Peliosis hepatis - Revision history

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	==Epidemiology==		==Epidemiology==
	Peliosis hepatis usually affects adults, though may occur in children.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=A Siddiqi \|first1=I \|last2=Gupta \|first2=N \|title=Peliosis Hepatis. \|date=January 2024 \|pmid=32119357\|publisher=StatPearls Publishing\|location=Treasure Island (FL)}}</ref> Peliosis hepatis occurs equally in men and women.<ref name=Crocetti /><ref name=Siddiqi />		Peliosis hepatis usually affects adults, though may occur in children.<ref name=Siddiqi>{{cite book \|last1=A Siddiqi \|first1=I \|last2=Gupta \|first2=N \|title=Peliosis Hepatis. \|date=January 2024 \|pmid=32119357\|publisher=StatPearls Publishing\|location=Treasure Island (FL)}}</ref> Peliosis hepatis occurs equally in men and women.<ref name=Crocetti /><ref name=Siddiqi />

	==History==		==History==

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Epidemiology: fixing ref

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	==Epidemiology==		==Epidemiology==
	Peliosis hepatis usually affects adults, though may occur in children.<ref ~~name=Siddiqi~~>{{cite ~~journal~~ \|last1=Siddiqi \|first1=I \|last2=Gupta \|first2=N \|title=Peliosis Hepatis. \|date=January ~~2022~~ \|pmid=32119357}}</ref> Peliosis hepatis occurs equally in men and women.<ref name=Crocetti /><ref name=Siddiqi />		Peliosis hepatis usually affects adults, though may occur in children.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=A Siddiqi \|first1=I \|last2=Gupta \|first2=N \|title=Peliosis Hepatis. \|date=January 2024 \|pmid=32119357\|publisher=StatPearls Publishing\|location=Treasure Island (FL)}}</ref> Peliosis hepatis occurs equally in men and women.<ref name=Crocetti /><ref name=Siddiqi />

	==History==		==History==

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	* '''Chronic conditions:''' End stage [[kidney failure]], [[kwashiorkor]], [[tuberculosis]], and other chronic infections		* '''Chronic conditions:''' End stage [[kidney failure]], [[kwashiorkor]], [[tuberculosis]], and other chronic infections
	* '''Malignancy:''' [[Monoclonal gammopathy\|Monoclonal gammopathies]] ([[multiple myeloma]] and [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia]]), [[Hodgkin disease]], [[malignant histiocytosis]], [[seminoma]], [[hepatocellular adenoma]], and [[hepatocarcinoma]]<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Haboubi NY, Ali HH, Whitwell HL, Ackrill P \|title=Role of endothelial cell injury in the spectrum of azathioprine-induced liver disease after renal transplant: light microscopy and ultrastructural observations \|journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. \|volume=83 \|issue=3 \|pages=256–61 \|year=1988 \|pmid=3278593}}</ref>		* '''Malignancy:''' [[Monoclonal gammopathy\|Monoclonal gammopathies]] ([[multiple myeloma]] and [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia]]), [[Hodgkin disease]], [[malignant histiocytosis]], [[seminoma]], [[hepatocellular adenoma]], and [[hepatocarcinoma]]<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Haboubi NY, Ali HH, Whitwell HL, Ackrill P \|title=Role of endothelial cell injury in the spectrum of azathioprine-induced liver disease after renal transplant: light microscopy and ultrastructural observations \|journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. \|volume=83 \|issue=3 \|pages=256–61 \|year=1988 \|pmid=3278593}}</ref>
	* '''Kidney transplants:''' It can be found in up to 20% patients, can be related to azathioprine or cyclosporine use, and may be associated with increased risk of [[transplant rejection]].<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Izumi S, Nishiuchi M, Kameda Y, Nagano S, Fukunishi T, Kohro T, Shinji Y \|title=Laparoscopic study of peliosis hepatis and nodular transformation of the liver before and after renal transplantation: natural history and aetiology in follow-up cases \|journal=J. Hepatol. \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=129–37 \|year=1994 \|pmid=8201214 \|doi=10.1016/S0168-8278(05)80479-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Cavalcanti R, Pol S, Carnot F, Campos H, Degott C, Driss F, Legendre C, Kreis H \|title=Impact and evolution of peliosis hepatis in renal transplant recipients \|journal=Transplantation \|volume=58 \|issue=3 \|pages=315–6 \|year=1994 \|pmid=8053054 \|doi=10.1097/00007890-199408150-00011}}</ref>		* '''Kidney transplants:''' It can be found in up to 20% patients, can be related to azathioprine or cyclosporine use, and may be associated with increased risk of [[transplant rejection]].<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Izumi S, Nishiuchi M, Kameda Y, Nagano S, Fukunishi T, Kohro T, Shinji Y \|title=Laparoscopic study of peliosis hepatis and nodular transformation of the liver before and after renal transplantation: natural history and aetiology in follow-up cases \|journal=J. Hepatol. \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=129–37 \|year=1994 \|pmid=8201214 \|doi=10.1016/S0168-8278(05)80479-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Cavalcanti R, Pol S, Carnot F, Campos H, Degott C, Driss F, Legendre C, Kreis H \|title=Impact and evolution of peliosis hepatis in renal transplant recipients \|journal=Transplantation \|volume=58 \|issue=3 \|pages=315–6 \|year=1994 \|pmid=8053054 \|doi=10.1097/00007890-199408150-00011\|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	* '''Drugs and toxins:''' [[Corticosteroids]], [[androgens]], [[azathioprine]], [[tamoxifen]]<ref>{{cite book \| last = Goldman \| first = Lee \| title = Cecil Textbook of Medicine -- 2-Volume Set, Text with Continually Updated Online Reference \| publisher = W.B. Saunders Company \| location = Philadelphia \| year = 2003 \| isbn = 978-0-7216-4563-6 }}</ref>		* '''Drugs and toxins:''' [[Corticosteroids]], [[androgens]], [[azathioprine]], [[tamoxifen]]<ref>{{cite book \| last = Goldman \| first = Lee \| title = Cecil Textbook of Medicine -- 2-Volume Set, Text with Continually Updated Online Reference \| publisher = W.B. Saunders Company \| location = Philadelphia \| year = 2003 \| isbn = 978-0-7216-4563-6 }}</ref>

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	==Presentation==		==Presentation==
	=== Disease associations ===		=== Disease associations ===
	* '''Infections:''' [[HIV]], [[bacillary peliosis]] (caused by genus ''[[Bartonella]]'', bacteria responsible for [[cat-scratch disease]] which are identified histologically adjacent to the peliotic lesions<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Koehler JE, Sanchez MA, Garrido CS, Whitfeld MJ, Chen FM, Berger TG, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, LeBoit PE, Tappero JW \|title=Molecular epidemiology of bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=337 \|issue=26 \|pages=1876–83 \|year=1997 \|pmid=9407154 \|doi=10.1056/NEJM199712253372603}}</ref>), ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1056/NEJM199012063232302 \|vauthors=Perkocha LA, Geaghan SM, Yen TS, Nishimura SL, Chan SP, Garcia-Kennedy R, Honda G, Stoloff AC, Klein HZ, Goldman RL \|title=Clinical and pathological features of bacillary peliosis hepatis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=323 \|issue=23 \|pages=1581–6 \|year=1990 \|pmid=2233946}}</ref>		* '''Infections:''' [[HIV]], [[bacillary peliosis]] (caused by genus ''[[Bartonella]]'', bacteria responsible for [[cat-scratch disease]] which are identified histologically adjacent to the peliotic lesions<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Koehler JE, Sanchez MA, Garrido CS, Whitfeld MJ, Chen FM, Berger TG, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, LeBoit PE, Tappero JW \|title=Molecular epidemiology of bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=337 \|issue=26 \|pages=1876–83 \|year=1997 \|pmid=9407154 \|doi=10.1056/NEJM199712253372603\|doi-access=free }}</ref>), ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1056/NEJM199012063232302 \|vauthors=Perkocha LA, Geaghan SM, Yen TS, Nishimura SL, Chan SP, Garcia-Kennedy R, Honda G, Stoloff AC, Klein HZ, Goldman RL \|title=Clinical and pathological features of bacillary peliosis hepatis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=323 \|issue=23 \|pages=1581–6 \|year=1990 \|pmid=2233946\|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	* '''Chronic conditions:''' End stage [[kidney failure]], [[kwashiorkor]], [[tuberculosis]], and other chronic infections		* '''Chronic conditions:''' End stage [[kidney failure]], [[kwashiorkor]], [[tuberculosis]], and other chronic infections
	* '''Malignancy:''' [[Monoclonal gammopathy\|Monoclonal gammopathies]] ([[multiple myeloma]] and [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia]]), [[Hodgkin disease]], [[malignant histiocytosis]], [[seminoma]], [[hepatocellular adenoma]], and [[hepatocarcinoma]]<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Haboubi NY, Ali HH, Whitwell HL, Ackrill P \|title=Role of endothelial cell injury in the spectrum of azathioprine-induced liver disease after renal transplant: light microscopy and ultrastructural observations \|journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. \|volume=83 \|issue=3 \|pages=256–61 \|year=1988 \|pmid=3278593}}</ref>		* '''Malignancy:''' [[Monoclonal gammopathy\|Monoclonal gammopathies]] ([[multiple myeloma]] and [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia]]), [[Hodgkin disease]], [[malignant histiocytosis]], [[seminoma]], [[hepatocellular adenoma]], and [[hepatocarcinoma]]<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Haboubi NY, Ali HH, Whitwell HL, Ackrill P \|title=Role of endothelial cell injury in the spectrum of azathioprine-induced liver disease after renal transplant: light microscopy and ultrastructural observations \|journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. \|volume=83 \|issue=3 \|pages=256–61 \|year=1988 \|pmid=3278593}}</ref>

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	==History==		==History==
	Peliosis hepatis was first described in 1861.<ref name=Crocetti>{{cite journal \|last1=Crocetti \|first1=D \|last2=Palmieri \|first2=A \|last3=Pedullà \|first3=G \|last4=Pasta \|first4=V \|last5=D'Orazi \|first5=V \|last6=Grazi \|first6=GL \|title=Peliosis hepatis: Personal experience and literature review. \|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology \|date=14 December 2015 \|volume=21 \|issue=46 \|pages=13188–94 \|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i46.13188 \|pmid=26675327\|pmc=4674738 \|s2cid=19321062 }}</ref>		Peliosis hepatis was first described in 1861.<ref name=Crocetti>{{cite journal \|last1=Crocetti \|first1=D \|last2=Palmieri \|first2=A \|last3=Pedullà \|first3=G \|last4=Pasta \|first4=V \|last5=D'Orazi \|first5=V \|last6=Grazi \|first6=GL \|title=Peliosis hepatis: Personal experience and literature review. \|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology \|date=14 December 2015 \|volume=21 \|issue=46 \|pages=13188–94 \|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i46.13188 \|pmid=26675327\|pmc=4674738 \|s2cid=19321062 \|doi-access=free }}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

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	==History==		==History==
	Peliosis hepatis was first described in 1861.<ref name=Crocetti>{{cite journal \|last1=Crocetti \|first1=D \|last2=Palmieri \|first2=A \|last3=Pedullà \|first3=G \|last4=Pasta \|first4=V \|last5=D'Orazi \|first5=V \|last6=Grazi \|first6=GL \|title=Peliosis hepatis: Personal experience and literature review. \|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology \|date=14 December 2015 \|volume=21 \|issue=46 \|pages=13188–94 \|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i46.13188 \|pmid=26675327\|s2cid=19321062 }}</ref>		Peliosis hepatis was first described in 1861.<ref name=Crocetti>{{cite journal \|last1=Crocetti \|first1=D \|last2=Palmieri \|first2=A \|last3=Pedullà \|first3=G \|last4=Pasta \|first4=V \|last5=D'Orazi \|first5=V \|last6=Grazi \|first6=GL \|title=Peliosis hepatis: Personal experience and literature review. \|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology \|date=14 December 2015 \|volume=21 \|issue=46 \|pages=13188–94 \|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i46.13188 \|pmid=26675327\|pmc=4674738 \|s2cid=19321062 }}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:43, 22 December 2022
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	\| deaths =		\| deaths =
	}}		}}
	'''Peliosis hepatis''' is an uncommon [[Blood vessel\|vascular]] condition characterised by multiple, randomly distributed, blood-filled cavities throughout the [[liver]]. The size of the cavities usually ranges between a few millimetres and 3 cm in diameter.<ref name="marvin">{{cite book \| last = Sleisenger \| first = Marvin \| title = Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease \| publisher = W.B. Saunders Company \| location = Philadelphia \| year = 2006 \| isbn = 978-1-4160-0245-1 \| url-access = registration \| url = https://archive.org/details/sleisengerfordtr0000unse_j1o5 }} Chapter 80</ref> In the past, it was a mere [[histological]] curiosity occasionally found at [[autopsies]], but has been increasingly recognised with wide-ranging conditions from [[AIDS]] to the use of [[anabolic steroid]]s. It also occasionally affects [[spleen]], [[lymph node]]s, [[lung]]s, [[kidney]]s, [[adrenal gland]]s, [[bone marrow]], and other parts of [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ichijima K, Kobashi Y, Yamabe H, Fujii Y, Inoue Y \|title=Peliosis hepatis. An unusual case involving multiple organs \|journal=Pathology International \|volume=30 \|issue=1 \|pages=109–20 \|year=1980 \|pmid=7361545 \|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1827.1980.tb01308.x}}</ref>		'''Peliosis hepatis''' is an uncommon [[Blood vessel\|vascular]] condition characterised by multiple, randomly distributed, blood-filled cavities throughout the [[liver]]. The size of the cavities usually ranges between a few millimetres and 3 cm in diameter.<ref name="marvin">{{cite book \| last = Sleisenger \| first = Marvin \| title = Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease \| publisher = W.B. Saunders Company \| location = Philadelphia \| year = 2006 \| isbn = 978-1-4160-0245-1 \| url-access = registration \| url = https://archive.org/details/sleisengerfordtr0000unse_j1o5 }} Chapter 80</ref> In the past, it was a mere [[histological]] curiosity occasionally found at [[autopsies]], but has been increasingly recognised with wide-ranging conditions from [[AIDS]] to the use of [[anabolic steroid]]s. It also occasionally affects [[spleen]], [[lymph node]]s, [[lung]]s, [[kidney]]s, [[adrenal gland]]s, [[bone marrow]], and other parts of [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ichijima K, Kobashi Y, Yamabe H, Fujii Y, Inoue Y \|title=Peliosis hepatis. An unusual case involving multiple organs \|journal=Pathology International \|volume=30 \|issue=1 \|pages=109–20 \|year=1980 \|pmid=7361545 \|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1827.1980.tb01308.x\|s2cid=19074965 }}</ref>

	Peliosis hepatis is often erroneously written "peliosis hepati''ti''s", despite its not being one of the [[hepatitis\|hepatitides]]. The correct term arises from the [[Greek language\|Greek]] ''pelios'', i.e. discoloured by extravasated blood, livid,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380479 \|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon \|access-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> and the [[Latin language\|Latinized]] [[genitive case]] (hepatis<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2320439 \|title=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary \|access-date=2007-07-02 }}</ref>) of the [[Greek language\|Greek]] ''hepar'', liver.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2347443 \|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon \|access-date=2007-07-02 }}</ref>		Peliosis hepatis is often erroneously written "peliosis hepati''ti''s", despite its not being one of the [[hepatitis\|hepatitides]]. The correct term arises from the [[Greek language\|Greek]] ''pelios'', i.e. discoloured by extravasated blood, livid,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380479 \|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon \|access-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> and the [[Latin language\|Latinized]] [[genitive case]] (hepatis<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2320439 \|title=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary \|access-date=2007-07-02 }}</ref>) of the [[Greek language\|Greek]] ''hepar'', liver.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2347443 \|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon \|access-date=2007-07-02 }}</ref>
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	Peliosis hepatis is associated with infections, cancers, organ transplantation, blood disorders, autoimmune conditions, and certain medications.<ref name=Siddiqi />		Peliosis hepatis is associated with infections, cancers, organ transplantation, blood disorders, autoimmune conditions, and certain medications.<ref name=Siddiqi />

	Two [[morphology (biology)\|morphologic]] patterns of hepatic peliosis were described by Yanoff and Rawson.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=YANOFF M, RAWSON AJ \|title=~~PELIOSIS~~ ~~HEPATIS~~. AN ~~ANATOMIC~~ ~~STUDY~~ ~~WITH~~ ~~DEMONSTRATION~~ OF ~~TWO~~ ~~VARIETIES~~ \|journal=Archives of Pathology \|volume=77 \|pages=159–65 \|year=1964 \|pmid=14088761}}</ref> In the '''phlebectatic''' type, the blood-filled spaces are lined with [[endothelium]] and are associated with [[aneurysm]]al dilatation of the central vein; in the '''parenchymal''' type, the spaces have no endothelial lining and they usually are associated with haemorrhagic [[parenchyma]]l necrosis. Some consider both patterns to be one process, initiated by focal necrosis of liver parenchyma, observed in parenchymal type, progressing into formation of [[fibrous]] wall and endothelial lining around [[haemorrhage]] of phlebectatic type. [[Fibrosis]], [[cirrhosis]], regenerative nodules, and [[tumours]] may also be seen.		Two [[morphology (biology)\|morphologic]] patterns of hepatic peliosis were described by Yanoff and Rawson.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=YANOFF M, RAWSON AJ \|title=Peliosis Hepatis. An Anatomic Study with Demonstration of Two Varieties \|journal=Archives of Pathology \|volume=77 \|pages=159–65 \|year=1964 \|pmid=14088761}}</ref> In the '''phlebectatic''' type, the blood-filled spaces are lined with [[endothelium]] and are associated with [[aneurysm]]al dilatation of the central vein; in the '''parenchymal''' type, the spaces have no endothelial lining and they usually are associated with haemorrhagic [[parenchyma]]l necrosis. Some consider both patterns to be one process, initiated by focal necrosis of liver parenchyma, observed in parenchymal type, progressing into formation of [[fibrous]] wall and endothelial lining around [[haemorrhage]] of phlebectatic type. [[Fibrosis]], [[cirrhosis]], regenerative nodules, and [[tumours]] may also be seen.

	==Diagnosis==		==Diagnosis==
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	==History==		==History==
	Peliosis hepatis was first described in 1861.<ref name=Crocetti>{{cite journal \|last1=Crocetti \|first1=D \|last2=Palmieri \|first2=A \|last3=Pedullà \|first3=G \|last4=Pasta \|first4=V \|last5=D'Orazi \|first5=V \|last6=Grazi \|first6=GL \|title=Peliosis hepatis: Personal experience and literature review. \|journal=World ~~journal~~ of ~~gastroenterology~~ \|date=14 December 2015 \|volume=21 \|issue=46 \|pages=~~13188-94~~ \|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i46.13188 \|pmid=26675327}}</ref>		Peliosis hepatis was first described in 1861.<ref name=Crocetti>{{cite journal \|last1=Crocetti \|first1=D \|last2=Palmieri \|first2=A \|last3=Pedullà \|first3=G \|last4=Pasta \|first4=V \|last5=D'Orazi \|first5=V \|last6=Grazi \|first6=GL \|title=Peliosis hepatis: Personal experience and literature review. \|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology \|date=14 December 2015 \|volume=21 \|issue=46 \|pages=13188–94 \|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i46.13188 \|pmid=26675327\|s2cid=19321062 }}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

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	\| caption = The CT scan of a patient with peliosis hepatis (left): The follow-up CT (right) after 7 years shows full remission.		\| caption = The CT scan of a patient with peliosis hepatis (left): The follow-up CT (right) after 7 years shows full remission.
	\| pronounce =		\| pronounce =
	\| field =		\| field = [[Gastroenterology]], [[hepatology]]
	\| symptoms = [[asymptomatic]], [[abdominal pain]], [[jaundice]]		\| symptoms = [[asymptomatic]], [[abdominal pain]], [[jaundice]]
	\| complications =		\| complications =

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	\| symptoms = asymptomatic, abdominal pain, jaundice		\| symptoms = [[asymptomatic]], [[abdominal pain]], [[jaundice]]
	\| complications =		\| complications =
	\| onset =		\| onset =

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	\| symptoms =		\| symptoms = asymptomatic, abdominal pain, jaundice
	\| complications =		\| complications =
	\| onset =		\| onset =