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Undid revision 521333133 by Kennvido (talk) but it DOES have a great deal to do with the CURRENT politcal dialogue related to the event
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→‎Political Impact: What Romney said in 2011 has nothing to do with a this 2012 event
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==Political Impact==
==Political Impact==

=== Mitt Romney's 2011 FEMA Comments ===
2012 Presidential candidate [[Mitt Romney]] has supported a position of cutting FEMA by 20 to 40 percent, as contrasted with a 3% cut proposed by [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Khimm|first=Suzy|title=Obama cuts FEMA funding by 3 percent. Romney-Ryan cuts it by 40 percent. Or more. Or less.|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/10/30/obama-cuts-fema-funding-by-3-percent-romney-ryan-cuts-it-by-40-percent-or-more-or-less/|publisher=Washington Post}}</ref> Explaining his position in the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012|Republican Party Presidential primary debate]] on [[CNN]] in June, 2011, he said:

::"Every time you have an occasion to take something from the federal government and send it back to the states, that’s the right direction. And if you can go even further and send it back to the private sector, that’s even better.
::Instead of thinking in the federal budget, what we should cut—we should ask ourselves the opposite question. What should we keep? We should take all of what we’re doing at the federal level and say, what are the things we’re doing that we don’t have to do? And those things we’ve got to stop doing, because we’re borrowing $1.6 trillion more this year than we’re taking in."<ref>{{cite web|last=CASSIDY|first=JOHN|title=Romney Has a Christie Problem and a FEMA Problem Read more http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/johncassidy/2012/10/romney-has-a-christie-problem-and-a-fema-problem.html#ixzz2ApYjw0VT|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/johncassidy/2012/10/romney-has-a-christie-problem-and-a-fema-problem.html|publisher=The New Yorker|accessdate=31 October 2012}}</ref>

When Hurricane Sandy made landfall on 29 October 2012, ''[[The New York Times]]'' posted an opinion piece titled, "A Big Storm Requires Big Government". The editorial argued that FEMA was needed in natural disasters and that Romney would bring dramatic cuts to the agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Big Storm Requires Big Government|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/30/opinion/a-big-storm-requires-big-government.html?src=me&ref=general|publisher=New York Times|date=29, October 2012}}</ref>


=== Effect on campaigning ===
=== Effect on campaigning ===

Revision as of 09:39, 4 November 2012

Hurricane Sandy
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Sandy near peak intensity on October 25, 2012
FormedOctober 22, 2012[2]
DissipatedOctober 31, 2012[1]
(extratropical after October 29)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 110 mph (175 km/h)
Lowest pressure940 mbar (hPa); 27.76 inHg
Fatalities185
DamageAt least $50 billion (2012 USD)
(Second costliest hurricane in US history[3])
Areas affectedGreater Antilles, Bahamas, most of the eastern United States (especially the coastal Mid-Atlantic States and New England), Bermuda, eastern Canada
Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Sandy was a tropical cyclone of that devastated portions of the Caribbean, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States in late October. In diameter, it was the largest Atlantic hurricane on record, with winds spanning 1,100 miles (1,800 km).[4][5] The eighteenth named storm and tenth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, Sandy developed from a tropical wave in the western Caribbean Sea on October 22. It quickly strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Sandy six hours later. Sandy moved slowly northward toward the Greater Antilles and gradually intensified, becoming a hurricane on October 24. A few hours later, Sandy made landfall near Kingston, Jamaica. Sandy re-emerged into the Caribbean Sea and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane before a second landfall in Cuba on October 25. Later that day, Sandy weakened to Category 1 hurricane, before heading through the Bahamas early on October 26.[6] That same day, Sandy began exhibiting both tropical and extratropical characteristics.[7] Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm on October 27 and then restrengthened to a Category 1 hurricane later that day. Early on October 29, Sandy curved the north-northwest and eventually transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, [8] just before moving onshore Sandy near Atlantic City, New Jersey.[9]

Strong winds in Jamaica left 70% of residents on the island without electricity and downed trees and power lines; shanty houses were also severely impact and many buildings on the east side of Jamaica were de-roofed. There was 1 fatality and about $55.23 million (2012 USD) in damage. The outerbands of the storm produced severe flooding in Haiti, causing at least 52 deaths, massive food shortages, and fears of re-igniting a cholera outbreak. Tent refugee camps that had been in Port-au-Prince since the 2010 earthquake were severely impacted and about 200,000 people were left homeless. In the neighboring country of Dominican Republic, two fatalities were reported. A man was swept away by a swollen river in Puerto Rico, according to local police. In Cuba, large waves caused extensive coastal flooding, while strong winds resulted in significant damage inland. Within Santiago de Cuba Province alone, 132,733 homes were damaged, of which 15,322 were destroyed and 43,426 lost their roofs. Several buildings at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base suffered damage to varying degrees. 11 deaths and $80 million (2012 USD) in losses occurred in Cuba. Two fatalities and extensive impacts were reported in The Bahamas, totaling to an estimated $300 million (2012 USD) in damage.

Sandy is estimated in early calculations to have caused damage of at least $20 billion (2012 USD).[10] Preliminary estimates of losses that include business interruption surpass $50 billion (2012 USD), which, if confirmed, would make it the second-costliest Atlantic hurricane in history,[11] behind only Hurricane Katrina. It had a notable influence on the presidential election by raising the issue of global warming. In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected at least 24 states, from Florida to Maine, with tropical storm force winds causing impact in states as far west as Michigan and Wisconsin. The cyclone brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, flooding numerous streets, tunnels and subway lines in Lower Manhattan, Staten Island, Coney Island, the Rockaways and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity to parts of the city and its suburbs, especially Zone A areas near waterways which were issued evacuation orders.[12] Severe damage occurred in New Jersey, especially in the communities along the Jersey Shore.[13]

Meteorological history

Main article: Meteorological history of Hurricane Sandy
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Hurricane Sandy developed at 1500 UTC on October 22, when the National Hurricane Center (NHC) initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Eighteen to the south of Kingston, Jamaica. The system developed from an area of low pressure and had organized convection.[14] It moved slowly at first due to a ridge to the north. Low wind shear and warm waters allowed for strengthening,[14] and the system became Tropical Storm Sandy late on October 22.[15] Early on October 24, an eye began developing, and it was moving steadily northward due to an approaching trough.[16] Later that day, the NHC upgraded Sandy to hurricane status about 65 mi (105 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica.[17] At about 1900 UTC that day, Sandy made landfall near Kingston with winds of about 80 mph (130 km/h).[18] Just offshore Cuba, Sandy rapidly intensified to winds of 110 mph (175 km/h),[19] and at that intensity it made landfall just west of Santiago de Cuba at 0525 UTC on October 25.[20]

After Sandy exited Cuba, the structure became disorganized,[21] and it turned to the north-northwest over the Bahamas.[22] By October 27, Sandy was no longer fully tropical, and despite strong shear, it maintained convection due to influence from an approaching trough; the same trough turned the hurricane to the northeast.[23] After briefly weakening to a tropical storm,[24] Sandy re-intensified into a hurricane,[25] and on October 28 an eye began redeveloping.[26] The storm moved around an upper-level low over the eastern United States and also to the southwest of a ridge over Atlantic Canada, turning it to the northwest.[27] Sandy reached a secondary peak of 90 mph (150 km/h) on October 29, around which time it had a wind diameter of over 1,000 nautical miles (1,150 mi, 1,850 km).[28] The convection diminished while the hurricane accelerated toward the New Jersey coast,[29] and the hurricane was no longer tropical by 2300 UTC on October 29.[30] An hour later, Sandy made landfall about 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Atlantic City,[31] with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h).[32] The remnants weakened over Pennsylvania, degenerating into a remnant trough on October 31.[33]

According to Kevin E. Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, "natural variability and weather has provided the perhaps optimal conditions of a hurricane running into extra-tropical conditions to make for a huge intense storm, enhanced by global warming influences."[34] Unusually warm ocean surface temperatures contributed to the size and strength of the storm, and the storm lingered due to a strong blocking pattern.[34][35] According to their analysis, global warming is expected to increase ocean surface temperatures and the frequency of blocking patterns in the future.[34][35] Mark Fischetti of Scientific American proposed a more explicit link, arguing that the melting of Arctic ice caused a negative North Atlantic Oscillation, which fueled the expansion of Sandy by pushing the jet stream south.[36] Bloomberg Businessweek devoted their cover to the topic of the impact of climate change, declaring "It's global warming, stupid."[37]

Rep. Henry Waxman (D-Calif.), the top Democrat of House Energy and Commerce Committee, wants Republicans to hold a hearing in the lame duck session on links between climate change and Hurricane Sandy. Scientists say warming oceans and greater atmospheric moisture are adding to the intensity of storms while rising sea levels are making coastal impacts worse. Experts say to use caution in singling out climate change as the culprit when major storms occur.[38]

Preparations

Caribbean

After the storm became a tropical cyclone on October 22, the Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch for the entire island.[39] Early on October 23, the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch was issued.[40] At 3 p.m. UTC, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning, while the tropical storm warning was discontinued.[41]

Shortly after Jamaica issued its first watch on October 22, the Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti.[42] By late October 23, it was modified to a tropical storm warning.[43] The Government of Cuba posted a hurricane watch for the Cuban Provinces of Camagüey, Granma, Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas, and Santiago de Cuba at 1500 UTC on October 23.[41] Only three hours later, the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning.[44]

The Government of the Bahamas, at 1500 UTC on October 23, issued a tropical storm watch for several Bahamian islands, including the Acklins, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Exuma, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island.[41] Later that day, another tropical storm watch was issued for Abaco Islands, Andros Island, the Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence.[44] By early on October 24, the tropical storm watch for Cat Island, Exuma, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[45]

Bermuda

At 11:15 a.m. EDT (1515 UTC) on October 26, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for Bermuda, reflecting the enormous size of the storm and the anticipated wide-reaching impacts.[46]

United States

White House conference with FEMA and Department of Homeland Security in preparation for arrival of the hurricane.
Wikinews has related news:

Much of the East Coast of the United States in the Mid-Atlantic and New England states had a good chance of receiving gale-force winds, flooding, heavy rain and possibly snow early in the week of October 28 from an unusual hybrid of Hurricane Sandy and a winter storm producing a Fujiwhara effect.[47] Government weather forecasters said there was a 90% chance (the chance having increased from 60% on October 24), that the East Coast would be impacted by the storm. Some media outlets began referring to the expected combination of the tropical system and storm front under the nickname "Frankenstorm."[48] As coverage continued, many outlets began eschewing this term in favor of "superstorm",[49] with CNN in particular declaring an embargo on the use of the term "Frankenstorm" in its reporting, citing sensitivity concerns.[50] Utilities and governments along the East Coast attempted to head off long-term power failures as a result of Sandy. Power companies from the Southeast to New England alerted independent contractors to be ready to assist to fix storm damaged equipment quickly and asked employees to cancel vacations and work longer hours. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University, using a computer model built on power outage data from previous hurricanes, conservatively forecast that 10 million customers along the Eastern Seaboard would lose power from Sandy.[51] In New Jersey, where the storm was expected to come ashore, Jersey Central Power & Light told employees to be prepared for extended shifts.[52]

Through regional offices in Atlanta, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) monitored Sandy and closely coordinated with state and tribal emergency management partners in Florida and the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic and New England states.[53] President Obama signed emergency declarations on October 28 for several states expected to be impacted by Sandy, allowing them to request federal aid and make additional preparations in advance of the storm.[54] Amtrak canceled some services through October 29 in preparation for the storm.[55]

Flight cancellations and alerts for travel on the U.S. East Coast were put in place in the Mid-Atlantic and the New England areas.[56] Over 5,000 commercial airline flights scheduled for October 28 and October 29 were cancelled by the afternoon of October 28.[57] The National Guard and U.S. Air Force put as many as 45,000 personnel in at least seven states on alert for possible duty in response to the preparations and aftermath of Sandy.[58]

Florida

Sandy brought tropical-storm force winds and rain to South Florida from October 25–27,[59][60] causing schools to close in Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade counties.[61] Schools on the Treasure Coast also announced closures for October 26, in anticipation of Sandy.[62] Storm surge from Sandy also caused flooding and beach erosion along coastal areas in the South Florida.[63]

North Carolina

On October 26, North Carolina Governor Beverly Perdue declared a state of emergency for 38 eastern counties in anticipation of Hurricane Sandy, taking effect October 27.[64] By Monday, October 29, the state of emergency was extended to 24 counties in western North Carolina, with up to a foot of snow attributed to Sandy anticipated in higher elevations. The National Park Service closed at least five sections of the Blue Ridge Parkway.[65]

Virginia

The U.S. Navy sent more than twenty seven ships and forces to sea from Norfolk Naval Base, for their protection.[66] Governor McDonnell authorized the National Guard to activate 630 personnel ahead of the storm.[67] Republican Party presidential candidate Mitt Romney cancelled campaign appearances scheduled for October 28 in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and New Hampshire October 30 because of Sandy. Vice President Joe Biden cancelled his appearance on October 27 in Virginia Beach and an October 29 campaign event in New Hampshire.[68] President Barack Obama cancelled a campaign stop with former President Bill Clinton in Virginia scheduled for October 29, as well as a trip to Colorado Springs, Colorado, the next day because of the impending storm, and said he will remain in Washington D.C.[69] As of the morning of November 2, 6,100 customers remain without power, down from more than 180,000.[70]

Washington, D.C.

On October 26, Washington, D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray declared a state of emergency.[71] That same day the governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia also declared states of emergency in preparation of the approaching storm.[66]

The United States Office of Personnel Management announced federal offices in the Washington, D.C. area would be closed to the public on October 29–30.[72] In addition, Washington D.C. Metro service, both rail and bus, was canceled on October 29 due to expected high winds, the likelihood of widespread power outages, and the closing of the federal government.[73] President Obama declared a state of emergency for the District of Columbia.[74] The Smithsonian Institution closed for the day of October 29.[75]

Maryland

On October 27, Smith Island residents were evacuated with the assistance of the Maryland Natural Resources Police, Dorchester County opened two shelters for those in flood prone areas, and Ocean City initiated Phase I of their Emergency Operations Plan.[76][77][78] Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. has been putting workers on standby and making plans to bring in crews from other states.[52] On October 28, President Obama declared an emergency in Maryland and signed an order authorizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency to aid in disaster relief efforts.[79] Also, numerous areas were ordered to be evacuated including part of Ocean City, Worcester County, Wicomico County, and Somerset County.[80][81] As of October 27, 2012, there are serious possibilities that more than a hundred million tons of dirty sediment mixed with tree limbs and debris floating behind Conowingo Dam may be eventually poured into the Chesapeake Bay, posing a potential environmental threat.[82]

The Maryland Transit Administration canceled all service for October 29 and October 30. The cancellations applied to buses, light rail, Amtrak and MARC train service.[83] On October 29, six shelters opened in Baltimore and early voting was cancelled for the day.[75] Maryland Insurance Commissioner Therese M. Goldsmith activated an emergency regulation requiring pharmacies to refill prescriptions regardless of their last refill date.[84] On October 29, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge over the Chesapeake Bay and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge and Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge over the Susquehanna River were closed to traffic in the midday hours.[85]

Delaware

On October 28, Governor Markell declared a state of emergency, with coastal areas of Sussex County evacuated. Delaware Route 1 through Delaware Seashore State Park was closed due to flooding.[86] Delaware roads will be closed to the public after 5 a.m., except for emergency and essential personnel.[87] Tolls on I-95 and Delaware Route 1 in the state have been waived.[88]

New Jersey

Airmen of the New Jersey National Guard's 108th Wing are processed before being sent to assist at various emergency shelters.

In Cape May County, New Jersey, officials advised residents on barrier islands to evacuate on October 26, becoming a mandatory evacuation on October 28. There was also a voluntary evacuation for Mantoloking, Bay Head, Barnegat Light, Beach Haven, Harvey Cedars, Long Beach, Ship Bottom, and Stafford in Ocean County.[89][90][91] Jersey Central Power & Light informed employees to be prepared for extended shifts. Most schools, colleges and universities were closed October 29, and at least 509 out of 580 school districts were closed October 30.[52][92]

Governor Chris Christie issued mandatory evacuations for all barrier islands from Sandy Hook to Cape May, along with the closure of all Atlantic City casinos. Tolls were suspended on the northbound Garden State Parkway and the westbound Atlantic City Expressway starting at 6 a.m. on October 28.[93] President Obama signed an emergency declaration for New Jersey. The declaration allows the state to request federal funding and other assistance for actions taken prior to Sandy's landfall.[94] On October 28, Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer ordered an evacuation of all basement and street level residential units, due to possible flooding.[95] On October 29, a mandatory evacuation was put in effect for all residents in Logan Township.[96] On October 29, Sandy made landfall near Atlantic City.[97]

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter asked residents in low-lying areas and neighborhoods prone to flooding to leave their homes by 2 p.m. EDT October 28 and move to safer ground.[98] The Philadelphia International Airport suspended all flight operations for October 29.[99] On October 29, Philadelphia shut down its mass transit system.[75] On October 28, Harrisburg Mayor Linda D. Thompson declared a state of disaster emergency for the city to go into effect at 5 a.m. October 29. Electric utilities in the state are bringing in crews and equipment from other states like New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma, to assist with restoration efforts.[100]

New York

Avenue C in Manhattan's East Village was flooded shortly before a massive explosion at the Consolidated Edison power substation on the street took out power to the neighborhood[101]

On October 28, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for every county in the state. He also asked for a pre-disaster declaration to better access federal assistance.[102] Nassau County Executive Ed Mangano ordered voluntary evacuations of the South Shore storm surge area, which includes the area south of Sunrise Highway and north of Route 25A and in elevations 15 feet above sea level or less on the North Shore.[103] Shelters were opened at Nassau Community College, Levittown Memorial High School, Locust Valley High School and SUNY Old Westbury.[citation needed]

In Suffolk County, mandatory evacuations were ordered for residents of Fire Island and in surge zone areas in Babylon, Islip, Brookhaven, Riverhead, Southampton and Southold. Shelters were opened at Hampton Bays High School, Sachem East High School, and the Brentwood High School Sonderling Building.[104] Most schools closed in Nassau and Suffolk counties on October 29, including Nassau Community College, Molloy College, Hofstra University and Adelphi University.[105] On October 28, President Obama signed an emergency declaration for the state of New York.[106] The Metro-North Railroad and the Long Island Rail Road suspended service beginning 7 p.m. October 27, which has not been fully restored as of November 2.[107] The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed October 29 at 4 p.m. EDT due to wind conditions.[108]

New York City
Portions of the FDR Drive remained flooded on the Tuesday morning after the storm

On October 26 Mayor Michael Bloomberg originally told reporters that the city had begun taking precautions but that at that time there was no call for mandatory evacuations and no plans to suspend the city's mass transit or cancel school. But on October 28 Governor Cuomo ordered the MTA including the subway closed, and in a press conference immediately after Cuomo's announcement, Mayor Bloomberg ordered public schools closed on October 29.[109] He also ordered mandatory evacuations for Zone A, which comprises Lower Manhattan, the Coney Island-Brighton Beach-Red Hook areas of Brooklyn, the entire Rockaways peninsula, most of Staten Island, and the City Island/Throg's Neck areas of the Bronx. All these areas are near coastlines or waterways.[110] On October 28, officials activated the city's coastal emergency plan, with subway closings and the evacuation of residents in areas hit during Hurricane Irene in August 2011. More than 76 evacuation shelters were open around the city.[102]

The MTA announced that all subway, bus and commuter rail service would be suspended, beginning at 7 p.m. EDT on October 28.[111]Bus service had largely been restored by October 31, with subway service only partially restored by November 2; public transportation was free through November 2.[citation needed] After Hurricane Irene nearly submerged subways and tunnels in 2011,[112] entrances and grates were covered just before Sandy, but were flooded anyway.[113]

All PATH train service and stations were shutdown at 12:01 a.m., October 29.[109] 200 National Guard troops were deployed in the city. All bus carriers at the Port Authority Bus Terminal closed at 3 a.m., October 29.[114] U.S. stock trading was suspended for October 29–30.[115]

All state courts were closed on October 29, except for arraignments and emergency applications. NYU Langone Medical Center cancelled all surgeries and medical procedures, except for emergency procedures.[114] Additionally, one of NYU Langone Medical Center's backup generators failed on October 29, 2012, prompting the evacuation of hundreds of patients, including those from the hospital's various intensive care units.[116] Major carriers canceled all flights into and out of JFK, LaGuardia and Newark-Liberty airports. Broadway theaters cancelled all October 28 evening and October 29 performances.[107]

Grand Central Terminal, Central Park and Battery Park were closed on October 29. The Holland Tunnel and the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel closed at 2 p.m. EDT on October 29. The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed later on that day.[117][118] All NYC schools were closed for the week of the hurricane.[119]

New England

Flooding in Marblehead, Massachusetts, caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29.

Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy partially activated the state's Emergency Operations Center on October 26[120] and signed a Declaration of Emergency the next day.[121] On October 28, President Obama approved Connecticut's request for an emergency declaration, and hundreds of National Guard personnel were deployed.[122] On October 29, Governor Malloy ordered road closures for all state highways.[123] Numerous mandatory and partial evacuations were issued in cities across Connecticut.[124]

Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick ordered state offices to be closed October 29 and recommended schools and private businesses close. On October 28, President Obama issued a Pre-Landfall Emergency Declaration for Massachusetts. Several shelters were opened, and many schools were closed.[125][126] On October 28, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin, New Hampshire Governor John Lynch, and Maine's Governor Paul LePage all declared states of emergency.[75][127][128]

Appalachia and the Midwest

Great Lakes region

The National Weather Service issued a storm warning for Lake Huron on October 29 that called for wave heights of 26 feet, and possibly as high as 38 feet. Lake Michigan waves were expected to reach 19 feet, with a potential of 33 feet on October 30.[129] Flood warnings were issued in Chicago on October 29, where wave heights were expected to reach 18 to 23 feet along the Cook County shoreline and 25 feet in northwest Indiana.[130] Gale warnings were issued for Lake Michigan and Green Bay in Wisconsin until the morning of October 31, and waves of 33 feet in Milwaukee and 20 feet in Sheboygan were predicted for October 30.[131] The actual waves reached about 20 feet but were less damaging than expected.[132][133] The village of Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin urged a voluntary evacuation of its lakefront area, though few residents signed up, and little flooding actually occurred.[131][133]

Michigan was impacted by a winter storm system coming in from the west, mixing with cold air streams from the Arctic and colliding with Hurricane Sandy.[129] The forecasts slowed shipping traffic on the Great Lakes, as some vessels sought shelter away from the peak winds, while those more prepared for extreme weather (especially salties, or sea-going vessels) continued toward their destinations on the lakes.[134][135] 120,000 people were without power in southeast Michigan the morning of the October 30, with winds gusting to 50 mph.[136][137] Detroit-based DTE Energy says it has released 100 contract line workers to assist utilities along the eastern U.S. with storm response. Also CMS Energy Corp.'s Consumers Energy unit says the storm has also affected 1,200 of its 1.8 million Michigan customers.[138] Consumers Energy says it has released more than a dozen employees and 120 contract employees to assist in the eastern U.S.[139] Due to the widespread power outages, numerous schools had to close due to not having power, most being located in St. Clair County and areas along Lake Huron north of Metro Detroit. Wave heights on Lake Huron were reported to have reached 23 feet on the south side of the lake. Heights of 24 to 35 feet have been predicted.[138]

Appalachian Mountains region

Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland. Snow and icy roads also were reported south of Columbus.[140] As far as the state's western edge, areas were under a wind advisory.[141] All departing flights at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport were canceled until October 30 at 3 pm.[142] Gusts at Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport were reported at 68 miles per hour (109 km/h).[143] Hundreds of school districts cancelled or delayed school across the state with at least 250,000 homes and businesses without power.[140] Damage was reported across the state including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame which lost parts of its siding.[143] Several roads in Cleveland were closed including Interstate 90 westbound due to waves from Lake Erie crashing on the road.[144][145]

West Virginia Governor Tomblin declared a state of emergency ahead of storm on October 29.[146] Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6-0.9m) of snow forecast for mountainous areas of the state.[147]

Canada

The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued its first preliminary statement on Hurricane Sandy on October 25 from Southern Ontario to the Canadian Maritimes,[148] with the potential for rain and snow.[149] On October 29, Environment Canada issued severe wind warnings for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley corridor, from Southwestern Ontario as far as Quebec City.[150] On October 30, Environment Canada issued storm surge warnings along the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.[151] Rainfall warnings were issued for the Charlevoix region in Quebec, as well as for Charlotte County, New Brunswick, Yarmouth County, Shelburne County, and Queens County in Nova Scotia, as 50 to 70 millimetres of rain can be expected.[152][153][154] Freezing rain warnings were issued for parts of Northern Ontario.[155] Two people died in Ontario. A woman was hit by a sign, and a hydro worker was electrocuted. Thousands in Toronto and other parts of Ontario lost power.[156]

Impact

Casualties and damages by country
Country Fatalities Missing Damage (in USD) Sources
 United States 113 1 $50 billion (estimated) [157][158] [159]
 Haiti 54 21 Unknown [160][161]
 Cuba 11 0 $80 million [157][162]
 Bahamas 2 0 $300 million (estimated) [157][163]
 Canada 2 0 Unknown [164][165]
 Dominican Republic 2 0 Unknown [157]
 Jamaica 1 0 $55.23 million (estimated) [157][166]
 Bermuda 0 0 Unknown [157]
Total 185 22 >$50 billion (estimated)

At least 185 people have been confirmed killed across the United States, the Caribbean, Canada, and the Bahamas, as a result of the storm.[157][160][164][167][168]

Caribbean

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in the Greater Antilles

Sandy was the first hurricane to directly hit Jamaica since Hurricane Gilbert, 24 years prior. Trees and power lines were snapped and shanty houses were heavily damaged, both from the winds and flooding rains. More than 100 fishermen were stranded in outlying Pedro Cays off Jamaica's southern coast.[169] Stones falling from a hillside crushed one man to death as he tried to get into his house in a rural village near Kingston.[170] The country's sole electricity provider, the Jamaica Public Service Company, reported that 70 percent of its customers were without power. More than 1,000 people went to shelters. Jamaican authorities closed the island's international airports, and police ordered 48-hour curfews in major towns to keep people off the streets and deter looting.[171] Most buildings in the eastern portion of the island lost their roofs.[172] Damage totaled $55.23 million throughout the country.[166]

In Haiti, which was still recovering from both the 2010 earthquake and the ongoing cholera outbreak, at least 52 people have died,[173] and an estimated 200,000 were left homeless as of late Monday October 29, as a result of four days of ongoing rain from Hurricane Sandy.[174] Heavy damage occurred in Port-Salut after rivers overflowed their banks.[175] In the capital of Port-au-Prince, streets were flooded by the heavy rains, and it was reported that "the whole south of the country is underwater".[176] Most of the tents and buildings in the city's sprawling refugee camps and the Cité Soleil neighborhood were flooded or leaking, a repeat of what happened earlier in the year during the passage of Hurricane Isaac.[172] Crops were also wiped out by the storm and the country would be making an appeal for emergency aid.[177] In the neighboring Dominican Republic, two people were killed and 30,000 people evacuated.[157] An employee of CNN estimated 70% of the streets in Santo Domingo were flooded.[178] One person was killed in Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico after being swept away by a swollen river.[157]

Hurricane Sandy damage in Guantanamo Bay

At least 55,000 people were evacuated before Hurricane Sandy's arrival.[179] While moving ashore, the storm produced waves up to 29 feet (9 meters) and a 6 foot (2 meter) storm surge that caused extensive coastal flooding.[180] There was widespread damage, particularly to Santiago de Cuba where 132,733 homes were damaged, of which 15,322 were destroyed and 43,426 lost their roof.[162] Electricity and water services were knocked out, and most of the trees in the city were damaged. Total losses throughout Santiago de Cuba province reached CUP2.1 billion (US$80 million).[162] Sandy killed 11 people in the country – nine in Santiago de Cuba Province and two in Guantánamo Province; most of the victims were trapped in destroyed houses.[181][182] This makes Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit Cuba since 2005, when Hurricane Dennis killed 16 people.[183]

Bahamas

A NOAA automated station at Settlement Point on Grand Bahama Island reported sustained winds of 49 mph (74 km/h) and a wind gust of 63 mph (102 km/h).[184] One person died from falling off his roof while attempting to fix a window shutter in the Lyford Cay area on New Providence. Another died in the Queen's Cove area on Grand Bahama Island where he drowned after the sea surge trapped him in his apartment.[157] Portions of the Bahamas lost power or cellular service, including an islandwide power outage on Bimini. Five homes were severely damaged near Williams's Town.[185]

United States

Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey

Over twenty states were in one way or another affected by Sandy in the United States. The hurricane caused billions of dollars in damage in the United States, destroyed thousands of homes, left millions without electric service, and killed dozens.

Due to flooding and other storm-related problems, Amtrak cancelled all Acela Express, Northeast Regional, Keystone Service and Shuttle services on October 29 and 30.[186][187] More than 13,000 flights were canceled across the U.S. on October 29, and more than 3,500 were called off October 30.[188] From October 27 through early November 1, airlines cancelled a total of 19,729 flights, according to FlightAware.[189]

As of early morning on November 1, just over 4.8 million customers remained without power in 15 states and the District of Columbia, according to a CNN tally. The states with the most customers without power are New Jersey with 1,983,694 customers; New York with 1,514,147; Pennsylvania with 526,934; and Connecticut with 352,286.[190] The storm underlines the fragility of the aging American infrastructure, with an electricity network that is ranked lower than that of considerably poorer nations like Slovenia or Portugal.[191]

Storm damage is projected to reach $50 billion, meaning it could be one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.[192][193]

The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq reopened on October 31 after a two-day closure for storm.[194] More than 1,500 FEMA personnel are along the East Coast working to support disaster preparedness and response operations, including search and rescue, situational awareness, communications and logistical support. In addition, 28 teams comprised of 294 FEMA Corps members are pre-staged to support Sandy responders. Three federal urban search and rescue task forces are positioned in the Mid-Atlantic and ready to deploy as needed.[195]

On November 2, the American Red Cross announced they have 4,000 disaster workers across storm damaged areas, with thousands more en route from other states. Nearly 7,000 people spent the night in emergency shelters across the region.[196]

A live televised concert given on November 2nd by rock and pop stars including Bruce Springsteen, Billy Joel, Jon Bon Jovi, Mary J. Blige, Sting and Christina Aguilera raised around $23 million dollars for American Red Cross hurricane relief efforts.[197]


Southeast

Florida

High winds and waves washed sand onto coastal roads in southeastern Florida. The storm left power outages across the region, which left many traffic lights out of order.[198] The Coast Guard rescued two sea men in Volusia County off New Smyrna Beach on the morning of October 26.[199] Brevard and Volusia Counties schools cancelled all extracurricular activities for October 26, including football.[200]

In east-central Florida, damage was minor, though the storm left about 1,000 people without power.[201] Airlines at Miami International Airport canceled more than 20 flights to or from Jamaica or the Bahamas, while some airlines flying from Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport cancelled a total of 13 flights to the islands.[66]

The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission is looking for two juvenile panthers after a tree knocked over by Sandy's winds broke the enclosure housing the two cats at the White Oak Conservation Center in Yulee.[202]

North Carolina
The Bounty, a 180-foot sailing ship, is shown submerged in the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Sandy approximately 90 miles southeast of Hatteras, N.C., Monday, October 29, 2012.

On October 28, Governor Bev Perdue declared a state of emergency in 24 western counties due to snow and strong winds.[203]

North Carolina was spared from major damage through the late evening hours of October 28, though winds, rain, and inland snow could affect the state through October 30. Ocracoke and Highway 12 on Hatteras Island were flooded with up to 2 feet (0.6 m) of water, closing part of the highway, while 20 people on a fishing trip were stranded on Portsmouth Island.[204]

On October 29, the Coast Guard responded to a distress call from the Bounty, which was built for the 1962 movie Mutiny on the Bounty. It was taking on water about 90 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras. Sixteen people were on board.[205] The Coast Guard said the 16 people abandoned ship and got into two lifeboats, wearing survival suits and life jackets.[206] The ship sank after the crew got off. As of mid-morning on October 29, the Coast Guard rescued 14. Another crew member was found hours later but was unresponsive and died later on. Only the captain remains missing.[192][207] On November 1, the Coast Guard suspended its search for Robin Walbridge the captain of the Bounty. The search lasted more than 90 hours, covering approximately 12,000 square nautical miles in the Atlantic Ocean.[159]

As of early morning November 4th, there were 3 Hurricane Sandy related fatalities.[208]

Virginia

On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.[147] Gov. Bob McDonnell announced on October 30 that Virginia had been "spared a significant event", but cited concerns about rivers cresting as flood waters go into the major arteries. Virginia was awarded a federal disaster declaration, with Gov. McDonnell saying he was "delighted" that President Barack Obama and FEMA were on it immediately. At Sandy's peak, 200,000 customers were without power, and in Northern Virginia where most of the outages occurred 92,000 customers were still without power on October 30; the local utility intended to restore full service by 1 November.[209]

As of late night November 2, there had been two Hurricane Sandy-related fatalities.[168]

Mid-Atlantic

Maryland and Washington, D.C.
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in Maryland and Washington, D.C.
Flooding in Crisfield, Maryland

The Supreme Court and the United States Government Office of Personnel Management were closed on October 30, and schools were closed for two days.[210][211] MARC train and Virginia Railway Express were closed on October 30, and Metro rail and bus service were on Sunday schedule, opening at 2 p.m., until the system closes.[212]

At least 100 feet of a fishing pier in Ocean City was destroyed. Governor Martin O'Malley said the pier is "half-gone."[213] Due to high winds, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge on I-95 were closed.[214] During the storm, the Mayor of Salisbury instituted a Civil Emergency and a curfew.[215] Interstate 68 in far western Maryland and northern West Virginia closed due to heavy snow, stranding multiple vehicles and requiring assistance from the National Guard.[216] Workers in Howard County tried to stop a sewage overflow caused by a power outage October 30. Raw sewage spilled at a rate of 2 million gallons per hour. It was unclear how much sewage had flowed into the Little Patuxent River.[217] As of the morning of November 2, 28,600 are without power, down from 365,700.[70]

Delaware

By the afternoon of October 29, rainfall at Rehoboth Beach totaled 6.53 inches (166 mm). Other precipitation reports include nearly 7 inches (180 mm) at Indian River Inlet and more than 4 inches (100 mm) in Dover and Bear. At 4 p.m. on October 29, Delmarva Power reported on its website that more than 13,900 customers in Delaware and portions of the Eastern Shore of Maryland had lost electric service as high winds brought down trees and power lines. About 3,500 of those were in New Castle County, 2,900 were in Sussex, and more than 100 were in Kent County. Some residents in Kent and Sussex Counties experienced power outages that lasted up to nearly six hours. The Delaware Memorial Bridge speed limit was reduced to 25 mph (40 km/h) and the two outer lanes in each direction were closed. Officials plan to close the span entirely if sustained winds exceed 50 mph (80 km/h). A wind gust of 64 mph (103 km/h) was measured at Lewes just before 2:30 p.m. on October 29, Delaware Route 1 was closed due to water inundation between Dewey Beach and Fenwick Island. In Dewey, flood waters were 1 to 2 feet (0.30 to 0.61 m) in depth.[218] Following the impact in Delaware, President of the United States Barack Obama declared the entire state a federal disaster area, providing money and agencies for disaster relief in the wake of Hurricane Sandy. By November 2, the main coastal highway was stilled closed and about 400 households still lacked electricity.[70]

New Jersey
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey
Flooding and damage along Albany Avenue in Atlantic City

A 50-foot piece of the Atlantic City Boardwalk washed away. Half the city of Hoboken flooded; the city of 50,000 had to evacuate two of its fire stations and the city's Mayor asked for National Guard help.[192] In the early morning of October 30, authorities in Bergen County, New Jersey, evacuated residents after a berm overflowed and flooded several communities. Police Chief of Staff Jeanne Baratta said there were up to five feet of water in the streets of Moonachie and Little Ferry. The state Office of Emergency Management said rescues were undertaken in Carlstadt.[219] Baratta said the three towns had been "devastated" by the flood of water.[220] At least 14 people in the state were killed.[221]

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter said the city will have no mass transit operations on any lines October 30.[195] All major highways in and around the city of Philadelphia were closed on October 29 during the hurricane, including Interstate 95, the Blue Route portion of Interstate 476, the Vine Street Expressway, Schuylkill Expressway (I-76), and U.S. Route 1.[222] The highways reopened at 4 a.m. on October 30.[222] The Delaware River Port Authority also closed its major crossings over the Delaware River between Pennsylvania and New Jersey due to high winds, including the Commodore Barry Bridge, the Walt Whitman Bridge, the Ben Franklin Bridge and the Betsy Ross Bridge.[222] More than 1.2 million were reportedly left without power as a result of the storm. As of the morning of November 2, 372,000 customer are without power, down from 1.2 million.[70]

On November 2, Pennsylvania reported 13 deaths believed to be related to Sandy according to the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency.[223]

New York
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York

Governor Cuomo has called up another 1,000 National Guard members to help in the state. One of the units at Indian Point nuclear power plant (Unit #3) was shut down around 10:45 p.m. October 29, because of external electrical grid issues according to plant operator Entergy.[224] Storm impacts in Upstate New York were much more limited than in New York City; there was some flooding and a few downed trees, but many fewer than during the Western and Northern NY Ice Storm of March 3–4, 1991.[225] Rochester area utilities reported slightly fewer than 19,000 customers without power, in seven counties.[226]

Large portions of the Manhattan borough of New York City were without electricity

Mayor Bloomberg announced that New York City public schools would be closed Tuesday, October 30 and Wednesday, October 31, but actually remained closed until November 2.[227] CUNY and NYU have cancelled all classes and campus activities for October 30.[228] The New York Stock Exchange was closed for trading for two days, the first weather closure of the exchange since 1985.[229] It was also the first two-day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888.[230]

The East River, shown from Manhattan's East River Park, had already swollen to its bank by 11 a.m. on October 29.

The East River overflowed its banks, flooding large sections of Lower Manhattan. Battery Park had a water surge of 13.88 ft.[231] Seven subway tunnels under the East River were flooded as of October 30.[232] The Metropolitan Transportation Authority said early on October 30, that the destruction caused by the storm was the worst disaster in the 108 year history of the New York City subway system.[233] Sea water flooded the Ground Zero construction site.[234]

After many complaints, Mayor Bloomberg announced late afternoon November 2 that the New York City Marathon had been cancelled. The event was to take place on Sunday, November 4. Marathon officials said that they don't plan to reschedule.[235]

New England

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New England
Destroyed billboard in Kenmore Square in Boston, Massachusetts

Wind gusts to 83 mph were recorded on outer Cape Cod and Buzzards Bay.[236] Over 385,000 customers were without power in Massachusetts, and roads and buildings were flooded.[237] Over 100,000 customers lost power in Rhode Island.[238] Most of the damage was along the coastline, where some communities were flooded.[239] Mount Washington, New Hampshire saw the strongest measured wind gust from the storm at 140 mph.[240] Over 200,000 customers lost power in the state.[241][242][243]

Other areas

West Virginia

Sandy's rain became snow in the Appalachian mountains when a dip in the polar jet stream sent a blast of Arctic air through the region. This would normally cause a Nor'easter, prompting some to dub Sandy a "nor'eastercane" or "Frankenstorm." [244] There was 1–3 feet (0.30–0.91 m) of snowfall in 28 out of all 55 counties in the state of West Virginia. The highest snowfall accumulations was 33 inches (840 mm) in Clayton.[245] However, The Weather Channel indicated a peak snowfall total of 36 inches (910 mm) in Richwood. Other significant totals include 32 inches (810 mm) in Snowshoe, 29 inches (740 mm) in Quinwood,[246] and 28 inches (710 mm) in Davis, Flat Top, and Huttonsville.[245] By the morning of October 31, there were still 36 roads closed due to downed trees, powerlines, and snow in the road.[246] More than 200,000 customers lost power during the blizzard conditions.[247] A statement from the power company supplying the hardest hit region indicated that most West Virginians would have power restored by early the week after the storm, but it would be longer for customers in remote areas due to difficult terrain and heavy snow.[248] By of the morning of November 2, 104,000 customers were still without power, down from about 271,000.[70]

John Rose, Sr., the Republican candidate for the state's 47th district in the state legislature, was killed in the aftermath of the storm by a falling tree limb broken off by the heavy snowfall.[249] It is still difficult to assess the damage in the remote areas, accessible only by impassable back roads, that lost power and communications, but there are reports of collapsed buildings in several counties due to the sheer weight of the wet, heavy snow.[250] Governor of West Virginia Earl Ray Tomblin asked President of the United States Barack Obama for a federal disaster declaration. On October 30, President Obama approved a state of emergency declaration for the state.[251]

As of early morning November 4th, there were 7 Hurricane Sandy related fatalities.[252]

Ohio

On October 30, at least 247,000 in northeast Ohio were without power, mostly in the Cleveland area. Many schools were closed or delayed as the hurricane brought high winds and the season's first snow to some parts of the state overnight.[253] As of November 2, scores of residents still remain in Red Cross shelters and many schools remain closed as power outages exist around Cleveland and 89,000 customers remain without power in mostly the northeast part of the state, down from more than 250,000.[70]

As of early morning November 4th, there were 2 Hurricane Sandy related fatalities.[254]

Michigan

DTE Energy said that more than 120,000 customers lost power, and Consumers Energy reported the same for 1,200 of its customers. The National Weather Service said that waves up to 23 feet high were reported on southern Lake Huron.[255] As of the morning of November 2, 5,000 customers are without power, down from 154,000.[70]

Kentucky

The greatest area impacted was the Eastern region of the state where more than a foot of snow fell as Sandy merged with an Arctic front.[256]

Bermuda

Owing to the sheer size of the storm, Sandy also impacted Bermuda with high winds and heavy rains. On October 28, an F1 tornado touched down in Sandys Parish, damaging homes and businesses.[257] During a three-day span, the storm produced 0.98 in (25 mm) of rain at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The strongest winds were recorded on October 29: sustained winds reached 37 mph (60 km/h) and gusts peaked at 58 mph (93 km/h).[258]

Canada

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in Canada

The remnants of Sandy produced high winds along Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, where gusts were measured at 105 km/h (63 mph). A 121 km/h (72 mph) gust was measured on top of the Bluewater Bridge.[259] One woman was killed after being hit by a piece of flying debris in Toronto.[164] At least 145,000 customers across Ontario lost power as of the morning of October 30,[260] and a Bluewater Power worker was electrocuted in Sarnia while working to restore power.[261] Around 49,000 homes and businesses lost power in Quebec during the storm, with nearly 40,000 of those in the Laurentides region of the province, as well as more than 4,000 customers in the Eastern Townships and 1,700 customers in Montreal.[262] Hundreds of flights were canceled.[263] Around 14,000 customers in Nova Scotia lost power during the height of the storm.[264]

Political Impact

Effect on campaigning

Following the storm, Mitt Romney recast an October 30 campaign stop as a relief effort. Also, the campaign purchased $5,000 dollars worth of supplies and gave them to attendees to give back for victims of the Hurricane. .[265][266]

Reactions to Hurricane Response

Governor Chris Christie offered significant praise for the President and his reaction to the Hurricane. He also toured the areas of New Jersey that were hit by the hurricane.[267] Michael Bloomberg endorsed the President, citing the storm, and his belief that action needs to be taken on climate change, as a reason why.

Michael Brown, the FEMA director under President George Bush during Hurricane Katrina criticized the administration for responding too quickly to the storm.[268]

Karl Rove indicated that the storm helped President Obama politically before the upcoming Presidential elections.[269]

Effects on voter turnout

Sandy may threaten campaigns in several states, especially by suppressing voter turnout for early voting.[270] The Economist explained that "In this case, the weather is supposed to clear up well ahead of election day, but the impact could be felt in the turnout of early voters."[271] However, ABC News suggested that this may be countered by a tendency to clear roads and restore power more quickly in urban areas.[272]

See also

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Sandy&oldid=521333566"