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'''Ladin''' ({{lang-it|Ladino}} {{lang-de|Ladinisch}}), is a language consisting of a group of dialects (which some consider part of a unitary [[Rhaetian languages|Rhaeto-Romance language]]) spoken in the [[Dolomites|Dolomite Mountains]] in [[Northern Italy]] in the provinces [[South Tyrol]], [[Trentino]] and [[Province of Belluno|Belluno]]. It is closely related to the Swiss [[Romansh language|Romansh]] and [[Friulian language|Friulian]].
'''Ladin''' ({{lang-it|Ladino}} {{lang-de|Ladinisch}}), is a language consisting of a group of dialects (which some consider part of a unitary [[Rhaetian languages|Rhaeto-Romance language]]) spoken in the [[Dolomites|Dolomite Mountains]] in [[Northern Italy]] in the provinces [[Trentino]], [[South Tyrol]] ([[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]) and [[Province of Belluno|Belluno]] ([[Veneto]]). It is closely related to the Swiss [[Romansh language|Romansh]] and [[Friulian language|Friulian]].


A [[standard language|standard]] written variety of Ladin (''Ladin Dolomitan'') has been developed by the Office for Ladin Language Planning as a common communication tool across the whole Ladin-speaking region.<ref>[http://www.spell-termles.ladinia.net/en.html The office for Ladin language planning]</ref>
A [[standard language|standard]] written variety of Ladin (''Ladin Dolomitan'') has been developed by the Office for Ladin Language Planning as a common communication tool across the whole Ladin-speaking region.<ref>[http://www.spell-termles.ladinia.net/en.html The office for Ladin language planning]</ref>
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Ladin should not be confused with [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] (also called Judeo-Spanish), which is a Romance dialect of [[Spanish language|Spanish]].
Ladin should not be confused with [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] (also called Judeo-Spanish), which is a Romance dialect of [[Spanish language|Spanish]].


== Census data ==
== Geographic distribution ==
It is not possible to assess the exact number of Ladin speakers, because only in the provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino the inhabitants declare their native language on the occasion of the general census of the population, which takes place every ten years.
Ladin is recognized as a minority language in 54 [[Comune|Italian municipalities]]<ref>[http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_fcnmdocs/PDF_2nd_SR_Italy_en.pdf SECOND REPORT SUBMITTED BY ITALY PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25, PARAGRAPH 2 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES (received on 14 May 2004), APPROPRIATELY IDENTIFIED TERRITORIAL AREAS Decisions adopted by provincial councils], [[European Council]]; the Municipality of Calalzo di Cadore was recognized following the decision adopted by the provincial council on 25th June 2003.</ref> belonging to the provinces of South Tyrol, Trentino and Belluno. Around 92,000 people live in this area, but it is not possible to assess the exact number of Ladin speakers, because only in the provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino the inhabitants declare their native language on the occasion of the general census of the population, which takes places every ten years.


=== South Tyrol ===
=== South Tyrol ===
Line 49: Line 49:
| title = South Tyrol in Figures
| title = South Tyrol in Figures
| work = Declaration of language group affiliation - Population Census 2011
| work = Declaration of language group affiliation - Population Census 2011
| url = http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/bevoelkerung/458.asp?aktuelles_action=300&aktuelles_image_id=563169
| url = httphttp://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/bevoelkerung/458.asp?aktuelles_action=300&aktuelles_image_id=563169
|format=PDF| accessdate = 2012-10-07}}</ref> It is spoken in the following municipalities of [[South Tyrol]]:
|format=PDF| accessdate = 2012-10-07}}</ref> It is spoken in the following municipalities of [[South Tyrol]]:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Ladin name || Inhabitants || Ladin speakers || Percentage
! Ladin name || Region || Province || Ladin speakers
|-
|-
|''Badia'' || 3366 || || 94,07%
|''Badia'' || {{IT-TAA}} || South Tyrol|| 94,07%
|-
|-
|''Corvara'' || 1320 || || 89,70%
|''Corvara'' || {{IT-TAA}} || South Tyrol|| 89,70%
|-
|-
|''La Val'' || 1299 || || 97,66%
|''La Val'' || {{IT-TAA}} || South Tyrol|| 97,66%
|-
|-
|''Mareo'' || 2914 || || 92,09%
|''Mareo'' || {{IT-TAA}} || South Tyrol|| 92,09%
|-
|-
|''Urtijëi'' || 4659 || || 84,19%
|''Urtijëi'' || {{IT-TAA}} || South Tyrol|| 84,19%
|-
|-
|''San Martin de Tor'' || 1733 || || 96,71%
|''San Martin de Tor'' || {{IT-TAA}} || South Tyrol|| 96,71%
|-
|-
|''Santa Crestina Gherdëina'' || 1873 || || 91,40%
|''Santa Crestina Gherdëina''|| {{IT-TAA}} || South Tyrol|| 91,40%
|-
|-
|''Sëlva'' || 2664 || || 89,74%
|''Sëlva'' || {{IT-TAA}} || South Tyrol|| 89,74%
|-
|-
|rest of Province || || ||
|-
!Total (Province) || 505067 (453272 counted) || 20548 || 4,53%
|}
|}


=== Trentino ===
=== Trentino ===
In the 2011 census, 18,550 inhabitants of Trentino declared Ladin as their native language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistica.provincia.tn.it/binary/pat_statistica/demografia/15CensGenPopolazione.1340956277.pdf
In the 2011 census, 18,550 inhabitants of Trentino declared Ladin as their native language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistica.provincia.tn.it/binary/pat_statistica/demografia/15CensGenPopolazione.1340956277.pdf
|title=15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Rilevazione sulla consistenza e la dislocazione territoriale degli appartenenti alle popolazioni di lingua ladina, mòchena e cimbra (dati provvisori) |year=2012|work=A |publisher=Autonomous Province of Trento |language=Italian |accessdate=2012-10-07}}</ref> It is spoken in the following 7 municipalities of [[Trentino]] in the [[Fassa Valley]], where Ladin is recognized as a minority language.
|title=15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Rilevazione sulla consistenza e la dislocazione territoriale degli appartenenti alle popolazioni di lingua ladina, mòchena e cimbra (dati provvisori) |year=2012|work=A |publisher=Autonomous Province of Trento |language=Italian |accessdate=2012-10-07}}</ref> It is spoken in the following municipalities of [[Trentino]] in the [[Fassa Valley]], where Ladin is recognized as a minority language, as well as in 38 municipalities in Non and Sole Valley, where it has no official status.


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Italian Name || Ladin Name || Inhabitants || Ladin speakers || Percentage
! Italian Name || Ladin Name || Region || Province || Ladin speakers
|-
|-
|[[Campitello di Fassa]] || ''Ciampedel'' || 740 || 608 || 82,2%
|[[Campitello di Fassa]] || ''Ciampedel'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino|| 82,2%
|-
|-
|[[Canazei]] || ''Cianacei'' || 1911 || 1524 || 79,7%
|[[Canazei]] || ''Cianacei'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino|| 79,7%
|-
|-
|[[Mazzin]] || ''Mazin'' || 493 || 381 || 77,3%
|[[Mazzin]] || ''Mazin'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino|| 77,3%
|-
|-
|[[Moena]] || ''Moena'' || 2698 || 2126 || 78,8%
|[[Moena]] || ''Moena'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino|| 78,8%
|-
|-
|[[Pozza di Fassa]] || ''Poza'' || 2138 || 1765 || 82,6%
|[[Pozza di Fassa]] || ''Poza'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino|| 82,6%
|-
|-
|[[Soraga]] || ''Sorega'' || 736 || 629 || 85,5%
|[[Soraga]] || ''Sorega'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino|| 85,5%
|-
|-
|[[Vigo di Fassa]] || ''Vich'' || 1207 || 1059 || 87,7%
|[[Vigo di Fassa]] || ''Vich'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino|| 87,7%
|-
|-
! Total (Province) || || 526510 || 8092 || 1,54%
|}
|}


The [[Nones language]] from the [[Non Valley]] is a [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance language]] but its more precise classification is uncertain. It is considered by some linguists to be a variant of Ladin, but newer studies show a stronger relationship to Italian dialects<ref>see [http://www.uni-salzburg.at/pls/portal/docs/1/1731381.PDF] "esempi di cartine di similarità" by Roland Bauer</ref>. The related [[Solandro language]] spoken in the [[Sole Valley]] is also under debate over whether it is a Ladin dialect or not. Nones and Solandro are often grouped together into a single linguistic unit due to their similarity, and both dialects show the strong influence of Trentinian dialect and Alpine Lombard. Nones is spoken in 38 municipalities in Non and Sole Valley and has no official status.
The [[Nones language]] from the [[Non Valley]] is a [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance language]] but its more precise classification is uncertain. It is considered by some linguists to be a variant of Ladin. The related [[Solandro language]] is also under debate over whether it is a Ladin dialect or not. Native speakers of it are mainly found in the [[Sole Valley]]. Nones and Solandro are often grouped together into a single linguistic unit due to their similarity, and both lects show the strong influence of Trentinian dialect and Alpine Lombard.

No official census to date has declared Nones and Solandro as separate languages. The number of Ladin speakers those valleys amounts to 8,730, outnumbering the native speakers in the Fascia Valley.<ref name="Minority">{{cite web |url=http://trentinocorrierealpi.gelocal.it/cronaca/2012/06/30/news/ladini-i-nonesi-superano-i-fassani-1.5342702|title=Ladini: i nonesi superano i fassani |author= |year=2012|work=Trentino Corriere Alpi |publisher= |accessdate=7 October 2012}}</ref> A number of Nones and Solandro speakers chose to declare themselves as Ladin speakers, while others chose not to exercise that option due to the disagreement over whether or not their languages are in fact Ladin or something separate. At any rate, Nones/Solandro is intelligible with Val Badia/Marebbe Ladin with Fassan Ladin to an extent of about 50%.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Italian Name || Nones/Solandro Name || Region || Province || Ladin Speakers
|-
|[[Amblar]] || ''Amblar'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Bresimo]] || ''Bresem'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Brez]] || ''Breç'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Cagnò]] || ''Ciagnòu'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Campodenno]] || ''Ciampdaden'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Castelfondo]] || ''Ciastelfon'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Cavareno]] || ''Ciavaren'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Cis]] || ''Cis'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Cles]] || ''Cliès'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Cloz]] || ''Clòuz'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Coredo]] || ''Coret'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Cunevo]] || ''Cuneo'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Dambel]] || ''Dambel'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Denno]] || ''Den'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Don (Italia)|Don]] || ''Don'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Flavon]] || ''Flaon'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Fondo (Italia)|Fondo]] || ''Fon'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Livo (Trentino-Alto Adige)|Livo]] || ''Lio'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Malosco]] || ''Malosç'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Nanno]] || ''Nan'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Revò]] || ''Rvòu'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Romallo]] || ''Romal'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Romeno (Italia)|Romeno]] || ''Romen'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Ronzone]] || ''Ronzon'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Ruffrè]] || ''Rufré'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Rumo]] || ''Rum'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Sanzeno]] || ''Sanzen'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Sarnonico]] || ''Sarnoneç'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Sfruz]] || ''Sfruz'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Smarano]] || ''Smaran'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Sporminore]] || ''Sporpiciol'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Taio]] || ''Tai'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Tassullo]] || ''Tassul'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Terres]] || ''Teres'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Ton]] || ''Viç'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Tres]] || ''Tres'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Tuenno]] || ''Tuen'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|-
|[[Vervò]] || ''Vervòu'' || {{IT-TAA}} || Trentino||
|}


=== Belluno ===
=== Belluno ===
As there is no linguistic census in Belluno, the numer of Ladin speakers can only be estimated. Around 7,000 speakers{{cn|date=October 2012}} are estimated to live in the part of the [[province of Belluno]] that used to be a part of the County of Tyrol until 1918:
As there is no linguistic census in Belluno, the numer of Ladin speakers can only be estimated. Around 7,000 speakers<ref name="Minority"/> are estimated to live in the part of the [[province of Belluno]] that used to be a part of the County of Tyrol until 1918:


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Italian name || Ladin name || Inhabitants || Ladin speakers || Percentage
! Italian name || Ladin name || Region || Province
|-
|[[Cortina d'Ampezzo]] || ''Anpezo'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Colle Santa Lucia]] || ''Col'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Livinallongo del Col di Lana]] || ''Fodom'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|}

The municipalities of the province of Belluno, where Ladin has the status of a minority language comprises also:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Italian name || Ladin name || Region || Province
|-
|[[Agordo]] || ''Agort'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Alleghe]] || ''Àlie'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Auronzo di Cadore]] || ''Aurònže'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Borca di Cadore]] || ''Bórcia'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Calalzo di Cadore]] || ''Cialàuz'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Canale d'Agordo]] || ''Canàl'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Cencenighe Agordino]] || ''Zenzenighe'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Cibiana di Cadore]] || ''Žubiana'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Comelico Superiore]] || ''Cumelgu d Sora'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Danta di Cadore]] || ''Danta'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Domegge di Cadore]] || ''Domeje'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Falcade]] || ''Fàlciade'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Forno di Zoldo]] || ''al Fôr'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Gosaldo]] || ''Gosalt'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[La Valle Agordina]] || ''La Val'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Lozzo di Cadore]] || ''Lože'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Ospitale di Cadore]] || ''Ospedàl'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Perarolo di Cadore]] || ''Pararuò'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Pieve di Cadore]] || ''Pièe'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Rivamonte Agordino]] || ''Rìva'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Rocca Pietore]] || ''La Ròcia'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[San Nicolò di Comelico]] || ''San Nuclò'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[San Pietro di Cadore]] || ''San Pieru'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[San Tomaso Agordino]] || ''San Tomas'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[San Vito di Cadore]] || ''San Viđo'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Santo Stefano di Cadore]] || ''Sa Stefi'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Selva di Cadore]] || ''Sélva'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Taibon Agordino]] || ''Taibón'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Vallada Agordina]] || ''La Valada'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Valle di Cadore]] || ''Val'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Vigo di Cadore]] || ''Vigo'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|[[Vodo di Cadore]] || ''Guódo'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|-
|[[Cortina d'Ampezzo]] || ''Anpezo'' || 6097 || 2012 || 33%
|[[Voltago Agordino]] || ''Oltach'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|-
|[[Colle Santa Lucia]] || ''Col'' || 408 || ||
|[[Zoldo Alto]] || ''Zoldo Aut'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|-
|[[Livinallongo del Col di Lana]] || ''Fodom'' || 1405 || 1096 || 78%
|[[Zoppè di Cadore]] || ''Zopé'' || {{IT-VEN}} || Belluno
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 119: Line 274:
The name derives from [[Latin]], because Ladin is originally a [[vulgar Latin]] language left over from the [[Ancient Rome|Romanized]] Alps. Ladin is often attributed to be a relic of vulgar Latin dialects associated with [[Rhaeto-Romance languages]]. Whether a [[proto]]-Romance language ever existed is controversially discussed amongst linguists and historians, a debate known as ''Questione Ladina''. Starting in the 6th century, the [[Bavarii]] started moving in from north, while from the south the Italian language started pushing in, which further shrank the original extent of the Ladin area. Only in the more remote mountain valleys was Ladin able to survive.
The name derives from [[Latin]], because Ladin is originally a [[vulgar Latin]] language left over from the [[Ancient Rome|Romanized]] Alps. Ladin is often attributed to be a relic of vulgar Latin dialects associated with [[Rhaeto-Romance languages]]. Whether a [[proto]]-Romance language ever existed is controversially discussed amongst linguists and historians, a debate known as ''Questione Ladina''. Starting in the 6th century, the [[Bavarii]] started moving in from north, while from the south the Italian language started pushing in, which further shrank the original extent of the Ladin area. Only in the more remote mountain valleys was Ladin able to survive.


Starting in the very early Middle Ages, the area was mostly ruled by the [[County of Tyrol]] or the [[Bishopric of Brixen]], both belonging to the realms of the Austrian [[Habsburg]] rulers. In the vast multie thnic [[Holy Roman Empire]] and then after 1804 the Austrian empire, the Ladins were left in relative peace and were allowed to continue the use of their language and culture. The outbreak of [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|World War I]] saw heavy action in these areas, as the front ran between [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]].
Starting in the very early Middle Ages, the area was mostly ruled by the [[County of Tyrol]] or the [[Bishopric of Brixen]], both belonging to the realms of the Austrian [[Habsburg]] rulers, while the area of Cadore was under the rule of the [[Republic of Venice]]. In the vast multie thnic [[Holy Roman Empire]] and then after 1804 the Austrian empire, the Ladins were left in relative peace and were allowed to continue the use of their language and culture. The outbreak of [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|World War I]] saw heavy action in these areas, as the front ran between [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]].


After the end of the war in 1918, Italy annexed the southern part of Tyrol, including the Ladin areas. The Italian nationalist movement of the 19th and 20th century regarded Ladin as an Italian dialect, a notion repeatedly rejected by Ladins. The programme of [[Italianization]] professed by fascists such as [[Ettore Tolomei]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] added further pressure on the Ladin communities to subordinate their identities to Italian. This included changing Ladin place names into the Italian pronunciation according to Tolomei's ''[[Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige]]''.
After the end of the war in 1918, Italy annexed the southern part of Tyrol, including the Ladin areas. The Italian nationalist movement of the 19th and 20th century regarded Ladin as an Italian dialect, a notion repeatedly rejected by Ladins. The programme of [[Italianization]] professed by fascists such as [[Ettore Tolomei]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] added further pressure on the Ladin communities to subordinate their identities to Italian. This included changing Ladin place names into the Italian pronunciation according to Tolomei's ''[[Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige]]''.
Line 350: Line 505:
[[cs:Ladinština]]
[[cs:Ladinština]]
[[cy:Ladineg]]
[[cy:Ladineg]]
[[da:Ladin]]
[[de:Ladinische Sprache]]
[[de:Ladinische Sprache]]
[[es:Idioma ladino]]
[[es:Idioma ladino]]

Revision as of 21:06, 9 October 2012

Not to be confused with Ladino language.
Ladin
Ladin
Native toItaly
RegionTrentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Veneto
Native speakers
39,098[1] (2011 census)
Official status
Regulated byThe office for Ladin language planning
Ladin Cultural Centre Majon di Fascegn
Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü
Language codes
ISO 639-3lld
ELPLadin
Linguasphere51-AAA-l
Languages of
South Tyrol.
Majorities per municipality in 2011:
Official
  German majority (103)
  Ladin majority (8)
  Italian majority (5)
Sourceastat info 6/2012, 38, Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011, p. 6-7
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ladin (Italian: Ladino German: Ladinisch), is a language consisting of a group of dialects (which some consider part of a unitary Rhaeto-Romance language) spoken in the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy in the provinces Trentino, South Tyrol (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol) and Belluno (Veneto). It is closely related to the Swiss Romansh and Friulian.

A standard written variety of Ladin (Ladin Dolomitan) has been developed by the Office for Ladin Language Planning as a common communication tool across the whole Ladin-speaking region.[2]

Ladin should not be confused with Ladino (also called Judeo-Spanish), which is a Romance dialect of Spanish.

Geographic distribution

Ladin is recognized as a minority language in 54 Italian municipalities[3] belonging to the provinces of South Tyrol, Trentino and Belluno. Around 92,000 people live in this area, but it is not possible to assess the exact number of Ladin speakers, because only in the provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino the inhabitants declare their native language on the occasion of the general census of the population, which takes places every ten years.

South Tyrol

In the 2011 census, 20,548 inhabitants of South Tyrol declared Ladin as their native language.[4] It is spoken in the following municipalities of South Tyrol:

Ladin name Region Province Ladin speakers
Badia Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol South Tyrol 94,07%
Corvara Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol South Tyrol 89,70%
La Val Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol South Tyrol 97,66%
Mareo Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol South Tyrol 92,09%
Urtijëi Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol South Tyrol 84,19%
San Martin de Tor Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol South Tyrol 96,71%
Santa Crestina Gherdëina Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol South Tyrol 91,40%
Sëlva Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol South Tyrol 89,74%

Trentino

In the 2011 census, 18,550 inhabitants of Trentino declared Ladin as their native language.[5] It is spoken in the following municipalities of Trentino in the Fassa Valley, where Ladin is recognized as a minority language, as well as in 38 municipalities in Non and Sole Valley, where it has no official status.

Italian Name Ladin Name Region Province Ladin speakers
Campitello di Fassa Ciampedel Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino 82,2%
Canazei Cianacei Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino 79,7%
Mazzin Mazin Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino 77,3%
Moena Moena Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino 78,8%
Pozza di Fassa Poza Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino 82,6%
Soraga Sorega Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino 85,5%
Vigo di Fassa Vich Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino 87,7%

The Nones language from the Non Valley is a Gallo-Romance language but its more precise classification is uncertain. It is considered by some linguists to be a variant of Ladin. The related Solandro language is also under debate over whether it is a Ladin dialect or not. Native speakers of it are mainly found in the Sole Valley. Nones and Solandro are often grouped together into a single linguistic unit due to their similarity, and both lects show the strong influence of Trentinian dialect and Alpine Lombard.

No official census to date has declared Nones and Solandro as separate languages. The number of Ladin speakers those valleys amounts to 8,730, outnumbering the native speakers in the Fascia Valley.[6] A number of Nones and Solandro speakers chose to declare themselves as Ladin speakers, while others chose not to exercise that option due to the disagreement over whether or not their languages are in fact Ladin or something separate. At any rate, Nones/Solandro is intelligible with Val Badia/Marebbe Ladin with Fassan Ladin to an extent of about 50%.

Italian Name Nones/Solandro Name Region Province Ladin Speakers
Amblar Amblar Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Bresimo Bresem Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Brez Breç Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Cagnò Ciagnòu Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Campodenno Ciampdaden Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Castelfondo Ciastelfon Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Cavareno Ciavaren Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Cis Cis Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Cles Cliès Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Cloz Clòuz Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Coredo Coret Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Cunevo Cuneo Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Dambel Dambel Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Denno Den Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Don Don Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Flavon Flaon Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Fondo Fon Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Livo Lio Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Malosco Malosç Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Nanno Nan Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Revò Rvòu Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Romallo Romal Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Romeno Romen Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Ronzone Ronzon Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Ruffrè Rufré Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Rumo Rum Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Sanzeno Sanzen Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Sarnonico Sarnoneç Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Sfruz Sfruz Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Smarano Smaran Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Sporminore Sporpiciol Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Taio Tai Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Tassullo Tassul Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Terres Teres Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Ton Viç Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Tres Tres Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Tuenno Tuen Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino
Vervò Vervòu Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trentino

Belluno

As there is no linguistic census in Belluno, the numer of Ladin speakers can only be estimated. Around 7,000 speakers[6] are estimated to live in the part of the province of Belluno that used to be a part of the County of Tyrol until 1918:

Italian name Ladin name Region Province
Cortina d'Ampezzo Anpezo Veneto Belluno
Colle Santa Lucia Col Veneto Belluno
Livinallongo del Col di Lana Fodom Veneto Belluno

The municipalities of the province of Belluno, where Ladin has the status of a minority language comprises also:

Italian name Ladin name Region Province
Agordo Agort Veneto Belluno
Alleghe Àlie Veneto Belluno
Auronzo di Cadore Aurònže Veneto Belluno
Borca di Cadore Bórcia Veneto Belluno
Calalzo di Cadore Cialàuz Veneto Belluno
Canale d'Agordo Canàl Veneto Belluno
Cencenighe Agordino Zenzenighe Veneto Belluno
Cibiana di Cadore Žubiana Veneto Belluno
Comelico Superiore Cumelgu d Sora Veneto Belluno
Danta di Cadore Danta Veneto Belluno
Domegge di Cadore Domeje Veneto Belluno
Falcade Fàlciade Veneto Belluno
Forno di Zoldo al Fôr Veneto Belluno
Gosaldo Gosalt Veneto Belluno
La Valle Agordina La Val Veneto Belluno
Lozzo di Cadore Lože Veneto Belluno
Ospitale di Cadore Ospedàl Veneto Belluno
Perarolo di Cadore Pararuò Veneto Belluno
Pieve di Cadore Pièe Veneto Belluno
Rivamonte Agordino Rìva Veneto Belluno
Rocca Pietore La Ròcia Veneto Belluno
San Nicolò di Comelico San Nuclò Veneto Belluno
San Pietro di Cadore San Pieru Veneto Belluno
San Tomaso Agordino San Tomas Veneto Belluno
San Vito di Cadore San Viđo Veneto Belluno
Santo Stefano di Cadore Sa Stefi Veneto Belluno
Selva di Cadore Sélva Veneto Belluno
Taibon Agordino Taibón Veneto Belluno
Vallada Agordina La Valada Veneto Belluno
Valle di Cadore Val Veneto Belluno
Vigo di Cadore Vigo Veneto Belluno
Vodo di Cadore Guódo Veneto Belluno
Voltago Agordino Oltach Veneto Belluno
Zoldo Alto Zoldo Aut Veneto Belluno
Zoppè di Cadore Zopé Veneto Belluno

History

Ladin farmers in La Val, South Tyrol

The name derives from Latin, because Ladin is originally a vulgar Latin language left over from the Romanized Alps. Ladin is often attributed to be a relic of vulgar Latin dialects associated with Rhaeto-Romance languages. Whether a proto-Romance language ever existed is controversially discussed amongst linguists and historians, a debate known as Questione Ladina. Starting in the 6th century, the Bavarii started moving in from north, while from the south the Italian language started pushing in, which further shrank the original extent of the Ladin area. Only in the more remote mountain valleys was Ladin able to survive.

Starting in the very early Middle Ages, the area was mostly ruled by the County of Tyrol or the Bishopric of Brixen, both belonging to the realms of the Austrian Habsburg rulers, while the area of Cadore was under the rule of the Republic of Venice. In the vast multie thnic Holy Roman Empire and then after 1804 the Austrian empire, the Ladins were left in relative peace and were allowed to continue the use of their language and culture. The outbreak of World War I saw heavy action in these areas, as the front ran between Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy.

After the end of the war in 1918, Italy annexed the southern part of Tyrol, including the Ladin areas. The Italian nationalist movement of the 19th and 20th century regarded Ladin as an Italian dialect, a notion repeatedly rejected by Ladins. The programme of Italianization professed by fascists such as Ettore Tolomei and Benito Mussolini added further pressure on the Ladin communities to subordinate their identities to Italian. This included changing Ladin place names into the Italian pronunciation according to Tolomei's Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige.

Following the end of World War II, the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement of 1946 between Austria and Italy introduced a level of autonomy for Trentino and South Tyrol but did not include any provisions for Ladins. Only the second autonomy statute for South Tyrol in 1972 started recognising the minority rights for these communities.

Status

Flag of the Union Generala di Ladins dles Dolomites

Ladin is officially recognised in Trentino and South Tyrol by provincial and national law. Italy signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1991, but has not ratified it so far. The charter calls for minority rights to be respected and minority languages, to which Ladin belongs, to be appropriately protected and promoted. Nevertheless starting in the 1990s, various laws and regulations have been passed by the Italian parliament and provincial assembly that put the Ladin language and culture under protection. A cultural institute was founded by decree whose purpose is to safeguard and educate in the language and culture. School curricula were adapted in order to teach in Ladin, and street signs are being changed to bilingual.[7]

Ladin is recognized as a minority language in the Province of Belluno in the Veneto region according to State Law 482/1999, but in comparison with South Tyrol and Trentino the wishes of the Ladins there have barely been addressed by the regional government. In a popular referendum in October 2007, the inhabitants of Cortina d'Ampezzo overwhelmingly voted to leave Veneto and return to South Tyrol.[8][9][10] The redrawing of the provincial borders would see a return of Cortina d'Ampezzo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana and Colle Santa Lucia to South Tyrol, to which they have traditionally belonged when they were still a part of the County of Tyrol or the Bishopric of Brixen.

Although the Ladin communities are nowadays spread out over three neighbouring regions, the Union Generala di Ladins dles Dolomites is asking that they be reunited.[11] The Ladin Autonomist Union and the Fassa party run on a Ladin list and have sought more rights and autonomy for Ladin speakers. Ladins are also guaranteed political representations in the assemblies of Trentino and South Tyrol due to a reserved seats system.

In South Tyrol, in order to reach a fair allocation of jobs in public service, a system called "ethnic proportion" was established in the 1970s. Every ten years, when the general census of population takes place, each citizen has to declare which linguistic group they belong or want to be aggregated to. According to the results it is decided how many potential positions in public service are allocated for each linguistic group. This has enabled Ladins to theoretically receive guaranteed representation in the South Tyrolean civil service according to their numbers.

Subdivisions

The Ladin spoken in the Fascia Valley in Trentino is subdivided into three branches: "Cazét" (pronounced [kazɛt]) in the upper valley, "Brach" (pronounced [brak]) in the center and Moena in the lower valley. For example, in Cazét water is "ega" ("e" pronounced /ɛ/), whereas in Brach it is "aga". The Fassan dialect is not intelligible with the rest of Ladin, and Cazét has marginal intelligibility with Moena.

Phonology

Standard Ladin has the following phonemes:[12]

Consonants

Sample of Ladin language from Gherdëina
Adele Moroder-Lenert talks about her grandparents. (From the Archive Radio Ladin - Alex Moroder)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Sample of Ladin language from Gherdëina
Tresl Gruber talks about her youth. (Aired on Radio Ladin in 1961) [13]
Problems playing this file? See media help.
  Labial Labio-
dental 		Dental and
alveolar 		Alveolo-
palatal 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m   n     ɲ ŋ  
Plosive p  b   t  d       k  ɡ  
Affricate     ts tɕ  dʑ        
Fricative   f  v s  z   ʃ  ʒ     h
Approximant     ɹ          
Lateral     l        

Vowels

The vowel phonemes of Standard Ladin are shown in the table below:

Monophthongs Front Central Back
Close i u
Close mid e o
Open mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

The [ɜ] vowel, spelled /ë/, as in Urtijëi (pronunciationⓘ), occurs in some local dialects but is not included in Standard Ladin.

Sample text

The first part of the 'Lord's Prayer' in Standard Ladin, Latin and Italian for comparison:

Ladin Latin Italian Spanish French English

Pere nost, che t'ies en ciel,
al sie santifiché ti inom,
al vegne ti regn,
sia fata tia volonté,
coche en ciel enscì en tera.

Pater noster, qui es in caelis:
sanctificetur nomen tuum;
adveniat regnum tuum;
fiat voluntas tua,
sicut in caelo, et in terra.

Padre nostro che sei nei cieli,
sia santificato il tuo Nome,
venga il tuo Regno,
sia fatta la tua Volontà
come in cielo così in terra.

Padre nuestro que estás en los cielos,
santificado sea tu Nombre,
venga tu Reino,
hágase tu Voluntad
así en la tierra como en el cielo.

Notre Père, qui es aux cieux,
Que ton nom soit sanctifié,
Que ton règne vienne,
Que ta volonté soit faite
sur la terre comme au ciel.

Our Father, who art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name.
Thy kingdom come,
Thy will be done,
on earth as it is in heaven.

See also

References

  1. ^ Applies only to Ladins in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
  2. ^ The office for Ladin language planning
  3. ^ SECOND REPORT SUBMITTED BY ITALY PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25, PARAGRAPH 2 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES (received on 14 May 2004), APPROPRIATELY IDENTIFIED TERRITORIAL AREAS Decisions adopted by provincial councils, European Council; the Municipality of Calalzo di Cadore was recognized following the decision adopted by the provincial council on 25th June 2003.
  4. ^ [httphttp://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/bevoelkerung/458.asp?aktuelles_action=300&aktuelles_image_id=563169 "South Tyrol in Figures"] (PDF). Declaration of language group affiliation - Population Census 2011. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
  5. ^ "15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Rilevazione sulla consistenza e la dislocazione territoriale degli appartenenti alle popolazioni di lingua ladina, mòchena e cimbra (dati provvisori)" (PDF). A (in Italian). Autonomous Province of Trento. 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
  6. ^ a b "Ladini: i nonesi superano i fassani". Trentino Corriere Alpi. 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  7. ^ "Canazei - Skiferie i Canazei i Italien" (in Danish). Canazei.dk. 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  8. ^ Duff, Mark (2007-10-30). "Europe | Italian Ski Resort Wants to Move". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  9. ^ "Cresce la Voglia di Trentino Alto Adige Quorum Raggiunto a Cortina d'Ampezzo". La Repubblica (in Italian). 28 October 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  10. ^ "Cortina Vuole Andare in Alto Adige". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 29 October 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  11. ^ Homepage of the Union Generala di Ladins dles Dolomites
  12. ^ Gramatica dl Ladin Standard, Servisc de Planificazion y Elaborazion dl Lingaz Ladin, 2001, ISBN 88-8171-029-3 [1]
  13. ^ File from Archiv Radio Ladin - Alex Moroder Mediathek Bozen Signatur CRLG_216_Spur2

Further reading

  • Rut Bernardi: Curs de gherdëina – Trëdesc lezions per mparé la rujeneda de Gherdëina/Dreizehn Lektionen zur Erlernung der grödnerischen Sprache. Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü, St. Martin in Thurn 1999, ISBN 88-8171-012-9
  • Vittorio Dell'Aquila und Gabriele Iannàccaro: Survey Ladins: Usi linguistici nelle Valli Ladine. Autonome Region Trentino-Südtirol, Trient 2006, ISBN 88-86053-69-X
  • Marco Forni: Wörterbuch Deutsch–Grödner-Ladinisch. Vocabuler tudësch–ladin de Gherdëina. Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü, St. Martin in Thurn 2002, ISBN 88-8171-033-1
  • Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin, Christian Schmitt (ed.): Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (LRL), Tübingen, Niemeyer, 1988-2005 (12 Bände); Band III: Die einzelnen romanischen Sprachen und Sprachgebiete von der Renaissance bis zur Gegenwart. Rumänisch, Dalmatisch / Istroromanisch, Friaulisch, Ladinisch, Bündnerromanisch, 1989.
  • Theodor Gartner: Ladinische Wörter aus den Dolomitentälern. Niemeyer, Halle 1913 (Online version)
  • Maria Giacin Chiades (ed.): Lingua e cultura ladina. Canova, Treviso 2004, ISBN 88-8409-123-3 ([2])
  • Constanze Kindel: Ladinisch für Anfänger. In: Die Zeit 4/2006 (Online version)
  • Heinrich Schmid: Wegleitung für den Aufbau einer gemeinsamen Schriftsprache der Dolomitenladiner. Istitut Cultural Ladin Micurà de Rü, St. Martin in Thurn/Istitut Cultural Ladin Majon di Fascegn, San Giovanni 1994 (Online version)
  • Servisc de Planificazion y Elaborazion dl Lingaz Ladin (SPELL): Gramatica dl Ladin Standard. Istitut Cultural Ladin Micurà de Rü, St. Martin in Thurn (u.a.) 2001, ISBN 88-8171-029-3 (http://www.spell-termles.ladinia.net/documents/gramatica_LS_2001.pdf Online version)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ladin language.
Ladin language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
For a list of words relating to Ladin, see the Ladin language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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