Pomerium - Revision history

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2024-08-01T15:27:39Z

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	*The [[Magistratus\|magistrates]] who held ''[[imperium]]'' did not have full power inside the ''pomerium''. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the [[fasces]] carried by the magistrate's [[lictor]]s.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gaughan \|first1=Judy E. \|title=Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0 \|url-access=registration \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|isbn=978-0292779921 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> Only a dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes inside the ''pomerium''.		*The [[Magistratus\|magistrates]] who held ''[[imperium]]'' did not have full power inside the ''pomerium''. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the [[fasces]] carried by the magistrate's [[lictor]]s.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gaughan \|first1=Judy E. \|title=Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0 \|url-access=registration \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|isbn=978-0292779921 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> Only a dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes inside the ''pomerium''.
	*It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the ''pomerium''. During his life, [[Julius Caesar]] received in advance the right to a tomb inside the ''pomerium'', but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.<ref name=bnp>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA177\|last1=Beard \|first1=Mary \|authorlink1=Mary Beard (classicist) \|last2=North \|first2=John \|last3=Price \|first3=Simon \|title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History \|year=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|isbn=978-0-521-31682-8 \|pages=177–180 }}</ref> However, [[Trajan]]'s ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his [[Trajan's Column\|Column]],<ref>''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm 13.11]; [[Eutropius (historian)\|Eutropius]] {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031222151133/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans8.html#5 8.5]}}.</ref> which was within the ''pomerium''.<ref name=bnp/>		*It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the ''pomerium''. During his life, [[Julius Caesar]] received in advance the right to a tomb inside the ''pomerium'', but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.<ref name=bnp>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA177\|last1=Beard \|first1=Mary \|authorlink1=Mary Beard (classicist) \|last2=North \|first2=John \|last3=Price \|first3=Simon \|title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History \|year=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|isbn=978-0-521-31682-8 \|pages=177–180 }}</ref> However, [[Trajan]]'s ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his [[Trajan's Column\|Column]],<ref>''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm 13.11]; [[Eutropius (historian)\|Eutropius]] {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031222151133/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans8.html#5 8.5]}}.</ref> which was within the ''pomerium''.<ref name=bnp/>
	*Provincial [[promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering the ''pomerium'', and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of [[Roman triumph\|triumph]], in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' with his troops until that moment.<ref name=bnp/> Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress.{{Citation needed\|reason=most sources don't back that up, some even suggest that soldiers were in military attire\|date=May 2024}} The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the [[Roman assemblies]], consisting of [[centuria]]e (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the [[Campus Martius]] outside the ''pomerium''. Similarly to the triumph the Roman [[ovation]] also allowed a general to cross the ''pomerium'' without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses		*Provincial [[promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering the ''pomerium'', and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of [[Roman triumph\|triumph]], in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' with his troops until that moment.<ref name=bnp/> Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress.{{Citation needed\|reason=most sources don't back that up, some even suggest that soldiers were in military attire\|date=May 2024}} The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the [[Roman assemblies]], consisting of [[centuria]]e (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the [[Campus Martius]] outside the ''pomerium''. Similarly to the triumph, the Roman [[ovation]] also allowed a general to cross the ''pomerium'' without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses.
	*The [[Theatre of Pompey]], where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the ''pomerium'' and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the [[Curia Hostilia]].		*The [[Theatre of Pompey]], where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the ''pomerium'' and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the [[Curia Hostilia]].
	*Weapons were prohibited inside the ''pomerium''. [[Praetorian Guard]]s were allowed in only in civilian dress (toga), and were then called collectively ''cohors togata''. But it was possible to sneak in daggers (the proverbial weapon for political violence; see ''[[sica]]rius''). Since Julius Caesar's assassination occurred outside this boundary, the senatorial conspirators could not be charged with sacrilege for carrying weapons inside the sacred city.		*Weapons were prohibited inside the ''pomerium''. [[Praetorian Guard]]s were allowed in only in civilian dress (toga), and were then called collectively ''cohors togata''. But it was possible to sneak in daggers (the proverbial weapon for political violence; see ''[[sica]]rius''). Since Julius Caesar's assassination occurred outside this boundary, the senatorial conspirators could not be charged with sacrilege for carrying weapons inside the sacred city.

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:JUDI

2024-07-24T23:55:30Z

Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:JUDI

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:55, 24 July 2024
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	''Pomerium'' represented a sacred boundary. According to [[Livy]], violating the ''pomerium'' was akin to stretching the human body too far.{{sfn\|Sennett\|1996\|p=108}}		''Pomerium'' represented a sacred boundary. According to [[Livy]], violating the ''pomerium'' was akin to stretching the human body too far.{{sfn\|Sennett\|1996\|p=108}}
	*The [[Magistratus\|magistrates]] who held ''[[imperium]]'' did not have full power inside the ''pomerium''. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the [[fasces]] carried by the magistrate's [[lictor]]s.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gaughan \|first1=Judy E. \|title=Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0 \|url-access=registration \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|isbn=978-0292779921 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> Only a dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes inside the ''pomerium''.		*The [[Magistratus\|magistrates]] who held ''[[imperium]]'' did not have full power inside the ''pomerium''. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the [[fasces]] carried by the magistrate's [[lictor]]s.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gaughan \|first1=Judy E. \|title=Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0 \|url-access=registration \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|isbn=978-0292779921 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> Only a dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes inside the ''pomerium''.
	*It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the ''pomerium''. During his life, [[Julius Caesar]] received in advance the right to a tomb inside the ''pomerium'', but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.<ref name=bnp>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA177\|last1=Beard \|first1=Mary \|authorlink1=Mary Beard (classicist) \|last2=North \|first2=John \|last3=Price \|first3=Simon \|title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History \|year=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|isbn=978-0-521-31682-8 \|pages=177–180 }}</ref> However, [[Trajan]]'s ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his [[Trajan's Column\|Column]],<ref>''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm 13.11]; [[Eutropius (historian)\|Eutropius]] [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans8.html#5 8.5].</ref> which was within the ''pomerium''.<ref name=bnp/>		*It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the ''pomerium''. During his life, [[Julius Caesar]] received in advance the right to a tomb inside the ''pomerium'', but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.<ref name=bnp>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA177\|last1=Beard \|first1=Mary \|authorlink1=Mary Beard (classicist) \|last2=North \|first2=John \|last3=Price \|first3=Simon \|title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History \|year=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|isbn=978-0-521-31682-8 \|pages=177–180 }}</ref> However, [[Trajan]]'s ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his [[Trajan's Column\|Column]],<ref>''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm 13.11]; [[Eutropius (historian)\|Eutropius]] {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031222151133/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans8.html#5 8.5]}}.</ref> which was within the ''pomerium''.<ref name=bnp/>
	*Provincial [[promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering the ''pomerium'', and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of [[Roman triumph\|triumph]], in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' with his troops until that moment.<ref name=bnp/> Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress.{{Citation needed\|reason=most sources don't back that up, some even suggest that soldiers were in military attire\|date=May 2024}} The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the [[Roman assemblies]], consisting of [[centuria]]e (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the [[Campus Martius]] outside the ''pomerium''. Similarly to the triumph the Roman [[ovation]] also allowed a general to cross the ''pomerium'' without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses		*Provincial [[promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering the ''pomerium'', and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of [[Roman triumph\|triumph]], in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' with his troops until that moment.<ref name=bnp/> Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress.{{Citation needed\|reason=most sources don't back that up, some even suggest that soldiers were in military attire\|date=May 2024}} The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the [[Roman assemblies]], consisting of [[centuria]]e (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the [[Campus Martius]] outside the ''pomerium''. Similarly to the triumph the Roman [[ovation]] also allowed a general to cross the ''pomerium'' without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses
	*The [[Theatre of Pompey]], where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the ''pomerium'' and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the [[Curia Hostilia]].		*The [[Theatre of Pompey]], where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the ''pomerium'' and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the [[Curia Hostilia]].

AnomieBOT: Dating maintenance tags: {{Citation needed}}

2024-05-16T22:09:05Z

Dating maintenance tags: {{Citation needed}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:09, 16 May 2024
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	*The [[Magistratus\|magistrates]] who held ''[[imperium]]'' did not have full power inside the ''pomerium''. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the [[fasces]] carried by the magistrate's [[lictor]]s.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gaughan \|first1=Judy E. \|title=Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0 \|url-access=registration \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|isbn=978-0292779921 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> Only a dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes inside the ''pomerium''.		*The [[Magistratus\|magistrates]] who held ''[[imperium]]'' did not have full power inside the ''pomerium''. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the [[fasces]] carried by the magistrate's [[lictor]]s.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gaughan \|first1=Judy E. \|title=Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0 \|url-access=registration \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|isbn=978-0292779921 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> Only a dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes inside the ''pomerium''.
	*It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the ''pomerium''. During his life, [[Julius Caesar]] received in advance the right to a tomb inside the ''pomerium'', but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.<ref name=bnp>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA177\|last1=Beard \|first1=Mary \|authorlink1=Mary Beard (classicist) \|last2=North \|first2=John \|last3=Price \|first3=Simon \|title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History \|year=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|isbn=978-0-521-31682-8 \|pages=177–180 }}</ref> However, [[Trajan]]'s ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his [[Trajan's Column\|Column]],<ref>''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm 13.11]; [[Eutropius (historian)\|Eutropius]] [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans8.html#5 8.5].</ref> which was within the ''pomerium''.<ref name=bnp/>		*It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the ''pomerium''. During his life, [[Julius Caesar]] received in advance the right to a tomb inside the ''pomerium'', but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.<ref name=bnp>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA177\|last1=Beard \|first1=Mary \|authorlink1=Mary Beard (classicist) \|last2=North \|first2=John \|last3=Price \|first3=Simon \|title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History \|year=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|isbn=978-0-521-31682-8 \|pages=177–180 }}</ref> However, [[Trajan]]'s ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his [[Trajan's Column\|Column]],<ref>''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm 13.11]; [[Eutropius (historian)\|Eutropius]] [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans8.html#5 8.5].</ref> which was within the ''pomerium''.<ref name=bnp/>
	*Provincial [[promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering the ''pomerium'', and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of [[Roman triumph\|triumph]], in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' with his troops until that moment.<ref name=bnp/> Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress.{{Citation needed\|reason=most sources don't back that up, some even suggest that soldiers were in military attire}} The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the [[Roman assemblies]], consisting of [[centuria]]e (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the [[Campus Martius]] outside the ''pomerium''. Similarly to the triumph the Roman [[ovation]] also allowed a general to cross the ''pomerium'' without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses		*Provincial [[promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering the ''pomerium'', and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of [[Roman triumph\|triumph]], in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' with his troops until that moment.<ref name=bnp/> Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress.{{Citation needed\|reason=most sources don't back that up, some even suggest that soldiers were in military attire\|date=May 2024}} The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the [[Roman assemblies]], consisting of [[centuria]]e (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the [[Campus Martius]] outside the ''pomerium''. Similarly to the triumph the Roman [[ovation]] also allowed a general to cross the ''pomerium'' without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses
	*The [[Theatre of Pompey]], where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the ''pomerium'' and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the [[Curia Hostilia]].		*The [[Theatre of Pompey]], where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the ''pomerium'' and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the [[Curia Hostilia]].
	*Weapons were prohibited inside the ''pomerium''. [[Praetorian Guard]]s were allowed in only in civilian dress (toga), and were then called collectively ''cohors togata''. But it was possible to sneak in daggers (the proverbial weapon for political violence; see ''[[sica]]rius''). Since Julius Caesar's assassination occurred outside this boundary, the senatorial conspirators could not be charged with sacrilege for carrying weapons inside the sacred city.		*Weapons were prohibited inside the ''pomerium''. [[Praetorian Guard]]s were allowed in only in civilian dress (toga), and were then called collectively ''cohors togata''. But it was possible to sneak in daggers (the proverbial weapon for political violence; see ''[[sica]]rius''). Since Julius Caesar's assassination occurred outside this boundary, the senatorial conspirators could not be charged with sacrilege for carrying weapons inside the sacred city.

Iskandar Nureyev: /* Associated restrictions */

2024-05-16T20:08:52Z

Associated restrictions

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:08, 16 May 2024
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	*The [[Magistratus\|magistrates]] who held ''[[imperium]]'' did not have full power inside the ''pomerium''. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the [[fasces]] carried by the magistrate's [[lictor]]s.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gaughan \|first1=Judy E. \|title=Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0 \|url-access=registration \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|isbn=978-0292779921 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> Only a dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes inside the ''pomerium''.		*The [[Magistratus\|magistrates]] who held ''[[imperium]]'' did not have full power inside the ''pomerium''. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the [[fasces]] carried by the magistrate's [[lictor]]s.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gaughan \|first1=Judy E. \|title=Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0 \|url-access=registration \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|isbn=978-0292779921 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> Only a dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes inside the ''pomerium''.
	*It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the ''pomerium''. During his life, [[Julius Caesar]] received in advance the right to a tomb inside the ''pomerium'', but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.<ref name=bnp>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA177\|last1=Beard \|first1=Mary \|authorlink1=Mary Beard (classicist) \|last2=North \|first2=John \|last3=Price \|first3=Simon \|title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History \|year=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|isbn=978-0-521-31682-8 \|pages=177–180 }}</ref> However, [[Trajan]]'s ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his [[Trajan's Column\|Column]],<ref>''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm 13.11]; [[Eutropius (historian)\|Eutropius]] [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans8.html#5 8.5].</ref> which was within the ''pomerium''.<ref name=bnp/>		*It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the ''pomerium''. During his life, [[Julius Caesar]] received in advance the right to a tomb inside the ''pomerium'', but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.<ref name=bnp>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA177\|last1=Beard \|first1=Mary \|authorlink1=Mary Beard (classicist) \|last2=North \|first2=John \|last3=Price \|first3=Simon \|title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History \|year=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|isbn=978-0-521-31682-8 \|pages=177–180 }}</ref> However, [[Trajan]]'s ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his [[Trajan's Column\|Column]],<ref>''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm 13.11]; [[Eutropius (historian)\|Eutropius]] [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans8.html#5 8.5].</ref> which was within the ''pomerium''.<ref name=bnp/>
	*Provincial [[promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering the ''pomerium'', and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of [[Roman triumph\|triumph]], in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' with his troops until that moment.<ref name=bnp/> Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress. The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the [[Roman assemblies]], consisting of [[centuria]]e (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the [[Campus Martius]] outside the ''pomerium''. Similarly to the triumph the Roman [[ovation]] also allowed a general to cross the ''pomerium'' without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses		*Provincial [[promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering the ''pomerium'', and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of [[Roman triumph\|triumph]], in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' with his troops until that moment.<ref name=bnp/> Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress.{{Citation needed\|reason=most sources don't back that up, some even suggest that soldiers were in military attire}} The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the [[Roman assemblies]], consisting of [[centuria]]e (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the [[Campus Martius]] outside the ''pomerium''. Similarly to the triumph the Roman [[ovation]] also allowed a general to cross the ''pomerium'' without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses
	*The [[Theatre of Pompey]], where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the ''pomerium'' and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the [[Curia Hostilia]].		*The [[Theatre of Pompey]], where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the ''pomerium'' and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the [[Curia Hostilia]].
	*Weapons were prohibited inside the ''pomerium''. [[Praetorian Guard]]s were allowed in only in civilian dress (toga), and were then called collectively ''cohors togata''. But it was possible to sneak in daggers (the proverbial weapon for political violence; see ''[[sica]]rius''). Since Julius Caesar's assassination occurred outside this boundary, the senatorial conspirators could not be charged with sacrilege for carrying weapons inside the sacred city.		*Weapons were prohibited inside the ''pomerium''. [[Praetorian Guard]]s were allowed in only in civilian dress (toga), and were then called collectively ''cohors togata''. But it was possible to sneak in daggers (the proverbial weapon for political violence; see ''[[sica]]rius''). Since Julius Caesar's assassination occurred outside this boundary, the senatorial conspirators could not be charged with sacrilege for carrying weapons inside the sacred city.

Not alexand: Fixed typo

2024-01-25T12:55:48Z

Fixed typo

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:55, 25 January 2024
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	The '''''pomerium''''' or '''''pomoerium''''' was a religious boundary around the city of [[Rome]] and cities controlled by Rome. In legal terms, Rome existed only within its ''pomerium''; everything beyond it was simply territory (''[[Ager Romanus\|ager]]'') belonging to Rome.		The '''''pomerium''''' or '''''pomoerium''''' was a religious boundary around the city of [[Rome]] and cities controlled by Rome. In legal terms, Rome existed only within its ''pomerium''; everything beyond it was simply territory (''[[Ager Romanus\|ager]]'') belonging to Rome.

	==~~Etimology~~==		==Etymology==
	The term ''pōmērium'' is a [[classical Latin\|classical]] [[contraction (grammar)\|contraction]] of the [[Latin]] phrase ''{{lang\|la\|post moerium}}'' ({{literally\|behind/beyond the wall}}). The Roman historian [[Livy]] writes in his ''[[History of Rome (Livy)\|Ab Urbe Condita]]'' that, although the etymology implies a meaning referring to a single side of the wall, the ''pomerium'' was originally an area of ground on both sides of city walls. He states that it was an [[Etruscan civilization\|Etruscan]] tradition to consecrate this area by [[augur]]y and that it was technically unlawful to inhabit or to farm the area of the ''pomerium'', which in part had the purpose of preventing buildings from being erected close to the wall (although he writes that, in his time, houses were in fact built against the wall on the line).<ref>[[Livy]], ''[[History of Rome (Livy)\|Ab Urbe Condita]]'', I.44</ref> Other writers suggest a derivation from {{lang\|la\|prō moerium}}, "against the wall".<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCMhAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pro+moerium%22\|title=The Augustan pomerium ...\|first=James Henry\|last=Oliver\|date=11 March 1932\|publisher=Italy\|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSjl7L-fjXMC&q=%22pro+moerium%22&pg=PA355\|title=Bd.4 Glossaria Latina\|first=British\|last=Academy\|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag\|isbn=9783487400914\|via=Google Books}}</ref>		The term ''pōmērium'' is a [[classical Latin\|classical]] [[contraction (grammar)\|contraction]] of the [[Latin]] phrase ''{{lang\|la\|post moerium}}'' ({{literally\|behind/beyond the wall}}). The Roman historian [[Livy]] writes in his ''[[History of Rome (Livy)\|Ab Urbe Condita]]'' that, although the etymology implies a meaning referring to a single side of the wall, the ''pomerium'' was originally an area of ground on both sides of city walls. He states that it was an [[Etruscan civilization\|Etruscan]] tradition to consecrate this area by [[augur]]y and that it was technically unlawful to inhabit or to farm the area of the ''pomerium'', which in part had the purpose of preventing buildings from being erected close to the wall (although he writes that, in his time, houses were in fact built against the wall on the line).<ref>[[Livy]], ''[[History of Rome (Livy)\|Ab Urbe Condita]]'', I.44</ref> Other writers suggest a derivation from {{lang\|la\|prō moerium}}, "against the wall".<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCMhAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pro+moerium%22\|title=The Augustan pomerium ...\|first=James Henry\|last=Oliver\|date=11 March 1932\|publisher=Italy\|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSjl7L-fjXMC&q=%22pro+moerium%22&pg=PA355\|title=Bd.4 Glossaria Latina\|first=British\|last=Academy\|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag\|isbn=9783487400914\|via=Google Books}}</ref>

JacktheBrown: Bibliography, not Sources

2024-01-24T22:28:09Z

Bibliography, not Sources

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:28, 24 January 2024
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	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

	==~~Sources~~==		==Bibliography==
	* {{cite book \| last=Sennett \| first=R. \| title=Flesh and Stone: The Body and the City in Western Civilization \| publisher=W. W. Norton \| year=1996 \| isbn=978-0-393-34650-3 \| chapter = The creation of a Roman city \| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZXYWtk1pGsC&pg=PA108 \| access-date=2023-09-27}}		* {{cite book \| last=Sennett \| first=R. \| title=Flesh and Stone: The Body and the City in Western Civilization \| publisher=W. W. Norton \| year=1996 \| isbn=978-0-393-34650-3 \| chapter = The creation of a Roman city \| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZXYWtk1pGsC&pg=PA108 \| access-date=2023-09-27}}

JacktheBrown: Corrected name

2024-01-24T22:26:07Z

Corrected name

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:26, 24 January 2024
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	==Etimology==		==Etimology==
	The term ''pōmērium'' is a [[classical Latin\|classical]] [[contraction (grammar)\|contraction]] of the [[Latin]] phrase ''{{lang\|la\|post moerium}}'' ({{literally\|behind/beyond the wall}}). The Roman historian [[Livy]] writes in his ''[[History of Rome (Livy)\|Ab Urbe Condita]]'' that, although the etymology implies a meaning referring to a single side of the wall, the ''pomerium'' was originally an area of ground on both sides of city walls. He states that it was an [[Etruscan civilization\|Etruscan]] tradition to consecrate this area by [[augur]]y and that it was technically unlawful to inhabit or to farm the area of the ''pomerium'', which in part had the purpose of preventing buildings from being erected close to the wall (although he writes that, in his time, houses were in fact built against the wall on the line).<ref>[[Livy]], ''[[Ab ~~Urbe~~ ~~Condita~~ ~~Libri~~\|Ab ~~urbe~~ ~~condita~~]]'', I.44</ref> Other writers suggest a derivation from {{lang\|la\|prō moerium}}, "against the wall".<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCMhAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pro+moerium%22\|title=The Augustan pomerium ...\|first=James Henry\|last=Oliver\|date=11 March 1932\|publisher=Italy\|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSjl7L-fjXMC&q=%22pro+moerium%22&pg=PA355\|title=Bd.4 Glossaria Latina\|first=British\|last=Academy\|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag\|isbn=9783487400914\|via=Google Books}}</ref>		The term ''pōmērium'' is a [[classical Latin\|classical]] [[contraction (grammar)\|contraction]] of the [[Latin]] phrase ''{{lang\|la\|post moerium}}'' ({{literally\|behind/beyond the wall}}). The Roman historian [[Livy]] writes in his ''[[History of Rome (Livy)\|Ab Urbe Condita]]'' that, although the etymology implies a meaning referring to a single side of the wall, the ''pomerium'' was originally an area of ground on both sides of city walls. He states that it was an [[Etruscan civilization\|Etruscan]] tradition to consecrate this area by [[augur]]y and that it was technically unlawful to inhabit or to farm the area of the ''pomerium'', which in part had the purpose of preventing buildings from being erected close to the wall (although he writes that, in his time, houses were in fact built against the wall on the line).<ref>[[Livy]], ''[[History of Rome (Livy)\|Ab Urbe Condita]]'', I.44</ref> Other writers suggest a derivation from {{lang\|la\|prō moerium}}, "against the wall".<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCMhAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pro+moerium%22\|title=The Augustan pomerium ...\|first=James Henry\|last=Oliver\|date=11 March 1932\|publisher=Italy\|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSjl7L-fjXMC&q=%22pro+moerium%22&pg=PA355\|title=Bd.4 Glossaria Latina\|first=British\|last=Academy\|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag\|isbn=9783487400914\|via=Google Books}}</ref>

	==Location and extensions==		==Location and extensions==

JacktheBrown: /* Location and extensions */Added quotation marks

2024-01-24T22:25:23Z

Location and extensions: Added quotation marks

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:25, 24 January 2024
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	[[Tradition]] maintained that the ''pomerium'' was the original line [[sulcus primigenius\|ritually ploughed]] by [[Romulus]] around the walls of the [[Roma Quadrata\|original city]] and that it was expanded by [[Servius Tullius]]. The legendary date of its demarcation, 21 April, continued to be celebrated as the anniversary of the city's founding.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469348/pomerium Pomerium], Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</ref>		[[Tradition]] maintained that the ''pomerium'' was the original line [[sulcus primigenius\|ritually ploughed]] by [[Romulus]] around the walls of the [[Roma Quadrata\|original city]] and that it was expanded by [[Servius Tullius]]. The legendary date of its demarcation, 21 April, continued to be celebrated as the anniversary of the city's founding.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469348/pomerium Pomerium], Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</ref>

	The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as [[Cippus\|cippi]]) commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>		The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as "[[Cippus\|cippi]]") commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>
	[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian ''pomerium'' in Via del Pellegrino]]		[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian ''pomerium'' in Via del Pellegrino]]

JacktheBrown: Uppercase

2024-01-24T22:18:52Z

Uppercase

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:18, 24 January 2024
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	The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as [[Cippus\|cippi]]) commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>		The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as [[Cippus\|cippi]]) commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>
	[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian ''pomerium'' in ~~via~~ del Pellegrino]]		[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian ''pomerium'' in Via del Pellegrino]]

	The ''pomerium'' was not a walled area, but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by [[Cippus\|cippi]]. It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the Seven Hills (the [[Palatine Hill]] was within the ''pomerium'', but the [[Capitoline Hill\|Capitoline]] and [[Aventine Hill\|Aventine]] Hills were not). The [[Curia Hostilia]] and the well of the [[Comitium]] in the [[Forum Romanum]], two extremely important locations in the government of the [[city-state]] and its empire, were located within the ''pomerium'', while the [[Temple of Bellona (Rome)\|Temple of Bellona]] was beyond the ''pomerium''.		The ''pomerium'' was not a walled area, but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by [[Cippus\|cippi]]. It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the Seven Hills (the [[Palatine Hill]] was within the ''pomerium'', but the [[Capitoline Hill\|Capitoline]] and [[Aventine Hill\|Aventine]] Hills were not). The [[Curia Hostilia]] and the well of the [[Comitium]] in the [[Forum Romanum]], two extremely important locations in the government of the [[city-state]] and its empire, were located within the ''pomerium'', while the [[Temple of Bellona (Rome)\|Temple of Bellona]] was beyond the ''pomerium''.

JacktheBrown: Added missing italics

2024-01-24T22:15:31Z

Added missing italics

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:15, 24 January 2024
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	==Location and extensions==		==Location and extensions==
	[[Tradition]] maintained that the pomerium was the original line [[sulcus primigenius\|ritually ploughed]] by [[Romulus]] around the walls of the [[Roma Quadrata\|original city]] and that it was expanded by [[Servius Tullius]]. The legendary date of its demarcation, 21 April, continued to be celebrated as the anniversary of the city's founding.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469348/pomerium Pomerium], Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</ref>		[[Tradition]] maintained that the ''pomerium'' was the original line [[sulcus primigenius\|ritually ploughed]] by [[Romulus]] around the walls of the [[Roma Quadrata\|original city]] and that it was expanded by [[Servius Tullius]]. The legendary date of its demarcation, 21 April, continued to be celebrated as the anniversary of the city's founding.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469348/pomerium Pomerium], Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</ref>

	The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as [[Cippus\|cippi]]) commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>		The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as [[Cippus\|cippi]]) commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>
	[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian pomerium in via del Pellegrino]]		[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian ''pomerium'' in via del Pellegrino]]

	The ''pomerium'' was not a walled area, but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by [[Cippus\|cippi]]. It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the Seven Hills (the [[Palatine Hill]] was within the ''pomerium'', but the [[Capitoline Hill\|Capitoline]] and [[Aventine Hill\|Aventine]] Hills were not). The [[Curia Hostilia]] and the well of the [[Comitium]] in the [[Forum Romanum]], two extremely important locations in the government of the [[city-state]] and its empire, were located within the ''pomerium'', while the [[Temple of Bellona (Rome)\|Temple of Bellona]] was beyond the ''pomerium''.		The ''pomerium'' was not a walled area, but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by [[Cippus\|cippi]]. It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the Seven Hills (the [[Palatine Hill]] was within the ''pomerium'', but the [[Capitoline Hill\|Capitoline]] and [[Aventine Hill\|Aventine]] Hills were not). The [[Curia Hostilia]] and the well of the [[Comitium]] in the [[Forum Romanum]], two extremely important locations in the government of the [[city-state]] and its empire, were located within the ''pomerium'', while the [[Temple of Bellona (Rome)\|Temple of Bellona]] was beyond the ''pomerium''.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:55, 24 July 2024
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	''Pomerium'' represented a sacred boundary. According to [[Livy]], violating the ''pomerium'' was akin to stretching the human body too far.{{sfn\|Sennett\|1996\|p=108}}		''Pomerium'' represented a sacred boundary. According to [[Livy]], violating the ''pomerium'' was akin to stretching the human body too far.{{sfn\|Sennett\|1996\|p=108}}
	*The [[Magistratus\|magistrates]] who held ''[[imperium]]'' did not have full power inside the ''pomerium''. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the [[fasces]] carried by the magistrate's [[lictor]]s.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gaughan \|first1=Judy E. \|title=Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0 \|url-access=registration \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|isbn=978-0292779921 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> Only a dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes inside the ''pomerium''.		*The [[Magistratus\|magistrates]] who held ''[[imperium]]'' did not have full power inside the ''pomerium''. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the [[fasces]] carried by the magistrate's [[lictor]]s.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gaughan \|first1=Judy E. \|title=Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0 \|url-access=registration \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|isbn=978-0292779921 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderwasnotcrim00gaug_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> Only a dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes inside the ''pomerium''.
	*It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the ''pomerium''. During his life, [[Julius Caesar]] received in advance the right to a tomb inside the ''pomerium'', but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.<ref name=bnp>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA177\|last1=Beard \|first1=Mary \|authorlink1=Mary Beard (classicist) \|last2=North \|first2=John \|last3=Price \|first3=Simon \|title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History \|year=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|isbn=978-0-521-31682-8 \|pages=177–180 }}</ref> However, [[Trajan]]'s ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his [[Trajan's Column\|Column]],<ref>''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm 13.11]; [[Eutropius (historian)\|Eutropius]] [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans8.html#5 8.5].</ref> which was within the ''pomerium''.<ref name=bnp/>		*It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the ''pomerium''. During his life, [[Julius Caesar]] received in advance the right to a tomb inside the ''pomerium'', but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.<ref name=bnp>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rtaTFYuM3QC&pg=PA177\|last1=Beard \|first1=Mary \|authorlink1=Mary Beard (classicist) \|last2=North \|first2=John \|last3=Price \|first3=Simon \|title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History \|year=1998 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge \|isbn=978-0-521-31682-8 \|pages=177–180 }}</ref> However, [[Trajan]]'s ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his [[Trajan's Column\|Column]],<ref>''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm 13.11]; [[Eutropius (historian)\|Eutropius]] {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031222151133/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans8.html#5 8.5]}}.</ref> which was within the ''pomerium''.<ref name=bnp/>
	*Provincial [[promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering the ''pomerium'', and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of [[Roman triumph\|triumph]], in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' with his troops until that moment.<ref name=bnp/> Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress.{{Citation needed\|reason=most sources don't back that up, some even suggest that soldiers were in military attire\|date=May 2024}} The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the [[Roman assemblies]], consisting of [[centuria]]e (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the [[Campus Martius]] outside the ''pomerium''. Similarly to the triumph the Roman [[ovation]] also allowed a general to cross the ''pomerium'' without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses		*Provincial [[promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering the ''pomerium'', and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of [[Roman triumph\|triumph]], in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' with his troops until that moment.<ref name=bnp/> Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress.{{Citation needed\|reason=most sources don't back that up, some even suggest that soldiers were in military attire\|date=May 2024}} The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the [[Roman assemblies]], consisting of [[centuria]]e (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the [[Campus Martius]] outside the ''pomerium''. Similarly to the triumph the Roman [[ovation]] also allowed a general to cross the ''pomerium'' without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses
	*The [[Theatre of Pompey]], where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the ''pomerium'' and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the [[Curia Hostilia]].		*The [[Theatre of Pompey]], where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the ''pomerium'' and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the [[Curia Hostilia]].

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	[[Tradition]] maintained that the ''pomerium'' was the original line [[sulcus primigenius\|ritually ploughed]] by [[Romulus]] around the walls of the [[Roma Quadrata\|original city]] and that it was expanded by [[Servius Tullius]]. The legendary date of its demarcation, 21 April, continued to be celebrated as the anniversary of the city's founding.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469348/pomerium Pomerium], Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</ref>		[[Tradition]] maintained that the ''pomerium'' was the original line [[sulcus primigenius\|ritually ploughed]] by [[Romulus]] around the walls of the [[Roma Quadrata\|original city]] and that it was expanded by [[Servius Tullius]]. The legendary date of its demarcation, 21 April, continued to be celebrated as the anniversary of the city's founding.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469348/pomerium Pomerium], Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</ref>

	The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as [[Cippus\|cippi]]) commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>		The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as "[[Cippus\|cippi]]") commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>
	[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian ''pomerium'' in Via del Pellegrino]]		[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian ''pomerium'' in Via del Pellegrino]]

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:18, 24 January 2024
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	The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as [[Cippus\|cippi]]) commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>		The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as [[Cippus\|cippi]]) commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>
	[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian ''pomerium'' in ~~via~~ del Pellegrino]]		[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian ''pomerium'' in Via del Pellegrino]]

	The ''pomerium'' was not a walled area, but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by [[Cippus\|cippi]]. It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the Seven Hills (the [[Palatine Hill]] was within the ''pomerium'', but the [[Capitoline Hill\|Capitoline]] and [[Aventine Hill\|Aventine]] Hills were not). The [[Curia Hostilia]] and the well of the [[Comitium]] in the [[Forum Romanum]], two extremely important locations in the government of the [[city-state]] and its empire, were located within the ''pomerium'', while the [[Temple of Bellona (Rome)\|Temple of Bellona]] was beyond the ''pomerium''.		The ''pomerium'' was not a walled area, but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by [[Cippus\|cippi]]. It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the Seven Hills (the [[Palatine Hill]] was within the ''pomerium'', but the [[Capitoline Hill\|Capitoline]] and [[Aventine Hill\|Aventine]] Hills were not). The [[Curia Hostilia]] and the well of the [[Comitium]] in the [[Forum Romanum]], two extremely important locations in the government of the [[city-state]] and its empire, were located within the ''pomerium'', while the [[Temple of Bellona (Rome)\|Temple of Bellona]] was beyond the ''pomerium''.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:15, 24 January 2024
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	==Location and extensions==		==Location and extensions==
	[[Tradition]] maintained that the pomerium was the original line [[sulcus primigenius\|ritually ploughed]] by [[Romulus]] around the walls of the [[Roma Quadrata\|original city]] and that it was expanded by [[Servius Tullius]]. The legendary date of its demarcation, 21 April, continued to be celebrated as the anniversary of the city's founding.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469348/pomerium Pomerium], Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</ref>		[[Tradition]] maintained that the ''pomerium'' was the original line [[sulcus primigenius\|ritually ploughed]] by [[Romulus]] around the walls of the [[Roma Quadrata\|original city]] and that it was expanded by [[Servius Tullius]]. The legendary date of its demarcation, 21 April, continued to be celebrated as the anniversary of the city's founding.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469348/pomerium Pomerium], Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</ref>

	The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as [[Cippus\|cippi]]) commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>		The ''pomerium'' did not follow the line of the [[Servian walls]], and remained unchanged until the [[Roman dictator\|dictator]] [[Sulla\|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as [[Cippus\|cippi]]) commissioned by [[Claudius]] have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the ''pomerium'' extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in [[Tacitus]] and outlined by [[Aulus Gellius]].<ref>Tacitus, [[Annals (Tacitus)\|Annales]], XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.</ref> The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rare-stone-outlining-ancient-rome.html "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]</ref>
	[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian pomerium in via del Pellegrino]]		[[File:Rome pomerium claudius 364306 o.jpg\|thumb\|Inscription marking the Claudian ''pomerium'' in via del Pellegrino]]

	The ''pomerium'' was not a walled area, but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by [[Cippus\|cippi]]. It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the Seven Hills (the [[Palatine Hill]] was within the ''pomerium'', but the [[Capitoline Hill\|Capitoline]] and [[Aventine Hill\|Aventine]] Hills were not). The [[Curia Hostilia]] and the well of the [[Comitium]] in the [[Forum Romanum]], two extremely important locations in the government of the [[city-state]] and its empire, were located within the ''pomerium'', while the [[Temple of Bellona (Rome)\|Temple of Bellona]] was beyond the ''pomerium''.		The ''pomerium'' was not a walled area, but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by [[Cippus\|cippi]]. It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the Seven Hills (the [[Palatine Hill]] was within the ''pomerium'', but the [[Capitoline Hill\|Capitoline]] and [[Aventine Hill\|Aventine]] Hills were not). The [[Curia Hostilia]] and the well of the [[Comitium]] in the [[Forum Romanum]], two extremely important locations in the government of the [[city-state]] and its empire, were located within the ''pomerium'', while the [[Temple of Bellona (Rome)\|Temple of Bellona]] was beyond the ''pomerium''.