1837 in science: Difference between revisions

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The year 1837 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

January 10 – John Gould reports to the Zoological Society of London that bird specimens brought by Charles Darwin from the Galápagos Islands which Darwin had thought were blackbirds, "gross-bills" and finches are in fact "a series of ground Finches which are so peculiar" as to form "an entirely new group, containing 12 species", an important step in the inception of Darwin's theory.^[1]^[2]
March–July – Charles Darwin begins privately to develop his theory of transmutation of species.
November 6 – Establishment of the Public Garden in Boston (Massachusetts), as a botanical garden,^[3] the first in the United States to be open to the general public.

Mathematics

Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet publishes Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions, using mathematical analysis concepts to tackle an algebraic problem and thus creating the branch of analytic number theory. In proving the theorem, he introduces the Dirichlet characters and L-functions.^[4]^[5] He also notes the difference between the absolute and conditional convergence of series and its impact in what will later be called the Riemann series theorem.
Bernard Bolzano publishes Wissenschaftslehre.
William Rowan Hamilton treats complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers.^[6]
Siméon Denis Poisson's lectures on probability (introducing Poisson distribution) and decision theory are published.^[7]
Pierre Wantzel proves that several ancient geometric problems (including doubling the cube and trisecting the angle) are impossible to solve using only compass and straightedge.^[6]^[8]

Physics

Michael Faraday introduces the concept of lines of force.

Technology

February 25 – Thomas Davenport obtains the first United States patent on an electric motor.^[9]
May – Samuel Morse patents his telegraph and exhibits it to the United States Congress.
June 12 – Cooke and Wheatstone file their patent for the electrical telegraph in the United Kingdom.^[10]
July 19 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel's paddle steamer SS Great Western is launched in Bristol.^[11]
July – Godefroy Engelmann of Mulhouse patents chromolithography.^[12]
November 18 – William Crompton patents the cotton power loom in the United States.^[13]
Louis Daguerre's daguerrotype L’Atelier de l'artiste is said to be the earliest known photographic image successfully to undergo the full process of exposure, development and fixation.^[14]^[15]
Camille Polonceau patents the Polonceau truss.
The first electric locomotive built is a miniature battery locomotive constructed by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Scotland, and powered by galvanic cells (batteries).

Publications

Bernard Bolzano publishes his Wissenschaftslehre ("Theory of Science").
Andrew Ure publishes his encyclopedia A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines in the United Kingdom.

Awards

Copley Medal: Antoine-César Becquerel; John Frederic Daniell^[16]
Wollaston Medal: Proby Thomas Cautley; Hugh Falconer

Births

January 16 – Ellen Russell Emerson (died 1907), American ethnologist.
January 17 – François Lenormant (died 1883), French assyriologist and numismatist.
January 19 – William Williams Keen (died 1932), American physician.
January 27 – Eduard von Hofmann (died 1897), Austrian forensic pathologist.
March 7 – Henry Draper (died 1882), American physician and astronomer, pioneer of astrophotography.
March 23 – Richard Anthony Proctor (died 1888), English astronomer.
April 3 – John Burroughs (died 1921), American naturalist.
April 27 – Paul Gordan (died 1912), German Jewish mathematician, "the king of invariant theory".
May 26 – Washington Roebling (died 1926), American civil engineer.
June 20 – Paul Bachmann (died 1920), German mathematician.
July 21 – Johanna Hedén (died 1912), Swedish midwife and surgeon.
September 8 – Raphael Pumpelly (died 1923), American geologist and explorer.
October 23 – Moritz Kaposi (died 1902), Hungarian dermatologist.
November 4 – James Douglas (died 1918), Canadian-born metallurgist.
November 14 – Lucas Barrett (died 1862), Canadian-born British naturalist.
November 23 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals (died 1923), Dutch theoretical physicist.
November 28 – John Wesley Hyatt (died 1920), American inventor and industrial chemist.

Deaths

February 1 – Edward Donovan (born 1768), Anglo-Irish naturalist.
February 4 – John Latham (born 1740), English physician, naturalist and "grandfather of Australian ornithology".
February 16 – Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (born 1776), German naturalist and advocate of transmutation.
February 19 – Georg Büchner (born 1813), German-born writer and anatomist (typhus).

References

^ Sulloway, F. J. (1982). "The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series. 43 (2): 49–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-16.
^ Sulloway, F. J. (1982). "Darwin and his finches: the evolution of a legend" (PDF). Journal of the History of Biology. 15: 1–53. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.458.3975. doi:10.1007/BF00132004.
^ Marchione, William P. (1998–2001). "Horace Gray: Father of the Boston Public Garden". Brighton Allston Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
^ Kanemitsu, Shigeru; Jia, Chaohua (2002). Number Theoretic Methods: future trends. Springer. pp. 271–274. ISBN 978-1-4020-1080-4.
^ Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre (2008). The Princeton Companion to Mathematics. Princeton University Press. pp. 764–765. ISBN 978-0-691-11880-2.
^ ^a ^b Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
^ Poisson, S.-D. (1837). Probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile, précédées des règles générales du calcul des probabilitiés. Paris: Bachelier. recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle.
^ Wantzel, L. (1837). "Recherches sur les moyens de reconnaître si un problème de géométrie peut se résoudre avec la règle et le compas". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 1: 366–372.
^ U.S. Patent No. 132. "Improvement in Propelling Machinery by Magnetism And Electro-Magnetism". Google patents. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
^ van Dulken, Stephen (2001). Inventing the 19th Century. London: British Library. pp. 82–3. ISBN 0-7123-0881-4.
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
^ Ferry, Kathryn (2003). "Printing the Alhambra: Owen Jones and Chromolithography". Architectural History. 46: 175–188.
^ U.S. Patent No. 491.
^ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity – From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven. New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24410-4.
^ Stokstad, Marilyn; Cateforis, David; Addiss, Stephen (2005). Art History (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. 964–967. ISBN 0-13-145527-3.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

[1] Sulloway, F. J. (1982). "The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series. 43 (2): 49–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-16.

[2] Sulloway, F. J. (1982). "Darwin and his finches: the evolution of a legend" (PDF). Journal of the History of Biology. 15: 1–53. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.458.3975. doi:10.1007/BF00132004.

[3] Marchione, William P. (1998–2001). "Horace Gray: Father of the Boston Public Garden". Brighton Allston Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-11-13.

[4] Kanemitsu, Shigeru; Jia, Chaohua (2002). Number Theoretic Methods: future trends. Springer. pp. 271–274. ISBN 978-1-4020-1080-4.

[5] Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre (2008). The Princeton Companion to Mathematics. Princeton University Press. pp. 764–765. ISBN 978-0-691-11880-2.

[Crilly-6] Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[7] Poisson, S.-D. (1837). Probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile, précédées des règles générales du calcul des probabilitiés. Paris: Bachelier. recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle.

[8] Wantzel, L. (1837). "Recherches sur les moyens de reconnaître si un problème de géométrie peut se résoudre avec la règle et le compas". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 1: 366–372.

[9] U.S. Patent No. 132. "Improvement in Propelling Machinery by Magnetism And Electro-Magnetism". Google patents. Retrieved 2011-12-13.

[10] van Dulken, Stephen (2001). Inventing the 19th Century. London: British Library. pp. 82–3. ISBN 0-7123-0881-4.

[11] Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.

[12] Ferry, Kathryn (2003). "Printing the Alhambra: Owen Jones and Chromolithography". Architectural History. 46: 175–188.

[13] U.S. Patent No. 491.

[14] Carlisle, Rodney P. (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity – From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven. New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24410-4.

[15] Stokstad, Marilyn; Cateforis, David; Addiss, Stephen (2005). Art History (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. 964–967. ISBN 0-13-145527-3.

[16] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

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+{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
-'''The year 1837 CE in [[science]] and [[technology]]''' included many events, some of which are listed here.
+{{Year nav topic5|1837|science}}
+{{Science year nav|1837}}
+The year '''1837 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.
-''See also:'' [[1836 in science]], [[1837|other events of 1837]], [[1838 in science]] and the [[list of years in science]].
-==Astronomy==
+==Biology==
+* January 10 – [[John Gould]] reports to the [[Zoological Society of London]] that [[Darwin's finches|bird specimens]] brought by [[Charles Darwin]] from the [[Galápagos Islands]] which Darwin had thought were blackbirds, "gross-bills" and [[finch]]es are in fact "a series of ground Finches which are so peculiar" as to form "an entirely new group, containing 12 species", an important step in the [[inception of Darwin's theory]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sulloway, F. J. |year=1982 |title=The ''Beagle'' collections of Darwin's finches (''Geospizinae'') |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=49–94 |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/pdf/1982_SullowayFinches_A86.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072905/http://darwin-online.org.uk/pdf/1982_SullowayFinches_A86.pdf |archivedate=2012-05-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sulloway, F. J.|year=1982|title=Darwin and his finches: the evolution of a legend|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=15|pages=1–53|url=http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf| doi=10.1007/BF00132004|citeseerx=10.1.1.458.3975}}</ref>
-* [[Friedrich Argelander]] published the first major investigation of the Sun's motion through space
+* March–July – [[Charles Darwin]] begins privately to develop his theory of [[transmutation of species]].
-*[[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve]] publishes ''Stellarum Duplicium Mensurae Micrometricae''
+* November 6 – Establishment of the [[Public Garden (Boston)|Public Garden]] in [[Boston]] (Massachusetts), as a [[botanical garden]],<ref>{{cite web|first=William P.|last=Marchione|title=Horace Gray: Father of the Boston Public Garden|url=http://www.bahistory.org/HoraceGray.html|publisher=Brighton Allston Historical Society|date=1998–2001|accessdate=2013-11-13}}</ref> the first in the [[United States]] to be open to the general public.
-==Geology==
-*[[Louis Agassiz]] postulates his theory of glaciation
 ==Mathematics==
+* [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] publishes [[Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions]], using [[mathematical analysis]] concepts to tackle an algebraic problem and thus creating the branch of [[analytic number theory]]. In proving the theorem, he introduces the [[Dirichlet character]]s and [[Dirichlet L-function|L-functions]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kanemitsu|first1=Shigeru|first2=Chaohua|last2=Jia|title=Number Theoretic Methods: future trends|year=2002|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1080-4|pages= 271–274}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gowers|first=Timothy|author2=Barrow-Green, June|author3=Leader, Imre|title=The Princeton Companion to Mathematics|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-11880-2|pages=764–765}}</ref> He also notes the difference between the [[Absolute convergence|absolute]] and [[conditional convergence]] of [[Series (mathematics)|series]] and its impact in what will later be called the [[Riemann series theorem]].
-* [[Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] proposes the modern definition of a function
-* [[Bernard Bolzano]] publishes ''Wissenschaftslehre''
+* [[Bernard Bolzano]] publishes ''Wissenschaftslehre''.
+* [[William Rowan Hamilton]] treats [[complex number]]s as [[ordered pair]]s of [[real number]]s.<ref name=Crilly>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Crilly|title=50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84724-008-8}}</ref>
-* [[Simeon Poisson]]'s lectures on probability and decision theory were published
+* [[Siméon Denis Poisson]]'s lectures on probability (introducing [[Poisson distribution]]) and decision theory are published.<ref>{{cite book|first=S.-D.|last=Poisson|title=Probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile, précédées des règles générales du calcul des probabilitiés|location=Paris|publisher=Bachelier|year=1837|url=https://archive.org/details/recherchessurla01poisgoog|quote=recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle.}}</ref>
+* [[Pierre Wantzel]] proves that several ancient [[geometric]] problems (including [[doubling the cube]] and [[trisecting the angle]]) are impossible to solve using only [[compass and straightedge]].<ref name=Crilly/><ref>{{cite journal|first=L.|last=Wantzel|title=Recherches sur les moyens de reconnaître si un problème de géométrie peut se résoudre avec la règle et le compas|journal=Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées|year=1837|volume=1|pages=366–372|url=http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ConsulterElementNum?O=NUMM-16381&Deb=374&Fin=380&E=PDF}}</ref>
+==Physics==
+* [[Michael Faraday]] introduces the concept of [[lines of force]].
 ==Technology==
+* February 25 – [[Thomas Davenport (inventor)|Thomas Davenport]] obtains the first United States [[patent]] on an [[electric motor]].<ref>U.S. Patent No. 132. {{cite web|title=Improvement in Propelling Machinery by Magnetism And Electro-Magnetism|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US132|publisher=Google patents|access-date=2011-12-13}}</ref>
-* [[Samuel Morse]] exhibits his telegraph to Congress
+* May – [[Samuel Morse]] patents his telegraph and exhibits it to the [[United States Congress]].
-* [[Thomas Davenport]] patents the first practical electrical motor
+* June 12 – [[William Fothergill Cooke|Cooke]] and [[Charles Wheatstone|Wheatstone]] file their patent for the [[electrical telegraph]] in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=van Dulken|title=Inventing the 19th Century|location=London|publisher=[[British Library]]|year=2001|isbn=0-7123-0881-4|pages=82–3}}</ref>
-* William Crompton patents the silk power loom
+* July 19 – [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]'s paddle steamer {{SS|Great Western}} is launched in [[Bristol]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
-* William Cooke and [[Charles Wheatstone]] patent their electromagnetic telegraph
+* July – [[Godefroy Engelmann]] of [[Mulhouse]] [[patent]]s [[chromolithography]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ferry|first=Kathryn|title=Printing the Alhambra: Owen Jones and Chromolithography|journal=Architectural History|volume=46|year=2003|pages=175–188}}</ref>
-* [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]'s steamship,  [[SS Great Western]], is launched
+* November 18 – [[William Crompton (inventor)|William Crompton]] patents the cotton [[power loom]] in the United States.<ref>U.S. Patent No. 491.</ref>
+* [[Louis Daguerre]]'s [[daguerrotype]] ''[[:File:Daguerreotype Daguerre Atelier 1837.jpg|L’Atelier de l'artiste]]'' is said to be the earliest known photographic image successfully to undergo the full process of [[Exposure (photography)|exposure]], [[Photographic processing|development]] and fixation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carlisle|first=Rodney P.|title=Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity – From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven|location=New Jersey|publisher=Wiley|year=2004|isbn=0-471-24410-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stokstad|first=Marilyn|authorlink=Marilyn Stokstad|author2=Cateforis, David|author3= Addiss, Stephen|title=Art History|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2005|location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey|pages=964–967|edition=2nd|isbn=0-13-145527-3}}</ref>
+* [[Camille Polonceau]] patents the Polonceau [[truss]].
+* The first [[electric locomotive]] built is a miniature [[battery locomotive]] constructed by chemist [[Robert Davidson (inventor)|Robert Davidson]] of [[Aberdeen]] in [[Scotland]], and  powered by [[galvanic cell]]s (batteries).
+==Publications==
+* [[Bernard Bolzano]] publishes his ''Wissenschaftslehre'' ("Theory of Science").
+* [[Andrew Ure]] publishes his encyclopedia ''A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines'' in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].
 ==Awards==
-* [[Copley Medal]]: Antoine C. Becquerel; [[John Frederic Daniell]]
+* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Antoine-César Becquerel]]; [[John Frederic Daniell]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=22 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
 * [[Wollaston Medal]]: Proby Thomas Cautley; Hugh Falconer
 ==Births==
-* [[January 16]] – [[Ellen Russell Emerson]], ethnologist (&dagger; [[1907 in science|1907]])
+* January 16 – [[Ellen Russell Emerson]] (died [[1907 in science|1907]]), American [[ethnology|ethnologist]].
-* [[January 17]] – [[François Lenormant]], assyriologist and numismatist (&dagger; [[1883 in science|1883]])
+* January 17 – [[François Lenormant]] (died [[1883 in science|1883]]), French [[Assyriology|assyriologist]] and [[Numismatics|numismatist]].
-* [[January 19]] – [[William Williams Keen]], physician (&dagger; [[1932 in science|1932]])
+* January 19 – [[William Williams Keen]] (died [[1932 in science|1932]]), American [[physician]].
-* [[March 23]] – [[Richard Proctor]], astronomer (&dagger; [[1888 in science|1888]])
+* January 27 – [[Eduard von Hofmann]] (died [[1897 in science|1897]]), Austrian [[forensic pathologist]].
-* [[April 3]] – [[John Burroughs]], naturalist (&dagger; [[1921 in science|1921]])
+* March 7 – [[Henry Draper]] (died [[1882 in science|1882]]), American physician and [[astronomer]], pioneer of astrophotography.
-* [[May 26]] – [[Washington Roebling]], civil engineer (&dagger; [[1926 in science|1926]])
+* March 23 – [[Richard Anthony Proctor]] (died [[1888 in science|1888]]), English [[astronomer]].
-* [[September 8]] – [[Raphael Pumpelly]], geologist (&dagger; [[1923 in science|1923]])
+* April 3 – [[John Burroughs]] (died [[1921 in science|1921]]), American [[natural history|naturalist]].
+* April 27 – [[Paul Gordan]] (died [[1912 in science|1912]]), German Jewish [[mathematician]], "the king of [[invariant theory]]".
-* [[November 4]] - [[James Douglas (metallurgist)|James Douglas]], metallurgist (&dagger; [[1918 in science|1918]])
-* [[November 14]] – [[Lucas Barrett]], naturalist († [[1862 in science|1862]])
+* May 26 – [[Washington Roebling]] (died [[1926 in science|1926]]), American [[civil engineer]].
+* June 20 – [[Paul Bachmann]] (died [[1920 in science|1920]]), German mathematician.
-* [[November 23]] – [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]], physicist (&dagger; 1923)
+* July 21 &ndash; [[Johanna Hedén]] (died 1912), Swedish midwife and surgeon.
-* [[November 28]] – [[John Wesley Hyatt]], inventor (&dagger; [[1920 in science|1920]])
+* September 8 – [[Raphael Pumpelly]] (died [[1923 in science|1923]]), American [[geologist]] and explorer.
+* October 23 – [[Moritz Kaposi]] (died [[1902 in science|1902]]), Hungarian [[dermatologist]].
+* November 4 – [[James Douglas (businessman)|James Douglas]] (died [[1918 in science|1918]]), Canadian-born [[Metallurgy|metallurgist]].
+* November 14 – [[Lucas Barrett]] (died [[1862 in science|1862]]), Canadian-born British [[Natural history|naturalist]].
+* November 23 – [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] (died [[1923 in science|1923]]), Dutch theoretical [[physicist]].
+* November 28 – [[John Wesley Hyatt]] (died [[1920 in science|1920]]), American [[inventor]] and industrial chemist.
 ==Deaths==
+* February 1 – [[Edward Donovan]] (born [[1768 in science|1768]]), [[Anglo-Irish]] [[natural history|naturalist]].
-* [[February 16]] - [[Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus]], naturalist and advocate of [[transmutation]] (* [[1776 in science|1776]])
+* February 4 – [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]] (born [[1740 in science|1740]]), [[English people|English]] [[physician]], naturalist and "grandfather of Australian [[ornithology]]".
+* February 16 – [[Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus]] (born [[1776 in science|1776]]), [[German people|German]] naturalist and advocate of [[Lamarckism|transmutation]].
+* February 19 – [[Georg Büchner]] (born [[1813 in science|1813]]), German-born writer and anatomist ([[typhus]]).
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+[[Category:1837 in science| ]]
+[[Category:19th century in science]]
+[[Category:1830s in science]]

1837 in science: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:58, 16 June 2024

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Biology

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Physics

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Awards

Births

Deaths

References

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1837 in science: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:58, 16 June 2024

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