Cortisol - Revision history

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	Cortisol follows a [[circadian rhythm]], and to accurately measure cortisol levels is best to test four times per day through saliva. An individual may have normal total cortisol but have a lower than normal level during a certain period of the day and a higher than normal level during a different period. Therefore, some scholars question the clinical utility of cortisol measurement.<ref name="pmid33792492">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Izawa S, Sugaya N, Ogawa N, Shirotsuki K, Nomura S \| title = A validation study on fingernail cortisol: correlations with one-month cortisol levels estimated by hair and saliva samples \| journal = Stress \| volume = 24\| issue = 6\| pages = 734–741 \| date = April 2021 \| pmid = 33792492 \| doi = 10.1080/10253890.2021.1895113 \| s2cid = 232481968 \| url = \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid24275191">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E \| title = Determination of cortisol in serum, saliva and urine \| journal = Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism \| volume = 27 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 795–801 \| date = December 2013 \| pmid = 24275191 \| doi = 10.1016/j.beem.2013.10.008 \| url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid18227002">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Dolomie-Fagour L, Corcuff JB \| title = [Is free plasmatic cortisol measurement useful in intensive care unit?] \|language =fr\| journal = Annales de Biologie Clinique \| volume = 66 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 31–41 \| date = 2008 \| pmid = 18227002 \| doi = 10.1684/abc.2008.0189 \| doi-broken-date = 31 ~~January~~ 2024 \| url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid24356273">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Maidana P, Bruno OD, Mesch V \| title = [A critical analysis of cortisol measurements: an update] \|language=es\| journal = Medicina \| volume = 73 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 579–84 \| date = 2013 \| pmid = 24356273 \| doi = \| url = }}</ref>		Cortisol follows a [[circadian rhythm]], and to accurately measure cortisol levels is best to test four times per day through saliva. An individual may have normal total cortisol but have a lower than normal level during a certain period of the day and a higher than normal level during a different period. Therefore, some scholars question the clinical utility of cortisol measurement.<ref name="pmid33792492">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Izawa S, Sugaya N, Ogawa N, Shirotsuki K, Nomura S \| title = A validation study on fingernail cortisol: correlations with one-month cortisol levels estimated by hair and saliva samples \| journal = Stress \| volume = 24\| issue = 6\| pages = 734–741 \| date = April 2021 \| pmid = 33792492 \| doi = 10.1080/10253890.2021.1895113 \| s2cid = 232481968 \| url = \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid24275191">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E \| title = Determination of cortisol in serum, saliva and urine \| journal = Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism \| volume = 27 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 795–801 \| date = December 2013 \| pmid = 24275191 \| doi = 10.1016/j.beem.2013.10.008 \| url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid18227002">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Dolomie-Fagour L, Corcuff JB \| title = [Is free plasmatic cortisol measurement useful in intensive care unit?] \|language =fr\| journal = Annales de Biologie Clinique \| volume = 66 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 31–41 \| date = 2008 \| pmid = 18227002 \| doi = 10.1684/abc.2008.0189 \| doi-broken-date = 12 September 2024 \| url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid24356273">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Maidana P, Bruno OD, Mesch V \| title = [A critical analysis of cortisol measurements: an update] \|language=es\| journal = Medicina \| volume = 73 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 579–84 \| date = 2013 \| pmid = 24356273 \| doi = \| url = }}</ref>

	Cortisol is lipophilic, and is transported bound to [[transcortin]] (also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)) and [[albumin]], while only a small part of the total serum cortisol is unbound and has biological activity.<ref name="pmid29194043">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Verbeeten KC, Ahmet AH \| title = The role of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency \| journal = Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism \| volume = 31 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 107–115 \| date = January 2018 \| pmid = 29194043 \| doi = 10.1515/jpem-2017-0270 \| s2cid = 28588420 \| doi-access = free }}</ref> This binding of cortisol to transcortin is accomplished through hydrophobic interactions in which cortisol binds in a 1:1 ratio.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Henley D, Lightman S, Carrell R \| title = Cortisol and CBG - Getting cortisol to the right place at the right time \| journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics \| volume = 166 \| pages = 128–135 \| date = October 2016 \| pmid = 27411675 \| doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.020 \| hdl = 1983/d7ed507d-52d5-496b-ae1f-de220ae1b190 \| url = https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/183969438/CBG_Final_Henley_revised_submitted2.pdf \| access-date = 8 March 2023 \| archive-date = 20 August 2023 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230820212304/https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/183969438/CBG_Final_Henley_revised_submitted2.pdf \| url-status = live }}</ref> Serum cortisol assays measures total cortisol, and its results may be misleading for patients with altered serum protein concentrations. The salivary cortisol test avoids this problem because only free cortisol can pass through the [[blood-saliva barrier]].<ref name="pmid30904918">{{cite journal \|vauthors=de Medeiros GF, Lafenêtre P, Janthakhin Y, Cerpa JC, Zhang CL, Mehta MM, Mortessagne P, Helbling JC, Ferreira G, Moisan MP \|title=Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin Deficiency Specifically Impairs Contextual and Recognition Memory Consolidation in Male Mice \|journal=Neuroendocrinology \|volume=109 \|issue=4 \|pages=322–332 \|date=2019 \|pmid=30904918 \|doi=10.1159/000499827 \|s2cid=85498121 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21371536">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Henley DE, Lightman SL \|title=New insights into corticosteroid-binding globulin and glucocorticoid delivery \|journal=Neuroscience \|volume=180 \|issue= \|pages=1–8 \|date=April 2011 \|pmid=21371536 \|doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.053 \|s2cid=26843500 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid34684123">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Salzano C, Saracino G, Cardillo G \|title=Possible Adrenal Involvement in Long COVID Syndrome \|journal=Medicina (Kaunas) \|volume=57 \|issue=10 \|date=October 2021 \|page=1087 \|pmid=34684123 \|pmc=8537520 \|doi=10.3390/medicina57101087 \|url= \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid19632788">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Granger DA, Hibel LC, Fortunato CK, Kapelewski CH \|title=Medication effects on salivary cortisol: tactics and strategy to minimize impact in behavioral and developmental science \|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology \|volume=34 \|issue=10 \|pages=1437–48 \|date=November 2009 \|pmid=19632788 \|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.017 \|s2cid=3100315 \|url=}}</ref> Transcortin particles are too large to pass through this barrier,<ref>{{cite journal\|doi=10.1017/S0962728600030657 \|title=Can non-invasive glucocorticoid measures be used as reliable indicators of stress in animals? \|date=2006 \|last1=Lane \|first1=J. \|journal=Animal Welfare \|volume=15 \|issue=4 \|pages=331–342 \|s2cid=80026053 }}</ref> that consists of epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands.<ref name="pmid32842479">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Lin GC, Smajlhodzic M, Bandian AM, Friedl HP, Leitgeb T, Oerter S, Stadler K, Giese U, Peham JR, Bingle L, Neuhaus W \|title=An In Vitro Barrier Model of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland Epithelium Based on a Single Cell Clone of Cell Line HTB-41: Establishment and Application for Biomarker Transport Studies \|journal=Biomedicines \|volume=8 \|issue=9 \|date=August 2020 \|page=302 \|pmid=32842479 \|pmc=7555419 \|doi=10.3390/biomedicines8090302 \|url= \|doi-access=free }}</ref>		Cortisol is lipophilic, and is transported bound to [[transcortin]] (also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)) and [[albumin]], while only a small part of the total serum cortisol is unbound and has biological activity.<ref name="pmid29194043">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Verbeeten KC, Ahmet AH \| title = The role of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency \| journal = Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism \| volume = 31 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 107–115 \| date = January 2018 \| pmid = 29194043 \| doi = 10.1515/jpem-2017-0270 \| s2cid = 28588420 \| doi-access = free }}</ref> This binding of cortisol to transcortin is accomplished through hydrophobic interactions in which cortisol binds in a 1:1 ratio.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Henley D, Lightman S, Carrell R \| title = Cortisol and CBG - Getting cortisol to the right place at the right time \| journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics \| volume = 166 \| pages = 128–135 \| date = October 2016 \| pmid = 27411675 \| doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.020 \| hdl = 1983/d7ed507d-52d5-496b-ae1f-de220ae1b190 \| url = https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/183969438/CBG_Final_Henley_revised_submitted2.pdf \| access-date = 8 March 2023 \| archive-date = 20 August 2023 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230820212304/https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/183969438/CBG_Final_Henley_revised_submitted2.pdf \| url-status = live }}</ref> Serum cortisol assays measures total cortisol, and its results may be misleading for patients with altered serum protein concentrations. The salivary cortisol test avoids this problem because only free cortisol can pass through the [[blood-saliva barrier]].<ref name="pmid30904918">{{cite journal \|vauthors=de Medeiros GF, Lafenêtre P, Janthakhin Y, Cerpa JC, Zhang CL, Mehta MM, Mortessagne P, Helbling JC, Ferreira G, Moisan MP \|title=Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin Deficiency Specifically Impairs Contextual and Recognition Memory Consolidation in Male Mice \|journal=Neuroendocrinology \|volume=109 \|issue=4 \|pages=322–332 \|date=2019 \|pmid=30904918 \|doi=10.1159/000499827 \|s2cid=85498121 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21371536">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Henley DE, Lightman SL \|title=New insights into corticosteroid-binding globulin and glucocorticoid delivery \|journal=Neuroscience \|volume=180 \|issue= \|pages=1–8 \|date=April 2011 \|pmid=21371536 \|doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.053 \|s2cid=26843500 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid34684123">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Salzano C, Saracino G, Cardillo G \|title=Possible Adrenal Involvement in Long COVID Syndrome \|journal=Medicina (Kaunas) \|volume=57 \|issue=10 \|date=October 2021 \|page=1087 \|pmid=34684123 \|pmc=8537520 \|doi=10.3390/medicina57101087 \|url= \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid19632788">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Granger DA, Hibel LC, Fortunato CK, Kapelewski CH \|title=Medication effects on salivary cortisol: tactics and strategy to minimize impact in behavioral and developmental science \|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology \|volume=34 \|issue=10 \|pages=1437–48 \|date=November 2009 \|pmid=19632788 \|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.017 \|s2cid=3100315 \|url=}}</ref> Transcortin particles are too large to pass through this barrier,<ref>{{cite journal\|doi=10.1017/S0962728600030657 \|title=Can non-invasive glucocorticoid measures be used as reliable indicators of stress in animals? \|date=2006 \|last1=Lane \|first1=J. \|journal=Animal Welfare \|volume=15 \|issue=4 \|pages=331–342 \|s2cid=80026053 }}</ref> that consists of epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands.<ref name="pmid32842479">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Lin GC, Smajlhodzic M, Bandian AM, Friedl HP, Leitgeb T, Oerter S, Stadler K, Giese U, Peham JR, Bingle L, Neuhaus W \|title=An In Vitro Barrier Model of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland Epithelium Based on a Single Cell Clone of Cell Line HTB-41: Establishment and Application for Biomarker Transport Studies \|journal=Biomedicines \|volume=8 \|issue=9 \|date=August 2020 \|page=302 \|pmid=32842479 \|pmc=7555419 \|doi=10.3390/biomedicines8090302 \|url= \|doi-access=free }}</ref>

AnomieBOT: Rescuing orphaned refs ("pmid33542545" → "pmid15488660" from rev 1239830986)

2024-08-16T12:55:34Z

Rescuing orphaned refs ("pmid33542545" → "pmid15488660" from rev 1239830986)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:55, 16 August 2024
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	Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes (often to 50% of their total potential), including [[lysyl oxidase]], an enzyme that cross-links [[collagen]] and [[elastin]]. Especially valuable for immune response is cortisol's stimulation of the [[superoxide dismutase]],<ref name="isbn0-12-642760-7">{{cite book \|vauthors=Flohe L, Beckman R, Giertz H, Loschen G \| chapter = Oxygen Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation \| editor = Sies H \| title = Oxidative stress \| publisher = Orlando \| location = London \| year = 1985 \| page = 405 \| isbn = 978-0-12-642760-8 }}</ref> since this copper enzyme is almost certainly used by the body to permit superoxides to poison bacteria.		Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes (often to 50% of their total potential), including [[lysyl oxidase]], an enzyme that cross-links [[collagen]] and [[elastin]]. Especially valuable for immune response is cortisol's stimulation of the [[superoxide dismutase]],<ref name="isbn0-12-642760-7">{{cite book \|vauthors=Flohe L, Beckman R, Giertz H, Loschen G \| chapter = Oxygen Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation \| editor = Sies H \| title = Oxidative stress \| publisher = Orlando \| location = London \| year = 1985 \| page = 405 \| isbn = 978-0-12-642760-8 }}</ref> since this copper enzyme is almost certainly used by the body to permit superoxides to poison bacteria.

	Some viruses, such as [[influenza]] and [[SARS-CoV-1]] and [[SARS-CoV-2]], are known to suppress the secretion of stress hormones to avoid the organism's immune response, thus avoiding the immune protection of the organism. These viruses suppress cortisol by producing a protein that mimics the human ACTH hormone but is incomplete and does not have hormonal activity. ACTH is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones. However, the organism makes antibodies against this viral protein, and those antibodies also kill the human ACTH hormone, which leads to the suppression of adrenal gland function. Such adrenal suppression is a way for a virus to evade immune detection and elimination.<ref name="cancer2019">{{cite journal \| doi=10.1002/cncr.31943 \| title=The impact of psychosocial stress and stress management on immune responses in patients with cancer \| date=2019 \| last1=Antoni \| first1=Michael H. \| last2=Dhabhar \| first2=Firdaus S. \| journal=Cancer \| volume=125 \| issue=9 \| pages=1417–1431 \| pmid=30768779 \| pmc=6467795 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32346813">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Wheatland R \|title=Molecular mimicry of ACTH in SARS – implications for corticosteroid treatment and prophylaxis \|journal=Med Hypotheses \|volume=63 \|issue=5 \|pages=855–862 \|date=May 2004 \|pmid=15488660 \|pmc=7126000 \|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2004.04.009 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15488660">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Akbas EM, Akbas N \|title=COVID-19, adrenal gland, glucocorticoids, and adrenal insufficiency \|journal=Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub \|volume=165 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–7 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=33542545 \|doi=10.5507/bp.2021.011 \|url=\|doi-access=free }}</ref> This viral strategy can have severe consequences for the host (human that is infected by the virus), as cortisol is essential for regulating various physiological processes, such as metabolism, blood pressure, inflammation, and immune response. A lack of cortisol can result in a condition called adrenal insufficiency, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Adrenal insufficiency can also impair the ability of the host to cope with stress and infections, as cortisol helps to mobilize energy sources, increase heart rate, and downregulate non-essential metabolic processes during stress. Therefore, by suppressing cortisol production, some viruses can escape the immune system and weaken the host's overall health and resilience.<ref name="pmid18461094">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Buford TW, Willoughby DS \|title=Impact of DHEA(S) and cortisol on immune function in aging: a brief review \|journal=Appl Physiol Nutr Metab \|volume=33 \|issue=3 \|pages=429–33 \|date=June 2008 \|pmid=18461094 \|doi=10.1139/H08-013 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid32346813"/><ref name="~~pmid33542545~~"/>		Some viruses, such as [[influenza]] and [[SARS-CoV-1]] and [[SARS-CoV-2]], are known to suppress the secretion of stress hormones to avoid the organism's immune response, thus avoiding the immune protection of the organism. These viruses suppress cortisol by producing a protein that mimics the human ACTH hormone but is incomplete and does not have hormonal activity. ACTH is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones. However, the organism makes antibodies against this viral protein, and those antibodies also kill the human ACTH hormone, which leads to the suppression of adrenal gland function. Such adrenal suppression is a way for a virus to evade immune detection and elimination.<ref name="cancer2019">{{cite journal \| doi=10.1002/cncr.31943 \| title=The impact of psychosocial stress and stress management on immune responses in patients with cancer \| date=2019 \| last1=Antoni \| first1=Michael H. \| last2=Dhabhar \| first2=Firdaus S. \| journal=Cancer \| volume=125 \| issue=9 \| pages=1417–1431 \| pmid=30768779 \| pmc=6467795 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32346813">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Wheatland R \|title=Molecular mimicry of ACTH in SARS – implications for corticosteroid treatment and prophylaxis \|journal=Med Hypotheses \|volume=63 \|issue=5 \|pages=855–862 \|date=May 2004 \|pmid=15488660 \|pmc=7126000 \|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2004.04.009 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15488660">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Akbas EM, Akbas N \|title=COVID-19, adrenal gland, glucocorticoids, and adrenal insufficiency \|journal=Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub \|volume=165 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–7 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=33542545 \|doi=10.5507/bp.2021.011 \|url=\|doi-access=free }}</ref> This viral strategy can have severe consequences for the host (human that is infected by the virus), as cortisol is essential for regulating various physiological processes, such as metabolism, blood pressure, inflammation, and immune response. A lack of cortisol can result in a condition called adrenal insufficiency, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Adrenal insufficiency can also impair the ability of the host to cope with stress and infections, as cortisol helps to mobilize energy sources, increase heart rate, and downregulate non-essential metabolic processes during stress. Therefore, by suppressing cortisol production, some viruses can escape the immune system and weaken the host's overall health and resilience.<ref name="pmid18461094">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Buford TW, Willoughby DS \|title=Impact of DHEA(S) and cortisol on immune function in aging: a brief review \|journal=Appl Physiol Nutr Metab \|volume=33 \|issue=3 \|pages=429–33 \|date=June 2008 \|pmid=18461094 \|doi=10.1139/H08-013 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid32346813"/><ref name="pmid15488660" />

	==Other effects==		==Other effects==

172.59.58.107 at 10:43, 16 August 2024

2024-08-16T10:43:50Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:43, 16 August 2024
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	Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes (often to 50% of their total potential), including [[lysyl oxidase]], an enzyme that cross-links [[collagen]] and [[elastin]]. Especially valuable for immune response is cortisol's stimulation of the [[superoxide dismutase]],<ref name="isbn0-12-642760-7">{{cite book \|vauthors=Flohe L, Beckman R, Giertz H, Loschen G \| chapter = Oxygen Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation \| editor = Sies H \| title = Oxidative stress \| publisher = Orlando \| location = London \| year = 1985 \| page = 405 \| isbn = 978-0-12-642760-8 }}</ref> since this copper enzyme is almost certainly used by the body to permit superoxides to poison bacteria.		Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes (often to 50% of their total potential), including [[lysyl oxidase]], an enzyme that cross-links [[collagen]] and [[elastin]]. Especially valuable for immune response is cortisol's stimulation of the [[superoxide dismutase]],<ref name="isbn0-12-642760-7">{{cite book \|vauthors=Flohe L, Beckman R, Giertz H, Loschen G \| chapter = Oxygen Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation \| editor = Sies H \| title = Oxidative stress \| publisher = Orlando \| location = London \| year = 1985 \| page = 405 \| isbn = 978-0-12-642760-8 }}</ref> since this copper enzyme is almost certainly used by the body to permit superoxides to poison bacteria.

	Some viruses, such as [[influenza]] and [[SARS-CoV-1]] and [[SARS-CoV-2]], are known to suppress the secretion of stress hormones to avoid the organism's immune response, thus avoiding the immune protection of the organism. These viruses suppress cortisol by producing a protein that mimics the human ACTH hormone but is incomplete and does not have hormonal activity. ACTH is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones. However, the organism makes antibodies against this viral protein, and those antibodies also kill the human ACTH hormone, which leads to the suppression of adrenal gland function. Such adrenal suppression is a way for a virus to evade immune detection and elimination.<ref name="cancer2019">{{cite journal \| doi=10.1002/cncr.31943 \| title=The impact of psychosocial stress and stress management on immune responses in patients with cancer \| date=2019 \| last1=Antoni \| first1=Michael H. \| last2=Dhabhar \| first2=Firdaus S. \| journal=Cancer \| volume=125 \| issue=9 \| pages=1417–1431 \| pmid=30768779 \| pmc=6467795 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32346813">{{cite journal \|vauthors=~~Pal~~ R \|title=~~COVID-19,~~ ~~hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal~~ ~~axis~~ ~~and~~ ~~clinical~~ implications \|journal=~~Endocrine~~ \|volume=68 \|issue=2 \|pages=~~251–252~~ \|date=May ~~2020~~ \|pmid=~~32346813~~ \|pmc=~~7186765~~ \|doi=10.~~1007~~/~~s12020-020-02325-1~~ \|url=}}</ref><ref name="~~pmid33542545~~">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Akbas EM, Akbas N \|title=COVID-19, adrenal gland, glucocorticoids, and adrenal insufficiency \|journal=Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub \|volume=165 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–7 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=33542545 \|doi=10.5507/bp.2021.011 \|url=\|doi-access=free }}</ref> This viral strategy can have severe consequences for the host (human that is infected by the virus), as cortisol is essential for regulating various physiological processes, such as metabolism, blood pressure, inflammation, and immune response. A lack of cortisol can result in a condition called adrenal insufficiency, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Adrenal insufficiency can also impair the ability of the host to cope with stress and infections, as cortisol helps to mobilize energy sources, increase heart rate, and downregulate non-essential metabolic processes during stress. Therefore, by suppressing cortisol production, some viruses can escape the immune system and weaken the host's overall health and resilience.<ref name="pmid18461094">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Buford TW, Willoughby DS \|title=Impact of DHEA(S) and cortisol on immune function in aging: a brief review \|journal=Appl Physiol Nutr Metab \|volume=33 \|issue=3 \|pages=429–33 \|date=June 2008 \|pmid=18461094 \|doi=10.1139/H08-013 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid32346813"/><ref name="pmid33542545"/>		Some viruses, such as [[influenza]] and [[SARS-CoV-1]] and [[SARS-CoV-2]], are known to suppress the secretion of stress hormones to avoid the organism's immune response, thus avoiding the immune protection of the organism. These viruses suppress cortisol by producing a protein that mimics the human ACTH hormone but is incomplete and does not have hormonal activity. ACTH is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones. However, the organism makes antibodies against this viral protein, and those antibodies also kill the human ACTH hormone, which leads to the suppression of adrenal gland function. Such adrenal suppression is a way for a virus to evade immune detection and elimination.<ref name="cancer2019">{{cite journal \| doi=10.1002/cncr.31943 \| title=The impact of psychosocial stress and stress management on immune responses in patients with cancer \| date=2019 \| last1=Antoni \| first1=Michael H. \| last2=Dhabhar \| first2=Firdaus S. \| journal=Cancer \| volume=125 \| issue=9 \| pages=1417–1431 \| pmid=30768779 \| pmc=6467795 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32346813">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Wheatland R \|title=Molecular mimicry of ACTH in SARS – implications for corticosteroid treatment and prophylaxis \|journal=Med Hypotheses \|volume=63 \|issue=5 \|pages=855–862 \|date=May 2004 \|pmid=15488660 \|pmc=7126000 \|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2004.04.009 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15488660">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Akbas EM, Akbas N \|title=COVID-19, adrenal gland, glucocorticoids, and adrenal insufficiency \|journal=Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub \|volume=165 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–7 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=33542545 \|doi=10.5507/bp.2021.011 \|url=\|doi-access=free }}</ref> This viral strategy can have severe consequences for the host (human that is infected by the virus), as cortisol is essential for regulating various physiological processes, such as metabolism, blood pressure, inflammation, and immune response. A lack of cortisol can result in a condition called adrenal insufficiency, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Adrenal insufficiency can also impair the ability of the host to cope with stress and infections, as cortisol helps to mobilize energy sources, increase heart rate, and downregulate non-essential metabolic processes during stress. Therefore, by suppressing cortisol production, some viruses can escape the immune system and weaken the host's overall health and resilience.<ref name="pmid18461094">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Buford TW, Willoughby DS \|title=Impact of DHEA(S) and cortisol on immune function in aging: a brief review \|journal=Appl Physiol Nutr Metab \|volume=33 \|issue=3 \|pages=429–33 \|date=June 2008 \|pmid=18461094 \|doi=10.1139/H08-013 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid32346813"/><ref name="pmid33542545"/>

	==Other effects==		==Other effects==

AnomieBOT: Fixing reference errors

2024-08-11T20:29:37Z

Fixing reference errors

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:29, 11 August 2024
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	==== Metabolism of proteins and lipids ====		==== Metabolism of proteins and lipids ====
	Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to [[proteolysis]] (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW \| title = Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range \| journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation \| volume = 73 \| issue =2\| pages = 412–20 \| date = February 1984 \| pmid= 6365973 \| pmc= 425032 \| doi = 10.1172/JCI111227 }}</ref> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for gluconeogenesis; see [[glucogenic amino acid]]s.<ref name=":0” /> The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since [[lipogenesis]] is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucocorticoid (i.e. cortisol) levels,<ref name=":0” /> although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes [[lipolysis]].<ref name="pmid12067858">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, Mengel A, Christiansen JS, Schmitz OE, Møller N\|s2cid=2609285\|date=July 2002\|title=Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans\|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism\|volume=283\|issue=1\|pages=E172–7\|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001\|pmid=12067858}}</ref> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate [[insulin]] release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.		Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to [[proteolysis]] (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW \| title = Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range \| journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation \| volume = 73 \| issue =2\| pages = 412–20 \| date = February 1984 \| pmid= 6365973 \| pmc= 425032 \| doi = 10.1172/JCI111227 }}</ref> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for gluconeogenesis; see [[glucogenic amino acid]]s.<ref name=":0"/> The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since [[lipogenesis]] is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucocorticoid (i.e. cortisol) levels,<ref name=":0"/> although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes [[lipolysis]].<ref name="pmid12067858">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, Mengel A, Christiansen JS, Schmitz OE, Møller N\|s2cid=2609285\|date=July 2002\|title=Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans\|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism\|volume=283\|issue=1\|pages=E172–7\|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001\|pmid=12067858}}</ref> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate [[insulin]] release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.

	=== Immune response ===		=== Immune response ===

Citation bot: Alter: pages, journal. Formatted dashes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Jay8g | #UCB_toolbar

2024-08-11T20:03:24Z

Alter: pages, journal. Formatted dashes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Jay8g | #UCB_toolbar

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:03, 11 August 2024
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	==== Metabolism of proteins and lipids ====		==== Metabolism of proteins and lipids ====
	Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to [[proteolysis]] (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW \| title = Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range \| journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation \| volume = 73 \| issue =2\| pages = ~~412-20~~ \| date = February 1984 \| pmid= 6365973 \| pmc= 425032 \| doi = 10.1172/JCI111227 }}</ref> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for gluconeogenesis; see [[glucogenic amino acid]]s.<ref name=":0” /> The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since [[lipogenesis]] is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucocorticoid (i.e. cortisol) levels,<ref name=":0” /> although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes [[lipolysis]].<ref name="pmid12067858">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, Mengel A, Christiansen JS, Schmitz OE, Møller N\|s2cid=2609285\|date=July 2002\|title=Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans\|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism\|volume=283\|issue=1\|pages=E172–7\|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001\|pmid=12067858}}</ref> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate [[insulin]] release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.		Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to [[proteolysis]] (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW \| title = Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range \| journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation \| volume = 73 \| issue =2\| pages = 412–20 \| date = February 1984 \| pmid= 6365973 \| pmc= 425032 \| doi = 10.1172/JCI111227 }}</ref> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for gluconeogenesis; see [[glucogenic amino acid]]s.<ref name=":0” /> The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since [[lipogenesis]] is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucocorticoid (i.e. cortisol) levels,<ref name=":0” /> although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes [[lipolysis]].<ref name="pmid12067858">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, Mengel A, Christiansen JS, Schmitz OE, Møller N\|s2cid=2609285\|date=July 2002\|title=Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans\|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism\|volume=283\|issue=1\|pages=E172–7\|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001\|pmid=12067858}}</ref> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate [[insulin]] release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.

	=== Immune response ===		=== Immune response ===
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	=== Stomach and kidneys ===		=== Stomach and kidneys ===
	Cortisol stimulates gastric-acid secretion.<ref name="Soffer_1961">{{cite book \| title=The Human Adrenal Gland \| url=https://archive.org/details/humanadrenalglan00soff \| url-access=registration \| publisher=Lea & Febiger \|vauthors=Soffer LJ, Dorfman RI, Gabrilove JL \| year=1961 \| location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Cortisol's only direct effect on the hydrogen-ion excretion of the kidneys is to stimulate the excretion of ammonium ions by deactivating the renal glutaminase enzyme.<ref name="Kokshchuk_1979">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Kokoshchuk GI, Pakhmurnyĭ BA \|title =Role of glucocorticoids in regulating the acid-excreting function of the kidneys \| journal = Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR ~~Imeni~~ I. M. Sechenova \| volume = 65 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 751–4 \| date = May 1979 \| pmid = 110627 }}</ref>		Cortisol stimulates gastric-acid secretion.<ref name="Soffer_1961">{{cite book \| title=The Human Adrenal Gland \| url=https://archive.org/details/humanadrenalglan00soff \| url-access=registration \| publisher=Lea & Febiger \|vauthors=Soffer LJ, Dorfman RI, Gabrilove JL \| year=1961 \| location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Cortisol's only direct effect on the hydrogen-ion excretion of the kidneys is to stimulate the excretion of ammonium ions by deactivating the renal glutaminase enzyme.<ref name="Kokshchuk_1979">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Kokoshchuk GI, Pakhmurnyĭ BA \|title =Role of glucocorticoids in regulating the acid-excreting function of the kidneys \| journal = Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova \| volume = 65 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 751–4 \| date = May 1979 \| pmid = 110627 }}</ref>

	===Memory===		===Memory===

Davemck: rvt "basic knowledge" vandalism by *1#$&@! IP editor

2024-08-11T19:56:12Z

rvt "basic knowledge" vandalism by *1#$&@! IP editor

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:56, 11 August 2024
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	==== Metabolism of proteins and lipids ====		==== Metabolism of proteins and lipids ====
	Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to [[proteolysis]] (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW \| title = Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in ~~plasmas~~ cortisol within the physiologic range \| journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation \| volume = 74 \| issue =3\| pages = ~~437~~-34 \| date = February 1984 ~~<!--~~\| ~~pms~~= ~~6376457~~ \| ~~pms~~= ~~402453-->~~ \| doi = 10.1172/JCI111227 }}</ref> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for ~~glucose~~ ; see [[~~glycogenic~~ amino acid]]s.<ref name="~~renamed_from_10_on_20240811194351"~~/> The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since [[~~liposuction~~ ]] is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating ~~glucosamine~~ (i.e. cortisol) levels,<ref name=":~~04"~~/> although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes [[~~liposuction~~ ]].<ref name="~~qld-357727-Casey~~">{{cite journal\|vauthors=~~Casey~~ CH, Nielsen S, ~~Mendel~~ A, Christiansen JS \|s2cid=2609285\|date=July 2002\|title=Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans\|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism\|volume=283\|issue=1\|pages=E172–7\|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001\|pmid=12067858}}</ref> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate [[insulin]] release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.		Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to [[proteolysis]] (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW \| title = Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range \| journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation \| volume = 73 \| issue =2\| pages = 412-20 \| date = February 1984 \| pmid= 6365973 \| pmc= 425032 \| doi = 10.1172/JCI111227 }}</ref> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for gluconeogenesis; see [[glucogenic amino acid]]s.<ref name=":0” /> The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since [[lipogenesis]] is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucocorticoid (i.e. cortisol) levels,<ref name=":0” /> although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes [[lipolysis]].<ref name="pmid12067858">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, Mengel A, Christiansen JS, Schmitz OE, Møller N\|s2cid=2609285\|date=July 2002\|title=Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans\|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism\|volume=283\|issue=1\|pages=E172–7\|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001\|pmid=12067858}}</ref> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate [[insulin]] release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.

	=== Immune response ===		=== Immune response ===

AnomieBOT: Fixing reference errors

2024-08-11T19:48:34Z

Fixing reference errors

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:48, 11 August 2024
Line 50:		Line 50:

	==== Metabolism of proteins and lipids ====		==== Metabolism of proteins and lipids ====
	Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to [[proteolysis]] (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW \| title = Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasmas cortisol within the physiologic range \| journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation \| volume = 74 \| issue =3\| pages = 437-34 \| date = February 1984 <!--\| pms= 6376457 \| pms= 402453--> \| doi = 10.1172/JCI111227 }}</ref> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for glucose ; see [[glycogenic amino acid]]s.<ref name="~~10”2~~ /> The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since [[liposuction ]] is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucosamine (i.e. cortisol) levels,<ref name=":~~04”1~~/> although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes [[liposuction ]].<ref name="qld-357727-Casey ">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Casey CH, Nielsen S, Mendel A, Christiansen JS \|s2cid=2609285\|date=July 2002\|title=Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans\|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism\|volume=283\|issue=1\|pages=E172–7\|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001\|pmid=12067858}}</ref> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate [[insulin]] release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.		Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to [[proteolysis]] (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW \| title = Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasmas cortisol within the physiologic range \| journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation \| volume = 74 \| issue =3\| pages = 437-34 \| date = February 1984 <!--\| pms= 6376457 \| pms= 402453--> \| doi = 10.1172/JCI111227 }}</ref> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for glucose ; see [[glycogenic amino acid]]s.<ref name="renamed_from_10_on_20240811194351"/> The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since [[liposuction ]] is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucosamine (i.e. cortisol) levels,<ref name=":04"/> although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes [[liposuction ]].<ref name="qld-357727-Casey">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Casey CH, Nielsen S, Mendel A, Christiansen JS \|s2cid=2609285\|date=July 2002\|title=Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans\|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism\|volume=283\|issue=1\|pages=E172–7\|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001\|pmid=12067858}}</ref> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate [[insulin]] release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.

	=== Immune response ===		=== Immune response ===

Davemck: Clean up duplicate template arguments using findargdups; fix ref errors

2024-08-11T19:33:47Z

Clean up duplicate template arguments using findargdups; fix ref errors

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:33, 11 August 2024
Line 50:		Line 50:

	==== Metabolism of proteins and lipids ====		==== Metabolism of proteins and lipids ====
	Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to [[proteolysis]] (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW \| title = Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasmas cortisol within the physiologic range \| journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation \| volume = 74 \| issue =3\| pages = 437-34 \| date = February 1984 - ~~August 11/8/24~~\| pms= 6376457 \| pms= 402453 \| ~~Dil~~ = 10.1172/JCI111227 }}</ref> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for glucose ; see [[glycogenic amino acid]]s.<ref name="10”2 > The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since [[liposuction ]] is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucosamine (i.e. cortisol) levels,<ref name=":04”1 although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes [[liposuction ]].<ref name="qld-357727-Casey ">{{cite journal\|~~authors~~=~~d-2 ct.~~ Casey CH, Nielsen S, Mendel A, Christiansen ~~John smith.us of A~~ N\|s2cid=2609285\|date=July 2002\|title=Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans\|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism\|volume=283\|issue=1\|pages=E172–7\|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001\|pmid=12067858}}</ref> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate [[insulin]] release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.		Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to [[proteolysis]] (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW \| title = Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasmas cortisol within the physiologic range \| journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation \| volume = 74 \| issue =3\| pages = 437-34 \| date = February 1984 <!--\| pms= 6376457 \| pms= 402453--> \| doi = 10.1172/JCI111227 }}</ref> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for glucose ; see [[glycogenic amino acid]]s.<ref name="10”2 /> The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since [[liposuction ]] is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucosamine (i.e. cortisol) levels,<ref name=":04”1/> although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes [[liposuction ]].<ref name="qld-357727-Casey ">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Casey CH, Nielsen S, Mendel A, Christiansen JS \|s2cid=2609285\|date=July 2002\|title=Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans\|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism\|volume=283\|issue=1\|pages=E172–7\|doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001\|pmid=12067858}}</ref> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate [[insulin]] release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.

	=== Immune response ===		=== Immune response ===

GobsPint: /* Cortisol face */ creating

2024-08-11T18:29:12Z

Cortisol face: creating

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:29, 11 August 2024
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	===Cortisol face===		===Cortisol face===
	{{See also\|Moon face}}		{{See also\|Moon face}}
	Increased cortisol levels may lead to facial swelling and bloating, ~~which often results in~~ a round and puffy appearance, referred to as "cortisol face."<ref>{{cite news \|title=What is cortisol? How to lower levels amid concerns over "cortisol face" - CBS News \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-to-lower-cortisol-levels-cortisol-face-concerns/ \|access-date=11 August 2024 \|work=www.cbsnews.com \|date=8 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=What Is Cortisol Face? — and Can Stress Really Change Your Appearance? \|url=https://people.com/what-is-cortisol-face-8693467 \|access-date=11 August 2024 \|work=Peoplemag \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Marshall \|first1=Mallika \|title=What is the trending TikTok topic "cortisol face" and what causes it? - CBS Boston \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/cortisol-face-tiktok-trending-topic/ \|access-date=11 August 2024 \|work=www.cbsnews.com \|date=31 July 2024}}</ref>		Increased cortisol levels may lead to facial swelling and bloating, creating a round and puffy appearance, referred to as "cortisol face."<ref>{{cite news \|title=What is cortisol? How to lower levels amid concerns over "cortisol face" - CBS News \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-to-lower-cortisol-levels-cortisol-face-concerns/ \|access-date=11 August 2024 \|work=www.cbsnews.com \|date=8 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=What Is Cortisol Face? — and Can Stress Really Change Your Appearance? \|url=https://people.com/what-is-cortisol-face-8693467 \|access-date=11 August 2024 \|work=Peoplemag \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Marshall \|first1=Mallika \|title=What is the trending TikTok topic "cortisol face" and what causes it? - CBS Boston \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/cortisol-face-tiktok-trending-topic/ \|access-date=11 August 2024 \|work=www.cbsnews.com \|date=31 July 2024}}</ref>

	==Synthesis and release==		==Synthesis and release==

GobsPint: /* Other effects */ Cortisol face + sources

2024-08-11T18:28:27Z

Other effects: Cortisol face + sources

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:28, 11 August 2024
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	Exposure of fetuses to cortisol during gestation can have a variety of developmental outcomes, including alterations in prenatal and postnatal growth patterns. In [[marmoset]]s, a species of New World primates, pregnant females have varying levels of cortisol during gestation, both within and between females. Infants born to mothers with high gestational cortisol during the first trimester of pregnancy had lower rates of growth in body mass indices than infants born to mothers with low gestational cortisol (about 20% lower). However, postnatal growth rates in these high-cortisol infants were more rapid than low-cortisol infants later in postnatal periods, and complete catch-up in growth had occurred by 540 days of age. These results suggest that gestational exposure to cortisol in fetuses has important potential fetal programming effects on both pre and postnatal growth in primates.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors = Mustoe AC, Birnie AK, Korgan AC, Santo JB, French JA \|title = Natural variation in gestational cortisol is associated with patterns of growth in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix geoffroyi) \|journal = General and Comparative Endocrinology \|volume = 175 \|issue = 3 \|pages = 519–26 \|date = February 2012 \|pmid = 22212825 \|pmc = 3268124 \|doi = 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.020 }}</ref>		Exposure of fetuses to cortisol during gestation can have a variety of developmental outcomes, including alterations in prenatal and postnatal growth patterns. In [[marmoset]]s, a species of New World primates, pregnant females have varying levels of cortisol during gestation, both within and between females. Infants born to mothers with high gestational cortisol during the first trimester of pregnancy had lower rates of growth in body mass indices than infants born to mothers with low gestational cortisol (about 20% lower). However, postnatal growth rates in these high-cortisol infants were more rapid than low-cortisol infants later in postnatal periods, and complete catch-up in growth had occurred by 540 days of age. These results suggest that gestational exposure to cortisol in fetuses has important potential fetal programming effects on both pre and postnatal growth in primates.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors = Mustoe AC, Birnie AK, Korgan AC, Santo JB, French JA \|title = Natural variation in gestational cortisol is associated with patterns of growth in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix geoffroyi) \|journal = General and Comparative Endocrinology \|volume = 175 \|issue = 3 \|pages = 519–26 \|date = February 2012 \|pmid = 22212825 \|pmc = 3268124 \|doi = 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.020 }}</ref>

			===Cortisol face===
			{{See also\|Moon face}}
			Increased cortisol levels may lead to facial swelling and bloating, which often results in a round and puffy appearance, referred to as "cortisol face."<ref>{{cite news \|title=What is cortisol? How to lower levels amid concerns over "cortisol face" - CBS News \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-to-lower-cortisol-levels-cortisol-face-concerns/ \|access-date=11 August 2024 \|work=www.cbsnews.com \|date=8 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=What Is Cortisol Face? — and Can Stress Really Change Your Appearance? \|url=https://people.com/what-is-cortisol-face-8693467 \|access-date=11 August 2024 \|work=Peoplemag \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Marshall \|first1=Mallika \|title=What is the trending TikTok topic "cortisol face" and what causes it? - CBS Boston \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/cortisol-face-tiktok-trending-topic/ \|access-date=11 August 2024 \|work=www.cbsnews.com \|date=31 July 2024}}</ref>

	==Synthesis and release==		==Synthesis and release==