Rafael Caldera - Revision history

Swinub: in

2024-10-07T01:54:16Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:54, 7 October 2024
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	His leadership helped to establish Venezuela's reputation as one of the more stable democracies in Latin America during the second half of the twentieth century.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/venezuela/president-caldera-2.htm "02 Feb 1994 – 02 Feb 1999 – Rafael Caldera Rodríguez – Global Security"]</ref>		His leadership helped to establish Venezuela's reputation as one of the more stable democracies in Latin America during the second half of the twentieth century.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/venezuela/president-caldera-2.htm "02 Feb 1994 – 02 Feb 1999 – Rafael Caldera Rodríguez – Global Security"]</ref>

	He is also remembered as the President who pardoned [[Hugo Chávez]] on December 1994, enabling him to gain freedom from prison and later on to run for the Presidency, which he [[1998 Venezuelan presidential election\|achieved in 1998]].		He is also remembered as the President who pardoned [[Hugo Chávez]] in December 1994, enabling him to gain freedom from prison and later on to run for the Presidency, which he [[1998 Venezuelan presidential election\|achieved in 1998]].

	== Youth, education and early achievements ==		== Youth, education and early achievements ==

Richie1509: Mistake fixed

2024-08-30T19:56:31Z

Mistake fixed

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:56, 30 August 2024
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	{{short description\|President of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and ~~again from~~ 1994 to 1999}}		{{short description\|President of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and 1994 to 1999}}
	{{Lead rewrite\|date=April 2022}}		{{Lead rewrite\|date=April 2022}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2023}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2023}}
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	\| term_start = 2 February 1994		\| term_start = 2 February 1994
	\| term_end = 2 February 1999		\| term_end = 2 February 1999
	\| predecessor = [[Ramón José Velásquez]]		\| predecessor = [[Ramón José Velásquez]] (acting)
	\| successor = [[Hugo Chávez]]		\| successor = [[Hugo Chávez]]
	\| office2 =		\| office2 =
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	His leadership helped to establish Venezuela's reputation as one of the more stable democracies in Latin America during the second half of the twentieth century.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/venezuela/president-caldera-2.htm "02 Feb 1994 – 02 Feb 1999 – Rafael Caldera Rodríguez – Global Security"]</ref>		His leadership helped to establish Venezuela's reputation as one of the more stable democracies in Latin America during the second half of the twentieth century.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/venezuela/president-caldera-2.htm "02 Feb 1994 – 02 Feb 1999 – Rafael Caldera Rodríguez – Global Security"]</ref>

	He is also remembered as the ~~acting~~ President who pardoned [[Hugo Chávez]] on December 1994, enabling him to gain freedom from prison and later on to run for the Presidency, which he [[1998 Venezuelan presidential election\|achieved in 1998]].		He is also remembered as the President who pardoned [[Hugo Chávez]] on December 1994, enabling him to gain freedom from prison and later on to run for the Presidency, which he [[1998 Venezuelan presidential election\|achieved in 1998]].

	== Youth, education and early achievements ==		== Youth, education and early achievements ==

RodRabelo7: deprecated

2024-08-12T23:49:18Z

deprecated

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:49, 12 August 2024
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	\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>		\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>
	}}		}}
	'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009)<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the 46th and 51st [[president of Venezuela]] from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999, thus becoming the longest serving democratically elected politician to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref>		'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA\|es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009)<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the 46th and 51st [[president of Venezuela]] from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999, thus becoming the longest serving democratically elected politician to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref>

	Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera was President during the second period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>		Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera was President during the second period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>

2804:388:903B:1DFD:0:50:1B89:1501 at 19:22, 5 August 2024

2024-08-05T19:22:10Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:22, 5 August 2024
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	\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>		\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>
	}}		}}
	'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009),<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the 46th and 51st [[president of Venezuela]] from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999, thus becoming the longest serving democratically elected politician to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref>		'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009)<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the 46th and 51st [[president of Venezuela]] from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999, thus becoming the longest serving democratically elected politician to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref>

	Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera was President during the second period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>		Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera was President during the second period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>

Richie1509: Wrong order

2024-08-02T04:03:50Z

Wrong order

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:03, 2 August 2024
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	\| image = Rafael Caldera en 1979.jpg		\| image = Rafael Caldera en 1979.jpg
	\| caption = Caldera in 1979		\| caption = Caldera in 1979
	\| order = ~~41st~~ and ~~46th~~		\| order = 46th and 51st
	\| office = President of Venezuela		\| office = President of Venezuela
	\| term_start = 2 February 1994		\| term_start = 2 February 1994
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	\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>		\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>
	}}		}}
	'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009),<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the ~~41st~~ and ~~46th~~ [[president of Venezuela]] from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999, thus becoming the longest serving democratically elected politician to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref>		'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009),<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the 46th and 51st [[president of Venezuela]] from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999, thus becoming the longest serving democratically elected politician to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref>

	Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera was President during the second period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>		Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera was President during the second period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>

Richie1509 at 21:24, 27 July 2024

2024-07-27T21:24:29Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:24, 27 July 2024
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	{{short description\|President of Venezuela, ~~1969–74~~ and ~~1994–99~~}}		{{short description\|President of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999}}
	{{Lead rewrite\|date=April 2022}}		{{Lead rewrite\|date=April 2022}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2023}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2023}}
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	\| image = Rafael Caldera en 1979.jpg		\| image = Rafael Caldera en 1979.jpg
	\| caption = Caldera in 1979		\| caption = Caldera in 1979
	\| ~~office~~ = ~~[[President~~ of ~~Venezuela]]~~		\| order = 41st and 46th
	\| ~~order~~ =		\| office = President of Venezuela
	\| term_start = 2 February 1994		\| term_start = 2 February 1994
	\| term_end = 2 February 1999		\| term_end = 2 February 1999
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	\| successor2 = [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]]		\| successor2 = [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]]
	\| office3 = [[Senate of Venezuela\|Senator for Life]]		\| office3 = [[Senate of Venezuela\|Senator for Life]]
	\| term_start3 = 11 ~~March~~ ~~1974~~		\| term_start3 = 2 February 1999
	\| term_end3 = 2 ~~February~~ ~~1994~~		\| term_end3 = 20 December 1999
	\| term_start4 = 2 ~~February~~ ~~1999~~		\| term_start4 = 11 March 1974
	\| term_end4 = 20 ~~December~~ ~~1999~~		\| term_end4 = 2 February 1994
	\| office5 = President of the [[Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies\|Chamber of Deputies of the Congress of Venezuela]]		\| office5 = President of the [[Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies\|Chamber of Deputies of the Congress of Venezuela]]
	\| term_start5 = 1959		\| term_start5 = 1959
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	\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>		\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>
	}}		}}
	'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009),<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the [[president of Venezuela]] ~~for~~ ~~two~~ ~~five-year~~ ~~terms (1969–1974~~ and ~~1994–1999)~~, becoming the longest serving democratically elected politician to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref>		'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009),<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the 41st and 46th [[president of Venezuela]] from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999, thus becoming the longest serving democratically elected politician to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref>

	Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera was President during the second period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>		Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera was President during the second period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>

AVM: Several minor edits & simplification

2024-07-17T19:53:08Z

Several minor edits & simplification

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:53, 17 July 2024
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	\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>		\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>
	}}		}}
	'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009),<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the [[president of Venezuela]] for two five-year terms (1969–1974 and 1994–1999), becoming the longest serving democratically elected ~~leader~~ to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref> ~~His first term marked the first [[peaceful transition of power\|peaceful transfer of power]] to the opposition in Venezuela's history.~~		'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009),<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the [[president of Venezuela]] for two five-year terms (1969–1974 and 1994–1999), becoming the longest serving democratically elected politician to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref>

	Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera ~~helped~~ ~~forge~~ an ~~unprecedented~~ period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>		Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera was President during the second period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>

	His leadership ~~established~~ Venezuela's reputation as one of the more stable democracies in Latin America during the second half of the twentieth century.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/venezuela/president-caldera-2.htm "02 Feb 1994 – 02 Feb 1999 – Rafael Caldera Rodríguez – Global Security"]</ref>		His leadership helped to establish Venezuela's reputation as one of the more stable democracies in Latin America during the second half of the twentieth century.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/venezuela/president-caldera-2.htm "02 Feb 1994 – 02 Feb 1999 – Rafael Caldera Rodríguez – Global Security"]</ref>

			He is also remembered as the acting President who pardoned [[Hugo Chávez]] on December 1994, enabling him to gain freedom from prison and later on to run for the Presidency, which he [[1998 Venezuelan presidential election\|achieved in 1998]].
	After graduating with a degree in law and political science from [[Central University of Venezuela]] in 1939, Caldera embarked on a 70-year-long career that combined political, intellectual and academic activities.

	== Youth, education and early achievements ==		== Youth, education and early achievements ==
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	The 1961 Constitution was Venezuela's most successful and long-lived Constitution. This country adopted twenty-five different constitutions between 1811 and 1961, and only three of them (1830, 1854, 1881) lasted more than ten years. After its long history under dictatorships and arbitrary rule, Venezuela became, in the words of Professor Levine, "the most stable mass democracy in South America". For four decades, he explains, "Venezuelans built a political system marked by high participation, strong leadership, institutional continuity, and genuine pervasive competition. Power was transferred peacefully in six consecutive national elections."<ref name = "LE" />		The 1961 Constitution was Venezuela's most successful and long-lived Constitution. This country adopted twenty-five different constitutions between 1811 and 1961, and only three of them (1830, 1854, 1881) lasted more than ten years. After its long history under dictatorships and arbitrary rule, Venezuela became, in the words of Professor Levine, "the most stable mass democracy in South America". For four decades, he explains, "Venezuelans built a political system marked by high participation, strong leadership, institutional continuity, and genuine pervasive competition. Power was transferred peacefully in six consecutive national elections."<ref name = "LE" />

	Caldera ~~obtained a significant larger number of votes and~~ came in second place in the 1963 presidential election that [[Raúl Leoni]] won as candidate of the ruling party (AD). Soon thereafter, he was elected President of the [[Christian Democratic Organization of America]] (ODCA) for the period 1964–1968, and as first President of the [[Centrist Democrat International\|Christian Democratic World Union]] for the period 1967–1968.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2022}}		Caldera came in second place in the 1963 presidential election that [[Raúl Leoni]] won as candidate of the ruling party (AD). Soon thereafter, he was elected President of the [[Christian Democratic Organization of America]] (ODCA) for the period 1964–1968, and as first President of the [[Centrist Democrat International\|Christian Democratic World Union]] for the period 1967–1968.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2022}}

	In December 1968~~, under the slogan,~~ Caldera ran for president for the third time. This time, Caldera benefited from a split in AD. Senate president [[Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa]] won the party primary. However, the party's old guard felt Prieto was too left-wing, and intervened to deliver the nomination to [[Gonzalo Barrios (politician)\|Gonzalo Barrios]]. Prieto and a number of his supporters broke off to form the [[People's Electoral Movement]].<ref name=Swanson>Swanson, D. L.; Mancini, P. (1996) ''Politics, media, and modern democracy: an international study of innovations in electoral campaigning and their consequences'', Greenwood Publishing Group, p244</ref> Ultimately, Caldera defeated Barrios with 29.1 percent of the vote, a margin of just 32,000 votes. Prieto finished fourth, but his 719,000 votes far exceeded Caldera's margin.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2022}}		In December 1968 Caldera ran for president for the third time. This time, Caldera benefited from a split in AD. Senate president [[Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa]] won the party primary. However, the party's old guard felt Prieto was too left-wing, and intervened to deliver the nomination to [[Gonzalo Barrios (politician)\|Gonzalo Barrios]]. Prieto and a number of his supporters broke off to form the [[People's Electoral Movement]].<ref name=Swanson>Swanson, D. L.; Mancini, P. (1996) ''Politics, media, and modern democracy: an international study of innovations in electoral campaigning and their consequences'', Greenwood Publishing Group, p244</ref> Ultimately, Caldera defeated Barrios with 29.1 percent of the vote, a margin of just 32,000 votes. Prieto finished fourth, but his 719,000 votes far exceeded Caldera's margin.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2022}}

	Caldera was sworn in on 11 March 1969. For the first time in Venezuela's 139-year history as an independent nation, there was a peaceful and democratic transfer of power from the ruling party to the opposition. It was also the first time in the country's history that a party won power without ever having resorted to violence. However, COPEI still had a minority in the legislature.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeD5L7sjOq4&t=3s Guillermo Aveledo Coll: Christians in Politics – YouTube]</ref><ref name="EZ">{{cite web\|url=http://www.fundacionjoseguillermocarrillo.com/sitio/discaldera.php \|title=Político y estadista venezolano del Siglo XX. Ex-Presidente de la República. Biografía. Selección de discursos políticos. Himno Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela \|publisher=Fundacionjoseguillermocarrillo.com \|access-date=2010-12-27}}</ref>		Caldera was sworn in on 11 March 1969. For the first time in Venezuela's 139-year history as an independent nation, there was a peaceful and democratic transfer of power from the ruling party to the opposition. It was also the first time in the country's history that a party won power without ever having resorted to violence. However, COPEI still had a minority in the legislature.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeD5L7sjOq4&t=3s Guillermo Aveledo Coll: Christians in Politics – YouTube]</ref><ref name="EZ">{{cite web\|url=http://www.fundacionjoseguillermocarrillo.com/sitio/discaldera.php \|title=Político y estadista venezolano del Siglo XX. Ex-Presidente de la República. Biografía. Selección de discursos políticos. Himno Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela \|publisher=Fundacionjoseguillermocarrillo.com \|access-date=2010-12-27}}</ref>

OliverDF: Minor changes

2024-06-21T05:33:36Z

Minor changes

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:33, 21 June 2024
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	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
	\| name = Rafael Caldera		\| name = Rafael Caldera
	\| image = Rafael Caldera en ~~1972~~.jpg		\| image = Rafael Caldera en 1979.jpg
	\| caption = Caldera in ~~1972~~		\| caption = Caldera in 1979
	\| office = [[President of Venezuela]]		\| office = [[President of Venezuela]]
	\| order =		\| order =

Thechampionsleague at 04:20, 7 June 2024

2024-06-07T04:20:16Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:20, 7 June 2024
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	\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>		\| resting_place = [[East Cemetery (Venezuela)]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n147780.html \| title=Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas \| date=26 December 2009 }}</ref>
	}}		}}
	'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009),<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> ~~twice~~ ~~elected~~ the [[president of Venezuela]]~~, served~~ for two five-year terms (1969–1974 and 1994–1999), becoming the longest serving democratically elected leader to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref> His first term marked the first [[peaceful transition of power\|peaceful transfer of power]] to the opposition in Venezuela's history.		'''Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez''' ({{IPA-es\|rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes}} {{Audio\|Es-Rafael Caldera.ogg\|listen}}; 24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009),<ref name="britannica.com">{{britannica\|89280}}</ref> was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the [[president of Venezuela]] for two five-year terms (1969–1974 and 1994–1999), becoming the longest serving democratically elected leader to govern the country in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cognitiobooks.com/author.asp?ix=27 Rafael Caldera – Cognitio]</ref> His first term marked the first [[peaceful transition of power\|peaceful transfer of power]] to the opposition in Venezuela's history.

	Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera helped forge an unprecedented period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>		Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system,<ref name = "LA">John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed. ''Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise'', 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439</ref> one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the [[Christian Democracy\|Christian Democratic movement]] in Latin America, Caldera helped forge an unprecedented period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military [[caudillo]]s.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rafael-caldera-president-of-venezuela-who-helped-forge-an-era-of-democracy-and-political-stability-1852127.html Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country – Independent]</ref>

ThaddeusOrlando55: Updated short description #article-change-desc

2024-06-01T18:12:46Z

Updated short description #article-change-desc

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:12, 1 June 2024
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	{{short description\|President of ~~Colombia~~, 1969–74 and 1994–99}}		{{short description\|President of Venezuela, 1969–74 and 1994–99}}
	{{Lead rewrite\|date=April 2022}}		{{Lead rewrite\|date=April 2022}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2023}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2023}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:12, 1 June 2024
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	{{short description\|President of ~~Colombia~~, 1969–74 and 1994–99}}		{{short description\|President of Venezuela, 1969–74 and 1994–99}}
	{{Lead rewrite\|date=April 2022}}		{{Lead rewrite\|date=April 2022}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2023}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2023}}