Sheng Shicai - Revision history

Perspicax: Adding Category:Waseda University alumni using Cat-a-lot

2024-10-18T16:37:24Z

Adding Category:Waseda University alumni using Cat-a-lot

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:37, 18 October 2024
Line 342:		Line 342:
	[[Category:Chinese Civil War refugees]]		[[Category:Chinese Civil War refugees]]
	[[Category:Taiwanese people from Liaoning]]		[[Category:Taiwanese people from Liaoning]]
			[[Category:Waseda University alumni]]

ProKMT: /* External links */ add cat

2024-10-12T04:38:17Z

External links: add cat

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:38, 12 October 2024
Line 332:		Line 332:
	[[Category:Chinese communists]]		[[Category:Chinese communists]]
	[[Category:Chinese anti-communists]]		[[Category:Chinese anti-communists]]
			[[Category:Taiwanese anti-communists]]
	[[Category:Former Marxists]]		[[Category:Former Marxists]]
	[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]		[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]

Dancing Hippos: /* Later tenures and retirement */

2024-07-03T14:57:15Z

Later tenures and retirement

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:57, 3 July 2024
Line 252:		Line 252:
	As the Germans lost the [[Battle for Stalingrad]] and [[Battle of Kursk]], Sheng tried to return to the pro-Soviet policy. He ordered the arrest of the [[Kuomintang]] personnel, telling [[Joseph Stalin\|Stalin]] that they were Japanese spies, and telling [[Chiang Kai-Shek\|Chiang]] that they were communists. Stalin, however, refused to intervene and left Sheng at the mercy of the [[Nationalist government\|Chinese government]], which engineered his removal from office.{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|pp=36–37}} [[Zhu Shaoliang]] convinced him to resign and accept the post of Minister of Agriculture.{{sfn\|Lattimore\|1950\|p=81}} Sheng officially resigned from his post and was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Forestry on 29 August 1944. He left Xinjiang on 11 September 1944 to join the Chinese government in [[Chongqing]].{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}} The post of Minister of Agriculture under Kuomintang was reserved for men out of power since the post was insignificant with the increasing power of the landlords.{{sfn\|Lattimore\|1950\|p=81}} Chiang signed an order allowing Sheng to recoup the wealth beneath the governor's building. The storehouse contained fifty thousand [[tael]]s of gold, chests full of valuable antelope horns, and endless blocks of opium. In total, Sheng removed 135 truckloads of wealth.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}}		As the Germans lost the [[Battle for Stalingrad]] and [[Battle of Kursk]], Sheng tried to return to the pro-Soviet policy. He ordered the arrest of the [[Kuomintang]] personnel, telling [[Joseph Stalin\|Stalin]] that they were Japanese spies, and telling [[Chiang Kai-Shek\|Chiang]] that they were communists. Stalin, however, refused to intervene and left Sheng at the mercy of the [[Nationalist government\|Chinese government]], which engineered his removal from office.{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|pp=36–37}} [[Zhu Shaoliang]] convinced him to resign and accept the post of Minister of Agriculture.{{sfn\|Lattimore\|1950\|p=81}} Sheng officially resigned from his post and was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Forestry on 29 August 1944. He left Xinjiang on 11 September 1944 to join the Chinese government in [[Chongqing]].{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}} The post of Minister of Agriculture under Kuomintang was reserved for men out of power since the post was insignificant with the increasing power of the landlords.{{sfn\|Lattimore\|1950\|p=81}} Chiang signed an order allowing Sheng to recoup the wealth beneath the governor's building. The storehouse contained fifty thousand [[tael]]s of gold, chests full of valuable antelope horns, and endless blocks of opium. In total, Sheng removed 135 truckloads of wealth.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}}

	Sheng's stay in Chongqing was troublesome. In April 1945, his former Finance Minister Peng Jiyuan was beaten in Ürümqi, and sought refuge with Sheng after his recovery.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}} [[Wu Zhongxin]], his successor in Xinjiang, wrote that Sheng "started to lose his mind in Chongqing" and that in accordance with the tenets of Buddhism and as recompense for his past crimes, he has descended to the lowest depths of hell". At the Sixth Party Congress held in May 1945, ~~a figurehead~~ Uyghur leader [[Masud Sabri]] called for Sheng's head, however, ~~Sheng was~~ defended ~~by Chiang~~.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=381}} Sheng held the ministerial post until 30 July 1945.{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3738}} ~~Sheng~~ later worked as an adviser to [[Hu Zongnan]] in [[Xi'an]].{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=381}}		Sheng's stay in Chongqing was troublesome. In April 1945, his former Finance Minister Peng Jiyuan was beaten in Ürümqi, and sought refuge with Sheng after his recovery.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}} [[Wu Zhongxin]], his successor in Xinjiang, wrote that Sheng "started to lose his mind in Chongqing" and that in accordance with the tenets of Buddhism and as recompense for his past crimes, he has descended to the lowest depths of hell". At the Sixth Party Congress held in May 1945, Uyghur leader [[Masud Sabri]] called for Sheng's head, however, Chiang defended Sheng.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=381}} Sheng held the ministerial post until 30 July 1945,{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3738}} and later worked as an adviser to [[Hu Zongnan]] in [[Xi'an]].{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=381}}

	In 1949, Sheng accompanied the [[Kuomintang]] in [[Taiwan]] where he lived in comfortable retirement with his wife and four children.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=537}} Sheng was interviewed by [[Allen S. Whiting]] and wrote his own accounts under the title ''Red failure in Sinkiang'' in ''Sinkiang: pawn or pivot?'', published in 1958.{{sfn\|Whiting\|Sheng\|1958\|p=vi}}		In 1949, Sheng accompanied the [[Kuomintang]] in [[Taiwan]] where he lived in comfortable retirement with his wife and four children.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=537}} Sheng was interviewed by [[Allen S. Whiting]] and wrote his own accounts under the title ''Red failure in Sinkiang'' in ''Sinkiang: pawn or pivot?'', published in 1958.{{sfn\|Whiting\|Sheng\|1958\|p=vi}}

NorthTension at 11:07, 8 June 2024

2024-06-08T11:07:04Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:07, 8 June 2024
Line 132:		Line 132:
	In August 1934, Sheng affirmed that the nine duties of his government are to eradicate corruption, to develop economy and culture, to maintain peace by avoiding war, to mobilise all manpower for the cultivation of land, to improve communication facilities, to keep Xinjiang permanently a Chinese province, to fight against imperialism and Fascism and to sustain a close relationship with Soviet Russia, to reconstruct a "New Xinjiang", and to protect the positions and privileges of religious leaders.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=375}}		In August 1934, Sheng affirmed that the nine duties of his government are to eradicate corruption, to develop economy and culture, to maintain peace by avoiding war, to mobilise all manpower for the cultivation of land, to improve communication facilities, to keep Xinjiang permanently a Chinese province, to fight against imperialism and Fascism and to sustain a close relationship with Soviet Russia, to reconstruct a "New Xinjiang", and to protect the positions and privileges of religious leaders.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=375}}

	[[File:Flag of ~~Xinjiang~~-~~Shicai~~ 2.svg\|thumb\|Flag of Xinjiang, based on the flag of the Soviet Union, adopted in 1934]]		[[File:Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg\|thumb\|Flag of Xinjiang, based on the flag of the Soviet Union, adopted in 1934]]

	The dependency of the Sheng regime on the Soviet Union was further highlighted with the publication of the "Six Great Policies" in December 1934.{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|p=33}} The Policies guaranteed his previously enacted "Great Eight-Point Manifesto"{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3735}} and included "anti-imperialism, friendship with the Soviet Union, racial and national equality, clean government, peace and reconstruction".{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3735}}{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|p=33}} Sheng referred to them as "a skillful, vital application of Marxism, [[Leninism]], and [[Stalinism]] in the conditions of the feudal society of economically and culturally backward Xinjiang".{{sfn\|Sheng\|1939}} They served as the ideological basis of Sheng's rule.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=377}} With the proclamation of the Six Great Policies, Sheng adopted a new flag with a six-pointed star to represent these policies.{{sfn\|Brophy\|2016\|p=255}}		The dependency of the Sheng regime on the Soviet Union was further highlighted with the publication of the "Six Great Policies" in December 1934.{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|p=33}} The Policies guaranteed his previously enacted "Great Eight-Point Manifesto"{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3735}} and included "anti-imperialism, friendship with the Soviet Union, racial and national equality, clean government, peace and reconstruction".{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3735}}{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|p=33}} Sheng referred to them as "a skillful, vital application of Marxism, [[Leninism]], and [[Stalinism]] in the conditions of the feudal society of economically and culturally backward Xinjiang".{{sfn\|Sheng\|1939}} They served as the ideological basis of Sheng's rule.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=377}} With the proclamation of the Six Great Policies, Sheng adopted a new flag with a six-pointed star to represent these policies.{{sfn\|Brophy\|2016\|p=255}}

NorthTension at 11:01, 8 June 2024

2024-06-08T11:01:06Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:01, 8 June 2024
Line 57:		Line 57:
	Sheng Shicai was a [[Manchuria]]n-born [[Han Chinese]], educated in [[Tokyo]], [[Empire of Japan\|Japan]], where he studied political economy and later attended the [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]. Having become a [[Marxism\|Marxist]] in his youth, Sheng participated in the anti-imperialist [[May Fourth Movement]] in 1919. He participated in the [[Northern Expedition]], a military campaign of the Kuomintang against the [[Beiyang government]].		Sheng Shicai was a [[Manchuria]]n-born [[Han Chinese]], educated in [[Tokyo]], [[Empire of Japan\|Japan]], where he studied political economy and later attended the [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]. Having become a [[Marxism\|Marxist]] in his youth, Sheng participated in the anti-imperialist [[May Fourth Movement]] in 1919. He participated in the [[Northern Expedition]], a military campaign of the Kuomintang against the [[Beiyang government]].

	In 1929, he was called into service of the Governor of Xinjiang, [[Jin Shuren]], where he served as Chief of Staff of the Frontier Military and Chief Instructor at the Provincial Military College. With the [[Kumul Rebellion]] ongoing, Jin was overthrown in a coup on 12 April 1933 and Sheng was appointed ''duban'' or Military Governor of Xinjiang. Since then, he led a power struggle against his rivals, of whom [[Ma Zhongying]] and [[Zhang Peiyuan]] were most notable. The first to be removed were the coup leaders and by them appointed Civil Governor [[Liu Wenlong]] by September 1933. Ma and Zhang were defeated militarily by June 1934 with help from the Soviet Union, whom Sheng invited to intervene, subordinating himself to the Soviets in return. He was dubbed the "King of Xinjiang" during his rule.		In 1929, he was called into service of the Governor of Xinjiang, [[Jin Shuren]], where he served as Chief of Staff of the Frontier Military and Chief Instructor at the Provincial Military College. With the [[Kumul Rebellion]] ongoing, Jin was overthrown in a coup on 12 April 1933 and Sheng was appointed ''duban'' or Military Governor of Xinjiang. Since then, he led a power struggle against his rivals, of whom [[Ma Zhongying]] and [[Zhang Peiyuan]] were most notable. The first to be removed were the coup leaders and by them appointed Civil Governor [[Liu Wenlong]] by September 1933. Ma and Zhang were defeated militarily by June 1934 with help from the [[Soviet Union]], whom Sheng invited to intervene, subordinating himself to the Soviets in return. He was dubbed the "King of Xinjiang" during his rule.

	As ruler of Xinjiang, Sheng implemented his Soviet-inspired policies through his political program of Six Great Policies, adopted in December 1934. His rule was marked by his nationality policy which promoted national and religious equality and identity of various nationalities of Xinjiang. The province saw a process of modernization, but also the subordination of economic interests in Soviet favor. The Soviets had a monopoly over Xinjiang trade and exploited its rare materials and oil. In 1937, in parallel with the Soviet [[Great Purge]], Sheng conducted a purge on his own, executing, torturing to death and imprisoning 100,000 people, the majority of which were [[Uyghurs]].<ref>{{cite book\| title= Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road		As ruler of Xinjiang, Sheng implemented his Soviet-inspired policies through his political program of Six Great Policies, adopted in December 1934. His rule was marked by his nationality policy which promoted national and religious equality and identity of various nationalities of Xinjiang. The province saw a process of modernization, but also the subordination of economic interests in Soviet favor. The Soviets had a monopoly over Xinjiang trade and exploited its rare materials and oil. In 1937, in parallel with the Soviet [[Great Purge]], Sheng conducted a purge on his own, executing, torturing to death and imprisoning 100,000 people, the majority of which were [[Uyghurs]].<ref>{{cite book\| title= Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road

NorthTension at 11:00, 8 June 2024

2024-06-08T11:00:29Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:00, 8 June 2024
Line 38:		Line 38:
	\| alma_mater = [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]		\| alma_mater = [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]
	<!--Military service-->\| nickname = King of Xinjiang		<!--Military service-->\| nickname = King of Xinjiang
	\| allegiance = {{nowrap\|{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|1912\|name=Republic of China}}}} {{small\|(1919–1933)}}{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} [[Xinjiang clique]] {{small\|(~~1934–42~~)}}{{-}}{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|name=Republic of China}} {{small\|(1942–49)}}		\| allegiance = {{nowrap\|{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|1912\|name=Republic of China}}}} {{small\|(1919–1933)}}{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} [[Xinjiang clique]] {{small\|(1933–42)}}{{-}}{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|name=Republic of China}} {{small\|(1942–49)}}
	\| branch = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Guominjun]] {{small\|(~~1927–34~~)}}{{-}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army {{small\|(~~1934–42~~)}}{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=150}}{{-}}{{army\|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{small\|(1942–49}})		\| branch = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Guominjun]] {{small\|(1927–33)}}{{-}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army {{small\|(1933–42)}}{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=150}}{{-}}{{army\|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{small\|(1942–49}})
	\| serviceyears = 1919–49		\| serviceyears = 1919–49
	\| rank = [[National Revolutionary Army#Officers\|General]]		\| rank = [[National Revolutionary Army#Officers\|General]]

NorthTension at 10:58, 8 June 2024

2024-06-08T10:58:28Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:58, 8 June 2024
Line 38:		Line 38:
	\| alma_mater = [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]		\| alma_mater = [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]
	<!--Military service-->\| nickname = King of Xinjiang		<!--Military service-->\| nickname = King of Xinjiang
	\| allegiance = {{nowrap\|{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|name=Republic of China}}}} {{small\|(~~to 1933; 1942–49~~)}}{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} [[Xinjiang ~~Province,~~ Republic of China\|~~Xinjiang]]~~ ~~provincial~~ ~~government~~ {{small\|(~~1933–42~~)}}		\| allegiance = {{nowrap\|{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|1912\|name=Republic of China}}}} {{small\|(1919–1933)}}{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} [[Xinjiang clique]] {{small\|(1934–42)}}{{-}}{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|name=Republic of China}} {{small\|(1942–49)}}
	\| branch = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Guominjun]] {{small\|(1927–34)}}{{-}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army {{small\|(1934–42)}}{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=150}}{{-}}{{army\|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{small\|(1942–49}})		\| branch = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Guominjun]] {{small\|(1927–34)}}{{-}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army {{small\|(1934–42)}}{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=150}}{{-}}{{army\|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{small\|(1942–49}})
	\| serviceyears = 1919–49		\| serviceyears = 1919–49

NorthTension: temp

2024-06-08T10:49:51Z

temp

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:49, 8 June 2024
Line 38:		Line 38:
	\| alma_mater = [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]		\| alma_mater = [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]
	<!--Military service-->\| nickname = King of Xinjiang		<!--Military service-->\| nickname = King of Xinjiang
	\| allegiance = {{nowrap\|{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|name=Republic of China}}}} {{small\|(to 1933; 1942–49)}}{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of ~~Xinjiang~~-~~Shicai~~.svg}}[[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] provincial government {{small\|(1933–42)}}		\| allegiance = {{nowrap\|{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|name=Republic of China}}}} {{small\|(to 1933; 1942–49)}}{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] provincial government {{small\|(1933–42)}}
	\| branch = [[Guominjun]] {{small\|(1927–34)}}{{-}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of ~~Xinjiang~~-~~Shicai~~.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army {{small\|(1934–42)}}{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=150}}{{-}}{{army\|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{small\|(1942–49}})		\| branch = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Guominjun]] {{small\|(1927–34)}}{{-}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army {{small\|(1934–42)}}{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=150}}{{-}}{{army\|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{small\|(1942–49}})
	\| serviceyears = 1919–49		\| serviceyears = 1919–49
	\| rank = [[National Revolutionary Army#Officers\|General]]		\| rank = [[National Revolutionary Army#Officers\|General]]
	\| commands = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of ~~Xinjiang-Shicai~~.svg}} Xinjiang Frontier Army{{-}}Anti-Imperialist Army{{-}}NRA 8th War Area{{sfn\|Vandivert\|White\|1943\|p=35}}		\| commands = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} Xinjiang Frontier Army{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army{{-}}{{flag\|Republic of China\|army}} NRA 8th War Area{{sfn\|Vandivert\|White\|1943\|p=35}}
	\| battles = {{Tree list}}		\| battles = {{Tree list}}
	* [[Northern Expedition]]		* [[Northern Expedition]]

NorthTension: Undid revision 1227892272 by NorthTension (talk) ughhhhhhhh

2024-06-08T10:40:55Z

Undid revision 1227892272 by NorthTension (talk) ughhhhhhhh

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:40, 8 June 2024
Line 38:		Line 38:
	\| alma_mater = [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]		\| alma_mater = [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]
	<!--Military service-->\| nickname = King of Xinjiang		<!--Military service-->\| nickname = King of Xinjiang
	\| allegiance = {{nowrap\|{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|name=Republic of China}}}} {{small\|(to 1933; 1942–49)}}{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of ~~the People's Anti~~-~~Imperialist Association~~.svg}}[[Xinjiang ~~clique~~ {{small\|(1933–42)}}		\| allegiance = {{nowrap\|{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|name=Republic of China}}}} {{small\|(to 1933; 1942–49)}}{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of Xinjiang-Shicai.svg}}[[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] provincial government {{small\|(1933–42)}}
	\| branch = [[Guominjun]] {{small\|(1927–34)}}{{-}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of ~~the People's Anti~~-~~Imperialist Association~~.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army {{small\|(1934–42)}}{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=150}}{{-}}{{army\|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{small\|(1942–49}})		\| branch = [[Guominjun]] {{small\|(1927–34)}}{{-}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of Xinjiang-Shicai.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army {{small\|(1934–42)}}{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=150}}{{-}}{{army\|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{small\|(1942–49}})
	\| serviceyears = 1919–49		\| serviceyears = 1919–49
	\| rank = [[National Revolutionary Army#Officers\|General]]		\| rank = [[National Revolutionary Army#Officers\|General]]
	\| commands = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of ~~the People's Anti~~-~~Imperialist Association~~.svg}} Xinjiang Frontier Army{{-}}Anti-Imperialist Army{{-}}NRA 8th War Area{{sfn\|Vandivert\|White\|1943\|p=35}}		\| commands = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of Xinjiang-Shicai.svg}} Xinjiang Frontier Army{{-}}Anti-Imperialist Army{{-}}NRA 8th War Area{{sfn\|Vandivert\|White\|1943\|p=35}}
	\| battles = {{Tree list}}		\| battles = {{Tree list}}
	* [[Northern Expedition]]		* [[Northern Expedition]]

NorthTension at 10:40, 8 June 2024

2024-06-08T10:40:36Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:40, 8 June 2024
Line 38:		Line 38:
	\| alma_mater = [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]		\| alma_mater = [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]
	<!--Military service-->\| nickname = King of Xinjiang		<!--Military service-->\| nickname = King of Xinjiang
	\| allegiance = {{nowrap\|{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|name=Republic of China}}}} {{small\|(to 1933; 1942–49)}}{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of ~~Xinjiang~~-~~Shicai~~.svg}}[[Xinjiang ~~Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] provincial government~~ {{small\|(1933–42)}}		\| allegiance = {{nowrap\|{{flag\|Republic of China (1912–1949)\|name=Republic of China}}}} {{small\|(to 1933; 1942–49)}}{{-}}{{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}}[[Xinjiang clique {{small\|(1933–42)}}
	\| branch = [[Guominjun]] {{small\|(1927–34)}}{{-}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of ~~Xinjiang~~-~~Shicai~~.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army {{small\|(1934–42)}}{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=150}}{{-}}{{army\|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{small\|(1942–49}})		\| branch = [[Guominjun]] {{small\|(1927–34)}}{{-}} {{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} Anti-Imperialist Army {{small\|(1934–42)}}{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=150}}{{-}}{{army\|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{small\|(1942–49}})
	\| serviceyears = 1919–49		\| serviceyears = 1919–49
	\| rank = [[National Revolutionary Army#Officers\|General]]		\| rank = [[National Revolutionary Army#Officers\|General]]
	\| commands = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of ~~Xinjiang~~-~~Shicai~~.svg}} Xinjiang Frontier Army{{-}}Anti-Imperialist Army{{-}}NRA 8th War Area{{sfn\|Vandivert\|White\|1943\|p=35}}		\| commands = {{Flagicon image\|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} Xinjiang Frontier Army{{-}}Anti-Imperialist Army{{-}}NRA 8th War Area{{sfn\|Vandivert\|White\|1943\|p=35}}
	\| battles = {{Tree list}}		\| battles = {{Tree list}}
	* [[Northern Expedition]]		* [[Northern Expedition]]

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:57, 3 July 2024
Line 252:		Line 252:
	As the Germans lost the [[Battle for Stalingrad]] and [[Battle of Kursk]], Sheng tried to return to the pro-Soviet policy. He ordered the arrest of the [[Kuomintang]] personnel, telling [[Joseph Stalin\|Stalin]] that they were Japanese spies, and telling [[Chiang Kai-Shek\|Chiang]] that they were communists. Stalin, however, refused to intervene and left Sheng at the mercy of the [[Nationalist government\|Chinese government]], which engineered his removal from office.{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|pp=36–37}} [[Zhu Shaoliang]] convinced him to resign and accept the post of Minister of Agriculture.{{sfn\|Lattimore\|1950\|p=81}} Sheng officially resigned from his post and was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Forestry on 29 August 1944. He left Xinjiang on 11 September 1944 to join the Chinese government in [[Chongqing]].{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}} The post of Minister of Agriculture under Kuomintang was reserved for men out of power since the post was insignificant with the increasing power of the landlords.{{sfn\|Lattimore\|1950\|p=81}} Chiang signed an order allowing Sheng to recoup the wealth beneath the governor's building. The storehouse contained fifty thousand [[tael]]s of gold, chests full of valuable antelope horns, and endless blocks of opium. In total, Sheng removed 135 truckloads of wealth.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}}		As the Germans lost the [[Battle for Stalingrad]] and [[Battle of Kursk]], Sheng tried to return to the pro-Soviet policy. He ordered the arrest of the [[Kuomintang]] personnel, telling [[Joseph Stalin\|Stalin]] that they were Japanese spies, and telling [[Chiang Kai-Shek\|Chiang]] that they were communists. Stalin, however, refused to intervene and left Sheng at the mercy of the [[Nationalist government\|Chinese government]], which engineered his removal from office.{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|pp=36–37}} [[Zhu Shaoliang]] convinced him to resign and accept the post of Minister of Agriculture.{{sfn\|Lattimore\|1950\|p=81}} Sheng officially resigned from his post and was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Forestry on 29 August 1944. He left Xinjiang on 11 September 1944 to join the Chinese government in [[Chongqing]].{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}} The post of Minister of Agriculture under Kuomintang was reserved for men out of power since the post was insignificant with the increasing power of the landlords.{{sfn\|Lattimore\|1950\|p=81}} Chiang signed an order allowing Sheng to recoup the wealth beneath the governor's building. The storehouse contained fifty thousand [[tael]]s of gold, chests full of valuable antelope horns, and endless blocks of opium. In total, Sheng removed 135 truckloads of wealth.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}}

	Sheng's stay in Chongqing was troublesome. In April 1945, his former Finance Minister Peng Jiyuan was beaten in Ürümqi, and sought refuge with Sheng after his recovery.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}} [[Wu Zhongxin]], his successor in Xinjiang, wrote that Sheng "started to lose his mind in Chongqing" and that in accordance with the tenets of Buddhism and as recompense for his past crimes, he has descended to the lowest depths of hell". At the Sixth Party Congress held in May 1945, ~~a figurehead~~ Uyghur leader [[Masud Sabri]] called for Sheng's head, however, ~~Sheng was~~ defended ~~by Chiang~~.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=381}} Sheng held the ministerial post until 30 July 1945.{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3738}} ~~Sheng~~ later worked as an adviser to [[Hu Zongnan]] in [[Xi'an]].{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=381}}		Sheng's stay in Chongqing was troublesome. In April 1945, his former Finance Minister Peng Jiyuan was beaten in Ürümqi, and sought refuge with Sheng after his recovery.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=380}} [[Wu Zhongxin]], his successor in Xinjiang, wrote that Sheng "started to lose his mind in Chongqing" and that in accordance with the tenets of Buddhism and as recompense for his past crimes, he has descended to the lowest depths of hell". At the Sixth Party Congress held in May 1945, Uyghur leader [[Masud Sabri]] called for Sheng's head, however, Chiang defended Sheng.{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=381}} Sheng held the ministerial post until 30 July 1945,{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3738}} and later worked as an adviser to [[Hu Zongnan]] in [[Xi'an]].{{sfn\|Jacobs\|2011\|p=381}}

	In 1949, Sheng accompanied the [[Kuomintang]] in [[Taiwan]] where he lived in comfortable retirement with his wife and four children.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=537}} Sheng was interviewed by [[Allen S. Whiting]] and wrote his own accounts under the title ''Red failure in Sinkiang'' in ''Sinkiang: pawn or pivot?'', published in 1958.{{sfn\|Whiting\|Sheng\|1958\|p=vi}}		In 1949, Sheng accompanied the [[Kuomintang]] in [[Taiwan]] where he lived in comfortable retirement with his wife and four children.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=537}} Sheng was interviewed by [[Allen S. Whiting]] and wrote his own accounts under the title ''Red failure in Sinkiang'' in ''Sinkiang: pawn or pivot?'', published in 1958.{{sfn\|Whiting\|Sheng\|1958\|p=vi}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:07, 8 June 2024
Line 132:		Line 132:
	In August 1934, Sheng affirmed that the nine duties of his government are to eradicate corruption, to develop economy and culture, to maintain peace by avoiding war, to mobilise all manpower for the cultivation of land, to improve communication facilities, to keep Xinjiang permanently a Chinese province, to fight against imperialism and Fascism and to sustain a close relationship with Soviet Russia, to reconstruct a "New Xinjiang", and to protect the positions and privileges of religious leaders.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=375}}		In August 1934, Sheng affirmed that the nine duties of his government are to eradicate corruption, to develop economy and culture, to maintain peace by avoiding war, to mobilise all manpower for the cultivation of land, to improve communication facilities, to keep Xinjiang permanently a Chinese province, to fight against imperialism and Fascism and to sustain a close relationship with Soviet Russia, to reconstruct a "New Xinjiang", and to protect the positions and privileges of religious leaders.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=375}}

	[[File:Flag of ~~Xinjiang~~-~~Shicai~~ 2.svg\|thumb\|Flag of Xinjiang, based on the flag of the Soviet Union, adopted in 1934]]		[[File:Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg\|thumb\|Flag of Xinjiang, based on the flag of the Soviet Union, adopted in 1934]]

	The dependency of the Sheng regime on the Soviet Union was further highlighted with the publication of the "Six Great Policies" in December 1934.{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|p=33}} The Policies guaranteed his previously enacted "Great Eight-Point Manifesto"{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3735}} and included "anti-imperialism, friendship with the Soviet Union, racial and national equality, clean government, peace and reconstruction".{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3735}}{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|p=33}} Sheng referred to them as "a skillful, vital application of Marxism, [[Leninism]], and [[Stalinism]] in the conditions of the feudal society of economically and culturally backward Xinjiang".{{sfn\|Sheng\|1939}} They served as the ideological basis of Sheng's rule.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=377}} With the proclamation of the Six Great Policies, Sheng adopted a new flag with a six-pointed star to represent these policies.{{sfn\|Brophy\|2016\|p=255}}		The dependency of the Sheng regime on the Soviet Union was further highlighted with the publication of the "Six Great Policies" in December 1934.{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|p=33}} The Policies guaranteed his previously enacted "Great Eight-Point Manifesto"{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3735}} and included "anti-imperialism, friendship with the Soviet Union, racial and national equality, clean government, peace and reconstruction".{{sfn\|Mansfield\|1945\|p=3735}}{{sfn\|Clarke\|2011\|p=33}} Sheng referred to them as "a skillful, vital application of Marxism, [[Leninism]], and [[Stalinism]] in the conditions of the feudal society of economically and culturally backward Xinjiang".{{sfn\|Sheng\|1939}} They served as the ideological basis of Sheng's rule.{{sfn\|Chan\|1983\|p=377}} With the proclamation of the Six Great Policies, Sheng adopted a new flag with a six-pointed star to represent these policies.{{sfn\|Brophy\|2016\|p=255}}