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rv: you didn't get my point. those pop-culture refs just pick a number at random. in science 115 is very different from 114 or 116. in pop culture they just choose a nice number. this has nothing to do with ununpentium.
Undid revision 521173244 by Double sharp (talk)legitimate references mention only 115, doesn’t matter if pop or scientific. Wikipedia is not supposed to discuss the merit of contents,
Line 110: Line 110:


{{chem|193|77|Ir}}({{chem|132|50|Sn}}, 2n) → {{chem|323|127|Ubs}} → {{chem|299|115|Uup}} + 6 α
{{chem|193|77|Ir}}({{chem|132|50|Sn}}, 2n) → {{chem|323|127|Ubs}} → {{chem|299|115|Uup}} + 6 α

==Popular culture==

{{main|Materials science in science fiction}}
The Element 115 in popular culture has been a usual theme, in particular by [[conspiracy theorist]]s, which in turn are regarded by some critics as allegations derived from vague substance and a lack of scientific knowledge on the part of these theorists.<ref name="Simpson">Paul Simpson, ''That's What They Want You to Think: Conspiracies Real, Possible, and Paranoid'', Zenith Press 2012. p 154. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B007HM5LA8 ASIN B007HM5LA8].</ref> Nonetheless persist accounts relating this element to the purported propulsion of [[UFO]]’s. Whereas for instance comes in the claim of the disclosure of secret studies such as a sketch showing mathematical equations for the Element 115 which denote its supposed use as driving force for interstellar ships.<ref name="Romanek">Stan Romanek, ''Messages: The World's Most Documented Extraterrestrial Contact Story'', Llewellyn Publications 2009. ISBN 0738715263.</ref>

A concept grounded in some of these allegations is the use of the Element 115 not for the "usual" nullification of [[gravity]] that would allow the lift for many supposed alien crafts but a system that amplifies the gravity. That is, at the central core of the ship would be a device supplied with a kind of plates made of "Element 115" that discharge a stream of [[Anti-Matter Particles|antimatter particle]]s in which they [[Faster than light|fold the time and space]] in the direction ahead of the vehicle, thus conveying instantaneous shift across the universe.<ref name="Simpson"/><ref name="Koerner">David Koerner, Simon LeVay, ''Here Be Dragons: The Scientific Quest for Extraterrestrial Life'', Oxford University Press 2001. p 186. ISBN 019514600X.</ref><ref name="Picknett">Lynn Picknett, ''The Mammoth Book of UFOs'', Running Press 2001. ISBN 078670800X.</ref>

Behind similar ideas like these was for instance [[Bob Lazar]], who claimed to have worked decades ago as engineer in secret facilities and also have seen alien disks in the [[Papoose Lake]] area being tested-flying by military pilots. However along the time the Lazar's credibility suffered a number of setbacks. Few months after his statements in a television interview he was convicted on a pandering charge, and some public attempts to verify his claimed master's degrees from [[Caltech]] and [[MIT]], failed. Besides his reports of installations at [[Area 51]] didn’t match with the descriptions made by people who supposedly worked there.<ref name="Simpson"/><ref name="Koerner"/>

Lazar defended himself saying that people who work in those secret facilities are usually submitted to [[brainwashing]], and that situation was product of a conspiracy at him directed in which his academic records were erased. According to Lazar, in 1982 he worked on particle beam weapons for the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] (Star Wars program) for the Weapons Division of the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]. However soon after those first public statements of Lazar, Los Alamos denied that he had ever employed there. But once was exposed their internal telephone directory in which portrayed Lazar's name, the Laboratory then briefed a note addressing that Lazar had only worked on "non-sensitive" projects.<ref name="Picknett"/>

From 1988 to 1989, Lazar stated, with the support of the physicist [[Dr. Edward Teller]] he managed to work at the [[Groom Lake]] facility known as [[Area 51|Sector Four (S-4)]], where he spent six or seven days per week in underground hangars. Lazar affirmed that he was granted with a security badge bearing the code "MAJ", also that the project used money from "[[black budget]]", and that Congress and the President were unaware of its existence. While there purportedly he was acquainted with information that the United States had in hand several intact UFOs and was shown to him one of the crafts which was powered by an "[[Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion|antimatter reactor]]" utilizing a new and stable (non subject to [[Radioactive decay|decay]]) element called Element 115.<ref name="Simpson"/><ref name="Koerner"/><ref name="Picknett"/>


{{Portal|Chemistry}}
{{Portal|Chemistry}}

Revision as of 11:16, 3 November 2012

"Uup" and "UUp" redirect here. For the political party, see Ulster Unionist Party.
Moscovium, 115Mc
Moscovium
Pronunciation/mɒˈskoʊviəm/ ​(mos-SKOH-vee-əm)
Mass number[290] (data not decisive)[a]
Moscovium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Bi
↑
Mc
↓
—
flerovium ← moscovium → livermorium
Atomic number (Z)115
Groupgroup 15 (pnictogens)
Periodperiod 7
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3 (predicted)[3]
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5 (predicted)
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid (predicted)[3]
Melting point670 K ​(400 °C, ​750 °F) (predicted)[3][4]
Boiling point~1400 K ​(~1100 °C, ​~2000 °F) (predicted)[3]
Density (near r.t.)13.5 g/cm3 (predicted)[4]
Heat of fusion5.90–5.98 kJ/mol (extrapolated)[5]
Heat of vaporization138 kJ/mol (predicted)[4]
Atomic properties
Oxidation states(+1), (+3) (predicted)[3][4]
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 538.3 kJ/mol (predicted)[6]
  • 2nd: 1760 kJ/mol (predicted)[4]
  • 3rd: 2650 kJ/mol (predicted)[4]
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 187 pm (predicted)[3][4]
Covalent radius156–158 pm (extrapolated)[5]
Other properties
Natural occurrencesynthetic
CAS Number54085-64-2
History
NamingAfter Moscow region
DiscoveryJoint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2003)
Isotopes of moscovium
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
286Mc synth 20 ms[7] α 282Nh
287Mc synth 38 ms α 283Nh
288Mc synth 193 ms α 284Nh
289Mc synth 250 ms[8][9] α 285Nh
290Mc synth 650 ms[8][9] α 286Nh
 Category: Moscovium
| references
Ununpentium
Common English pronunciation of ununpentium
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Ununpentium is the temporary name of a synthetic superheavy element in the periodic table that has the temporary symbol Uup and has the atomic number 115.

It is placed as the heaviest member of group 15 (VA) although a sufficiently stable isotope is not known at this time that would allow chemical experiments to confirm its position as a heavier homologue to bismuth. It was first observed in 2003 and about 50 atoms of ununpentium have been synthesized to date, with about 25 direct decays of the parent element having been detected. Four consecutive isotopes are currently known, 287–290Uup, with 289Uup having the longest measured half-life of ~200 ms.[10]

History

Discovery profile

Simulation of an accelerated calcium-48 ion about to collide with an americium-243 target atom.

On February 2, 2004, synthesis of ununpentium was reported in Physical Review C by a team composed of Russian scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.[11][12] The team reported that they bombarded americium-243 with calcium-48 ions to produce four atoms of ununpentium. These atoms, they report, decayed by emission of alpha-particles to ununtrium in approximately 100 milliseconds.

48
20Ca
 + 243
95Am
 → The element ununpentium does not exist.*
 → The element ununpentium does not exist. + 3 n → The element ununtrium does not exist. + α

The Dubna-Livermore collaboration has strengthened their claim for the discovery of ununpentium by conducting chemical experiments on the decay daughter 268Db. In experiments in June 2004 and December 2005, the dubnium isotope was successfully identified by milking the Db fraction and measuring any SF activities.[13][14] Both the half-life and decay mode were confirmed for the proposed 268Db which lends support to the assignment of Z=115 to the parent nuclei.

Sergei Dmitriev from the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) in Dubna, Russia, has formally put forward their claim of discovery of ununpentium to the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP).[15] In 2011, the IUPAC evaluated the Dubna-Livermore results and concluded that they did not meet the criteria for discovery.[16]

Recent experiments at Dubna have fully confirmed the data for ununpentium and ununtrium but have yet to be fully published and reviewed by the JWP. This process is likely not to occur for some time.

Naming

Ununpentium is historically known as eka-bismuth. Ununpentium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name derived from the digits 115, where "un-" represents Latin unum. "Pent-" represents the Greek word for 5, and it was chosen because the Latin word for 5 ("quin")[17] starts with 'q', which would have caused confusion with flerovium (previously known as ununquadium), element 114. Research scientists usually refer to the element simply as element 115.[18]

Current and future experiments

The team at Dubna are currently running another series of experiments on the 243Am(48Ca,xn) reaction. They are attempting to complete the 4n excitation function and confirm the data for 287115. They are also hoping to identify some decays from the 2n and 5n exit channels. This reaction will run until the Christmas shutdown.

The FLNR also have future plans to study light isotopes of element 115 using the reaction 241Am + 48Ca.[19]

Nucleosynthesis

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=115 compound nuclei

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=115. The table below contains various target-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

Target Projectile CN Attempt result
208Pb 75As 283Uup Reaction yet to be attempted
232Th 55Mn 287Uup Reaction yet to be attempted
238U 51V 289Uup Failure to date
237Np 50Ti 287Uup Reaction yet to be attempted
244Pu 45Sc 289Uup Reaction yet to be attempted
243Am 48Ca 291Uup[20][21] Successful reaction
241Am 48Ca 289Uup Planned Reaction
248Cm 41K 289Uup Reaction yet to be attempted
249Bk 40Ar 289Uup Reaction yet to be attempted
249Cf 37Cl 286Uup Reaction yet to be attempted


Hot fusion

This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of ununpentium by so-called "hot" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV, hence "hot"), leading to a reduced probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3–5 neutrons. Fusion reactions utilizing 48Ca nuclei usually produce compound nuclei with intermediate excitation energies (~30–35 MeV) and are sometimes referred to as "warm" fusion reactions. This leads, in part, to relatively high yields from these reactions.

238U(51V,xn)289−xUup

There are strong indications that this reaction was performed in late 2004 as part of a uranium(IV) fluoride target test at the GSI. No reports have been published suggesting that no products atoms were detected, as anticipated by the team.[22]

243Am(48Ca,xn)291−xUup (x=2,3,4)

This reaction was first performed by the team in Dubna in July–August 2003. In two separate runs they were able to detect 3 atoms of 288Uup and a single atom of 287Uup. The reaction was studied further in June 2004 in an attempt to isolate the descendant 268Db from the 288Uup decay chain. After chemical separation of a +4/+5 fraction, 15 SF decays were measured with a lifetime consistent with 268Db. In order to prove that the decays were from dubnium-268, the team repeated the reaction in August 2005 and separated the +4 and +5 fractions and further separated the +5 fractions into tantalum-like and niobium-like ones. Five SF activities were observed, all occurring in the +5 fractions and none in the tantalum-like fractions, proving that the product was indeed isotopes of dubnium.

In a series of experiments between October 2010 - February 2011, scientists at the FLNR studied this reaction at a range of excitation energies. They were able to detect 21 atoms of 288115 and one atom of 289115, from the 2n exit channel. This latter result was used to support the synthesis of ununseptium. The 3n excitation function was completed with a maximum at ~8 pb. The data was consistent with that found in the first experiments in 2003.

Isotopes and nuclear properties

Chronology of isotope discovery
Isotope Year discovered Discovery reaction
287Uup 2003 243Am(48Ca,4n)
288Uup 2003 243Am(48Ca,3n)
289Uup 2009 249Bk(48Ca,4n)[10]
290Uup 2009 249Bk(48Ca,3n)[10]

Theoretical calculations using a quantum-tunneling model support the experimental alpha-decay half-lives.[23]

Chemical properties

Extrapolated chemical properties

Oxidation states

Ununpentium is projected to be the third member of the 7p series of chemical elements and the heaviest member of group 15 (VA) in the Periodic Table, below bismuth. In this group, each member is known to portray the group oxidation state of +V but with differing stability. For nitrogen, the +V state is very difficult to achieve due to the lack of low-lying d-orbitals and the inability of the small nitrogen atom to accommodate five ligands. The +V state is well represented for phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony. However, for bismuth it is rare due to the reluctance of the 6s2 electrons to participate in bonding. This effect is known as the "inert pair effect" and is commonly linked to relativistic stabilisation of the 6s-orbitals. It is expected that ununpentium will continue this trend and portray only +III and +I oxidation states. Nitrogen(I) and bismuth(I) are known but rare and ununpentium(I) is likely to show some unique properties.[24] Because of spin-orbit coupling, flerovium may display closed-shell or noble gas-like properties; if this is the case, ununpentium will likely be monovalent as a result, since the cation Uup+ will have the same electron configuration as flerovium.

Chemistry

Ununpentium should display eka-bismuth chemical properties and should therefore form a sesquioxide, Uup2O3, and analogous chalcogenides, Uup2S3, Uup2Se3 and Uup2Te3. It should also form trihydrides and trihalides, i.e. UupH3, UupF3, UupCl3, UupBr3 and UupI3. If the +V state is accessible, it is likely that it is only possible in the fluoride, UupF5.[25][failed verification]

Stability

Main article: Island of stability

All the reported above isotopes of element 115, obtained by nuclear collisions of lighter nuclei, are severely neutron-deficient, because the proportion of neutrons to protons needed for maximum stability increases with atomic number. The most stable isotope will probably be 299Uup, with 184 neutrons, a known "magic" closed-shell number conferring exceptional stability, making it (with one further proton outside the "magic number" of 114 protons) both the chemical and the nuclear homolog of 209Bi; but the technology required to add the required neutrons presently does not exist. This is because no known combination of target and projectile can result in the required neutrons. It has been suggested that such a neutron-rich isotope could be formed by quasifission (fusion followed by fission) of a massive nucleus, multi-nucleon transfer reactions in collisions of actinide nuclei, or by the alpha decay of a massive nucleus (although this would depend on the stability of the parent nuclei towards spontaneous fission). One way to create 299Uup would be:

193
77Ir(132
50Sn, 2n) → 323
127Ubs → 299
115Uup + 6 α

Main article: Materials science in science fiction

The Element 115 in popular culture has been a usual theme, in particular by conspiracy theorists, which in turn are regarded by some critics as allegations derived from vague substance and a lack of scientific knowledge on the part of these theorists.[26] Nonetheless persist accounts relating this element to the purported propulsion of UFO’s. Whereas for instance comes in the claim of the disclosure of secret studies such as a sketch showing mathematical equations for the Element 115 which denote its supposed use as driving force for interstellar ships.[27]

A concept grounded in some of these allegations is the use of the Element 115 not for the "usual" nullification of gravity that would allow the lift for many supposed alien crafts but a system that amplifies the gravity. That is, at the central core of the ship would be a device supplied with a kind of plates made of "Element 115" that discharge a stream of antimatter particles in which they fold the time and space in the direction ahead of the vehicle, thus conveying instantaneous shift across the universe.[26][28][29]

Behind similar ideas like these was for instance Bob Lazar, who claimed to have worked decades ago as engineer in secret facilities and also have seen alien disks in the Papoose Lake area being tested-flying by military pilots. However along the time the Lazar's credibility suffered a number of setbacks. Few months after his statements in a television interview he was convicted on a pandering charge, and some public attempts to verify his claimed master's degrees from Caltech and MIT, failed. Besides his reports of installations at Area 51 didn’t match with the descriptions made by people who supposedly worked there.[26][28]

Lazar defended himself saying that people who work in those secret facilities are usually submitted to brainwashing, and that situation was product of a conspiracy at him directed in which his academic records were erased. According to Lazar, in 1982 he worked on particle beam weapons for the Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars program) for the Weapons Division of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. However soon after those first public statements of Lazar, Los Alamos denied that he had ever employed there. But once was exposed their internal telephone directory in which portrayed Lazar's name, the Laboratory then briefed a note addressing that Lazar had only worked on "non-sensitive" projects.[29]

From 1988 to 1989, Lazar stated, with the support of the physicist Dr. Edward Teller he managed to work at the Groom Lake facility known as Sector Four (S-4), where he spent six or seven days per week in underground hangars. Lazar affirmed that he was granted with a security badge bearing the code "MAJ", also that the project used money from "black budget", and that Congress and the President were unaware of its existence. While there purportedly he was acquainted with information that the United States had in hand several intact UFOs and was shown to him one of the crafts which was powered by an "antimatter reactor" utilizing a new and stable (non subject to decay) element called Element 115.[26][28][29]

References

  1. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Kovrizhnykh, N. D.; et al. (2022). "New isotope 286Mc produced in the 243Am+48Ca reaction". Physical Review C. 106 (64306): 064306. Bibcode:2022PhRvC.106f4306O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306. S2CID 254435744.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  5. ^ a b Bonchev, Danail; Kamenska, Verginia (1981). "Predicting the Properties of the 113–120 Transactinide Elements". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 85 (9). American Chemical Society: 1177–1186. doi:10.1021/j150609a021.
  6. ^ Pershina, Valeria. "Theoretical Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements". In Schädel, Matthias; Shaughnessy, Dawn (eds.). The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements (2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 154. ISBN 9783642374661.
  7. ^ Kovrizhnykh, N. (27 January 2022). "Update on the experiments at the SHE Factory". Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  8. ^ a b Oganessian, Yuri Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; et al. (2010-04-09). "Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117". Physical Review Letters. 104 (142502). American Physical Society: 142502. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104n2502O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502. PMID 20481935.
  9. ^ a b Oganessian, Y.T. (2015). "Super-heavy element research". Reports on Progress in Physics. 78 (3): 036301. Bibcode:2015RPPh...78c6301O. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/78/3/036301. PMID 25746203. S2CID 37779526.
  10. ^ a b c Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; Benker, D. E.; Bennett, M. E.; Dmitriev, S. N.; Ezold, J. G.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A. (2010). "Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117". Physical Review Letters. 104 (14): 142502. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104n2502O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502. PMID 20481935.
  11. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkoy, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; Shirokovsky, I.; Tsyganov, Yu.; Gulbekian, G.; Bogomolov, S. (2004). "Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction 243Am(48Ca,xn)291?x115". Physical Review C. 69 (2): 021601. Bibcode:2004PhRvC..69b1601O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.69.021601.
  12. ^ Oganessian; et al. (2003). "Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction 243Am(48Ca,xn)291−x115"]" (PDF). JINR preprints. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  13. ^ Oganessian; et al. (2004). "Results of the experiment on chemical identification of db as a decay product of element 115" (PDF). JINR preprints. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  14. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2005). "Synthesis of elements 115 and 113 in the reaction ^{243}Am+^{48}Ca". Physical Review C. 72: 034611. Bibcode:2005PhRvC..72c4611O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.72.034611.
  15. ^ "Project: Priority claims for the discovery of elements with atomic number greater than 111". IUPAC. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  16. ^ Barber, Robert C.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich W. (2011). "Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 83 (7): 1. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01.
  17. ^ "quīni". Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  18. ^ Folden, Cody (31 January 2009). "The Heaviest Elements in the Universe" (PDF). Saturday Morning Physics at Texas A&M. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  19. ^ "Study of heavy and superheavy nuclei (see experiment 1.5)".
  20. ^ Zagrebaev, V (2004). "Fusion-fission dynamics of super-heavy element formation and decay" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 734: 164. Bibcode:2004NuPhA.734..164Z. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.01.025.
  21. ^ Feng, Z; Jin, G; Li, J; Scheid, W (2009). "Production of heavy and superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions". Nuclear Physics A. 816: 33. arXiv:0803.1117. Bibcode:2009NuPhA.816...33F. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.11.003.
  22. ^ "List of experiments 2000–2006".
  23. ^ C. Samanta, P. Roy Chowdhury and D.N. Basu (2007). "Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements". Nucl. Phys. A. 789: 142–154. arXiv:nucl-th/0703086. Bibcode:2007NuPhA.789..142S. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001.
  24. ^ Keller, O. L., Jr. (1974). "Predicted properties of the superheavy elements. III. Element 115, Eka-bismuth". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 78 (19): 1945. doi:10.1021/j100612a015. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ WebElements – Bismuth Compounds
  26. ^ a b c d Paul Simpson, That's What They Want You to Think: Conspiracies Real, Possible, and Paranoid, Zenith Press 2012. p 154. ASIN B007HM5LA8.
  27. ^ Stan Romanek, Messages: The World's Most Documented Extraterrestrial Contact Story, Llewellyn Publications 2009. ISBN 0738715263.
  28. ^ a b c David Koerner, Simon LeVay, Here Be Dragons: The Scientific Quest for Extraterrestrial Life, Oxford University Press 2001. p 186. ISBN 019514600X.
  29. ^ a b c Lynn Picknett, The Mammoth Book of UFOs, Running Press 2001. ISBN 078670800X.


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