Range safety - Revision history

Ishurio19 at 03:55, 13 October 2024

2024-10-13T03:55:57Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:55, 13 October 2024
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	{{for\|firearm safety\|Shooting range#Common safety practices}}		{{for\|firearm safety\|Shooting range#Common safety practices}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=April 2024}}{{short description\|Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches}}		{{More citations needed\|date=April 2024}}{{short description\|Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches}}
	[[File:NASA STS 51L Challenger FLIR.gif\|thumb\|The flight termination system cracks open the port-side [[solid rocket booster]] of [[Space Shuttle Challenger\|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']], ending its errant flight following the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster\|loss]] of its mothership. This was the first and only time it was ever activated in a NASA-controlled human space-launch.]]		[[File:NASA STS 51L Challenger FLIR.gif\|thumb\|The flight termination system cracks open the port-side [[solid rocket booster]] of [[Space Shuttle Challenger\|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']], ending its errant flight following the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster\|loss of its mothership]]. This was the first and only time it was ever activated in a NASA-controlled human space-launch.]]
	In [[rocket]]ry, '''range safety''' or '''flight safety''' is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of [[missile]]s and [[launch vehicle]]s, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.		In [[rocket]]ry, '''range safety''' or '''flight safety''' is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of [[missile]]s and [[launch vehicle]]s, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.

Ishurio19: /* Range operations */ moved a picture further below

2024-10-12T15:16:05Z

Range operations: moved a picture further below

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:16, 12 October 2024
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	==Range operations==		==Range operations==
	=== Closure of surrounding areas ===		=== Closure of surrounding areas ===
⚫	[[File:GOES G ends Spac0243.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.0\|The [[Delta 3000\|Delta 3914]] rocket carrying the [[GOES-G]] satellite was given the destruct command by the range 91 seconds after launch due to an electrical failure that shut one of the engines down.<ref>{{Citation \|title=Delta 178 GOES-G Launch Failure, May 3, 1986 \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_ayCAyk1OE \|access-date=2023-04-23 \|language=en}}</ref>]]
	Before each launch, the area surrounding the launch pad is evacuated, and notices to [[NOTAM\|aviators]] and [[NOTMAR\|boatsmen]] to avoid certain locations on launch day are given. This facilitates the creation of a [[Exclusion zone\|designated area]] for rockets to launch, called the launch corridor.<ref name=":1">{{Citation \|title=What keeps everyone safe when rockets fail? Why did the failed Falcon 9 rocket land in the ocean? \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KAK64wtMe4 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The borders of the launch corridor are called the destruct lines. The exact coordinates of the launch corridor are dependent on weather and wind directions, and the properties of the launch vehicle and its payload. Launches can be postponed or scrubbed because of a boat, ship or aircraft entering the launch corridor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last=Rice \|first=Tony \|date=2015-07-06 \|title=When good rockets go bad \|url=https://www.rocketstem.org/2015/07/05/when-good-rockets-go-bad/ \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=RocketSTEM \|language=en-US}}</ref>		Before each launch, the area surrounding the launch pad is evacuated, and notices to [[NOTAM\|aviators]] and [[NOTMAR\|boatsmen]] to avoid certain locations on launch day are given. This facilitates the creation of a [[Exclusion zone\|designated area]] for rockets to launch, called the launch corridor.<ref name=":1">{{Citation \|title=What keeps everyone safe when rockets fail? Why did the failed Falcon 9 rocket land in the ocean? \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KAK64wtMe4 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The borders of the launch corridor are called the destruct lines. The exact coordinates of the launch corridor are dependent on weather and wind directions, and the properties of the launch vehicle and its payload. Launches can be postponed or scrubbed because of a boat, ship or aircraft entering the launch corridor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last=Rice \|first=Tony \|date=2015-07-06 \|title=When good rockets go bad \|url=https://www.rocketstem.org/2015/07/05/when-good-rockets-go-bad/ \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=RocketSTEM \|language=en-US}}</ref>

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	==== United States ====		==== United States ====
		⚫	[[File:GOES G ends Spac0243.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.0\|The [[Delta 3000\|Delta 3914]] rocket carrying the [[GOES-G]] satellite, launching from Cape Canaveral, was given the destruct command by the range 91 seconds after launch due to an electrical failure that shut one of the engines down.<ref>{{Citation \|title=Delta 178 GOES-G Launch Failure, May 3, 1986 \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_ayCAyk1OE \|access-date=2023-04-23 \|language=en}}</ref>]]
	In the [[US space program]], range safety is usually the responsibility of a Range Safety Officer (RSO), affiliated with either the civilian space program led by [[NASA]] or the military space program led by the [[United States Department of Defense\|Department of Defense]], through its subordinate unit the [[United States Space Force]]. At [[NASA]], the goal is for the general public to be as safe during range operations as they are in their normal day-to-day activities.<ref>{{cite web \|title=NASA Range Safety Overview \|url=http://kscsma.ksc.nasa.gov/Range_Safety/Overview.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930155455/http://kscsma.ksc.nasa.gov/Range_Safety/Overview.htm \|archive-date=September 30, 2006 \|access-date=August 6, 2008}}</ref> All US launch vehicles are required to be equipped with a flight termination system.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web \|title=14 CFR Appendix D to Part 417 - Flight Termination Systems, Components, Installation, and Monitoring \|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/appendix-D_to_part_417 \|access-date=2023-04-22 \|website=LII / Legal Information Institute \|language=en}}</ref>		In the [[US space program]], range safety is usually the responsibility of a Range Safety Officer (RSO), affiliated with either the civilian space program led by [[NASA]] or the military space program led by the [[United States Department of Defense\|Department of Defense]], through its subordinate unit the [[United States Space Force]]. At [[NASA]], the goal is for the general public to be as safe during range operations as they are in their normal day-to-day activities.<ref>{{cite web \|title=NASA Range Safety Overview \|url=http://kscsma.ksc.nasa.gov/Range_Safety/Overview.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930155455/http://kscsma.ksc.nasa.gov/Range_Safety/Overview.htm \|archive-date=September 30, 2006 \|access-date=August 6, 2008}}</ref> All US launch vehicles are required to be equipped with a flight termination system.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web \|title=14 CFR Appendix D to Part 417 - Flight Termination Systems, Components, Installation, and Monitoring \|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/appendix-D_to_part_417 \|access-date=2023-04-22 \|website=LII / Legal Information Institute \|language=en}}</ref>

Ishurio19 at 17:32, 10 October 2024

2024-10-10T17:32:34Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:32, 10 October 2024
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	{{for\|firearm safety\|Shooting range#Common safety practices}}		{{for\|firearm safety\|Shooting range#Common safety practices}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=April 2024}}{{short description\|Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches}}		{{More citations needed\|date=April 2024}}{{short description\|Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches}}
	[[File:NASA STS 51L Challenger FLIR.gif\|thumb\|The flight termination system ~~neutralizes~~ the port-side [[solid rocket booster]] of [[Space Shuttle Challenger\|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']] ~~after~~ the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster\|loss]] of its mothership. This was the first and only time it was ever activated in a NASA-controlled human space-launch.]]		[[File:NASA STS 51L Challenger FLIR.gif\|thumb\|The flight termination system cracks open the port-side [[solid rocket booster]] of [[Space Shuttle Challenger\|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']], ending its errant flight following the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster\|loss]] of its mothership. This was the first and only time it was ever activated in a NASA-controlled human space-launch.]]
	In [[rocket]]ry, '''range safety''' or '''flight safety''' is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of [[missile]]s and [[launch vehicle]]s, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.		In [[rocket]]ry, '''range safety''' or '''flight safety''' is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of [[missile]]s and [[launch vehicle]]s, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.

Ishurio19 at 04:22, 9 October 2024

2024-10-09T04:22:12Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:22, 9 October 2024
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	{{for\|firearm safety\|Shooting range#Common safety practices}}		{{for\|firearm safety\|Shooting range#Common safety practices}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=April 2024}}{{short description\|Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches}}		{{More citations needed\|date=April 2024}}{{short description\|Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches}}
	[[File:NASA STS 51L Challenger FLIR.gif\|thumb\|The flight termination system neutralizes the port-side solid rocket booster of Space Shuttle Challenger after the loss of its mothership. This was the first and only time it was ever activated in a NASA-controlled human space-launch.]]		[[File:NASA STS 51L Challenger FLIR.gif\|thumb\|The flight termination system neutralizes the port-side [[solid rocket booster]] of [[Space Shuttle Challenger\|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']] after the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster\|loss]] of its mothership. This was the first and only time it was ever activated in a NASA-controlled human space-launch.]]
	In [[rocket]]ry, '''range safety''' or '''flight safety''' is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of [[missile]]s and [[launch vehicle]]s, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.		In [[rocket]]ry, '''range safety''' or '''flight safety''' is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of [[missile]]s and [[launch vehicle]]s, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.

Ishurio19 at 04:20, 9 October 2024

2024-10-09T04:20:23Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:20, 9 October 2024
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	{{for\|firearm safety\|Shooting range#Common safety practices}}		{{for\|firearm safety\|Shooting range#Common safety practices}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=April 2024}}{{short description\|Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches}}		{{More citations needed\|date=April 2024}}{{short description\|Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches}}
	[[File:NASA STS 51L Challenger FLIR.gif\|thumb\|~~Loss~~ of ~~NASA~~ ~~space-shuttle~~ ~~''Challenger''~~ ~~and subsequent~~ ~~self~~-~~destruction~~ of ~~the~~ ~~left~~ ~~and~~ ~~right~~ ~~solid-rocket~~ ~~boosters~~ ~~via~~ ~~RSS~~ ~~radio~~ ~~command;~~ the first and only time ever activated in a NASA-controlled human space-launch.]]		[[File:NASA STS 51L Challenger FLIR.gif\|thumb\|The flight termination system neutralizes the port-side solid rocket booster of Space Shuttle Challenger after the loss of its mothership. This was the first and only time it was ever activated in a NASA-controlled human space-launch.]]
	In [[rocket]]ry, '''range safety''' or '''flight safety''' is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of [[missile]]s and [[launch vehicle]]s, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.		In [[rocket]]ry, '''range safety''' or '''flight safety''' is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of [[missile]]s and [[launch vehicle]]s, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.

Roboutique at 16:07, 6 September 2024

2024-09-06T16:07:37Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:07, 6 September 2024
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	{{for\|firearm safety\|Shooting range#Common safety practices}}		{{for\|firearm safety\|Shooting range#Common safety practices}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=April 2024}}{{short description\|Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches}}		{{More citations needed\|date=April 2024}}{{short description\|Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches}}
			[[File:NASA STS 51L Challenger FLIR.gif\|thumb\|Loss of NASA space-shuttle ''Challenger'' and subsequent self-destruction of the left and right solid-rocket boosters via RSS radio command; the first and only time ever activated in a NASA-controlled human space-launch.]]
⚫	[[File:GOES G ends Spac0243.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.0\|The [[Delta 3000\|Delta 3914]] rocket carrying the [[GOES-G]] satellite was given the destruct command by the range 91 seconds after launch due to an electrical failure that shut one of the engines down.<ref>{{Citation \|title=Delta 178 GOES-G Launch Failure, May 3, 1986 \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_ayCAyk1OE \|access-date=2023-04-23 \|language=en}}</ref>]]In [[rocket]]ry, '''range safety''' or '''flight safety''' is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of [[missile]]s and [[launch vehicle]]s, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.
			In [[rocket]]ry, '''range safety''' or '''flight safety''' is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of [[missile]]s and [[launch vehicle]]s, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.

	Governments maintain many regulations on launch vehicles and associated ground systems, prescribing the procedures that need to be followed by any entity aiming to launch into space. Areas in which one or more [[spaceport]]s are operated, or ranges, issue out closely guarded [[exclusion zone]]s for air and sea traffic prior to launch, and close off certain areas to the public.		Governments maintain many regulations on launch vehicles and associated ground systems, prescribing the procedures that need to be followed by any entity aiming to launch into space. Areas in which one or more [[spaceport]]s are operated, or ranges, issue out closely guarded [[exclusion zone]]s for air and sea traffic prior to launch, and close off certain areas to the public.
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	==Range operations==		==Range operations==
	=== Closure of surrounding areas ===		=== Closure of surrounding areas ===
		⚫	[[File:GOES G ends Spac0243.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.0\|The [[Delta 3000\|Delta 3914]] rocket carrying the [[GOES-G]] satellite was given the destruct command by the range 91 seconds after launch due to an electrical failure that shut one of the engines down.<ref>{{Citation \|title=Delta 178 GOES-G Launch Failure, May 3, 1986 \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_ayCAyk1OE \|access-date=2023-04-23 \|language=en}}</ref>]]
	Before each launch, the area surrounding the launch pad is evacuated, and notices to [[NOTAM\|aviators]] and [[NOTMAR\|boatsmen]] to avoid certain locations on launch day are given. This facilitates the creation of a [[Exclusion zone\|designated area]] for rockets to launch, called the launch corridor.<ref name=":1">{{Citation \|title=What keeps everyone safe when rockets fail? Why did the failed Falcon 9 rocket land in the ocean? \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KAK64wtMe4 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The borders of the launch corridor are called the destruct lines. The exact coordinates of the launch corridor are dependent on weather and wind directions, and the properties of the launch vehicle and its payload. Launches can be postponed or scrubbed because of a boat, ship or aircraft entering the launch corridor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last=Rice \|first=Tony \|date=2015-07-06 \|title=When good rockets go bad \|url=https://www.rocketstem.org/2015/07/05/when-good-rockets-go-bad/ \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=RocketSTEM \|language=en-US}}</ref>		Before each launch, the area surrounding the launch pad is evacuated, and notices to [[NOTAM\|aviators]] and [[NOTMAR\|boatsmen]] to avoid certain locations on launch day are given. This facilitates the creation of a [[Exclusion zone\|designated area]] for rockets to launch, called the launch corridor.<ref name=":1">{{Citation \|title=What keeps everyone safe when rockets fail? Why did the failed Falcon 9 rocket land in the ocean? \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KAK64wtMe4 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The borders of the launch corridor are called the destruct lines. The exact coordinates of the launch corridor are dependent on weather and wind directions, and the properties of the launch vehicle and its payload. Launches can be postponed or scrubbed because of a boat, ship or aircraft entering the launch corridor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last=Rice \|first=Tony \|date=2015-07-06 \|title=When good rockets go bad \|url=https://www.rocketstem.org/2015/07/05/when-good-rockets-go-bad/ \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=RocketSTEM \|language=en-US}}</ref>

Raininshadows: Added the Sky Pioneer static fire test that went flying into a mountain to the China section, since that's something range safety would normally handle. Also fixed a couple citations so MediaWiki would stop bugging me about CS1 Maint Message during the previews.

2024-08-24T07:07:29Z

Added the Sky Pioneer static fire test that went flying into a mountain to the China section, since that's something range safety would normally handle. Also fixed a couple citations so MediaWiki would stop bugging me about CS1 Maint Message during the previews.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:07, 24 August 2024
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	==== China ====		==== China ====
	It is unknown if China implements safety and contingency assessments surrounding rocket launches and if a flight termination system is installed in each of the country's launch vehicles.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web \|last=Lloyd \|first=James \|date=5 December 2005 \|title=A Tale of Two Failures… the difference between a "Bad Day" and a "Nightmare" \|url=https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2005-12-01-deltaii7925-1997-andchineselongmarchcz3b-1996-vits.pdf \|website=[[NASA]] Office of Safety and Mission Assurance}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web \|date=2023-10-01 \|title=Termination shock \|url=https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/features/termination-shock/ \|access-date=2023-11-18 \|website=Aerospace America \|language=en-US}}</ref> The country is known for leaving rocket parts to fall back to Earth in an uncontrolled trajectory.<ref>{{Cite web \|~~last~~=Maxouris \|~~first~~=Sharif Paget,Christina \|date=2022-07-30 \|title=Remnants of an uncontrolled Chinese rocket reentered the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean, US Space Command says \|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/30/world/china-rocket-debris-enters-atmosphere/index.html \|access-date=2023-04-30 \|website=CNN \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Wattles \|first=Jackie \|date=2021-05-09 \|title=NASA criticizes China's handling of rocket re-entry as debris lands near Maldives \|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/08/app-international-edition/china-space-debris-long-march-rocket-reentry-scn/index.html \|access-date=2023-04-30 \|website=CNN \|language=en}}</ref> In [[Intelsat 708\|one case]], a launch vehicle crashed into a village near [[Xichang Satellite Launch Center]] after veering off course, killing at least six persons.<ref name=":14" /> From the early 2020s, the [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation\|China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)]] started developing and implementing methods to prevent uncontrolled reentries of their [[Long March (rocket family)\|Long March]] rocket boosters, most prominently by the use of [[Parachute\|parachutes]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Jones \|first=Andrew \|date=2023-03-29 \|title=China plans to use parachutes to control its rocket debris problem \|url=https://www.space.com/china-parachutes-control-rocket-debris-problem \|access-date=2024-01-05 \|website=Space.com \|language=en}}</ref>		It is unknown if China implements safety and contingency assessments surrounding rocket launches and if a flight termination system is installed in each of the country's launch vehicles.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web \|last=Lloyd \|first=James \|date=5 December 2005 \|title=A Tale of Two Failures… the difference between a "Bad Day" and a "Nightmare" \|url=https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2005-12-01-deltaii7925-1997-andchineselongmarchcz3b-1996-vits.pdf \|website=[[NASA]] Office of Safety and Mission Assurance}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web \|date=2023-10-01 \|title=Termination shock \|url=https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/features/termination-shock/ \|access-date=2023-11-18 \|website=Aerospace America \|language=en-US}}</ref> The country is known for leaving rocket parts to fall back to Earth in an uncontrolled trajectory.<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Maxouris \|first1=Sharif \|last2=Paget \|first2=Christina \|date=2022-07-30 \|title=Remnants of an uncontrolled Chinese rocket reentered the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean, US Space Command says \|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/30/world/china-rocket-debris-enters-atmosphere/index.html \|access-date=2023-04-30 \|website=CNN \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Wattles \|first=Jackie \|date=2021-05-09 \|title=NASA criticizes China's handling of rocket re-entry as debris lands near Maldives \|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/08/app-international-edition/china-space-debris-long-march-rocket-reentry-scn/index.html \|access-date=2023-04-30 \|website=CNN \|language=en}}</ref> In [[Intelsat 708\|one case]], a launch vehicle crashed into a village near [[Xichang Satellite Launch Center]] after veering off course, killing at least six persons.<ref name=":14" /> In 2024, the private company [[Space Pioneer]] unintentionally launched one of their [[Tianlong-3]] rockets during a test; it crashed in the mountains 1.5 kilometers (0.9 miles) away from the test site in [[Gongyi]], China.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-01/chinese-rocket-launch-test-failure/104042500 \|title="Rocket test ends in fiery explosion after Chinese private-sector space company loses control of new 'Sky Dragon 3' rocket" \|website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation \|date=July 1, 2024 \|access-date=August 23, 2024 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701050249/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-01/chinese-rocket-launch-test-failure/104042500 \|archive-date=July 1, 2024 \|language=en-au }}</ref> From the early 2020s, the [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation\|China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)]] started developing and implementing methods to prevent uncontrolled reentries of their [[Long March (rocket family)\|Long March]] rocket boosters, most prominently by the use of [[Parachute\|parachutes]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Jones \|first=Andrew \|date=2023-03-29 \|title=China plans to use parachutes to control its rocket debris problem \|url=https://www.space.com/china-parachutes-control-rocket-debris-problem \|access-date=2024-01-05 \|website=Space.com \|language=en}}</ref>

	==== Japan ====		==== Japan ====
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	In most cases, it is preferred that a malfunctioning launch vehicle is fully neutralized at altitude.<ref name=":7" /> A rocket is destroyed during flight to prevent it from leaving the launch corridor or continue an otherwise errant flight. The resulting destruction is required to scatter rocket parts over a small area, ensuring the majority of the parts stay within the launch corridor and are able to cause as little damage or injuries as possible. Additionally, it has to combust and disperse its propellant far above the ground in a manner that is as controlled as possible.<ref name=":7" /> This is done by detonating [[high explosives]], usually linear [[Shaped charge\|shaped charges]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=April 30, 2023 \|title=How To Destroy Wayward Rockets - Flight Termination Systems Explained \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yekMWWcpfOA&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> in specific areas of the rocket, which initiates [[Structural integrity and failure\|structural failure]] and renders the vehicle aerodynamically unstable.<ref name=":8" />		In most cases, it is preferred that a malfunctioning launch vehicle is fully neutralized at altitude.<ref name=":7" /> A rocket is destroyed during flight to prevent it from leaving the launch corridor or continue an otherwise errant flight. The resulting destruction is required to scatter rocket parts over a small area, ensuring the majority of the parts stay within the launch corridor and are able to cause as little damage or injuries as possible. Additionally, it has to combust and disperse its propellant far above the ground in a manner that is as controlled as possible.<ref name=":7" /> This is done by detonating [[high explosives]], usually linear [[Shaped charge\|shaped charges]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=April 30, 2023 \|title=How To Destroy Wayward Rockets - Flight Termination Systems Explained \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yekMWWcpfOA&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> in specific areas of the rocket, which initiates [[Structural integrity and failure\|structural failure]] and renders the vehicle aerodynamically unstable.<ref name=":8" />
	[[File:FTS charges on a Falcon 9 rocket.jpg\|thumb\|242x242px\|Linear shaped charges<ref name=":13">{{Cite web \|last=Berger \|first=Brian \|date=2010-04-12 \|title=Flight Termination System Testing Drives Falcon 9 Schedule \|url=https://spacenews.com/flight-termination-system-testing-drives-falcon-9-schedule/ \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=SpaceNews \|language=en-US}}</ref> mounted on a [[Falcon 9]] rocket]]		[[File:FTS charges on a Falcon 9 rocket.jpg\|thumb\|242x242px\|Linear shaped charges<ref name=":13">{{Cite web \|last=Berger \|first=Brian \|date=2010-04-12 \|title=Flight Termination System Testing Drives Falcon 9 Schedule \|url=https://spacenews.com/flight-termination-system-testing-drives-falcon-9-schedule/ \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=SpaceNews \|language=en-US}}</ref> mounted on a [[Falcon 9]] rocket]]
	On [[Liquid-propellant rocket\|liquid-fueled rockets]],<ref name=":16">{{Cite web \|last=Space Exploration Technologies Corp. \|date=14 September 2017 \|title=How Not to Land an Orbital Rocket Booster \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvim4rsNHkQ&ab_channel=SpaceX \|website=YouTube ~~\|postscript=.~~ Example of flight termination shown from timestamps 0:16 to 0:24 (excluding aftermath).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=3 September 2021 \|title=Reaver Causes Destruction of FireFly \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erXrnvyuhJs&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> the propellant tanks are cut open to spill out their contents.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":8" /> The rocket's engines are usually also destroyed or disabled.<ref name=":13" /> On rockets containing [[hypergolic propellant]]s, the intertank section or the common bulkhead of the rocket's tanks is ruptured to ensure the toxic propellants mix and combust as much as possible when flight is terminated. On rockets fueled by [[cryogenic propellant]]s, the tanks are perforated from the side to prevent excessive mixing and combustion of propellants,<ref name=":8">{{Citation \|title=Flight Termination System \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keoVUz-PIi4 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|language=en}}</ref> as an FTS is not allowed to [[Detonation\|detonate]] propellants and cause a violent explosion.<ref name=":5" />		On [[Liquid-propellant rocket\|liquid-fueled rockets]],<ref name=":16">{{Cite web \|last=Space Exploration Technologies Corp. \|date=14 September 2017 \|title=How Not to Land an Orbital Rocket Booster \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvim4rsNHkQ&ab_channel=SpaceX \|website=YouTube Example of flight termination shown from timestamps 0:16 to 0:24 (excluding aftermath).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=3 September 2021 \|title=Reaver Causes Destruction of FireFly \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erXrnvyuhJs&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> the propellant tanks are cut open to spill out their contents.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":8" /> The rocket's engines are usually also destroyed or disabled.<ref name=":13" /> On rockets containing [[hypergolic propellant]]s, the intertank section or the common bulkhead of the rocket's tanks is ruptured to ensure the toxic propellants mix and combust as much as possible when flight is terminated. On rockets fueled by [[cryogenic propellant]]s, the tanks are perforated from the side to prevent excessive mixing and combustion of propellants,<ref name=":8">{{Citation \|title=Flight Termination System \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keoVUz-PIi4 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|language=en}}</ref> as an FTS is not allowed to [[Detonation\|detonate]] propellants and cause a violent explosion.<ref name=":5" />

	[[Solid-fuel rocket]]s<ref>{{Citation \|title=DELTA II ROCKET EXPLODES AFTER LIFTOFF! \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_aHEit-SqA \|access-date=2023-08-05 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web \|last=Cape Canaveral Space Force Museum \|date=20 February 2021 \|title=Space Shuttle Challenger Accident Investigation, Photo and TV Analysis Team Report (1987) \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JlSfB32sJo&ab_channel=CapeCanaveralSpaceForceMuseum \|website=YouTube ~~\|postscript=.~~ Termination of SRBs is shown and discussed from timestamps 19:37 to 19:55 in the video.}}</ref> cannot have their engines shut down, but splitting them open terminates thrust even though the propellant will continue to burn, as the explosive charges break the rocket and its fuel into pieces. In some cases, only the nosecone or top section of the solid propellant case might be removed from a solid rocket, with the risk that the remainder of the rocket explodes violently and cause injuries or damage upon impact with the ground or water.<ref name=":7" />		[[Solid-fuel rocket]]s<ref>{{Citation \|title=DELTA II ROCKET EXPLODES AFTER LIFTOFF! \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_aHEit-SqA \|access-date=2023-08-05 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web \|last=Cape Canaveral Space Force Museum \|date=20 February 2021 \|title=Space Shuttle Challenger Accident Investigation, Photo and TV Analysis Team Report (1987) \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JlSfB32sJo&ab_channel=CapeCanaveralSpaceForceMuseum \|website=YouTube Termination of SRBs is shown and discussed from timestamps 19:37 to 19:55 in the video.}}</ref> cannot have their engines shut down, but splitting them open terminates thrust even though the propellant will continue to burn, as the explosive charges break the rocket and its fuel into pieces. In some cases, only the nosecone or top section of the solid propellant case might be removed from a solid rocket, with the risk that the remainder of the rocket explodes violently and cause injuries or damage upon impact with the ground or water.<ref name=":7" />

	=== Thrust termination ===		=== Thrust termination ===

Ishurio19 at 13:12, 9 June 2024

2024-06-09T13:12:07Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:12, 9 June 2024
Line 24:		Line 24:
	Range safety has been practiced since the early launch attempts conducted from Cape Canaveral in 1950. Space vehicles for sub-orbital and orbital flights from the Eastern and Western Test Ranges were destroyed if they endangered populated areas by crossing pre-determined destruct lines encompassing the safe flight launch corridor.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2023}} After initial lift-off, flight information is captured with [[X band\|X-]] and [[C band (IEEE)\|C-band]] radars, and [[S band\|S-Band]] telemetry receivers from vehicle-borne transmitters.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2023}} At the Eastern Test Range, S and C-Band antennas were located in the Bahamas and as far as the island of Antigua, after which the space vehicle finished its propulsion stages or is in orbit.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2023}} Two switches were used, ''arm'' and ''destruct''. The ''arm'' switch shut down propulsion for liquid propelled vehicles, and the ''destruct'' ignited the [[primacord]] surrounding the fuel tanks.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2023}}		Range safety has been practiced since the early launch attempts conducted from Cape Canaveral in 1950. Space vehicles for sub-orbital and orbital flights from the Eastern and Western Test Ranges were destroyed if they endangered populated areas by crossing pre-determined destruct lines encompassing the safe flight launch corridor.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2023}} After initial lift-off, flight information is captured with [[X band\|X-]] and [[C band (IEEE)\|C-band]] radars, and [[S band\|S-Band]] telemetry receivers from vehicle-borne transmitters.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2023}} At the Eastern Test Range, S and C-Band antennas were located in the Bahamas and as far as the island of Antigua, after which the space vehicle finished its propulsion stages or is in orbit.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2023}} Two switches were used, ''arm'' and ''destruct''. The ''arm'' switch shut down propulsion for liquid propelled vehicles, and the ''destruct'' ignited the [[primacord]] surrounding the fuel tanks.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2023}}

	As of ~~2023,~~ a ~~total~~ of 34 US ~~orbital~~ ~~launch~~ ~~attempts~~ ~~have~~ ~~been~~ ~~terminated~~,{{~~Citation~~ ~~needed~~\|date=~~November~~ ~~2023~~}} ~~the~~ ~~first~~ ~~being~~ ~~[[Vanguard~~ TV-~~3BU]]~~ in ~~1958~~ ~~and~~ the most recent ~~being~~ the ~~[[SpaceX~~ ~~Starship~~ ~~second~~ ~~integrated~~ ~~flight~~ ~~test\|Starship~~ ~~integrated~~ ~~flight~~ ~~test~~ of ~~November~~ ~~18,~~ 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=SpaceX \|title=Starship's Second Flight Test \|url=https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-2 \|access-date=2023-11-21}}</ref>		The [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]] saw around 450 failed launches of missiles and rockets (of around 3400 total) between 1950 and 1998,<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytaEtl2Nka4 \|title=Launch Mishaps - Early Rocket Failures at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station \|date=2020-06-14 \|last=American Space Museum \|access-date=2024-06-09 \|via=YouTube}}</ref> with an unknown amount of flights ending by intervention of onboard or ground-based safety mechanisms. As of June 2024, the most recent activation of the flight termination system on a US rocket was during [[Starship IFT-2]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=SpaceX \|title=Starship's Second Flight Test \|url=https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-2 \|access-date=2023-11-21}}</ref>

	===== Eastern and Western Ranges =====		===== Eastern and Western Ranges =====

Ishurio19: /* Controlled breakup */

2024-05-30T12:57:49Z

Controlled breakup

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:57, 30 May 2024
Line 81:		Line 81:
	In most cases, it is preferred that a malfunctioning launch vehicle is fully neutralized at altitude.<ref name=":7" /> A rocket is destroyed during flight to prevent it from leaving the launch corridor or continue an otherwise errant flight. The resulting destruction is required to scatter rocket parts over a small area, ensuring the majority of the parts stay within the launch corridor and are able to cause as little damage or injuries as possible. Additionally, it has to combust and disperse its propellant far above the ground in a manner that is as controlled as possible.<ref name=":7" /> This is done by detonating [[high explosives]], usually linear [[Shaped charge\|shaped charges]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=April 30, 2023 \|title=How To Destroy Wayward Rockets - Flight Termination Systems Explained \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yekMWWcpfOA&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> in specific areas of the rocket, which initiates [[Structural integrity and failure\|structural failure]] and renders the vehicle aerodynamically unstable.<ref name=":8" />		In most cases, it is preferred that a malfunctioning launch vehicle is fully neutralized at altitude.<ref name=":7" /> A rocket is destroyed during flight to prevent it from leaving the launch corridor or continue an otherwise errant flight. The resulting destruction is required to scatter rocket parts over a small area, ensuring the majority of the parts stay within the launch corridor and are able to cause as little damage or injuries as possible. Additionally, it has to combust and disperse its propellant far above the ground in a manner that is as controlled as possible.<ref name=":7" /> This is done by detonating [[high explosives]], usually linear [[Shaped charge\|shaped charges]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=April 30, 2023 \|title=How To Destroy Wayward Rockets - Flight Termination Systems Explained \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yekMWWcpfOA&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> in specific areas of the rocket, which initiates [[Structural integrity and failure\|structural failure]] and renders the vehicle aerodynamically unstable.<ref name=":8" />
	[[File:FTS charges on a Falcon 9 rocket.jpg\|thumb\|242x242px\|Linear shaped charges<ref name=":13">{{Cite web \|last=Berger \|first=Brian \|date=2010-04-12 \|title=Flight Termination System Testing Drives Falcon 9 Schedule \|url=https://spacenews.com/flight-termination-system-testing-drives-falcon-9-schedule/ \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=SpaceNews \|language=en-US}}</ref> mounted on a [[Falcon 9]] rocket]]		[[File:FTS charges on a Falcon 9 rocket.jpg\|thumb\|242x242px\|Linear shaped charges<ref name=":13">{{Cite web \|last=Berger \|first=Brian \|date=2010-04-12 \|title=Flight Termination System Testing Drives Falcon 9 Schedule \|url=https://spacenews.com/flight-termination-system-testing-drives-falcon-9-schedule/ \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=SpaceNews \|language=en-US}}</ref> mounted on a [[Falcon 9]] rocket]]
	On [[Liquid-propellant rocket\|liquid-fueled rockets]],<ref name=":16">{{Cite web \|last=Space Exploration Technologies ~~Corporation~~ \|date=14 September 2017 \|title=How Not to Land an Orbital Rocket Booster \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvim4rsNHkQ&ab_channel=SpaceX \|website=YouTube \|postscript=. Example of flight termination shown from timestamps 0:16 to 0:24 (excluding aftermath).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=3 September 2021 \|title=Reaver Causes Destruction of FireFly \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erXrnvyuhJs&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> the propellant tanks are cut open to spill out their contents.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":8" /> The rocket's engines are usually also destroyed or disabled.<ref name=":13" /> On rockets containing [[hypergolic propellant]]s, the intertank section or the common bulkhead of the rocket's tanks is ruptured to ensure the toxic propellants mix and combust as much as possible when flight is terminated. On rockets fueled by [[cryogenic propellant]]s, the tanks are perforated from the side to prevent excessive mixing and combustion of propellants,<ref name=":8">{{Citation \|title=Flight Termination System \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keoVUz-PIi4 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|language=en}}</ref> as an FTS is not allowed to [[Detonation\|detonate]] propellants and cause a violent explosion.<ref name=":5" />		On [[Liquid-propellant rocket\|liquid-fueled rockets]],<ref name=":16">{{Cite web \|last=Space Exploration Technologies Corp. \|date=14 September 2017 \|title=How Not to Land an Orbital Rocket Booster \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvim4rsNHkQ&ab_channel=SpaceX \|website=YouTube \|postscript=. Example of flight termination shown from timestamps 0:16 to 0:24 (excluding aftermath).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=3 September 2021 \|title=Reaver Causes Destruction of FireFly \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erXrnvyuhJs&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> the propellant tanks are cut open to spill out their contents.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":8" /> The rocket's engines are usually also destroyed or disabled.<ref name=":13" /> On rockets containing [[hypergolic propellant]]s, the intertank section or the common bulkhead of the rocket's tanks is ruptured to ensure the toxic propellants mix and combust as much as possible when flight is terminated. On rockets fueled by [[cryogenic propellant]]s, the tanks are perforated from the side to prevent excessive mixing and combustion of propellants,<ref name=":8">{{Citation \|title=Flight Termination System \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keoVUz-PIi4 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|language=en}}</ref> as an FTS is not allowed to [[Detonation\|detonate]] propellants and cause a violent explosion.<ref name=":5" />

	[[Solid-fuel rocket]]s<ref>{{Citation \|title=DELTA II ROCKET EXPLODES AFTER LIFTOFF! \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_aHEit-SqA \|access-date=2023-08-05 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web \|last=Cape Canaveral Space Force Museum \|date=20 February 2021 \|title=Space Shuttle Challenger Accident Investigation, Photo and TV Analysis Team Report (1987) \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JlSfB32sJo&ab_channel=CapeCanaveralSpaceForceMuseum \|website=YouTube \|postscript=. Termination of SRBs is shown and discussed from timestamps 19:37 to 19:55 in the video.}}</ref> cannot have their engines shut down, but splitting them open terminates thrust even though the propellant will continue to burn, as the explosive charges break the rocket and its fuel into pieces. In some cases, only the nosecone or top section of the solid propellant case might be removed from a solid rocket, with the risk that the remainder of the rocket explodes violently and cause injuries or damage upon impact with the ground or water.<ref name=":7" />		[[Solid-fuel rocket]]s<ref>{{Citation \|title=DELTA II ROCKET EXPLODES AFTER LIFTOFF! \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_aHEit-SqA \|access-date=2023-08-05 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web \|last=Cape Canaveral Space Force Museum \|date=20 February 2021 \|title=Space Shuttle Challenger Accident Investigation, Photo and TV Analysis Team Report (1987) \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JlSfB32sJo&ab_channel=CapeCanaveralSpaceForceMuseum \|website=YouTube \|postscript=. Termination of SRBs is shown and discussed from timestamps 19:37 to 19:55 in the video.}}</ref> cannot have their engines shut down, but splitting them open terminates thrust even though the propellant will continue to burn, as the explosive charges break the rocket and its fuel into pieces. In some cases, only the nosecone or top section of the solid propellant case might be removed from a solid rocket, with the risk that the remainder of the rocket explodes violently and cause injuries or damage upon impact with the ground or water.<ref name=":7" />

Ishurio19 at 07:05, 9 May 2024

2024-05-09T07:05:38Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:05, 9 May 2024
Line 86:		Line 86:

	=== Thrust termination ===		=== Thrust termination ===
	In some cases involving liquid-fueled rockets, shutting down the engines<ref>{{Cite web \|last=VideoFromSpace \|date=29 August 2021 \|title=Astra rocket suffers anomaly during orbital launch attempt \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfjO7VCyjPM&ab_channel=VideoFromSpace \|website=YouTube}}</ref> is sufficient to ensure flight safety.<ref name=":7" /> In those cases, full destruction of the vehicle is not necessary as it will be destroyed during reentry or on impact in an empty spot in the ocean. The FTS instead commands either the valves of the propellant and oxidizer lines to close, or explosives (such as [[Pyrotechnic valves\|pyrovalves]]) to sever the fuel lines, rendering the vehicle unable to use its engines and ensuring it stays on a safe trajectory. The vehicle then may be destroyed<ref>{{Cite web \|last=VideoFromSpace \|date=19 January 2020 \|title=Watch SpaceX rocket blow up during abort test \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUT8At4UM30&ab_channel=VideoFromSpace \|website=YouTube}}</ref> by ~~the~~ tanks colliding and cracking.<ref name=":7" /> This method was first proposed for the [[Titan IIIM\|Titan III-M]] launch vehicle, which would have been used in the [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] program.<ref name="v1ch9" />		In some cases involving liquid-fueled rockets, shutting down the engines<ref>{{Cite web \|last=VideoFromSpace \|date=29 August 2021 \|title=Astra rocket suffers anomaly during orbital launch attempt \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfjO7VCyjPM&ab_channel=VideoFromSpace \|website=YouTube}}</ref> is sufficient to ensure flight safety.<ref name=":7" /> In those cases, full destruction of the vehicle is not necessary as it will be destroyed during reentry or on impact in an empty spot in the ocean. The FTS instead commands either the valves of the propellant and oxidizer lines to close, or explosives (such as [[Pyrotechnic valves\|pyrovalves]]) to sever the fuel lines, rendering the vehicle unable to use its engines and ensuring it stays on a safe trajectory. The vehicle then may be destroyed<ref>{{Cite web \|last=VideoFromSpace \|date=19 January 2020 \|title=Watch SpaceX rocket blow up during abort test \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUT8At4UM30&ab_channel=VideoFromSpace \|website=YouTube}}</ref> by its tanks colliding and cracking.<ref name=":7" /> This method was first proposed for the [[Titan IIIM\|Titan III-M]] launch vehicle, which would have been used in the [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] program.<ref name="v1ch9" />

	== Autonomous flight safety ==		== Autonomous flight safety ==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:57, 30 May 2024
Line 81:		Line 81:
	In most cases, it is preferred that a malfunctioning launch vehicle is fully neutralized at altitude.<ref name=":7" /> A rocket is destroyed during flight to prevent it from leaving the launch corridor or continue an otherwise errant flight. The resulting destruction is required to scatter rocket parts over a small area, ensuring the majority of the parts stay within the launch corridor and are able to cause as little damage or injuries as possible. Additionally, it has to combust and disperse its propellant far above the ground in a manner that is as controlled as possible.<ref name=":7" /> This is done by detonating [[high explosives]], usually linear [[Shaped charge\|shaped charges]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=April 30, 2023 \|title=How To Destroy Wayward Rockets - Flight Termination Systems Explained \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yekMWWcpfOA&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> in specific areas of the rocket, which initiates [[Structural integrity and failure\|structural failure]] and renders the vehicle aerodynamically unstable.<ref name=":8" />		In most cases, it is preferred that a malfunctioning launch vehicle is fully neutralized at altitude.<ref name=":7" /> A rocket is destroyed during flight to prevent it from leaving the launch corridor or continue an otherwise errant flight. The resulting destruction is required to scatter rocket parts over a small area, ensuring the majority of the parts stay within the launch corridor and are able to cause as little damage or injuries as possible. Additionally, it has to combust and disperse its propellant far above the ground in a manner that is as controlled as possible.<ref name=":7" /> This is done by detonating [[high explosives]], usually linear [[Shaped charge\|shaped charges]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=April 30, 2023 \|title=How To Destroy Wayward Rockets - Flight Termination Systems Explained \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yekMWWcpfOA&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> in specific areas of the rocket, which initiates [[Structural integrity and failure\|structural failure]] and renders the vehicle aerodynamically unstable.<ref name=":8" />
	[[File:FTS charges on a Falcon 9 rocket.jpg\|thumb\|242x242px\|Linear shaped charges<ref name=":13">{{Cite web \|last=Berger \|first=Brian \|date=2010-04-12 \|title=Flight Termination System Testing Drives Falcon 9 Schedule \|url=https://spacenews.com/flight-termination-system-testing-drives-falcon-9-schedule/ \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=SpaceNews \|language=en-US}}</ref> mounted on a [[Falcon 9]] rocket]]		[[File:FTS charges on a Falcon 9 rocket.jpg\|thumb\|242x242px\|Linear shaped charges<ref name=":13">{{Cite web \|last=Berger \|first=Brian \|date=2010-04-12 \|title=Flight Termination System Testing Drives Falcon 9 Schedule \|url=https://spacenews.com/flight-termination-system-testing-drives-falcon-9-schedule/ \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=SpaceNews \|language=en-US}}</ref> mounted on a [[Falcon 9]] rocket]]
	On [[Liquid-propellant rocket\|liquid-fueled rockets]],<ref name=":16">{{Cite web \|last=Space Exploration Technologies ~~Corporation~~ \|date=14 September 2017 \|title=How Not to Land an Orbital Rocket Booster \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvim4rsNHkQ&ab_channel=SpaceX \|website=YouTube \|postscript=. Example of flight termination shown from timestamps 0:16 to 0:24 (excluding aftermath).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=3 September 2021 \|title=Reaver Causes Destruction of FireFly \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erXrnvyuhJs&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> the propellant tanks are cut open to spill out their contents.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":8" /> The rocket's engines are usually also destroyed or disabled.<ref name=":13" /> On rockets containing [[hypergolic propellant]]s, the intertank section or the common bulkhead of the rocket's tanks is ruptured to ensure the toxic propellants mix and combust as much as possible when flight is terminated. On rockets fueled by [[cryogenic propellant]]s, the tanks are perforated from the side to prevent excessive mixing and combustion of propellants,<ref name=":8">{{Citation \|title=Flight Termination System \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keoVUz-PIi4 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|language=en}}</ref> as an FTS is not allowed to [[Detonation\|detonate]] propellants and cause a violent explosion.<ref name=":5" />		On [[Liquid-propellant rocket\|liquid-fueled rockets]],<ref name=":16">{{Cite web \|last=Space Exploration Technologies Corp. \|date=14 September 2017 \|title=How Not to Land an Orbital Rocket Booster \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvim4rsNHkQ&ab_channel=SpaceX \|website=YouTube \|postscript=. Example of flight termination shown from timestamps 0:16 to 0:24 (excluding aftermath).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Manley \|first=Scott \|date=3 September 2021 \|title=Reaver Causes Destruction of FireFly \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erXrnvyuhJs&ab_channel=ScottManley \|website=YouTube}}</ref> the propellant tanks are cut open to spill out their contents.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":8" /> The rocket's engines are usually also destroyed or disabled.<ref name=":13" /> On rockets containing [[hypergolic propellant]]s, the intertank section or the common bulkhead of the rocket's tanks is ruptured to ensure the toxic propellants mix and combust as much as possible when flight is terminated. On rockets fueled by [[cryogenic propellant]]s, the tanks are perforated from the side to prevent excessive mixing and combustion of propellants,<ref name=":8">{{Citation \|title=Flight Termination System \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keoVUz-PIi4 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|language=en}}</ref> as an FTS is not allowed to [[Detonation\|detonate]] propellants and cause a violent explosion.<ref name=":5" />

	[[Solid-fuel rocket]]s<ref>{{Citation \|title=DELTA II ROCKET EXPLODES AFTER LIFTOFF! \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_aHEit-SqA \|access-date=2023-08-05 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web \|last=Cape Canaveral Space Force Museum \|date=20 February 2021 \|title=Space Shuttle Challenger Accident Investigation, Photo and TV Analysis Team Report (1987) \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JlSfB32sJo&ab_channel=CapeCanaveralSpaceForceMuseum \|website=YouTube \|postscript=. Termination of SRBs is shown and discussed from timestamps 19:37 to 19:55 in the video.}}</ref> cannot have their engines shut down, but splitting them open terminates thrust even though the propellant will continue to burn, as the explosive charges break the rocket and its fuel into pieces. In some cases, only the nosecone or top section of the solid propellant case might be removed from a solid rocket, with the risk that the remainder of the rocket explodes violently and cause injuries or damage upon impact with the ground or water.<ref name=":7" />		[[Solid-fuel rocket]]s<ref>{{Citation \|title=DELTA II ROCKET EXPLODES AFTER LIFTOFF! \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_aHEit-SqA \|access-date=2023-08-05 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web \|last=Cape Canaveral Space Force Museum \|date=20 February 2021 \|title=Space Shuttle Challenger Accident Investigation, Photo and TV Analysis Team Report (1987) \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JlSfB32sJo&ab_channel=CapeCanaveralSpaceForceMuseum \|website=YouTube \|postscript=. Termination of SRBs is shown and discussed from timestamps 19:37 to 19:55 in the video.}}</ref> cannot have their engines shut down, but splitting them open terminates thrust even though the propellant will continue to burn, as the explosive charges break the rocket and its fuel into pieces. In some cases, only the nosecone or top section of the solid propellant case might be removed from a solid rocket, with the risk that the remainder of the rocket explodes violently and cause injuries or damage upon impact with the ground or water.<ref name=":7" />