Jin Shuren - Revision history

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:31, 27 May 2024
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	In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2015\|p=71}}		In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2015\|p=71}}

	Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin, however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ~~&dq=aitchen+wu~~&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>		Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin, however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>

	== Footnotes ==		== Footnotes ==

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T5 CW#16 - Fix errors for CW project (Unicode control characters)

2023-02-09T01:39:18Z

v2.05b - Bot T5 CW#16 - Fix errors for CW project (Unicode control characters)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:39, 9 February 2023
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	[[Category:1941 deaths]]		[[Category:1941 deaths]]
	[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Gansu]]		[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Gansu]]
	[[Category:20th century in ~~Xinjiang‎~~]]		[[Category:20th century in Xinjiang]]
	[[Category:People from Linxia]]		[[Category:People from Linxia]]

Nempnet: Edited footnote date to match citation to fix citation anchor

2023-02-07T20:43:57Z

Edited footnote date to match citation to fix citation anchor

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:43, 7 February 2023
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	Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced [[Internal passport\|internal passports]] which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}		Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced [[Internal passport\|internal passports]] which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}

	In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|~~2004~~\|p=71}}		In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2015\|p=71}}

	Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin, however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>		Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin, however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>

Marcocapelle: /* References */More specific categorization

2023-02-06T18:31:23Z

References: More specific categorization

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	[[Category:1941 deaths]]		[[Category:1941 deaths]]
	[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Gansu]]		[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Gansu]]
	[[Category:~~History~~ of ~~Xinjiang~~]]		[[Category:20th century in Xinjiang‎]]
	[[Category:People from Linxia]]		[[Category:People from Linxia]]

Johnpacklambert: removed Category:1883 births; added Category:1880s births using HotCat

2022-12-13T21:28:19Z

removed Category:1883 births; added Category:1880s births using HotCat

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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Jin, Shuren}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Jin, Shuren}}
	[[Category:~~1883~~ births]]		[[Category:1880s births]]
	[[Category:1941 deaths]]		[[Category:1941 deaths]]
	[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Gansu]]		[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Gansu]]

Governor Sheng: Clean up/copyedit

2022-11-11T11:33:21Z

Clean up/copyedit

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:33, 11 November 2022
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	Jin Shuren was born in [[Yongjing County\|Yongjing]], [[Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture\|Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a county/district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		Jin Shuren was born in [[Yongjing County\|Yongjing]], [[Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture\|Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a county/district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	After taking ~~the~~ Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		After taking Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology, he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]] officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou, hometown of Jin. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}		Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of the army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]] officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou, the hometown of Jin. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}

	Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced [[Internal passport\|internal passports]] which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}		Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced [[Internal passport\|internal passports]] which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}

	In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts ~~were~~ intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}}		In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}}

	Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>		Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin, however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>

	== Footnotes ==		== Footnotes ==

波斯波莉斯: /* Biography */Correct

2022-09-17T15:19:39Z

Biography: Correct

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:19, 17 September 2022
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	== Biography ==		== Biography ==

	Jin Shuren was born in [[Yongjing County\|Yongjing]], [[Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		Jin Shuren was born in [[Yongjing County\|Yongjing]], [[Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture\|Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a county/district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	After taking the Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		After taking the Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

波斯波莉斯 at 11:05, 28 May 2022

2022-05-28T11:05:48Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:05, 28 May 2022
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	{{family name hatnote\|[[Jin (Chinese surname)\|Jin]]\|lang=Chinese}}		{{family name hatnote\|[[Jin (Chinese surname)\|Jin]]\|lang=Chinese}}

	'''Jin Shuren''' ({{zh\|s=金树仁\|t=金樹仁\|p=Jīn Shùrén\|w=Chin Shu-jen\|first=t}}; c. 1883–1941) was a [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|Chinese]] warlord who served as Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] between 1928 and 1933.		'''Jin Shuren''' ({{zh\|s=金树仁\|t=金樹仁\|p=Jīn Shùrén\|w=Chin Shu-jen\|first=t}}; c. 1883–1941) was a [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|Chinese]] [[Xinjiang clique]] warlord who served as Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] between 1928 and 1933.

	== Biography ==		== Biography ==

	Jin Shuren was born in [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		Jin Shuren was born in [[Yongjing County\|Yongjing]], [[Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	After taking the Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		After taking the Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]] officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}		Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]] officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou, hometown of Jin. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}

	Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced internal passports which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}		Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced [[Internal passport\|internal passports]] which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}

	In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts were intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}}		In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts were intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}}

	Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>		Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>

	== Footnotes ==		== Footnotes ==

Deva Dove: ce, format

2022-02-09T23:29:07Z

ce, format

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:29, 9 February 2022
Line 55:		Line 55:
	== Biography ==		== Biography ==

	Jin Shuren was born in [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got ~~into~~ the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		Jin Shuren was born in [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	After taking the Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		After taking the Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]]~~ese~~ officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs ~~and another~~ brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}		Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]] officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}

	Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced internal passports which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}		Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced internal passports which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}

			In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts were intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}}
	In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance.

	Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Ethnic and religious conflicts were intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated the local [[Turkic people\|Turkic]] lands in order to redistribute them to the Chinese, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. The deception caused the Chinese to become the targets of hatred. Jin also favored the Han over the Turkic (such as the [[Uyghur people\|Uighur]]s) and intensified ethnic conflicts between the Uighurs and Chinese. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}} Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to ~~{{frac\|3\|1\|2}}~~ years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935 and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>		Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>

	== Footnotes ==		== Footnotes ==

Mupper-san: #suggestededit-add 1.0

2021-06-01T04:08:54Z

#suggestededit-add 1.0

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:08, 1 June 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{Short description\|Chinese warlord}}
	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
	\| name = Jin Shuren		\| name = Jin Shuren

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:43, 7 February 2023
Line 63:		Line 63:
	Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced [[Internal passport\|internal passports]] which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}		Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced [[Internal passport\|internal passports]] which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}

	In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|~~2004~~\|p=71}}		In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2015\|p=71}}

	Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin, however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>		Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin, however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:33, 11 November 2022
Line 57:		Line 57:
	Jin Shuren was born in [[Yongjing County\|Yongjing]], [[Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture\|Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a county/district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		Jin Shuren was born in [[Yongjing County\|Yongjing]], [[Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture\|Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a county/district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	After taking ~~the~~ Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		After taking Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology, he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]] officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou, hometown of Jin. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}		Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of the army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]] officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou, the hometown of Jin. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}

	Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced [[Internal passport\|internal passports]] which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}		Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced [[Internal passport\|internal passports]] which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}

	In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts ~~were~~ intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}}		In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}}

	Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>		Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin, however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>

	== Footnotes ==		== Footnotes ==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:05, 28 May 2022
Line 51:		Line 51:
	{{family name hatnote\|[[Jin (Chinese surname)\|Jin]]\|lang=Chinese}}		{{family name hatnote\|[[Jin (Chinese surname)\|Jin]]\|lang=Chinese}}

	'''Jin Shuren''' ({{zh\|s=金树仁\|t=金樹仁\|p=Jīn Shùrén\|w=Chin Shu-jen\|first=t}}; c. 1883–1941) was a [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|Chinese]] warlord who served as Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] between 1928 and 1933.		'''Jin Shuren''' ({{zh\|s=金树仁\|t=金樹仁\|p=Jīn Shùrén\|w=Chin Shu-jen\|first=t}}; c. 1883–1941) was a [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|Chinese]] [[Xinjiang clique]] warlord who served as Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] between 1928 and 1933.

	== Biography ==		== Biography ==

	Jin Shuren was born in [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		Jin Shuren was born in [[Yongjing County\|Yongjing]], [[Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	After taking the Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		After taking the Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]] officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}		Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]] officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou, hometown of Jin. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}

	Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced internal passports which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}		Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced [[Internal passport\|internal passports]] which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}

	In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts were intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}}		In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts were intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}}

	Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>		Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan [[Hui people\|Hui]] General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>

	== Footnotes ==		== Footnotes ==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:29, 9 February 2022
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	== Biography ==		== Biography ==

	Jin Shuren was born in [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got ~~into~~ the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		Jin Shuren was born in [[Gansu]]. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of [[Yang Zengxin]], at the time District Magistrate of [[Hezhou]]. When Yang was appointed Governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China\|Xinjiang]] in 1908, Jin followed him as a district magistrate. After the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in [[Ürümqi]], a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	After taking the Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}		After taking the Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to [[Nanking]] asking for [[Kuomintang]]'s recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38}}

	Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]]~~ese~~ officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs ~~and another~~ brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}		Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former [[Yunnan]] officials, both [[Han Chinese\|Han]] and [[Hui people\|Hui]] were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in [[Kashgar]].{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=38–39}}

	Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced internal passports which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}		Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced internal passports which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=39}}

			In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts were intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}}
	In 1932, the French [[Yellow Expedition]] passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance.

	Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Ethnic and religious conflicts were intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated the local [[Turkic people\|Turkic]] lands in order to redistribute them to the Chinese, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. The deception caused the Chinese to become the targets of hatred. Jin also favored the Han over the Turkic (such as the [[Uyghur people\|Uighur]]s) and intensified ethnic conflicts between the Uighurs and Chinese. In April 1933 Jin's [[White Emigre\|White Russian]] troops changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the [[USSR]]. He was succeeded by [[Sheng Shicai]].{{sfn\|Starr\|2004\|p=71}} Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to ~~{{frac\|3\|1\|2}}~~ years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935 and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>		Jin incurred the wrath of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Tungan General [[Ma Zhongying]] allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}} Jin however, was overthrown after the [[First Battle of Urumqi (1933)]] by White Russian troops under Colonel [[Pavel Pappengut]]. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.{{sfn\|Forbes\|1986\|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvxwAAAAMAAJ&dq=aitchen+wu&q=chin+shu-jen+treaty\|title=Turkistan Tumult\|author=Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu\|year=1984\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-583839-4\|pages=278\|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders \|year=1936 \|location=Shanghai\|publisher=THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW \|url=https://archive.org/stream/5edwhoswhoinchina00shanuoft#page/52/mode/2up \|page=52 }}</ref>

	== Footnotes ==		== Footnotes ==