due to the Republic of Artsakh losing regular supplies of food, fuel and medicine.[8][9] The Ministry of Health of Artsakh reported that as a result of the blockade, the transfer of Artsakh citizens with serious health problems to Yerevan remains impossible [62][63][64] Artsakh healthcare authorities reported that a patient requiring life-saving treatment had died as a result of Azerbaijan's blockade of the Lachin corridor.[65] There is a shortage of baby formula among other food shortages.[66][67] A BBC News article on 6 January stated that the only product left for sale at the main market was dried thyme, that shop shelves were empty in all of Stepanakert and that all basic medication had run out, even at the hospital.[68]

On night that the second phase of the blockade began (12 December), 1,100 people were left on the roads in cold winter conditions.[69][70] The blockade has also separated families with 1,100 Nagorno-Karabakh residents (including 270 children, many of whom were returning from attending the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Yerevan), who were grounded in Armenian territory and unable to return home.[70][71]

Empty grocery stores in Stepanakert during the blockade

Transportation to several isolated communities along the corridor west of the point of the protest were not only cut off from Armenia, but also from the rest of Artsakh, rendering them completely isolated:[70] Mets Shen, Hin Shen, Yeghtsahogh and Lisagor. It became impossible to deliver food, particularly bread and flour, as well as other basic necessities to these communities from either Armenia or Artsakh.[72]

Because of the food shortages caused by the blockade the authorities announced that from 20 January a basic food rationing system will be implemented, so that residents can purchase just 1kg of pasta, buckwheat, rice, and sugar and 1 liter of cooking oil per month. The rationing will be done through a "coupon system".[73]

On 10 January the authorities announced that there will be rolling blackouts in Artsakh because of the damage to cables bringing electricity from Armenia through Azerbaijani-controlled territories. The damage to the electricity cables follows a two-day cut of gas supplies between 13-16 December.[73]

Legitimacy of the blockade as an "environmental protest"

The extent to which the individuals involved in the blockade are real eco-activists is under scrutiny.[1] Many countries and organizations have implied or stated that the blockade is deliberately being orchestrated by Azerbaijan in order to exert control over the Republic of Artsakh (see Reactions). According to Eurasianet, there is "plenty of evidence" to indicate Azerbaijani governmental involvement in the blockade, such as the fact that some of the protesters work for state organs and that the Azeri government has provided them tents.[23] Critics have also pointed out that freedom of assembly is not a right freely exercised in Azerbaijan.[28][29][30][31][32] The protesters and their demands have also been endorsed by Azerbaijani and Turkish state officials,[74] with an Azerbaijani Foreign Minister specifying that fulfilling the protestors' demands is a condition for lifting the blockade.[75]

Judging by the video from the scene, among the individuals blocking the corridor are employees of state-owned companies,.[23] military servicemen,[76][77][10] and even workers from Turkish companies.[1] Some of the individuals involved in the blockade appear to be bused in and out from the Kharibulbul Hotel in Shushi.[78] Outwardly, the blockade action appears more political than environmental,[1] and a number of inconsistencies have been observed between the visible attitudes of the individuals involved in the blockade and the demands that an environmentalist mobilization usually raises.

For example, the participants carried a large flag of Azerbaijan, many of them wrapped in the national flag. Several women wear fur coats at the protests, which gives additional reason to doubt that the participants are related to an environmental movement.[1] Nationalist slogans have taken the place of environmental ones, and the demonstrators have been photographed making the hand symbol of the Gray Wolves, a Turkish ultra-nationalist organization with a history of committing violence against minorities in Turkey, including Armenians.[20][9] The individuals involved in the blockade have also been recorded shouting Azerbaijani military chants "the best soldier is the Azerbaijani soldier."[77]

Early in the blockade, the individuals involved in the blockade released white doves to symbolically represent peace among nations; however, one of the doves was accidentally strangled to death by a woman in a fur coat as she held it and shouted through a loudspeaker. The suffocated pigeon has become a symbol to Armenians who are upset with the blockade, with hashtags such as "#WeAreThePigeon" being posted on social media.[79] One resident told OC Media: "They say we should live peacefully together, but they want to suffocate us like that pigeon she strangled to death. It was a hint, many just didn't get it. They just want to do the same with us."[80]

Blockade timeline

Signs used by "eco-activists" during the blockade
Armenians protesting in front of the UN office in Yerevan

On 3 December, Artsakh information headquarters reported that a group of Azerbaijanis blocked the Lachin corridor between Stepanakert and Gorisat at the intersection around Shusha–Dashalty.[81] The road was later reopened after being closed for four hours, but Azerbaijan announced that it would send specialists to the location of the Russian peacekeepers.[82]

On 10 December, the Ministries of Economy and Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan issued a joint statement, according to which Azerbaijan is starting environmental observations in the territory of the Republic of Artsakh.[83] On the same day, a group of Azerbaijanis tried to enter the Kashen mine, but the mine's security staff did not allow it.[84][85]

On the morning of 12 December, a group of Azerbaijanis who call themselves environmentalists blocked the only road connecting Armenia to Artsakh. According to the group, they are protesting against the actions of Russian peacekeepers who allegedly cover up the unlawful exploitation of mineral deposits in the territories they control.[1][86] After some time, the individuals involved in the blockade placed tents in the middle of the road.[1] According to Azerbaijani media, environmental groups protested after being denied access to the Drombon and Kashin mines and demanded a meeting with the commander of the Russian peacekeepers, Andrei Volkov.[3]

On the fourth day of the blockade, the individuals involved added to their list of demands "restoration of control by all state structures of Azerbaijan, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the State Border Service, and the State Customs Committee" along the Lachin corridor.[33]

Human Rights Watch reported that Russian peacekeeping forces "also barricaded the road to prevent further escalation of the situation if the people gathered were to advance to the mines in the Nagorno-Karabakh-held areas", while Azerbaijan denies that it is responsible for closing the road.[87]

Between 13 and 16 December, Azerbaijan cut off the gas supply from Armenia to Artsakh.[88][1][13] Azerbaijani gas supply agency Azeriqaz denied involvement on gas supply interruption.[12]

On the evening of 13 December, Azerbaijan moved troops and police forces to the closed section of the road.[89] According to the Azerbaijani media, military and police officers of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan arrived to the area of the protests to "ensure the security of the participants of the action."[90] Azerbaijani forces have confronted Russian peacekeeping forces at the blockade and attempted to get the latter to allow media to pass:[23] however, Russian peacekeeping forces have prohibited entry of foreign journalists (including Azerbaijani and Armenian journalists) into Nagorno-Karabakh;[91][92][23] this is consistent with Azerbaijani government policy which prohibits Azeri citizens from entering Nagorno-Karabakh without prior state permission.[93]

On 14 December, Azerbaijani authorities claimed that it was the Russian peacekeeping forces which were blockading the corridor.[94]

On 16 December, one of the Azerbaijani self-described protesters Dilara Efendiyeva created a hotline to appeal for assistance in crossing the blockade; however, this has been dismissed as ingenuine or propaganda by many Armenians.[24] On 19 December, several International Committee of the Red Cross vehicles passed through the corridor, ICRC reporting that it facilitated the transfer of a patient in need of urgent medical assistance across Lachin road to Armenia.[61] Azerbaijan's Foreign Ministry issued a statement stating that humanitarian needs would be met.[20] According to HRW, which refers to some media reports, several Russian peacekeeping trucks that allegedly contained humanitarian goods were allowed to pass, although it is unclear for whom the goods are intended.[87] Artsakh Human Rights ombudsman Gegham Stepanyan told HRW that the goods were not for the public in Nagorno-Karabakh.[87] The road remains closed for the general public and transportation of goods.[87]

On 25 December, a truck of the International Committee of the Red Cross delivered through the Lachin corridor from Armenia to Nagorno-Karabakh 10 tons of humanitarian cargo, consisting of medicine, baby food and medical supplies.[95] Previously, ICRC transferred four foreign nationals, who suffered from chronic diseases, from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia.[96][97] As outlined in the joint report by Armenia and Artsakh Human Rights Defenders, "Artsakh heavily relies on the supply of foodstuffs from Armenia to satisfy its local demand".[98] According to human rights activist Gegham Stepanyan, over 400 tons of 'essential' goods, 'including grain, flour, vegetables, fruits' used to be imported from Armenia daily.[99] On the same day, 40,000-70,000 Artsakh residents rallied in the capital Stepanekert in protest of the blockade,[100][101][10] making it the largest protest in Nagorno-Karabakh since the 1988 Karabakh movement.

On 26 December, Armenia's Security Council secretory Armen Grigoryan stated that “Armenia is being forced to provide an extraterritorial corridor [referring the Zangezur Corridor] and join the Union State,” a view which Moscow later denies.[102][103] This perception was echoed by other Armenian politicians who claimed that Russia was using the blockade to obtain concessions from Armenia.[104]

On 27 December, Azerbaijan specified that the blockade would be lifted if state monitors were permitted entry into the mining sites used by Artsakh.[105]

On 28 December, Artsakh authorities halted mining operations at Kashen, pending an "international ecological examination” to disprove Azerbaijani claims of environmental damage.[106] The Kashen mine, operated by Base Metals, is Artsakh's largest corporate taxpayer and private employer.[106][107]

On 29 December, the Armenian prime minister criticized the Russian peacekeeping forces for not maintaining open transport in and out of Artsakh and suggested the role be delegated to a United Nations peacekeeping mission,[108] a suggestion that Azerbaijan rejected.[109]

On 31 December, efforts to get the United Nations Security Council to issue a joint statement on the blockade were not successful. The exact reason was unknown with responsibility being variously attributed to Azerbaijan, France, and Russia: however, Azerbaijan's ambassador to the UNSC, Vaqif Sadiqov, credited additional parties for not approving the resolution: "Words of gratitude go to Albania, Russia, UAE & UK! A great job of AZ diplomats!” he wrote in a tweet.[110]

On 5 January 2023, the parliament of Artsakh called on the US, France and Russia to take action to open the corridor or begin the operation of an airlift to Stepanakert's airport to prevent an “urgent humanitarian crisis”.[111] Artsakh's state minister, Ruben Vardanyan, said "Pressure from international organizations, European countries and the United States would have great significance. The only solution which will allow us to live normally in this situation in the winter months is the possibility of opening an air bridge."[112]

On 6 January, the World Court stated that Azerbaijan had requested it to order Armenia to stop planting mines, and give Azerbaijan information on existing mines.[113]

On 8 January, authorities in Artsakh announced that kindergartens and schools with extended hours will be shut down indefinitely beginning on 9 January due to shortages caused by the blockade.[114].

On 9 January, Artsakh announced that coupons would be issued to people in order to purchase scarce supplies.[115] The government issued a rationing system of buckwheat, rice, sugar, pasta and cooking oil.[116]

On 10 January, Armenian prime minister Pashinyan denied claims that Moscow has pressured Armenia to join the Union State of Russian and Belarus but said “the reality isn't as simple as it seems. Sometimes, it's not the text but the subtext that needs to be considered.”[117] On the Same day President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev in a press conference talking about Lachin corridor stated that: "whoever does not want to become our citizen, the road is not closed, it is open. They can leave, they can go by themselves, no-one will hinder them."[118] [119]

On 10 January the electricity operator of Artsakh reported that the high-voltage power line supplying electricity to Artsakh from Armenia was damaged on the Aghavno-Berdzor section of the corridor under Azerbaijani control and that Azerbaijan is hindering restoration works on the line.[120] In addition, the Armenian Prime Minister announced that the planned CSTO military exercises would not be held in Armenia due to the situation, while Moscow downplayed Armenian refusal to host the alliance.[121]

Lawsuits

Armenia has applied to the International Court of Justice with a request to apply interim measures and oblige Azerbaijan to stop organizing and supporting the alleged "demonstrations" that have blocked free movement in both directions through the Lachin corridor.[122][123]

Reactions

Soldiers of the peacekeeping contingent of the Russian Defense Ministry during the blockade

Numerous countries, international organizations, and political analysts have condemned the blockade or implied that Azerbaijan is deliberately orchestrating the crisis as an attempt to take control over Artsakh.[124][9][19] Thomas de Waal, a political analyst and author of several books on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, wrote that the environmental activists were "evidently sent there by the [Azerbaijani] government" and are comparable to the "Little Green Men" used by Russia to occupy Crimea in 2014.[15] de Waal also said "The eco-activists give Baku “plausible deniability. Since 2020, Azerbaijan has been in the dominant position in this dispute and it has certain things it wants to achieve. It uses both negotiations and force. When negotiations don’t go so well from its point of view, it uses force.”[125] Commenting on the blockade, political expert Agshin Kerimov predicts "the process will end with the establishment of Baku's sovereign rights over the entire territory of Karabakh."[14] The director of an influential Azerbaijani political think tank, Topchubashov Center, Rusif Huseynov said "The current standoff is a win-win situation for Baku...If...[Azeri] officials are allowed into Karabakh and to inspect the mines, it would mean everyone, including the Russian peacekeepers and ‘Nagorno-Karabakh Republic’ leadership acknowledges and further legitimizes Azerbaijan`s sovereignty over the territory.”[17]

According to Markéta Gregorová, a Czech MEP and the EU-Azerbaijan Cooperation Council, an agreement signed between the EU and Azerbaijan to replace Russian imports of gas has undermined the EU's ability to apply pressure.[16] Nathalie Loiseau, a French MEP and chair of the European Parliament’s Subcommittee on Security and Defense said "the blockade is “illegal, cruel and contradictory with Baku’s claims that the territory belongs to Azerbaijan. Which country would intentionally prevent its own people from receiving food or medicine?”[126] Michael Rubin, senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and ex-Pentagon official wrote "Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev’s attempt to starve, if not eradicate, Armenian Christians was predictable...Dictators precipitate famines when they believe they can murder opponents without consequence."[127]

Ten different human rights organizations have issued a collective genocide warning: "All 14 risk factors for atrocity crimes identified by the UN Secretary-General's Office on Genocide Prevention are now present...The current Azerbaijani aggression against the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh conforms to a long pattern of ethnic and religious cleansing of Armenian and other Christian communities in the region by the government of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman Empire, and their partisans."[124]

Involved parties

Demonstration in Yerevan demanding the opening of the Lachin corridor on 20 December.
  •  Armenia – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia stated that the provocative actions of Azerbaijan may lead to a large-scale humanitarian disaster[128] The prime minister of Armenia criticized Russian forces whose mandate is to secure transport in and out of the region as "becoming a silent witness to the depopulation of Nagorno-Karabakh."[108] Margaryan, Permanent Representative of Armenia, told the U.N. Security Council that “the ongoing blockade is not just one isolated case, but another demonstration of systematic violence used by the Azerbaijani authorities to subject the people of Nagorno-Karabakh to ethnic cleansing.”[129][130][131][132] Certain Armenian officials have suggested that Russia is using the blockade to obtain concessions from Armenia.[102][103][104]
  • Artsakh – The President of Artsakh, Arayik Harutyunyan said the "aggressive behavior of Azerbaijan, through which it terrorizes our population, is highly unacceptable".[133][134][135] Vagram Balayan, leader of the Dashnak parliamentary faction of Artsakh, said 'the Azeris actually do not want any negotiations, they just want us to disappear from history."[136] Ruben Vardanyan, the state minister for Artsakh, told CNN “The message that Azerbaijan is sending with these eco-activists is either you leave or you accept our rule of law, or you will starve and die because nobody cares about you all.”[137]
  •  Azerbaijan – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan denied the blockade claiming that "civilian transport can move freely in both directions" and voiced "readiness to meet humanitarian needs of ethnic Armenians living on Karabakh".[138][139] The Spokesperson for the ministry, Ayxan Hajizad, called claims of a blockade "fake news."[140][141] Azerbaijan's president Ilham Aliyev stated in an interview to Azerbaijani TV channels that "it is simply unfair to call the events happening on the Lachin - Khankendi road a blockade". According to him, in less than a month, about four hundred trucks of peacekeepers have passed through the corridor, and they also take food and other necessary goods to the Armenians living in Karabakh. Aliyev mentioned that the Red Cross was granted permission to pass as many times as they asked.[142]
  •  Russia – The Russian Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Maria Zakharova stated that "Russia's defense ministry and the Russian peacekeeping contingent have been actively working to de-escalate the situation and we expect full transport links to be restored in the very near future."[143] On 12 January 2023 Zakharova stated: "We continue to work on complete unblocking of the Lachin corridor in accordance with the tripartite statement of the leaders of Russia, Armenia and Azerbaijan of November 9, 2020. Consistent steps are being taken by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the command of the peacekeeping contingent to de-escalate the situation”. She also stated that presently convoys carrying humanitarian aid are passing through the Lachin corridor.[144]

International

  •  Brazil – Ambassador Filho called for open channels of dialogue and said "any obstruction jeopardizes the well-being of the people of Nagorno-Karabakh and threatens the reconciliation process between Armenia and Azerbaijan."[145]
  •  Canada – The Canadian Foreign Ministry calls on Azerbaijan to open the Lachin corridor.[146]
  •  Cyprus – Cyprus called on Azerbaijan to lift the blockade and restore gas supply.[147]
  •  Estonia – The Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed concern about the blockade which poses "severe human suffering of the local population in Nagorno-Karabakh".[148]
  •  France – The French Foreign Ministry called for the unblocking of the Lachin corridor without any conditions and to respect the rights of the Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh.[149]
  •  Germany – German Commissioner for Human Rights and Humanitarian Assistance called for the restoration of free movement of people, vehicles and goods on the Lachin corridor as soon as possible, noting the risk of grave humanitarian effects for civilians in Nagorno-Karabakh.[150]
  •  Greece – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece called on the Azerbaijani authorities to ensure freedom and security of movement and transport without any preconditions, and that the local population should be spared from hardships and distress[151]
  •  Ireland – Ireland calls on Azerbaijan to immediately and unconditionally restore freedom and security in the Lachin corridor.[152]
  •  Lithuania – The Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed concern about the continuing blockade and its resulting severe humanitarian consequences for Nagorno-Karabakh[153]
  •  Netherlands – The Netherlands Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called for the unblocking of the Lachin corridor, and for Armenia and Azerbaijan to restart peace negotiations.[154]
  •  Norway – The Minister of Foreign affairs Mona Juul called on Azerbaijan to guarantee safe movement across the Lachin corridor: "It is in nobody's interest to trigger an avoidable humanitarian situation in Nagorno-Karabakh...The international community cannot just "weather the storm" in the hopes that [the situation] will go away"[145]
  •  Spain – the Spanish Congress unanimously adopted a statement which "Calls on the Azerbaijani authorities to ensure the freedom and safety of movement along the corridor in accordance with the trilateral declaration of November 9, 2020. Restrictions on free movement cause great suffering to the population and can create a humanitarian crisis."[155][156]
  •  Turkey – The Ambassador of Turkey to Azerbaijan Cahit Bağcı, personally visited the blockade, writing on Twitter, "Karabakh is Azerbaijan."[74]
  •  United Kingdom – United Kingdom Minister of State for European Affairs Leo Docherty has expressed concern that the blocking of the Lachine corridor and disrupting gas supplies in winter risks severe humanitarian consequences.[157][158]
  •  United States – United States Department of State spokesman Ned Price said that the closure of the corridor has serious humanitarian consequences and called on Azerbaijan to restore free movement through the Lachin corridor.[159][160] U.S. State Department Deputy Spokesperson Vedant Patel said on December 16 that closure of the Lachin corridor has potentially severe humanitarian implications, calling for the restoration of free movement through the corridor as soon as possible.[161] Ambassador Robert A. Wood, Alternative Representative for Special Political Affairs, called on "the government of Azerbaijan and others responsible for the corridor's security to restore free movement, including for humanitarian and commercial use, as soon as possible" during the UN Security Council meeting on December 20, 2022.[162] On 22 December 2022, US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan expressed ongoing concern of the United States over impeded access to the Lachin corridor and the growing humanitarian implications of this situation, calling to fully restore the free movement through the corridor.[163] Five USA congress members issued a separate statement: "It is disturbing that the only time the people of Azerbaijan are allowed to freely protest is when it threatens the lives of Armenians...We urge the United States and our European partners to use every diplomatic tool at their disposal to halt this clearly fabricated crisis created by Azerbaijan."[164]
    •  Los Angeles – On 4 January, the Mayor of Los Angeles sent a letter to US President Biden urging the United States "come to the aid of the people of Artsakh".[165] The mayor issued this statement after her own house was blockaded by Armenians.[166]
  •  Uruguay – Uruguay's Senate called for the end of the blockade of Artsakh by Azerbaijan putting an end to the harassment of the civilian population, and expressed solidarity with the people of Artsakh.[167][168][169]
  •  Vatican City – Pope Francis expressed concern about "precarious humanitarian conditions of the people, which are in further danger of deteriorating during the winter season," speaking of the "situation created in the Lachin corridor in the South Caucasus."[170]

Supranational

  •  European Union – "The EU calls on Azerbaijan to ensure freedom of movement, and that restrictions to such freedom of movement cause significant distress to the local population and creates humanitarian concerns."[171][172][173] PACE co-rapporteurs for the monitoring of Azerbaijan and Armenia also released a joint statement urging for urgent restoration of freedom of movement along the Lachin corridor.[174] Nathalie Loiseau, Chair of the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Security and Defence, told POLITICO that the EU should use its economic ties to put pressure on Azerbaijan to end the blockad, saying "we mustn’t shy away from defending universal values. If we don’t do it, who will act?”[175]
  • The Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights issued a statement expressing concern about the situation around Nagorno-Karabakh caused by the blockade of the Lachin corridor and demanding that "those responsible for maintaining public order and security of the corridor should take all the necessary steps to restore movement along that road as a matter of urgency and prevent a deterioration of the humanitarian situation".[176] Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights Dunja Mijatović wrote on Dec 22, 2022 that "Movement along the Lachin corridor should be restored as a matter of urgency to prevent a deterioration of the humanitarian situation in Nagorno-Karabakh".[177]
  •  United Nations – The blockade of the Lachin corridor was discussed by the UN Security Council. All members of the Security Council who spoke called on Baku to ensure free and safe movement along the Lachin corridor. No resolution was adopted following the meeting, however.[178]
  •  UNICEF appealed to ensure freedom and security of movement, stating that: "Children are being impacted by the virtual closure of access to Nagorno-Karabakh via the Lachin corridor. The longer the situation persists, the more children will experience the lack of basic food items, while access to many of the essential services they need for their survival, healthy growth and well-being will become more challenging. Many children have also been deprived of parental care as they have been separated from their parents or legal guardians."[179]
  •  Collective Security Treaty Organization – Secretary General Stanislav Zas stated that the problem at the Lachin corridor is outside of its responsibility.[180][181]
  • The U.S. Helsinki Commission issued a statement: "The blocking of trade and transit on the Lanchin corridor is contributing to a humanitarian catastrophe in Karabakh, and should be lifted immediately. Azerbaijan has a moral responsibility for ensuring the welfare of Karabakh Armenians."[182]

Non-governmental organizations

  • The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention – issued two "Red Flag Alerts" on Azerbaijan, describing the blockade as "a criminal act which intends to create terror and unbearable conditions of life for the population of Artsakh. These events are not isolated events; they are, instead, being committed within a larger genocidal pattern against Armenia and Armenians by the Azerbaijani regime."[183] The group also wrote "The genocidal intent of Baku has never been clearer and the actions carried out up to the moment highly predict this outcome."[184]
  • Christian Solidarity International – President John Eibner condemned the blockade by Azerbaijan, stating: "The process of the Armenian Genocide has been ongoing since the Ottoman massacres of the late nineteenth century. Now, by placing Nagorno-Karabakh under blockade, the dictatorship of Azerbaijan is clearly telegraphing its intent to carry out another phase of the Genocide".[185] CSI also released a statement: "CSI stands in solidarity with the Armenian Christians of Nagorno-Karabakh. We support their right to govern themselves in their homeland, and we call on the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, and the Russian Federation to compel Azerbaijan to end the siege of Nagorno Karabakh."[186]
  • Aurora Humanitarian Initiative – Members of the Aurora Humanitarian Initiative condemned Azerbaijan's government for blocking the only road connecting Artsakh to Armenia, drawing parallels between the humanitarian crisis it created and the 1948 Berlin blockade by Soviet Union.[187]
  • World Medical Association – Dr. Frank Ulrich Montgomery, Chair of the WMA Council, urged the Azerbaijan Government to ensure safe access through the Lachine corridor, a critical route for the delivery of vital food and medical supplies, to avoid this humanitarian crisis getting worse.[188]
  • Freedom House – wrote "We call on the international community to reiterate its support for negotiations without coercion. Azerbaijan must cease its blockage of the Lachin corridor"[189]
  • Genocide Watch – issued an alert in September 2022 over conditions in the area. The report stated, "Due to its unprovoked attacks and genocidal rhetoric against ethnic Armenians, Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan’s assault on Armenia and Artsakh to be at Stage 4: Dehumanization, Stage 7: Preparation, Stage 8: Persecution, and Stage 10: Denial."[190]
  • Human Rights Watch – stated "whether the protesters have genuine environmental concerns or other grievances, Azerbaijan should...ensure the road remains open and [that] the protest does not deny Nagorno-Karabakh residents their rights of access to essential services and goods, and to freedom of movement."[191]
  • Amnesty International – stated "Azerbaijan must end the blockade of the Lachin corridor, which has left residents of Nagorno Karabakh without access to essential goods and services. Freedom of movement and protection of economic and social rights for those affected must be ensured".[192]
  • Socialist International – said in a statement that "We urge the Azerbaijan authorities to ensure freedom and security of movement along the corridor, in line with the trilateral statement of 9 November 2020. The humanitarian situation is critical and hence the SI strongly calls on the parties to dialogue and negotiation and prevent the humanitarian crisis the blocking may cause in the civil population."[193]

Notes

  1. ^ Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov has specified a condition for lifting the blockade.[2]

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Works cited

Reports

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