Al-Wakwak - Revision history

DavisA23: corrected date of template

2024-04-08T14:56:57Z

corrected date of template

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	{{Short description\|Island in medieval Arabic geographical and imaginative literature}}{{Expand Arabic\|date=~~March~~ 2024\|topic=cult}}{{redirect\|Wāqwāq\|the Japanese manga series\|Wāqwāq (manga)\|the vampiric creature from Filipino folklore\|Wakwak}}		{{Short description\|Island in medieval Arabic geographical and imaginative literature}}{{Expand Arabic\|date=April 2024\|topic=cult}}{{redirect\|Wāqwāq\|the Japanese manga series\|Wāqwāq (manga)\|the vampiric creature from Filipino folklore\|Wakwak}}
	{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Wakwak}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Wakwak}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}

Doncurzio: /* Identification with civilisations */

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Identification with civilisations

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	[[Ibn Khordadbeh]] mentions Waqwaq twice:<ref name="Lunde">[http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.seas.of.sindbad.htm Saudi Aramco World: The Seas of Sindbad], Paul Lunde.</ref>		[[Ibn Khordadbeh]] mentions Waqwaq twice:<ref name="Lunde">[http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.seas.of.sindbad.htm Saudi Aramco World: The Seas of Sindbad], Paul Lunde.</ref>

	{{bq~~\|[[Japanese archipelago~~\|East of China are the lands of Waqwaq]], which are so rich in gold that the inhabitants make the chains for their dogs and the collars for their monkeys of this metal. They manufacture tunics woven with gold. Excellent ebony wood is found there.}}		{{bq\|East of China are the lands of Waqwaq, which are so rich in gold that the inhabitants make the chains for their dogs and the collars for their monkeys of this metal. They manufacture tunics woven with gold. Excellent ebony wood is found there.}}
	{{bq\|Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq.}}		{{bq\|Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq.}}

SimLibrarian: /* Identification with civilisations */ lang tag use (MOS:LANG)

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Identification with civilisations: lang tag use (MOS:LANG)

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	{{bq\|Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq.}}		{{bq\|Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq.}}

	The ''Suma Oriental'' of [[Tomé Pires]] mentioned that the people of [[Java]] has "many fine hounds with collars and rings of gold and silver", matching ibn Khordadbeh description of Waqwaq.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book\|last=Cortesão\|first=Armando\|url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182\|title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I\|publisher=The Hakluyt Society\|year=1944\|isbn=9784000085052\|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp\|176}} [[Michael Jan de Goeje]] offered an etymology that interpreted it as a rendering of a Cantonese name for Japan. [[Gabriel Ferrand]] identified it with [[Madagascar]], [[Sumatra]] or [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Lunde"/> Tom Hoogervorst argued that the [[Malagasy language\|Malagasy]] word ''vahoak'', meaning "people, clan, tribe", is derived from the [[Malays (ethnic group)\|Malay]] word ''awak''-''awak'', "people, crew". Ann Kumar agrees with Hoogervorst, and identifies Wakwak as Indonesia, and argued the possibility of ancient Indonesian attack on Africa's east coast.<ref name=":1">Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.</ref>{{rp\|110}}		The ''Suma Oriental'' of [[Tomé Pires]] mentioned that the people of [[Java]] has "many fine hounds with collars and rings of gold and silver", matching ibn Khordadbeh description of Waqwaq.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book\|last=Cortesão\|first=Armando\|url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182\|title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I\|publisher=The Hakluyt Society\|year=1944\|isbn=9784000085052\|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp\|176}} [[Michael Jan de Goeje]] offered an etymology that interpreted it as a rendering of a Cantonese name for Japan. [[Gabriel Ferrand]] identified it with [[Madagascar]], [[Sumatra]] or [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Lunde"/> Tom Hoogervorst argued that the [[Malagasy language\|Malagasy]] word {{Lang\|mg\|vahoak}}, meaning "people, clan, tribe", is derived from the [[Malays (ethnic group)\|Malay]] word ''awak''-''awak'', "people, crew". Ann Kumar agrees with Hoogervorst, and identifies Wakwak as Indonesia, and argued the possibility of ancient Indonesian attack on Africa's east coast.<ref name=":1">Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.</ref>{{rp\|110}}

	[[File:Al-Idrisi's world map.JPG\|thumb\|[[Al-Idrisi]]'s world map from 1154. Al-WaqWaq is shown in the southeast near the left-hand side of the map.]]		[[File:Al-Idrisi's world map.JPG\|thumb\|[[Al-Idrisi]]'s world map from 1154. Al-WaqWaq is shown in the southeast near the left-hand side of the map.]]

SimLibrarian: reduced overlinking to common words/locations (MOS:OL), periods only for complete-sentence image captions (MOS:CAPFRAG)

2024-04-04T18:36:56Z

reduced overlinking to common words/locations (MOS:OL), periods only for complete-sentence image captions (MOS:CAPFRAG)

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	[[Ibn Khordadbeh]] mentions Waqwaq twice:<ref name="Lunde">[http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.seas.of.sindbad.htm Saudi Aramco World: The Seas of Sindbad], Paul Lunde.</ref>		[[Ibn Khordadbeh]] mentions Waqwaq twice:<ref name="Lunde">[http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.seas.of.sindbad.htm Saudi Aramco World: The Seas of Sindbad], Paul Lunde.</ref>

	{{bq\|[[Japanese archipelago\|East of China are the lands of Waqwaq]], which are so rich in [[gold]] that the inhabitants make the chains for their dogs and the collars for their monkeys of this metal. They manufacture tunics woven with gold. Excellent ebony wood is found there.}}		{{bq\|[[Japanese archipelago\|East of China are the lands of Waqwaq]], which are so rich in gold that the inhabitants make the chains for their dogs and the collars for their monkeys of this metal. They manufacture tunics woven with gold. Excellent ebony wood is found there.}}
	{{bq\|Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq.}}		{{bq\|Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq.}}

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	==The waqwaq tree==		==The waqwaq tree==
	[[File:Book of Wonders folio 41b.jpg\|thumb\|Waqwaq tree illustration, ''Book of Wonders '' (14th century manuscript) by Abu l-Hasan al-Isfahani.]]		[[File:Book of Wonders folio 41b.jpg\|thumb\|Waqwaq tree illustration, ''Book of Wonders ''(14th century manuscript) by Abu l-Hasan al-Isfahani]]
	''[[Tongdian]]'' by [[Du Huan]] mentions an Arab account of a tree growing little children.		''[[Tongdian]]'' by [[Du Huan]] mentions an Arab account of a tree growing little children.

DavisA23: Added Template:Expand Arabic

2024-04-04T15:44:50Z

Added Template:Expand Arabic

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	{{Short description\|Island in medieval Arabic geographical and imaginative literature}}		{{Short description\|Island in medieval Arabic geographical and imaginative literature}}{{Expand Arabic\|date=March 2024\|topic=cult}}{{redirect\|Wāqwāq\|the Japanese manga series\|Wāqwāq (manga)\|the vampiric creature from Filipino folklore\|Wakwak}}
	{{redirect\|Wāqwāq\|the Japanese manga series\|Wāqwāq (manga)\|the vampiric creature from Filipino folklore\|Wakwak}}
	{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Wakwak}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Wakwak}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}

Snowgrouse: /* Identification with civilisations */ Corrected typo

2024-04-04T02:41:11Z

Identification with civilisations: Corrected typo

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	The full transcription of the Wakwak account in ''Ajayeb al-Hind'' is as follows:<blockquote>"Ja'far bin Rasid, known under the name of Ibn Lakis, a noted pilot for the gold countries, has related to me some extraordinary matters concerning the Wakwak of which he was himself witness. In the year 334 A.H. (A.D. 945) the Wakwak set out with a thousand ships to launch a determined attack upon the town of Kanbaloh. But they were unable to capture it, for the town was strongly fortified and was surrounded by an arm of the sea, in the midst of which Kanbaloh rose like a fortress. People of the country, with whom the intruders held parley, demanded why they had come to Kanbaloh rather than to any other place; they replied that it was because the country possessed merchandise of value in the Wakwak country and in China, such as ivory, tortoise shell, panther skins and ambergris, and also because they wanted to obtain some of the Zenj people, who, being strong men, are able to stand heavy labour. Their voyage, said they, had lasted a year. They had pillaged several islands at six days' sail from Kanbaloh, and afterwards many towns and villages of the Zenjs in the Sofala country, without reckoning we know not what. If the story told by these people be true in speaking of a voyage of a year's duration, this proves," says the writer, "that Ibn Lakis is right when he maintains that the Wakwak Islands are situated opposite to China."<br />		The full transcription of the Wakwak account in ''Ajayeb al-Hind'' is as follows:<blockquote>"Ja'far bin Rasid, known under the name of Ibn Lakis, a noted pilot for the gold countries, has related to me some extraordinary matters concerning the Wakwak of which he was himself witness. In the year 334 A.H. (A.D. 945) the Wakwak set out with a thousand ships to launch a determined attack upon the town of Kanbaloh. But they were unable to capture it, for the town was strongly fortified and was surrounded by an arm of the sea, in the midst of which Kanbaloh rose like a fortress. People of the country, with whom the intruders held parley, demanded why they had come to Kanbaloh rather than to any other place; they replied that it was because the country possessed merchandise of value in the Wakwak country and in China, such as ivory, tortoise shell, panther skins and ambergris, and also because they wanted to obtain some of the Zenj people, who, being strong men, are able to stand heavy labour. Their voyage, said they, had lasted a year. They had pillaged several islands at six days' sail from Kanbaloh, and afterwards many towns and villages of the Zenjs in the Sofala country, without reckoning we know not what. If the story told by these people be true in speaking of a voyage of a year's duration, this proves," says the writer, "that Ibn Lakis is right when he maintains that the Wakwak Islands are situated opposite to China."<br />
	— [[Al-Ramhormuzi\|Buzurg Ibn Shahriyar of Ramhormuz]], ''Ajaib al-Hind<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Hornell\|first=James\|date=December 1934\|title=Indonesian Influence on East African Culture\|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland\|volume=64\|pages=305–332\| doi=10.2307/2843812 \| jstor=2843812 }}</ref>''{{Rp\|307–308}}</blockquote>The writer says that the inhabitants of Waqwaq are numerous in number, with some of them resemble the Turks in appearance. They are the most industrious of all [[Allah]]’s creatures but is said to be treacherous, cunning and lying.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp\|110}}		— [[Al-Ramhormuzi\|Buzurg Ibn Shahriyar of Ramhormuz]], ''Ajaib al-Hind<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Hornell\|first=James\|date=December 1934\|title=Indonesian Influence on East African Culture\|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland\|volume=64\|pages=305–332\| doi=10.2307/2843812 \| jstor=2843812 }}</ref>''{{Rp\|307–308}}</blockquote>The writer says that the inhabitants of Waqwaq are numerous in number, with some of them resemble the Turks in appearance. They are the most industrious of all [[Allah]]’s creatures but are said to be treacherous, cunning and lying.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp\|110}}

	==The waqwaq tree==		==The waqwaq tree==

Waso99 at 09:13, 11 February 2024

2024-02-11T09:13:44Z

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	In Arab versions, the famous island of Waq-Waq is located in the [[China Sea]]. A queen rules the island and the population is entirely female: it is usually illustrated in [[al-Qazvini]] manuscripts of the ''[[Wonders of Creation]]'' showing the queen surrounded by her female attendants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=The 'Book of Surprises' (Kitab al-bulhan) of the Bodleian Library}}</ref>		In Arab versions, the famous island of Waq-Waq is located in the [[China Sea]]. A queen rules the island and the population is entirely female: it is usually illustrated in [[al-Qazvini]] manuscripts of the ''[[Wonders of Creation]]'' showing the queen surrounded by her female attendants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=The 'Book of Surprises' (Kitab al-bulhan) of the Bodleian Library}}</ref>

	[[Ibn Khordadbeh]] mentions Waqwaq twice:<ref name="Lunde">[http://~~www~~.~~saudiaramcoworld~~.com/issue/200504/the.seas.of.sindbad.htm Saudi Aramco World: The Seas of Sindbad], Paul Lunde.</ref>		[[Ibn Khordadbeh]] mentions Waqwaq twice:<ref name="Lunde">[http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.seas.of.sindbad.htm Saudi Aramco World: The Seas of Sindbad], Paul Lunde.</ref>

	{{bq\|[[Japanese archipelago\|East of China are the lands of Waqwaq]], which are so rich in [[gold]] that the inhabitants make the chains for their dogs and the collars for their monkeys of this metal. They manufacture tunics woven with gold. Excellent ebony wood is found there.}}		{{bq\|[[Japanese archipelago\|East of China are the lands of Waqwaq]], which are so rich in [[gold]] that the inhabitants make the chains for their dogs and the collars for their monkeys of this metal. They manufacture tunics woven with gold. Excellent ebony wood is found there.}}

Ogress: /* See also */ grammar

2024-01-06T17:43:55Z

Ogress: /* The waqwaq tree */ wikilinks

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The waqwaq tree: wikilinks

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	==The waqwaq tree==		==The waqwaq tree==
	[[File:Book of Wonders folio 41b.jpg\|thumb\|Waqwaq tree illustration, ''~~Kitab~~ ~~al-Bulhan~~'' (14th century manuscript) by ~~Abdul~~ Hasan al-Isfahani.]]		[[File:Book of Wonders folio 41b.jpg\|thumb\|Waqwaq tree illustration, ''Book of Wonders '' (14th century manuscript) by Abu l-Hasan al-Isfahani.]]
	''[[Tongdian]]'' by [[Du Huan]] mentions an Arab account of a tree growing little children.		''[[Tongdian]]'' by [[Du Huan]] mentions an Arab account of a tree growing little children.

	In the [[~~Kitab~~ ~~al-Bulhan~~]], the painting titled the ~~‘Tree~~ of Waq ~~Waq’~~ is rather extraordinary because it illustrates ~~the way in which~~ the all-female population reproduces and self-perpetuates. Female figures grow from the tree as if they mature like fruit until they are ripened and they drop to the ground emitting a cry that sounds like 'Waq Waq!'<ref name=":0" />		In the ''[[Book of Wonders]]'', the painting titled the "Tree of Waq Waq" is rather extraordinary because it illustrates how the all-female population reproduces and self-perpetuates. Female figures grow from the tree as if they mature like fruit until they are ripened and they drop to the ground emitting a cry that sounds like 'Waq Waq!'<ref name=":0" />

	An [[Al Andalus\|Andalusi]] version mentions beautiful women as the fruit of the tree.<ref name="Lunde" />		An [[al-Andalus\|Andalusi]] version mentions beautiful women as the fruit of the tree.<ref name="Lunde" />

	Mauny thinks this may be the [[pandanus]] ~~tree~~, called ''Bakkuwan'' by the [[Batak]]s of Indonesia and grown in Madagascar where it is called ''Vakwa''.<ref name=":1" />		Mauny thinks this may be the [[pandanus]], called ''Bakkuwan'' by the [[Batak]] peoples of [[Indonesia]] and grown in Madagascar, where it is called ''Vakwa''.<ref name=":1" />

	==See also==		==See also==

Ogress: /* Identification with civilisations */ wikilinks

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Identification with civilisations: wikilinks

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	Wakwak is referred to in a number of sources; it is generally an island far away.		Wakwak is referred to in a number of sources; it is generally an island far away.

	In Arab versions, the famous island of Waq-Waq is located in the ~~sea of~~ China. ~~The~~ ~~island~~ is ~~ruled~~ ~~by a queen~~ and the population is ~~only~~ female: it is usually illustrated in [[al-Qazvini]] manuscripts of the [[Wonders of Creation]] showing the queen surrounded by her female attendants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=The 'Book of Surprises' (Kitab al-bulhan) of the Bodleian Library}}</ref>		In Arab versions, the famous island of Waq-Waq is located in the [[China Sea]]. A queen rules the island and the population is entirely female: it is usually illustrated in [[al-Qazvini]] manuscripts of the ''[[Wonders of Creation]]'' showing the queen surrounded by her female attendants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=The 'Book of Surprises' (Kitab al-bulhan) of the Bodleian Library}}</ref>

	[[Ibn Khordadbeh]] mentions Waqwaq twice:<ref name="Lunde">[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.seas.of.sindbad.htm Saudi Aramco World: The Seas of Sindbad], Paul Lunde.</ref>		[[Ibn Khordadbeh]] mentions Waqwaq twice:<ref name="Lunde">[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.seas.of.sindbad.htm Saudi Aramco World: The Seas of Sindbad], Paul Lunde.</ref>
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	{{bq\|Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq.}}		{{bq\|Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq.}}

	Suma Oriental of [[Tomé Pires]] mentioned that the people of [[Java]] has "many fine hounds with collars and rings of gold and silver", matching ~~Ibn~~ Khordadbeh description of Waqwaq.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book\|last=Cortesão\|first=Armando\|url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182\|title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I\|publisher=The Hakluyt Society\|year=1944\|isbn=9784000085052\|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp\|176}} [[Michael Jan de Goeje]] offered an etymology that interpreted it as a rendering of a Cantonese name for Japan. [[Gabriel Ferrand]] identified it with [[Madagascar]], [[Sumatra]] or [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Lunde"/> Tom Hoogervorst argued that the [[Malagasy language\|Malagasy]] word ''vahoak'', meaning "people, clan, tribe", is derived from the [[Malays (ethnic group)\|Malay]] word ''awak''-''awak'', "people, crew". Ann Kumar agrees with Hoogervorst, and identifies Wakwak as Indonesia, and argued the possibility of ancient Indonesian attack on Africa's east coast.<ref name=":1">Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.</ref>{{rp\|110}}		The ''Suma Oriental'' of [[Tomé Pires]] mentioned that the people of [[Java]] has "many fine hounds with collars and rings of gold and silver", matching ibn Khordadbeh description of Waqwaq.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book\|last=Cortesão\|first=Armando\|url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182\|title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I\|publisher=The Hakluyt Society\|year=1944\|isbn=9784000085052\|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp\|176}} [[Michael Jan de Goeje]] offered an etymology that interpreted it as a rendering of a Cantonese name for Japan. [[Gabriel Ferrand]] identified it with [[Madagascar]], [[Sumatra]] or [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Lunde"/> Tom Hoogervorst argued that the [[Malagasy language\|Malagasy]] word ''vahoak'', meaning "people, clan, tribe", is derived from the [[Malays (ethnic group)\|Malay]] word ''awak''-''awak'', "people, crew". Ann Kumar agrees with Hoogervorst, and identifies Wakwak as Indonesia, and argued the possibility of ancient Indonesian attack on Africa's east coast.<ref name=":1">Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.</ref>{{rp\|110}}

	[[File:Al-Idrisi's world map.JPG\|thumb\|[[Al-Idrisi]]'s world map from 1154. Al-~~Wak Wak~~ is shown in the southeast near the left hand side of the map.]]		[[File:Al-Idrisi's world map.JPG\|thumb\|[[Al-Idrisi]]'s world map from 1154. Al-WaqWaq is shown in the southeast near the left-hand side of the map.]]

	The tenth century Arab account ''~~Ajayeb~~ al-Hind'' (Marvels of India) gives an account of invasion in Africa by people called Wakwak or Waqwaq,<ref name=":1" />{{rp\|110}} probably the Malay people of [[Srivijaya]] or [[Javanese people]] of [[Mataram Kingdom\|Mataram kingdom]],<ref name=":32">Lombard, Denys (2005)''. [https://archive.org/details/NJ2JA/mode/2up?q= Nusa Jawa: Silang Budaya, Bagian 2: Jaringan Asia]''. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. An Indonesian translation of Lombard, Denys (1990). ''Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) vol. 2''. Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.</ref>{{Rp\|27}}<ref name=":13">{{Cite book \|last=Nugroho \|first=Irawan Djoko \|title=Majapahit Peradaban Maritim \|publisher=Suluh Nuswantara Bakti \|year=2011 \|isbn=978-602-9346-00-8}}</ref>{{Rp\|39}} in 945–946 AD. They arrived in the coast of [[Tanganyika (territory)\|Tanganyika]] and [[Mozambique]] with 1000 boats and attempted to take the citadel of Qanbaloh, though eventually failed. The reason of the attack is because that place had goods suitable for their country and for China, such as [[ivory]], tortoise shells, panther skins, and [[ambergris]], and also because they wanted slaves from [[Bantu peoples\|the Bantu peoples]] (called ''Zeng'' or ''[[Zanj\|Zenj]]'' by Arabs, ''Jenggi'' by Javanese).<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Wade\|first=Geoff\|title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past\|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|year=2012\|location=Singapore\|isbn=978-9814311960}}</ref> The existence of black Africans was recorded until the 15th century in [[Old Javanese]] inscriptions<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Maziyah \|first=Siti \|date=2022 \|title=Analysing the Presence of Enslaved Black People in Ancient Java Society \|journal=Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration \|volume=6 \|issue=1 \|pages=62–69 \|doi=10.14710/jmsni.v6i1.14010 \|issn=2579-9215\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Jákl \|first=Jiří \|date=2017 \|title=Black Africans on the maritime silk route \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2017.1344050 \|journal=Indonesia and the Malay World \|volume=45 \|issue=133 \|pages=334–351 \|doi=10.1080/13639811.2017.1344050 \|s2cid=165650197 \|issn=1363-9811}}</ref> and the Javanese were still recorded as exporting black slaves during the Ming dynasty era.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lK8XEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E9%8A%83&pg=RA2-PT188 \|title=中国与南海周边关系史 (History of China's Relations with the South China Sea) \|publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. \|year=2017 \|isbn=9787226051870 \|editor-last=Shu \|editor-first=Yuan \|quote=一、药材:胡椒、空青、荜拨、番木鳖子、芦荟、闷虫药、没药、荜澄茄、血竭、苏木、大枫子、乌爹泥、金刚子、番红土、肉豆蔻、白豆蔻、藤竭、碗石、黄蜡、阿魏。二、香料:降香、奇南香、檀香、麻滕香、速香、龙脑香、木香、乳香、蔷薇露、黄熟香、安息香、乌香、丁皮(香)。三、珍宝：黄金、宝石、犀角、珍珠、珊瑙、象牙、龟筒、孔雀尾、翠毛、珊瑚。四、动物：马、西马、红鹦鹉、白鹦鹉、绿鹦鹉、火鸡、白鹿、白鹤、象、白猴、犀、神鹿（摸）、鹤顶（鸟）、五色鹦鹉、奥里羔兽。五、金属制品：西洋铁、铁枪、锡、折铁刀、铜鼓。六、布匹：布、油红布、绞布。[4]此外，爪哇还向明朝输入黑奴、叭喇唬船、爪哇铣、硫黄、瓷釉颜料等。爪哇朝贡贸易输人物资不仅种类多，而且数虽可观，如洪武十五年（1382年）一次进贡的胡椒就达七万五千斤。[5]而民间贸易显更大，据葡商Francisco de Sa记载：“万丹、雅加达等港口每年自漳州有帆船20艘驶来装载3万奎塔尔（quiutai）的胡椒。"1奎塔尔约合59 公斤则当年从爪哇输入中国胡椒达177万公斤。}}</ref> According to Waharu IV inscription (931 AD) and Garaman inscription (1053 AD),<ref>Nastiti (2003), in Ani Triastanti, 2007, p. 39.</ref><ref>Nastiti (2003), in Ani Triastanti, 2007, p. 34.</ref> the [[Mataram Kingdom\|Mataram kingdom]] and [[Airlangga]]'s era [[Kahuripan\|Kahuripan kingdom]] (1000–1049 AD) of Java experienced a long prosperity so that it needed a lot of manpower, especially to bring crops, packings, and send them to ports. Labor was imported from [[Zanj\|Jenggi]] ([[Zanzibar]]), and possibly Pujut (Australia), and Bondan ([[Papua (province)\|Papua]]).<ref name=":13" />{{Rp\|73}} According to Naerssen, they arrived in Java by trading (bought by merchants) or being taken prisoner during a war and then made slaves.<ref>Kartikaningsih (1992). p. 42, in Ani Triastanti (2007), p. 34.</ref>		The tenth-century Arab account ''Ajayib al-Hind'' "Marvels of India" by [[al-Ramhormuzi]] gives an account of invasion in Africa by people called Wakwak or Waqwaq,<ref name=":1" />{{rp\|110}} probably the Malay people of [[Srivijaya]] or [[Javanese people]] of [[Mataram Kingdom\|Mataram kingdom]],<ref name=":32">Lombard, Denys (2005)''. [https://archive.org/details/NJ2JA/mode/2up?q= Nusa Jawa: Silang Budaya, Bagian 2: Jaringan Asia]''. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. An Indonesian translation of Lombard, Denys (1990). ''Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) vol. 2''. Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.</ref>{{Rp\|27}}<ref name=":13">{{Cite book \|last=Nugroho \|first=Irawan Djoko \|title=Majapahit Peradaban Maritim \|publisher=Suluh Nuswantara Bakti \|year=2011 \|isbn=978-602-9346-00-8}}</ref>{{Rp\|39}} in 945–946 AD. They arrived in the coast of [[Tanganyika (territory)\|Tanganyika]] and [[Mozambique]] with 1000 boats and attempted to take the citadel of Qanbaloh, though eventually failed. The reason of the attack is because that place had goods suitable for their country and for China, such as [[ivory]], tortoise shells, panther skins, and [[ambergris]], and also because they wanted slaves from [[Bantu peoples\|the Bantu peoples]] (called ''Zeng'' or ''[[Zanj\|Zenj]]'' by Arabs, ''Jenggi'' by Javanese).<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Wade\|first=Geoff\|title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past\|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|year=2012\|location=Singapore\|isbn=978-9814311960}}</ref> The existence of black Africans was recorded until the 15th century in [[Old Javanese]] inscriptions<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Maziyah \|first=Siti \|date=2022 \|title=Analysing the Presence of Enslaved Black People in Ancient Java Society \|journal=Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration \|volume=6 \|issue=1 \|pages=62–69 \|doi=10.14710/jmsni.v6i1.14010 \|issn=2579-9215\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Jákl \|first=Jiří \|date=2017 \|title=Black Africans on the maritime silk route \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2017.1344050 \|journal=Indonesia and the Malay World \|volume=45 \|issue=133 \|pages=334–351 \|doi=10.1080/13639811.2017.1344050 \|s2cid=165650197 \|issn=1363-9811}}</ref> and the Javanese were still recorded as exporting black slaves during the Ming dynasty era.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lK8XEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E9%8A%83&pg=RA2-PT188 \|title=中国与南海周边关系史 (History of China's Relations with the South China Sea) \|publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. \|year=2017 \|isbn=9787226051870 \|editor-last=Shu \|editor-first=Yuan \|quote=一、药材:胡椒、空青、荜拨、番木鳖子、芦荟、闷虫药、没药、荜澄茄、血竭、苏木、大枫子、乌爹泥、金刚子、番红土、肉豆蔻、白豆蔻、藤竭、碗石、黄蜡、阿魏。二、香料:降香、奇南香、檀香、麻滕香、速香、龙脑香、木香、乳香、蔷薇露、黄熟香、安息香、乌香、丁皮(香)。三、珍宝：黄金、宝石、犀角、珍珠、珊瑙、象牙、龟筒、孔雀尾、翠毛、珊瑚。四、动物：马、西马、红鹦鹉、白鹦鹉、绿鹦鹉、火鸡、白鹿、白鹤、象、白猴、犀、神鹿（摸）、鹤顶（鸟）、五色鹦鹉、奥里羔兽。五、金属制品：西洋铁、铁枪、锡、折铁刀、铜鼓。六、布匹：布、油红布、绞布。[4]此外，爪哇还向明朝输入黑奴、叭喇唬船、爪哇铣、硫黄、瓷釉颜料等。爪哇朝贡贸易输人物资不仅种类多，而且数虽可观，如洪武十五年（1382年）一次进贡的胡椒就达七万五千斤。[5]而民间贸易显更大，据葡商Francisco de Sa记载：“万丹、雅加达等港口每年自漳州有帆船20艘驶来装载3万奎塔尔（quiutai）的胡椒。"1奎塔尔约合59 公斤则当年从爪哇输入中国胡椒达177万公斤。}}</ref> According to Waharu IV inscription (931 AD) and Garaman inscription (1053 AD),<ref>Nastiti (2003), in Ani Triastanti, 2007, p. 39.</ref><ref>Nastiti (2003), in Ani Triastanti, 2007, p. 34.</ref> the [[Mataram Kingdom\|Mataram kingdom]] and [[Airlangga]]'s era [[Kahuripan\|Kahuripan kingdom]] (1000–1049 AD) of Java experienced a long prosperity so that it needed a lot of manpower, especially to bring crops, packings, and send them to ports. Labor was imported from [[Zanj\|Jenggi]] ([[Zanzibar]]), and possibly Pujut (Australia), and Bondan ([[Papua (province)\|Papua]]).<ref name=":13" />{{Rp\|73}} According to Naerssen, they arrived in Java by trading (bought by merchants) or being taken prisoner during a war and then made slaves.<ref>Kartikaningsih (1992). p. 42, in Ani Triastanti (2007), p. 34.</ref>

	The full transcription of the Wakwak account in ''Ajayeb al-Hind'' is as follows:<blockquote>"Ja'far bin Rasid, known under the name of Ibn Lakis, a noted pilot for the gold countries, has related to me some extraordinary matters concerning the Wakwak of which he was himself witness. In the year 334 A.H. (A.D. 945) the Wakwak set out with a thousand ships to launch a determined attack upon the town of Kanbaloh. But they were unable to capture it, for the town was strongly fortified and was surrounded by an arm of the sea, in the midst of which Kanbaloh rose like a fortress. People of the country, with whom the intruders held parley, demanded why they had come to Kanbaloh rather than to any other place; they replied that it was because the country possessed merchandise of value in the Wakwak country and in China, such as ivory, tortoise shell, panther skins and ambergris, and also because they wanted to obtain some of the Zenj people, who, being strong men, are able to stand heavy labour. Their voyage, said they, had lasted a year. They had pillaged several islands at six days' sail from Kanbaloh, and afterwards many towns and villages of the Zenjs in the Sofala country, without reckoning we know not what. If the story told by these people be true in speaking of a voyage of a year's duration, this proves," says the writer, "that Ibn Lakis is right when he maintains that the Wakwak Islands are situated opposite to China."<br />		The full transcription of the Wakwak account in ''Ajayeb al-Hind'' is as follows:<blockquote>"Ja'far bin Rasid, known under the name of Ibn Lakis, a noted pilot for the gold countries, has related to me some extraordinary matters concerning the Wakwak of which he was himself witness. In the year 334 A.H. (A.D. 945) the Wakwak set out with a thousand ships to launch a determined attack upon the town of Kanbaloh. But they were unable to capture it, for the town was strongly fortified and was surrounded by an arm of the sea, in the midst of which Kanbaloh rose like a fortress. People of the country, with whom the intruders held parley, demanded why they had come to Kanbaloh rather than to any other place; they replied that it was because the country possessed merchandise of value in the Wakwak country and in China, such as ivory, tortoise shell, panther skins and ambergris, and also because they wanted to obtain some of the Zenj people, who, being strong men, are able to stand heavy labour. Their voyage, said they, had lasted a year. They had pillaged several islands at six days' sail from Kanbaloh, and afterwards many towns and villages of the Zenjs in the Sofala country, without reckoning we know not what. If the story told by these people be true in speaking of a voyage of a year's duration, this proves," says the writer, "that Ibn Lakis is right when he maintains that the Wakwak Islands are situated opposite to China."<br />

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	{{bq\|Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq.}}		{{bq\|Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq.}}

	The ''Suma Oriental'' of [[Tomé Pires]] mentioned that the people of [[Java]] has "many fine hounds with collars and rings of gold and silver", matching ibn Khordadbeh description of Waqwaq.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book\|last=Cortesão\|first=Armando\|url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182\|title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I\|publisher=The Hakluyt Society\|year=1944\|isbn=9784000085052\|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp\|176}} [[Michael Jan de Goeje]] offered an etymology that interpreted it as a rendering of a Cantonese name for Japan. [[Gabriel Ferrand]] identified it with [[Madagascar]], [[Sumatra]] or [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Lunde"/> Tom Hoogervorst argued that the [[Malagasy language\|Malagasy]] word ''vahoak'', meaning "people, clan, tribe", is derived from the [[Malays (ethnic group)\|Malay]] word ''awak''-''awak'', "people, crew". Ann Kumar agrees with Hoogervorst, and identifies Wakwak as Indonesia, and argued the possibility of ancient Indonesian attack on Africa's east coast.<ref name=":1">Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.</ref>{{rp\|110}}		The ''Suma Oriental'' of [[Tomé Pires]] mentioned that the people of [[Java]] has "many fine hounds with collars and rings of gold and silver", matching ibn Khordadbeh description of Waqwaq.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book\|last=Cortesão\|first=Armando\|url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182\|title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I\|publisher=The Hakluyt Society\|year=1944\|isbn=9784000085052\|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp\|176}} [[Michael Jan de Goeje]] offered an etymology that interpreted it as a rendering of a Cantonese name for Japan. [[Gabriel Ferrand]] identified it with [[Madagascar]], [[Sumatra]] or [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Lunde"/> Tom Hoogervorst argued that the [[Malagasy language\|Malagasy]] word {{Lang\|mg\|vahoak}}, meaning "people, clan, tribe", is derived from the [[Malays (ethnic group)\|Malay]] word ''awak''-''awak'', "people, crew". Ann Kumar agrees with Hoogervorst, and identifies Wakwak as Indonesia, and argued the possibility of ancient Indonesian attack on Africa's east coast.<ref name=":1">Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.</ref>{{rp\|110}}

	[[File:Al-Idrisi's world map.JPG\|thumb\|[[Al-Idrisi]]'s world map from 1154. Al-WaqWaq is shown in the southeast near the left-hand side of the map.]]		[[File:Al-Idrisi's world map.JPG\|thumb\|[[Al-Idrisi]]'s world map from 1154. Al-WaqWaq is shown in the southeast near the left-hand side of the map.]]

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	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Zabag ~~kingdom~~\|Zabag]], another Arabic word for a kingdom or an island in Indonesia		*[[Zabag (ancient territory)\|Zabag]], another Arabic word for a kingdom or an island in Indonesia
	*[[Jinmenju]], a strange Japanese tree in [[Toriyama Sekien]]'s ''[[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]''.		*[[Jinmenju]], a strange Japanese tree in [[Toriyama Sekien]]'s ''[[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]''.
	*[[Nariphon]], a tree in Buddhist mythology that bears fruit in the shape of young female creatures.		*[[Nariphon]], a tree in Buddhist mythology that bears fruit in the shape of young female creatures.
	*[[Zaqqum]], a tree in [[Jahannam]], the fruits of which are shaped like the heads of [[~~Devil (Islam)~~\|devils]].		*[[Zaqqum]], a tree in [[Jahannam]], the fruits of which are shaped like the heads of [[iblis\|devils]].
	*[[Çınar incident]], a rebellion in the [[Ottoman Empire]]; called ''Vakʿa-ı Vakvakiye'' ("The Event of the Wakwak"), for the number of people hanged from trees.		*[[Çınar incident]], a rebellion in the [[Ottoman Empire]]; called ''Vakʿa-ı Vakvakiye'' "The Event of the Wakwak" for the number of people hanged from trees.

	==References==		==References==