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Glasgow School of Art

2024-09-23T13:48:24Z

Teflon: /* Notable alumni */ typos

{{Short description|Fine arts school in Glasgow, Scotland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = The Glasgow School of Art
| native_name = {{lang|gd|Sgoil-ealain Ghlaschu}}
| latin_name =
| image = Schoolofart1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Glasgow School of Art's Mackintosh building, photographed in 2005
| logo = Glasgow School of Art Logo.png
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|1845}}
| type = Public [[Higher education|university-level]] [[art school]]
| endowment =
| administrative_staff = 138
| faculty = 160
| chancellor =
| principal =
| dean =
| rector =
| free_label = Director
| free = Professor Penny Macbeth
| students = {{HESA student population|INSTID=0097}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation">{{HESA citation}}</ref>
| undergrad = {{HESA undergraduate population|INSTID=0097}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/>
| postgrad = {{HESA postgraduate population|INSTID=0097}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/>
| doctoral = 32
| city = [[Glasgow]]
| country = Scotland, UK
| campus =
| affiliations = [[University of Glasgow]] [[Universities UK]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.gsa.ac.uk}}
}}

'''The Glasgow School of Art''' ('''GSA'''; {{lang-gd|Sgoil-ealain Ghlaschu}}) is a higher education [[art school]] based in [[Glasgow]], Scotland, offering undergraduate degrees, post-graduate awards (both taught and research-led), and PhDs in [[architecture]], [[fine art]], and [[design]].

The school is housed in a number of buildings around Renfrew Street in the centre of Glasgow, upon [[Garnethill]], an area first developed by [[William Harley]] of [[Blythswood Hill]] in the early 1800s. The most famous of its buildings was designed by [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]] in phases between 1896 and 1909. The eponymous Mackintosh Building soon became one of the city's iconic landmarks, of international fame. It is a pioneer of the [[Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)]]. The building was severely damaged by fire in May 2014 and destroyed by a second fire in June 2018, with only the burnt-out shell remaining.<ref name="guardian-2018-fire">{{cite news |last1=Carrell |first1=Severin |last2=Brooks |first2=Libby |last3=Rawlinson |first3=Kevin |title='Heartbreaking': fire guts Glasgow School of Art for the second time |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jun/16/firefighters-tackle-blaze-at-glasgow-school-of-art |access-date=16 June 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=16 June 2018}}</ref> Plans are in place for its rebuilding in accordance with Charles Rennie Mackintosh's style and content.

==History==
[[File:Mackintosh School of Art Glasgow.JPG|thumb|right|upright|The north façade and main entrance of the Mackintosh building]]
Founded in 1845 as the '''Glasgow Government School of Design''', the school changed its name to the Glasgow School of Art in 1853. Originally located at 12 Ingram Street the school moved to the [[McLellan Galleries]] in [[Sauchiehall Street]] in 1869.

In 1897, work began on a new building nearby to house the school on Renfrew Street, funded by a donation of £10,000 from the Bellahouston Trust, left from the will of [[Moses Stevens of Bellahouston]].<ref>[https://www.mackintosh-architecture.gla.ac.uk/catalogue/name/?nid=BellaTru Bellahouston Trustees] ''mackintosh-architecture.gla.ac.uk'', Retrieved 16 April 2019</ref> The building was designed by [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]], chosen for the commission by the school's director, [[Francis Henry Newbery|Francis Newbery]], who oversaw a period of expansion and fast-growing reputation. The first half of the building was completed in 1899 and the second half in 1909.

The School's campus has grown since that time and in 2009 an international architectural competition was held to find an architect-led design team who would develop the Campus Masterplan and design the Phase 1 building. The competition was won by New York-based [[Steven Holl]] Architects<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stevenholl.com |title=Steven Holl Architects |publisher=Stevenholl.com |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> working with Glasgow-based JM Architects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jmarchitects.net/projects/glasgow-school-of-art//|title=jmarchitects; Seona Reid Building, Glasgow School of Art|work=jmarchitects.net|date=8 November 2014 |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> The Reid Building was completed in 2014 and sits opposite the Mackintosh Building It is a site previously occupied by the Foulis, Assembly and Newbery Tower Buildings.

The school has produced most of Scotland's leading contemporary artists including, since 2005, 30 per cent of [[Turner Prize]] nominees and five recent Turner Prize winners: [[Simon Starling]] in 2005, [[Richard Wright (artist)|Richard Wright]] in 2009, [[Martin Boyce]] in 2011, [[Duncan Campbell (artist)|Duncan Campbell]] in 2014, and [[Charlotte Prodger]] in 2018.

The School of Architecture is highly rated by the architecture profession<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.graduatearchitecture.com/ARCHSCHOOLS/archschools_en.html |title=World's Best Architecture Schools and Universities – Top 10 List |publisher=Graduatearchitecture.com |access-date=15 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216043303/http://www.graduatearchitecture.com/ARCHSCHOOLS/archschools_en.html |archive-date=16 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the School of Design has been described by [[Design Week]] as "leaders in design education".<ref>{{cite web|title=Glasgow School of Art|url=http://www.fulbright.org.uk/about/partner-with-us/fulbright-partners/glasgow-school-of-art|work=Fulbright Partners|publisher=The US-UK Fulbright Commission|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015940/http://www.fulbright.org.uk/about/partner-with-us/fulbright-partners/glasgow-school-of-art|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The School is organised into four academic schools:

* The [[Mackintosh School of Architecture]]
* The School of Design
* The School of Fine Art
* The School of Innovation and Technology

GSA also has a long-established portfolio of non-degree art and design classes for children and adults delivered through GSA ''Open Studio''.

Disciplines within the four schools include [[fine-art photography]], [[painting]] and [[printmaking]], [[sculpture]] and [[environmental art]], [[product design]], [[Design engineering|product-design engineering]], [[textile design]], [[fashion design]], [[silversmithing]] and [[jewellery design]], [[interior design]], [[communication design]], [[interaction design]], and [[Architectural theory|architecture]].

==Governance==

Governance of the Glasgow School of Art is the responsibility of its Board of Governors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsa.ac.uk/about-gsa/our-people/governors/|title=Governors|website=www.gsa.ac.uk|access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120120305/https://www.gsa.ac.uk/about-gsa/our-people/governors/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Board of Governors has ultimate responsibility for all the affairs of the School.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gsa.ac.uk/media/1819941/Statement-of-Corporate-Governance-2020-21-Sept-2020.pdf | title=The Glasgow School of Art Board of Governors - Statement of Corporate Governance 2020/2021 | access-date=23 November 2020 | archive-date=12 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612041428/https://www.gsa.ac.uk/media/1819941/Statement-of-Corporate-Governance-2020-21-Sept-2020.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> GSA has four standard Board Meetings in its academic year, held in September, November, March and June.

==Fires and Restoration==
===2014 fire===
[[File:Wfm glasgow school of art.jpg|thumb|right|The façade of the Mackintosh building after the fire of 2014]]
The original Mackintosh building was severely damaged by fire on 23 May 2014.<ref name="BBC-fight-to-save">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-27541883 |title=Glasgow School of Art: Fire crews battle to save building |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/23/glasgow-school-of-art-fire-library|title=Glasgow School of Art fire brought under control|date=23 May 2014|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref> An initial fire service estimate was that 90 per cent of the building and 70 per cent of its contents had been saved.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-27553056 |title=Glasgow School of Art: Fire crews save most of building |work=BBC News |date=24 May 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref> The fire, which began in the basement, quickly spread upwards and, although it was brought under control quite quickly, significant damage was done to the historic studios and stairways. The renowned Mackintosh library was destroyed; the archive was water damaged, but was able to be air and freeze dried. There were no casualties.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-27556659 |title=Glasgow School of Art fire: Iconic library destroyed |work=BBC News|date=24 May 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

The fire broke out as students were preparing for their Degree Show. Eyewitnesses said that the fire appeared to have started when a projector exploded in the basement of the Charles Rennie Mackintosh building just before 12:40 pm.<ref name="BBC-fight-to-save" /><ref name=stv-2014-fire>{{cite web|title=Firefighters battle major blaze at Mackintosh Glasgow School of Ar|url=http://news.stv.tv/scotland/276365-rennie-mackintosh-glasgow-school-of-art-on-fire/|work=STV News|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> Investigators later determined that the cause was not a faulty projector, but "a canister of expanding foam" used in close proximity to a hot projector, causing flammable gases to ignite.<ref>{{cite news|title=Glasgow School of Art blaze: Report says foam canister caused fire|last1=Alderson|first1=Reevel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-30214533#sa-ns_mchannel=rss&ns_source=PublicRSS20-sa|work=BBC News|date=26 November 2014|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> According to ''[[The Scotsman]]'' newspaper, the use of aerosol cans is against school policy. The report from the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service found that the design of the building contributed greatly to the spread of the fire: "the number of timber lined walls and voids, and original ventilation ducts running both vertically and horizontally throughout the building" as well as "a vertical service void", which "ran the entire height of the building … [and] allowed flames, hot gases, and smoke to travel". [[Fire damper|Fire and smoke dampers]], which are intended to prevent the spread of fire and smoke through ducts, had not been [[Retrofitting|retrofitted]]. In addition, an intended fire suppression system for the building had not been completed. A school staff member was on hand when the blaze first ignited, but was unable to contain the fast-spreading flames.<ref>{{cite web|title=Glasgow School of Art fire a 'freak accident'|author=CRAIG BROWN|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/glasgow-school-of-art-fire-a-freak-accident-1-3616895|publisher=The Scotsman: Scotland on Sunday|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref>

====Restoration====
A careful restoration process began soon after the fire; work on restoring and recreating the Mackintosh design, including the famous library interior, started in 2016.<ref name="SheaRestoration">{{cite news|last1=Shea|first1=Christopher|title=Restoring a Charles Rennie Mackintosh Architectural Gem From the Ashes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/12/arts/design/restoring-a-charles-rennie-mackintosh-architectural-gem-from-the-ashes.html?_r=0|access-date=12 July 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 July 2016}}</ref> The restoration was performed with historical accuracy, including the use of original wood species such as [[longleaf pine]] and [[tulipwood]].<ref name="BrooksRestoration">{{cite news|last1=Brooks|first1=Libby|title=Glasgow School of Art's library restoration begins in earnest|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/nov/24/glasgow-school-of-art-mackintosh-library-fire-restoration-begins-in-earnest|access-date=28 February 2017|work=The Guardian|date=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="MackintoshRestoration">{{cite news|title=The Mackintosh at the Glasgow School of Art|url=https://www.longleaflumber.com/the-mackintosh-at-the-glasgow-school-of-art/|access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>

===2018 fire===
A large fire broke out in the Mackintosh Building on 15 June 2018, causing extensive damage. The fire also caused severe damage to the nearby [[O2 ABC Glasgow|O2 ABC]] music venue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sleight |first1=Christopher |title=Glasgow fire: How the O2 ABC entertained a city for 143 years |work=BBC News |date=19 June 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44520030 |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> Emergency services received the first call at 11:19 pm BST, and 120 firefighters and 20 fire engines were dispatched to the fire.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/16/world/europe/uk-fire-glasgow-school-of-art.html|title=Glasgow Jewel Goes Up in Flames for Second Time in 4 Years|work=Ny Times|date=16 June 2018|access-date=16 April 2019|last1=Joseph|first1=Yonette}}</ref> No casualties were reported. {{As of|2022|01}} the cause of the fire was not known.<ref name="guardian-2018-fire" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Glasgow fire: Major blaze ravages art school's Mackintosh Building |work=BBC News |date=15 June 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44504659 |access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

[[Gordon Murray & Alan Dunlop Architects|Alan Dunlop]], visiting professor of architecture at [[Robert Gordon University]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.e-architect.co.uk/aberdeen/scott-sutherland-rgu-glasgow|title=Scott Sutherland Aberdeen: School of Architecture - e-architect|date=30 January 2010|work=e-architect|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en-GB}}</ref> who studied at the Mackintosh School of Architecture, was contacted by the press immediately after the fire and stated: "I can’t see any restoration possible for the building itself. It looks totally destroyed."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/jun/16/glasgow-school-of-art-may-be-beyond-repair-after-fire|title=Glasgow School of Art may be beyond repair after second fire |work=The Guardian|date=16 June 2018 |access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref> This point of view was not supported by the early external building surveys, which appeared to indicate that much of the exterior had survived, though extensively damaged. Drone footage enabled a clearer assessment of the extent of the interior damage, and a programme of partial dismantling was established to stabilise the portions of the facade at risk of collapse, notably the south elevation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gsapress.blogspot.com/2018/07/news-release-work-begins-to-dismantle.html|title=NEWS RELEASE: Work begins to dismantle dangerous sections of the Mackintosh Building}}</ref> A [[Glasgow City Council]] spokesperson said: "There is a consensus emerging that the intention of the building control people, HES ([[Historic Environment Scotland]]) people and the art school is to save the building... Right now, people are operating on the understanding it will be saveable."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jun/18/shell-of-glasgow-school-of-art-building-may-be-saved-from-demolition|title=Glasgow School of Art building expected to be saved from demolition|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=18 June 2018}}</ref> It was also noted by Roger Billcliffe that "It has been voted Britain’s most important building several times over, and we have all of the information needed to recreate every detail, following extensive laser surveys after the first fire."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jun/19/bulldoze-or-rebuild-architects-at-odds-over-future-of-glasgow-school-of-art|title=Bulldoze or rebuild? Architects at odds over future of Glasgow School of Art|last=Wainwright|first=Oliver|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

The first opportunity for the school administration to visit the site happened on 19 June 2018. [[Muriel Gray]], chair of the Board of Governors, stated: "This was the first opportunity for the expert team to see the building and begin what will be a long and complex process of determining the future of the Mack, but we remain optimistic. There is a huge desire to see Mackintosh’s masterpiece rise again, one which we all share. We have incredibly detailed information on the building collated over the last 4 years, and have worked with teams of talented craftspeople who were doing a tremendous job on the restoration."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsa.ac.uk/about-gsa/key-information/mackintosh-building-fire-15-june-2018/|title=Statement from the GSA 19 June 2018 - Work to assess the condition of the Mackintosh Building underway|website=gsa.ac.uk|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417110759/http://www.gsa.ac.uk/about-gsa/key-information/mackintosh-building-fire-15-june-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a subsequent statement to the BBC, Professor Tom Inns, director of the school, affirmed that "This building is not beyond saving. It will be saved in some form." He continued to support his firm belief that the building should continue in its function as a working art school, rather than a museum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44530694|title=Fire-ravaged art school 'will be saved'|date=19 June 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 28 June 2018 it was announced that work was being planned to take down parts of the building that were in danger of collapse. Compensation for local residents and businesses was to be made available by the Scottish Government.<ref name="BBCDismantle">{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-44497880 |access-date = 28 June 2018 | work = BBC News| date = 28 June 2018 | title = Glasgow School of Art in danger of 'sudden collapse' |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The same day, Glasgow School of Art terminated its £25 million restoration contract with [[Kier Group]] following the fire.

At the time of the fire, [[Fire sprinkler system|sprinklers]] had yet to be installed in the building. Components for the fire suppression system had been delivered the day before, but were weeks away from assembly and testing.<ref name="BBCSprinklers">{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44592882 |access-date = 24 June 2018 | work = BBC News | date = 24 June 2018 | title = Glasgow School of Art fire safety system 'was weeks away' |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In August 2020, Glasgow School of Art took legal action against [[Page/Park Architects|Page\Park Architects]], the Glasgow-based architectural practice responsible for the Mackintosh Building restoration work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/page-/-park-faces-legal-action-over-mac-fire/5107640.article|title=Page / Park faces legal action over Mac fire|first=Elizabeth|last=Hopkirk2020-08-25T12:17:00+01:00|website=Building Design}}</ref>

Between August 2018 and July 2020 over £12 million had been spent on Mackintosh Building debris clearance and stabilisation work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/SC002271/filing-history|title=GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART. - Filing history (free information from Companies House)|website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk}}</ref>

In November 2020, Glasgow School of Art announced that work to clear debris from the Mackintosh Building would not be completed until 2021 and that work to repair fire damaged glazing and cladding on the Reid Building would not be completed until 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gsa.ac.uk/about-gsa/key-information/the-mackintosh-building/ | title=The Mackintosh Building | access-date=26 March 2021 | archive-date=20 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120120410/https://www.gsa.ac.uk/about-gsa/key-information/the-mackintosh-building/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In March 2021, the Board of Glasgow School of Art announced that a Project Development Board had been established for the restoration of the Mackintosh Building. This is chaired by the Director of the Art School who has assumed the role of project sponsor, is leading the works and is directly responsible for delivery. A Strategic Outline Business Case for the restoration was due to be drafted by late spring 2021 and completed by summer 2021. This would determine the programme to complete the works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsa.ac.uk/about-gsa/key-information/the-mackintosh-building/|title=The Mackintosh Building|website=www.gsa.ac.uk|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120120410/https://www.gsa.ac.uk/about-gsa/key-information/the-mackintosh-building/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 25 January 2022, the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service published the results of their three-and-a-half-year investigation in to the cause of the fire. No cause could be determined.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firescotland.gov.uk/news/2022/january/publication-of-investigation-report-into-june-2018-fire-a-the-glasgow-school-of-art|title=Publication of investigation report into June 2018 fire at The Glasgow School of Art|website=Scottish Fire and Rescue Service|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127135629/https://www.firescotland.gov.uk/news/2022/january/publication-of-investigation-report-into-june-2018-fire-a-the-glasgow-school-of-art/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Future===

Following a "faithful reinstatement", the Mackintosh building is due to fully reopen as a graduate school in 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-06 |title=Concern for future of iconic Scots building restoration over legal dispute |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/homenews/23504129.glasgow-school-art-concern-future-iconic-mackintosh-plan/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-01-24 |title=Glasgow School of Art: cost and pace of rebuild criticised after 2018 fire |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/jan/24/glasgow-school-of-art-cost-and-pace-of-rebuild-criticised-after-2018-fire |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Scottish Campuses==
===Glasgow Campus===
[[File:La façade ouest de la "Glasgow School of Art" (3803688596).jpg|thumb|left|upright|The western façade of the Mackintosh building]]
The school has a large footprint across Glasgow. From the date of the first fire of May 2014, until September 2019 the School of Fine Art was temporarily housed in a campus at the Tontine Building, [[Merchant City]], Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts_ents/visual/13412640.GSA_degree_show_takes_root_in_the_Trongate/|title=GSA Degree Show takes root in Trongate|date=2015}}</ref> The School of Design, The Innovation School and The Mackintosh School of Architecture, along with the GSA Library are all located in and around the Garnethill area, where the Mackintosh Building sits.

The Stow Building, bought from Kelvin College (hence retaining the name, Stow) - has been refurbished and fitted out. Stow opened to the general public for the first time for the 2019 degree show, and opened as a functioning academic building, housing all of the Fine Art courses, in September 2019.

The School of Simulation and Visualisation (formerly the [[Digital Design Studio]] (DDS)) is based on the southside of Glasgow in '''''The Hub''''', at [[Pacific Quay]] by the [[River Clyde]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hub-pq.com/home.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910023225/http://www.hub-pq.com/home.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-09-10|title=Graphic Design Agency / Brand Consultants Midlands – Alt Design|work=Alt Design}}</ref>

The Mackintosh Building was the heart of the campus and continued to be a functioning part of the school until the first major fire on 23 May 2014. The building housed the [[Fine Art]] Painting department, first year studios and administrative staff. It houses the Mackintosh gallery which held many different exhibitions throughout the year. The Mackintosh Gallery (also known as the Mackintosh Museum) was the only part of the Mackintosh building open to the general public; all other areas of the school were only viewable by guided tour.<ref>{{cite web |author=CathieRandall |url=http://www.gsa.ac.uk/tours |title=Tours |publisher=Gsa.ac.uk |access-date=15 February 2014 |archive-date=15 February 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215034714/http://www.gsa.ac.uk/tours |url-status=dead }}</ref> An exception to this rule was the Degree Show where all the studios within the Mackintosh building were opened to allow people to view the graduating year's final artworks. while the Mackintosh Building underwent restoration and the newly acquired Stow Building is refurbished.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsa.ac.uk/support-gsa/mackintosh-campus-appeal/|title=Mackintosh Campus Appeal|date=May 2016|website=The Glasgow School of Art|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606105521/http://www.gsa.ac.uk/support-gsa/mackintosh-campus-appeal/|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:'Glasgow School of Art' JBU 024.jpg|alt=|thumb|A scale model of the GSA's Mackintosh building]]

An international architectural competition was launched in March 2009 to find the design team to prepare a campus masterplan and detailed design of the first new building phase.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ads.org.uk/|title=A&DS – Architecture and Design Scotland}}</ref> The winner of the competition was Steven Holl Architects,<ref>{{cite web|last=Waite |first=Richard |url=http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/daily-news/steven-holl-unveils-glasgow-school-of-art-mackintosh-designs/5207716.article |title=Steven Holl unveils Glasgow School of Art Mackintosh designs |publisher=Architects Journal |date=17 September 2010 |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> working in partnership with Glasgow's JM Architects and Arup Engineering. Work commenced in 2011 and continued until 2013. The building was structurally complete in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/glasgow_school_of_art_competition.php|title=Glasgow School of Art Competition – Extension Building|work=Glasgow Architecture|date=6 June 2013|access-date=10 June 2013|archive-date=10 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910195658/http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/glasgow_school_of_art_competition.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The new building was named the Reid Building after the Director who was in post at the time of the commissioning: Dame [[Seona Reid]], and won Building of the Year at the 2014 Architects' Journal awards – the AJ100 Awards in May 2014, and the Award for Arts or Entertainment Structures at the [[IStructE]]'s 2014 [[Structural Awards]]. It was awarded the [[List of winners of the Sir Hugh Casson Award|Sir Hugh Casson Award]] in 2014 for the worst new building of the year, being described as a "crude and insufferably arrogant essay in minimalist neo-modernism".<ref name="Guardian_2018_SHC">{{cite news |last1=Wainwright |first1=Oliver |title=Bulldoze or rebuild? Architects at odds over future of Glasgow School of Art |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jun/19/bulldoze-or-rebuild-architects-at-odds-over-future-of-glasgow-school-of-art |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

===Forres - Altyre Estate Campus===
The Innovation School also has a base in Forres, Morayshire, focusing on research-led teaching at post-graduate level.

==Singapore Campus==
From September 2012 until June 2021, the GSA delivered years 3 and 4 of its Bachelor of Arts (Hons) Programmes in Communication Design and Interior Design in Singapore, in partnership with the [[Singapore Institute of Technology]] (SIT), based at the [[Temasek Polytechnic]] Campus in Tampines. In 2019, it was mutually agreed to end the partnership one year early; the final cohort of Glasgow School of Art Singapore students graduated in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.singaporetech.edu.sg/undergraduate-programmes/design-and-specialised-businesses/communication-design|title=Communication Design | Singapore Institute of Technology|website=www.singaporetech.edu.sg}}</ref>

The programmes enabled Diploma students from the Singapore Polytechnics to articulate from a Singapore Diploma to a GSA BA(Hons) degree.

Students who studied in Singapore benefited from the same programme of study and award as in the home institution, along with resources and equipment according to the GSA specifications.

==Students==
The GSA has been ranked in the top 10 of specialist educational institutions in ''[[The Guardian]]'' University Guide, ranking it the top specialist visual arts institution in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/table/2011/may/17/universityguide |title=University guide 2012: Specialist institutions league table |date=17 May 2011 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> Its degrees are validated by the [[University of Glasgow]]. Of its 1,900 students, almost 20 per cent are international, 20 per cent from the rest of the UK and approximately 20 per cent are postgraduate. The GSA is placed 8th in the 2019 QS World Rankings for Art and Design<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2019/art-design|title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2019 – Art & Design|date=26 February 2019}}</ref> and 2nd in the nationally ranking 2016 Complete University Guide league table for Art and Design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings/art-and-design|title=Art & Design Subject League Table 2022|website=www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk}}</ref> HESA statistics show the GSA to have one of the lowest student drop-out rates in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7436091.stm |date=4 June 2008 |title=University drop-out rate |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/which-universities-have-the-highest-first-year-dropout-rates |date=28 August 2017 |title=Which universities have the highest first year dropout rates? |work=Channel 4 News}}</ref>

In May 2020 Glasgow School of Art undergraduate students wrote to the Scottish Government and the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) to raise concerns about academic provision at Glasgow School of Art. That August, this was followed up by a group of Post-graduate students. The QAA investigated the situation and published a report in February 2021 making a series of recommendations to Glasgow School of Art and the University of Glasgow who award degrees at the Art School.<ref name="qaa.ac.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.qaa.ac.uk/reviewing-higher-education/quality-assurance-reports/Glasgow-School-of-Art|title=Glasgow School of Art|website=www.qaa.ac.uk}}</ref>

Despite high positions in the QS rankings, the quality of Glasgow School of Art's academic provision was criticised in a 2021 Enhancement Led Institutional Review. In April 2021 the UK's Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) wrote:
{{blockquote|The review concluded that GSA has arrangements for managing academic standards and the student learning experience which are of limited effectiveness. This judgement means GSA does not currently meet sector expectations in relation to the arrangements it has in place for securing the academic standards of the awards it offers and enhancing the quality of the student learning experience it provides. GSA is asked to take action in a number of areas to ensure that quality and academic standards are not put at risk in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qaa.ac.uk/scotland/news-events/news/qaa-publishes-review-of-the-glasgow-school-of-art|title=QAA publishes review of the Glasgow School of Art|website=www.qaa.ac.uk}}</ref>}}
Subsequently in August 2022 the QAA published a re-review of the school in which they stated that "the School has effective arrangements for managing academic standards, and the student learning experience", commending the school for improving in a number of areas and making recommendations for further improvements.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.qaa.ac.uk/scotland/news-events/news/qaa-re-review-concludes-the-glasgow-school-of-art-has-effective-arrangements-for-managing-academic-standards | title=QAA re-review concludes The Glasgow School Of Art has effective arrangements for managing academic standards | website=www.qaa.ac.uk | date=26 August 2022 | accessdate=2022-10-05 }}</ref>

In March 2016, the Commission on Widening Access (CoWA) found the percentage of Scottish-domiciled full-time first degree entrants from SIMD 20 (20 per cent most deprived areas of Scotland) at the GSA was 22.2 per cent. This is the second-highest in Scotland, according to CoWA's report, with only [[University of the West of Scotland]] having more.<ref>[http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0049/00496620.pdf Commission on Widening Access – Technical paper on measures and targets], p11, Annex A (14 March 2016) ''gov.scot'', Retrieved 16 April 2019</ref> The most recent [[Scottish Funding Council]] report on widening participation <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfc.ac.uk/publications-statistics/statistical-publications/2021/SFCST052021.aspx | title=Report on Widening Access 2019-20 | access-date=22 September 2022 | archive-date=26 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126132404/https://www.sfc.ac.uk/publications-statistics/statistical-publications/2021/SFCST052021.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> highlighted the GSA continued to perform well in widening participation.

==Students' Association==

The Glasgow School of Art [[Students' Association]] (GSASA) was formed in 1908 and was officially recognised by the GSA in 1948.<ref name=GSASA>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903112538/https://www.theartschool.co.uk/about/|url=https://www.theartschool.co.uk/about/|title=About|website=www.theartschool.co.uk|publisher=Glasgow School of Art Students’ Association|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Association is a charitable non-profit organisation and is funded in part by GSA;<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903112550/https://www.theartschool.co.uk/student/|url=https://www.theartschool.co.uk/student/ |title=GSA Students' Association|website=www.theartschool.co.uk|publisher=Glasgow School of Art Students’ Association|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> it is not part of the [[National Union of Students (United Kingdom)|National Union of Students]].<ref name="SAG">{{cite magazine|url=https://canvas.gsa.ac.uk/courses/266/pages/gsa-students-association-guide-2020-2021|title=GSA Students' Association Guide 2020 - 2021|page=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227030842/https://canvas.gsa.ac.uk/courses/266/pages/gsa-students-association-guide-2020-2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|url-status=live|magazine=GSASA}} [https://archive.org/details/the-gsasa-guide-2020-2021 Alt URL]</ref>

At the start of each academic year, all students have the option of joining the Students' Association during enrolment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canvas.gsa.ac.uk/courses/266/pages/gsa-students-association|title=GSA Students' Association|website=gsa.ac.uk|accessdate=27 February 2021}}</ref> There are two full-time [[sabbatical officers]], the Student President and the Events Convenor, and the Association has a [[students' representative council]].<ref name="SAG"/>

The Students' Association building was constructed in 1927, originally known as the Assembly Building, it later was renamed The Art School despite the obvious confusion this would cause. The whole building was handed over by the GSA to the Association in the late 20th century.<ref name=GSASA/> The Art School contained a bar and a club and over the decades established itself as a well-renowned venue in the local music scene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.list.co.uk/article/113563-opinion-what-next-for-glasgows-art-school-union/|work=[[The List (magazine)|The List]]|title=Opinion: What next for Glasgow's Art School union?|author=David Pollock|date=31 December 2019}}</ref> In November 2019, the venue was permanently closed by the Association over financial difficulties which resulted in the redundancy of 30 staff.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-51120195|title=Glasgow School of Art bar and club staff made redundant|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

== Glasgow School of Art Choir ==
The GSA Choir is a non-auditioned amateur musical ensemble, established in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gsachoir |title=About |url=https://gsachoir.com/about/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=The Glasgow School of Art Choir |language=en-US}}</ref> The choir has over 140 singers of all ages and from varied backgrounds.

As a registered charity its aims are to celebrate and encourage greater participation in choral music, and to reach new audiences. Additionally, the choir is dedicated to commissioning and performing new choral works. As well as a recording to raise money for the restoration after the Mackintosh Building fire,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-14 |title=Glasgow School of Art choir helps Mackintosh Campus Appeal |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-36526639 |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref> the choir's recording of a piece commissioned from [[James MacMillan|Sir James MacMillan]], 'The Present' (a setting of words by former Director of the GSA [[Francis Henry Newbery]]), was played on BBC Radio 3's Breakfast in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did you hear us on @BBCRadio3 this morning?! Big thanks to @PetrocTrelawny for playing our world premiere recording of jamesmacm's 'The Present', lyrics by Fra Henry Newbery, former Director of @GSofA.|url=https://twitter.com/GSAChoir/status/1566702843440074753 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the GSA Choir gained funding from [[Creative Scotland]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tickets on sale as Glasgow concert prepares to showcase all-female composer line up |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/23300661.composeher-tickets-sale-ahead-may-concert-glasgow/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=HeraldScotland |date=6 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=40 projects across Scotland share over £600,000 Open Project Funding |url=https://www.creativescotland.com/what-we-do/latest-news/archive/2019/07/40-projects-across-scotland-share-over-600,000-open-project-funding |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.creativescotland.com |language=en}}</ref> for the ''Composeher'' project, which aims to address the under-representation of female composers evident across the music industry. Seven leading female composers from Scotland, England, Australia and the USA were commissioned to create a set of new choral works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Composeher |title=Composeher - Composers |url=https://composeher.co.uk/composers |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Composeher |language=en-US}}</ref> The world premiere performance of these works took place on 27 May 2023 in City Halls, Glasgow. The Composeher album <ref>{{cite web | url=https://gsachoir.ffm.to/composeher | title=Composeher }}</ref> was released on 19 July 2024.

=== List of GSA Choir commissions ===

* ''Making It New -'' [[Ken Johnston (composer)|Ken Johnston]] (lyrics by [[Liz Lochhead]])
* ''Continuum -'' [[Shona Mackay]]
* ''The Unspoken -'' [[Jay Capperauld]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jay Capperauld |url=https://www.sco.org.uk/profile/jay-capperauld |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Scottish Chamber Orchestra |language=en}}</ref> (lyrics by [[Edwin Morgan (poet)]])
* ''The Burning Ladder'' - [[Sarah Rimkus]] (lyrics by [[Dana Gioia]]), co-commission
* ''The Stars Now Rearrange Themselves...'' - [[Thomas LaVoy]] (lyrics by [[Dana Gioia]]), co-commission
* ''The Present''<ref>{{Cite web |title=James MacMillan - The Present |url=https://www.boosey.com/cr/music/James-MacMillan-The-Present/102316 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.boosey.com}}</ref> ''-'' [[James MacMillan|Sir James MacMillan]] (lyrics by [[Francis Henry Newbery]])
* ''The Alphabet of Jasmine'' - [[Dee Isaacs]] (lyrics by [[Gerda Stevenson]])
* ''Angel of the Battlefield'' - [[Cecilia McDowall]] (lyrics by [[Sean Street|Seán Street]])
* ''Brìdghe -'' [[Pippa Murphy]] (lyrics by [[Karine Polwart]])
* ''Papilionum'' - [[Sarah Rimkus]] (lyrics by [[Maria Sibylla Merian]])
* ''Margaret's Moon'' - [[Ailie Robertson]] (lyrics by [[Jackie Kay]])
* ''Within the Living Eye'' - [[Rebecca Rowe]] (lyrics by [[Kathleen Raine]])
* ''14 Weeks'' - [[Jane Stanley (composer)|Jane Stanley]] (lyrics by [[Judith Bishop]])
* ''When You Go'' - [[Harry Baines (composer)|Harry Baines]] (lyrics by [[Edwin Morgan (poet)]])

==Research==
The Glasgow School of Art is host to a number of high-profile research projects, funded primarily through the [[Arts and Humanities Research Council]], the [[Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council]], and the [[Economic and Social Research Council]], although other UK research councils have funded projects in the past.

At the [[Research Assessment Exercise]] in 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.ref.ac.uk/Results/ByHei/95|title=REF2014 results by institution/Glasgow School of Art|date=2014|website=results.ref.ac.uk}}</ref> the GSA had the largest art and design research community in Scotland and with 23 per cent of research evaluated as world leading. The GSA has a number of research centres including the Digital Design Studio, Mackintosh Environmental Architectural Research Unit, Institute of Design Innovation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/55365510 |title=Institute of Design Innovation on Vimeo |publisher=Vimeo.com |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> Centre for Advanced Textiles and the Glasgow Urban Lab<ref>{{cite web |author=ScottParsons |url=http://www.gsa.ac.uk/research/research-centres/ |title=Research Centres |publisher=Gsa.ac.uk |access-date=15 February 2014 |archive-date=8 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408193125/https://www.gsa.ac.uk/research/research-centres/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework exercise 82% of the GSA's research was assessed to be internationally excellent. 75% of the GSA’s research outputs were ranked at the two top grades 4* (world-leading in originality, significance and rigour), and 3* (or internationally excellent)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://results2021.ref.ac.uk/profiles/institutions/10002681 | title=Glasgow School of Art : Results and submissions : REF 2021 }}</ref> with the GSA being one of the leading practice-based research institutions in the UK.

==Notable alumni==
{{Main|List of Glasgow School of Art alumni}}
Alumni of the Glasgow School of Art are notable in painters, writers, film directors, photographers, designers, and architects.

==See also==
*[[List of building or structure fires]]
*[[List of Category A listed buildings in Glasgow]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}}
*[http://www.twitter.com/gsofa/ GSA Twitter]
* [https://canvas.gsa.ac.uk/courses/266/pages/gsa-students-association Glasgow School of Art Student Association]
* [http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/120095/details/glasgow+167+renfrew+street+glasgow+school+of+art/ Historical interior photographs of Glasgow School of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019233508/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/120095/details/glasgow+167+renfrew+street+glasgow+school+of+art/ |date=19 October 2014 }}
* [http://www.gerryblaikie.com/mackintosh/gsa.htm Glasgow School of Art] Photographs before and after the two fires

{{Universities in Scotland}}
{{Art schools in the United Kingdom}}
{{Scottish art}}
{{Charles Rennie Mackintosh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord |55|51|58.04|N|4|15|49.44|W|type:edu_region:GB-GLG|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glasgow School of Art}}
[[Category:Glasgow School of Art| ]]
[[Category:1845 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Art schools in Scotland]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Charles Rennie Mackintosh buildings]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1845]]
[[Category:Listed educational buildings in Scotland]]
[[Category:2010s fires in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2014 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2014 fires in Europe]]
[[Category:2018 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2018 fires in Europe]]
[[Category:Art Nouveau architecture in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Art Nouveau educational buildings]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1845]]
[[Category:Universities UK]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in Scotland]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires during construction or renovation]]

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{{Short description|none}}Following is a list of [[Glasgow School of Art]] alumni.

== Academic ==

* [[Mary Maclean]] – photographer and [[Royal Academy of Arts|Royal Academy]] lecturer
* [[Grace Wilson Melvin]] – artist and faculty member of the Glasgow School of Arts<ref>{{cite web |title=Grace Melvin |url=https://gsaarchives.net/collections/index.php/melvin-grace# |website=GSA archives}}</ref>
* [[Josephine Haswell Miller]] – painter and faculty member of the Glasgow School of Arts<ref name="BuckmanVol2">{{cite book |author=David Buckman |title=Artists in Britain Since 1945 Vol 2, M to Z |publisher=Art Dictionaries Ltd |year=2006 |isbn=0-953260-95-X}}</ref>

== Architecture and design ==

* [[Ian Callum]] – automotive designer<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]] –designer and architect<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Jeffrey Rowbotham]] – architect<ref name="ScottishArchitects">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Jeffrey Rowbotham |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=403517 |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=Dictionary of Scottish Architects; Biography Report; Basic Biographical Details |publisher=Scottish Architects}}</ref>
* [[Thomas S. Tait]] – architect<ref name="gsaalumni" /><ref name="DSAbiog">{{cite web |title=Thomas Smith Tait |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200729 |access-date=16 November 2008 |work=[[Dictionary of Scottish Architects]]}}</ref>

== Embroidery ==

* [[Anne Knox Arthur]] – embroiderer and 1939 Lauder Prize winner
* [[Helen Adelaide Lamb]] – embroiderer and painter
* [[Ann Macbeth]] – [[embroiderer]] and suffragist<ref name="gsaalumni" /><ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=2 April 1948 |title=Two Women of Distinction |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KGlAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2980,4906359&dq=ann-macbeth&hl=en |access-date=9 February 2012 |work=[[The Glasgow Herald]]}}</ref>
* [[Jessie Newbery]] – textile artist and embroiderer<ref name="gsaalumni" />

== Fashion design ==

* [[Pam Hogg]] – fashion designer<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Jonathan Saunders]] – fashion designer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: Fashion designer Jonathan Saunders |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/interview-fashion-designer-jonathan-saunders-1-774442}}</ref>

== Film and television ==

* [[Peter Capaldi]] – actor, director, and 1995 [[Academy Awards]] winner for short film<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Robbie Coltrane]] – actor<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Muriel Gray]] – broadcaster, author, and journalist<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Jimmie Macgregor]] – television broadcaster and folksinger<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Early Years |url=http://jimmiemacgregor.com/about/early-years/ |work=jimmiemacgregor.com}}</ref>
*[[Alexander Mackendrick]] – film director<ref>{{Screenonline name|id=447947|name=Alexander Mackendrick}}, also [http://www.thestickingplace.com/film/films/mackendrick-on-film/organising-the-questions/ Article about Mackendrick's teaching career] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130204202730/http://www.thestickingplace.com/film/films/mackendrick-on-film/organising-the-questions/|date=4 February 2013}}</ref>
*[[Gillies MacKinnon]] – film director<ref name="bfi">{{cite web |title=Gillies MacKinnon |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/502665/ |access-date=8 January 2014 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>
*[[Iain McCaig]] – Hollywood storyboard artist, illustrator, and designer<ref name="McClatchy">Wells, Tish (29 October 2008). "[http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2008/10/29/54929/to-iain-mccaig-star-wars-characters.html To Iain McCaig, 'Star Wars' characters are more than just imagination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145527/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2008/10/29/54929/to-iain-mccaig-star-wars-characters.html|date=2 April 2015}}", [[McClatchy-Tribune News Service]]. Retrieved 16 November 2010.</ref>
*[[Eddie McConnell]] – documentary filmmaker
*[[Norman McLaren]] – [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning animator and filmmaker<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[May Miles Thomas]] – screenwriter and director<ref>{{cite web |title=Elemental Films |url=http://www.elementalfilms.co.uk |work=elementalfilms.co.uk}}</ref>
*[[Ewan Morrison]] – novelist, screenwriter, director, and winner of the [[Saltire Society Literary Awards|Saltire Society Literary Award]] and the [[Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust Book Awards]]
*[[Donald Wilson (writer and producer)|Donald Wilson]] – television writer and producer<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Two - An Adventure in Space and Time - Donald Wilson |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/1H2R5Xntflc3W2nPVhgLGN6/donald-wilson |accessdate=16 April 2021 |work=BBC}}</ref>

== Illustration ==

* [[Christine Berrie]] – illustrator<ref name="commarts">{{cite web |date=8 August 2009 |title=Artist profile |url=http://www.commarts.com/fresh/christine-berrie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102225020/http://www.commarts.com/fresh/christine-berrie.html |archive-date=2 January 2011 |access-date=6 September 2010 |work=commarts.com |publisher=Communication Arts |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Emilio Coia]] – [[caricaturist]]<ref name="gsaalumni" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Emilio Coia HonLLD (Strath) |url=http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/obits_alpha/coia_emilio.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Darren Cullen (cartoonist)|Darren Cullen]] – [[cartoonist]] known for ''Join the Army''<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[John Glashan]] – cartoonist and illustrator<ref name="cartoon_archive">* "[https://www.cartoons.ac.uk/cartoonist-biographies/g-h/JohnGlashan.html John Glashan]", British Cartoon Archive. Accessed 20 August 2016.</ref>
* [[Jessie Marion King]] – illustrator<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Iain McCaig]] – illustrator, designer, and Hollywood storyboard artist<ref name="McClatchy" />
* [[Daisy Agnes McGlashan]] – writer and illustrator<ref name=":2">https://gsaarchives.net/catalogue/index.php/mcglashan-daisy-agnes</ref>
* [[Stewart Orr]] – children's book illustrator and watercolour artist<ref>"ORR, Stewart", in Bernard Dolman, ed., ''Who's Who in Art'' (Art Trade Press, 1927), p. 174</ref>
* [[Frank Quitely]] – [[comics artist]]<ref>{{cite comic |date=April 2016 |title=[[Jupiter's Legacy (comic)|Jupiter's Circle]] |issue=5 |volume=2 |publisher=[[Image Comics]] |writer=Millar, Mark |artist=Sprouse, Chris; Wong, Walden}}</ref>
*[[David Shrigley]] – artist and cartoonist<ref name="p-cv">{{cite web |title=CURRICULM VITAE DAVID SHRIGLEY |url=http://www.davidshrigley.com/shrigley_cv.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129060855/http://www.davidshrigley.com/shrigley_cv.html |archive-date=29 January 2012 |publisher=David Shrigley |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[Dyke White]] – [[cartoonist]]<ref name="gsaalumni" />

== Literature and journalism ==

* [[John Byrne (playwright)|John Byrne]] – playwright and artist<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Ian Hamilton Finlay]] – poet, artist, and [[Turner Prize]] nominee 1984<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Finlay 1925–2006 |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/ian-hamilton-finlay-1093Ian}}</ref>
* [[Alasdair Gray]] – [[novelist]], [[muralist]], and author of ''[[Lanark: A Life in Four Books]]''<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Liz Lochhead]] – playwright and poet<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Daisy Agnes McGlashan]] – writer and illustrator<ref name=":2" />
* [[Ewan Morrison]] – novelist, screenwriter, director, and winner of the [[Saltire Society Literary Awards|Saltire Society Literary Award]] and the [[Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust Book Awards]]
* [[Cordelia Oliver]] – journalist and art critic for ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref name="Guardian obit">{{cite news |last=Grigor |first=Murray |author-link=Murray Grigor |date=26 January 2010 |title=Obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/jan/26/cordelia-oliver-obituary |access-date=6 January 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref>

== Metal working ==

* [[De Courcy Lewthwaite Dewar]] – enamelist and metalworker

== Music ==

*[[Bob Hardy (bassist)|Bob Hardy]] – musician and bassist in [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]]<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Fran Healy (musician)|Fran Healy]] – musician in Glasgow-based band [[Travis (band)|Travis]]<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Scott Hutchison]] – musician and artist<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Rory Macdonald (musician)|Rory Macdonald]] – musician, songwriter, and founding member of [[Runrig]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of Rory Macdonald |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst3967.html |work=scottish-places.info}}</ref>
*[[Jimmie Macgregor]] – folksinger and television broadcaster<ref name=":1" />
*[[Dougie Payne]] – musician and member of the band [[Travis (band)|Travis]]<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Tommy Reilly (Scottish musician)|Tommy Reilly]] – musician and songwriter
*[[Sharleen Spiteri]] – singer-songwriter, guitarist, and lead vocalist of the Scottish pop-rock band [[Texas (band)|Texas]]<ref>{{cite web |date=5 January 2016 |title=Music & Apple Pie with Sharleen Spiteri – On The Hill |url=http://onthehill.info/2016/01/music-apple-pie-with-sharleen-spiteri/}}</ref>

== Performance art ==

* [[Lili Reynaud-Dewar]] – [[Installation art|installation]] and [[performance artist]]

== Painting ==
* [[Janet Macdonald Aitken]] – painter<ref name="ScotAA" />
* [[Ann Dunlop Alexander]] – painter<ref name="GSAada">{{cite web |url=https://gsaarchives.net/collections/index.php/alexander-ann-dunlop|title=Alexander, Ann Dunlop|year=2018|access-date=6 November 2019|work=Glasgow School of Art Archives and Collections}}</ref>
* [[Lena Alexander]] – painter<ref name="BuckmanVol1">{{cite book|author=David Buckman|publisher=Art Dictionaries Ltd|year=2006|title=Artists in Britain Since 1945 Vol 1, A to L |isbn=0-953260-95-X}}</ref>
* [[Jessie Algie]] – botanical painter<ref name="ScotAA" />
* [[Mary Parsons Reid Allan]] – painter<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
* [[Edith Lovell Andrews]] – painter<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
* [[Sophie Aston]] – painter<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
* [[Lesley Banks]] – painter<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
*[[Sam Black (artist)|Sam Black]] – artist<ref name="sbfonds">{{cite web |author=Christopher Hives|url=http://www.memorybc.ca/black-sam;isaar |title=Sam Black fonds |year=1999|access-date=23 July 2014|work=UBC / The British Columbia Archival Information Network}}</ref>
*[[Robert Henderson Blyth]] – artist<ref name="ScotImages">{{cite web|author=Royal Scottish Academy|url=http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/rsascottishart/artistbios/blythr.asp|title=Images for Scottish Art, Robert Henderson Blyth|access-date=16 June 2014|work=Royal Scottish Academy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702084455/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/rsascottishart/artistbios/blythr.asp|archive-date=2 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[Leonard Boden]] – [[portrait painter]]<ref name="Ind">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-leonard-boden-1126253.html |title=Leonard Boden Obituary |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=9 October 2013 |location=London |first=David |last=Buckman |date=15 November 1999}}</ref>
*[[Christine Borland]] – artist and 1997 Turner Prize Nominee<ref name="gsaalumni">{{cite web|title=Famous Alumni|url=http://www.gsa.ac.uk/support-gsa/gsa-alumni/famous-alumni/|publisher=Glasgow School of Art|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232333/http://www.gsa.ac.uk/support-gsa/gsa-alumni/famous-alumni/|archive-date=25 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Martin Boyce]] – artist, [[2011 Turner Prize]] winner<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Roderick Buchanan]] – artist and 2000 [[Beck's Futures]] winner<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Nancy Jane Burton]] – painter<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
*[[Steven Campbell (artist)|Steven Campbell]] – artist<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Evelyn Carslaw]] – landscape painter<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
*[[Nathan Coley]] – artist and 2007 [[Turner Prize]] nominee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-liverpool/exhibition/turner-prize-2007/turner-prize-2007the-artists|title=Turner Prize 2007:The artists – Tate|date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913053657/http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-liverpool/exhibition/turner-prize-2007/turner-prize-2007the-artists|archive-date=13 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[Stephen Conroy (artist)|Stephen Conroy]] – painter<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Gertrude Mary Coventry]] – portrait painter<ref name="ScotAA" />
*[[James Cowie (artist)|James Cowie]] – painter<ref name="gsaalumni" /><ref name="McTears">{{cite web|author=McTear's Auctioneers |url=http://en.wikicollecting.org/james-cowie-rsa-lld-scottish-1886-1956-b-050913-lot-1733 |title=McTear's The Scottish Picture Auction |access-date=8 May 2014 |work=McTear's Auctioneers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222651/http://en.wikicollecting.org/james-cowie-rsa-lld-scottish-1886-1956-b-050913-lot-1733 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>
*[[Hugh Adam Crawford]] – painter<ref name="ScotAA">{{cite book|author=Peter J.M. McEwan|publisher=Antique Collectors' Club|year=1994|title=The Dictionary of Scottish Art and Architecture|isbn=1-85149-134-1}}</ref>
*[[Ken Currie]] – artist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artists/currie-ken-b-1960|title=Ken Currie|work=[[Art UK]]}}</ref>
*[[Alexander Brownlie Docharty]] – artist<ref name="Halsby1990">{{cite book|last=Halsby|first=Julian|title=Venice, the Artist's Vision: A Guide to British and American Painters|url=https://archive.org/details/veniceartistsvis00hals|url-access=registration|access-date=15 August 2014|year=1990|publisher=Unicorn|isbn=9780906290354|chapter=Alexander Brownlie Docharty, 1862-1940}}</ref>
*[[Jessie Alexandra Dick]] – painter and teacher<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
*[[Joan Eardley]] – artist<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Christian Jane Fergusson]] – artist<ref name="WJCH">{{cite web |author=WJC Henderson|url=http://chrisjfergusson.webs.com/chronology.htm |title=Chris J Fergusson (Chris Stark) The life and works of a Dumfries and Galloway artist|year=2010|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>
*[[Ian Hamilton Finlay]] – poet, artist, and [[Turner Prize]] nominee 1984<ref name=":3" />
*[[Amelia Beattie Forsyth]] – artist and Lauder Prize winner 1937
*[[Douglas Gordon]] – artist and 1996 [[Turner Prize]] winner<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Alexander Goudie]] – artist<ref>Timothy Clifford, [http://www.alexandergoudie.org.uk/obituary-2/ Alexander Goudie: Don Quixote of Glasgow artists], ''The Independent'' (London), 18 March 2004</ref>
*[[Norah Neilson Gray]] – artist<ref name="helenh">[http://www.helensburghheroes.com/heroes/norah_neilson_gray Norah Neilson Gray], Helsburgh Heroes, accessed July 2010</ref>
*[[Herbert James Gunn|Sir James Gunn]] – landscape and portrait painter<ref name="NGS">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/scottish-artists-a-z/H/3704/artist_name/Sir%20William%20Oliphant%20Hutchison/record_id/5161|title=Scottish Artists A-Z − − H − Scottish Artists A-Z − Scottish Art − Collection − National Galleries of Scotland|author=National Galleries of Scotland|work=nationalgalleries.org}}</ref>
*[[Ilana Halperin]] – artist<ref name="Halperin">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/art/artist-ilana-halperin-reflects-on-the-scientific-and-the-personal-1-2975264|title=Artist Ilana Halperin reflects on the scientific and the personal|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref>
*[[Peter Howson]] – artist<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Chantal Joffe]] – artist<ref name="jf">{{cite web|url=http://www.indielondon.co.uk/events/out_bold_beautiful.html|title=A bold and beautiful new exhibition|last=Foley|first=Jack|work=IndieLondon|access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref>
*[[Violet McNeish Kay]] – painter<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
*[[Jessie Keppie]] – artist<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
*[[Annabel Kidston]] – artist<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
*[[Annie Rose Laing]] – painter<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
*[[Elspeth Lamb]] – printmaker<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
*[[Jim Lambie]] – artist and 2005 [[Turner Prize]] nominee<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Andrew Law (artist)|Andrew Law]] – portrait painter<ref name="Spalding">{{cite book|author=Frances Spalding|author-link=Frances Spalding|publisher=Antique Collectors' Club|year=1990|title=20th Century Painters and Sculptors |isbn=1-85149-106-6}}</ref>
*[[Laura Loudon]] – painter and 1939 Lauder Prize winner<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Tessa Lynch]] – artist<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wright|first1=Karen|title=Tessa Lynch, sculptor: 'You meet interesting people in Glasgow who|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/tessa-lynch-sculptor-you-meet-interesting-people-in-glasgow-who-make-you-want-to-up-your-game-9683838.html|website=The Independent|date=21 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh]] – artist<ref name="gsaalumni" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crmsociety.com/margaretmacdonald.aspx|title=Charles Rennie Mackintosh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104013707/http://www.crmsociety.com/margaretmacdonald.aspx|archive-date=4 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[Shona Macdonald]] – artist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.umass.edu/art/member/shona-macdonald|title=Shona Macdonald | Department of Art | UMass Amherst|website=UMass Amherst|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>
*[[Philip Raskin]] – artist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.strathearn-gallery.com/artists/142/philip-raskin|title=Philip Raskin - Artists - Strathearn Gallery|website=www.strathearn-gallery.com}}</ref>
*[[Elizabeth McDonald]] – portrait painter<ref>{{cite web|title='Bee Keepers I', Elizabeth McDonald|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/johnmoores/recent-exhibitions/jm2010/exhibitors/mcdonald.aspx|website=www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[Jessie M. McGeehan]] – artist known for painting and mosaic work<ref name="BuckmanVol2" />
*[[Alison McKenzie]] – painter and printmaker<ref name="BuckmanVol2" />
*[[Sam McKinniss]] – contemporary figurative and abstract painter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sammckinniss.com/info/|title=Artists's bio|website=Sam McKinniss website}}</ref>
*[[Bessie MacNicol]] – painter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSE01167|website=The Glasgow Story|title=Self-portrait in the Burrell collection}}</ref>
*[[Josephine Haswell Miller]] – painter and faculty member of the Glasgow School of Arts<ref name="BuckmanVol2" />
*[[Thomas Corsan Morton]] – artist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/eyrwho/eyrwho1270.htm#e199|title=Who's Who in Glasgow in 1909: T. CORSAN MORTON [ebook chapter] / George Eyre-Todd, 1909|work=strath.ac.uk}}</ref>
*[[Sheila Mullen (artist)|Sheila Mullen]] – artist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celiapurcell.com/album1/sheila_mullen/sheila_m.html|title=Celia Purcell Contemporary|author=Celia Purcell Contemporary|work=celiapurcell.com}}</ref>
*[[Ciara Phillips]] – artist <ref name="Re-title">{{cite web|title=Ciara Phillips|url=http://www.re-title.com/artists/Ciara-Phillips.asp|work=Re-title.com|access-date=8 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041026180332/http://www.re-title.com/artists/ciara-phillips.asp|archive-date=26 October 2004|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[Christopher Pratt]] –Canadian painter who designed the [[Newfoundland]] flag
*[[John Quinton Pringle]] – artist<ref name="Spalding" />
*[[Charlotte Prodger]] – artist and 2018 [[Turner Prize]] recipient
*[[Jenny Saville]] – artist<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[William Somerville Shanks]] – artist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inverclydesheritage.co.uk/william-somerville-shanks-1864-1951/|title=William Somerville Shanks 1864 – 1951 | Inverclyde's Heritage|date=19 June 2015|website=www.inverclydesheritage.co.uk}}</ref>
*[[Lucy Skaer]] – artist and 2009 [[Turner Prize]] nominee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaleunion.org/lucy-skaer/|title=LUCY SKAER – YU|work=yaleunion.org}}</ref>
*[[Simon Starling]] – [[Turner Prize]] winning artist 2005<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Alison Watt (Scottish painter)|Alison Watt]] – artist<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Cathy Wilkes]] – artist and 2008 [[Turner Prize]] nominee<ref>[http://www.xavierhufkens.com/artists/cathy-wilkes Cathy Wilkes] at [[Xavier Hufkens]], Brussels</ref>
*[[Richard Wright (artist)|Richard Wright]] – artist and 2009 [[Turner Prize]] winner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/richard-wright/biography-links|title=Richard Wright Biography – Richard Wright on artnet|work=artnet.com}}</ref>
*[[Kumi Yamashita]] – artist<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kumiyamashita.com/biography/ | title=Kumiyamashita.com | access-date=6 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707012550/http://www.kumiyamashita.com/biography/ | archive-date=7 July 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*[[Jane Younger]] – painter<ref name="BuckmanVol2" />

== Photography ==

* [[Harry Benson]] – photographer<ref>{{cite web |title=HARRY BENSON |url=http://www.socialstereotype.com/_/Features/Entries/2005/4/14_HARRY_BENSON.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200143/http://www.socialstereotype.com/_/Features/Entries/2005/4/14_HARRY_BENSON.html |archive-date=25 May 2014 |work=socialstereotype.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Mary Maclean]] – photographer and [[Royal Academy of Arts|Royal Academy]] lecturer
* [[Oscar Marzaroli]] – photographer<ref name="gsaalumni" />

== Politics and government ==

* [[David Donaldson (artist)|David Donaldson]] – [[Painter and Limner]] to Her Majesty the Queen in Scotland<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Cathy Jamieson]] – politician<ref name="gsaalumni" />
* [[Ann Macbeth]] –suffragist and [[embroiderer]]<ref name="gsaalumni" /><ref name=":0" />
* [[Alexander Stoddart]] – [[Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland]]<ref name="gsaalumni" />

== Printmaking ==

* [[Jean D. Burns]] – artist and printmaker
* [[Robert Colquhoun]] – painter and printmaker<ref name="gsaalumni" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Colquhoun – Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/robert-colquhoun-932 |work=Tate}}</ref>
* [[Anna Findlay]] – artist and printmaker<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
* [[Chica Macnab]] – painter, [[wood-engraver]], and printmaker<ref name="BuckmanVol2" />
* [[Alison McKenzie]] – painter and printmaker<ref name="BuckmanVol2" />
* [[Jacki Parry]] – printmaker and founding member of [[Glasgow Print Studio]]<ref name="BuckmanVol2" />
* [[Viola Paterson]] – wood engraver and woodcut artist<ref name="BuckmanVol2" />
* [[Margaret Bruce Wells]] – printmaker<ref name="BuckmanVol2" />

== Sculptor ==

* [[Phyllis Archibald]] – sculptor<ref name="BuckmanVol1" />
* [[Douglas Robertson Bisset]] – sculptor<ref name="CityDRB">{{cite web |author=Gary Nisbet |title=Douglas Bisset (1908–2000) |url=http://www.glasgowsculpture.com/pg_biography.php?sub=bisset_d |access-date=3 March 2017 |work=Glasgow – City of Sculpture}}</ref>
* [[William Kellock Brown]] – sculptor<ref name="MacWKB">{{cite web |title=William Kellock Brown |url=https://mackintosh-architecture.gla.ac.uk/catalogue/name/?nid=BrowWK |access-date=28 November 2020 |website=Mackintosh Architecture |publisher=The Hunterian/ University of Glasgow}}</ref>
*[[Michelle de Bruin]] – sculptor, [[Stone carving|stonecarver]] and [[Letter cutting|lettercutter]]<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Hannah Frank]] – artist and sculptor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannah Frank, A Grasgow Artist. 1908 – 2008 |url=http://www.hannahfrank.org.uk/pages/about_hannah.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728095012/http://hannahfrank.org.uk/pages/about_hannah.htm |archivedate=28 July 2012}}</ref>
*[[Alex Frost (artist)|Alex Frost]] – sculptor<ref>{{cite web |title=Alex Frost {{!}} City & Guilds {{!}} London Art School |url=https://www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk/alex-frost/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=www.cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk}}</ref>
*[[Thomas Symington Halliday]] – sculptor and stained glass artist<ref name="ScotAA" />
*[[Benno Schotz]] – sculptor<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Andy Scott (sculptor)|Andy Scott]] – sculptor<ref name="gsaalumni" />
*[[Marc Bijl]] – sculptor, painter, and installation artist<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARTPULSE MAGAZINE » Reviews » Marc Bijl: Arrested Development |url=https://artpulsemagazine.com/marc-bijl-arrested-development |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Light and Shadow - Marc Bijl |url=http://www.upstreamgallery.nl/exhibitions/39/light-and-shadow |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=upstreamgallery.nl}}</ref>

== Stained glass ==

* [[Alan Gourley]] – painter and stained glass artist<ref>{{cite web |title=Gourley, Alan Stenhouse, 1909–1991 {{!}} Art UK |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artists/gourley-alan-stenhouse-19091991# |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=artuk.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Symington Halliday]] – sculptor and stained glass artist<ref name="ScotAA" />
* [[Alf Webster]] – stain glass artist<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Julie-Anne |date=2015-09-05 |title=Tribute to stained glass genius |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/alf-died-dark-days-great-6389671 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Daily Record |language=en}}</ref>

== Other ==

* [[Doris Grant]] – [[nutritionist]]<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2003 |title=Doris Grant |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1425950/Doris-Grant.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London}}</ref>
* [[Toby Webster]] – art dealer<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Farago |first=Jason |date=8 May 2014 |title=Movers and makers: the most powerful people in the art world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/may/08/art-world-most-powerful-people |access-date=30 May 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Alumni of the Glasgow School of Art|*]]
[[Category:Lists of people by university or college in Scotland|Glasgow School of Arts]]

John Cryer

2024-05-27T20:34:56Z

Teflon: changing ref from Twitter to local newspaper

{{Short description|British Labour politician}}
{{For|the American actor|Jon Cryer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = John Cryer
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
| image = Official portrait of John Cryer MP crop 2.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Leyton and Wanstead]]
| term_start = 6 May 2010
| predecessor = [[Harry Cohen]]
| majority = 20,808 (46.7%)
| constituency1 = [[Hornchurch (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornchurch]]
| term_start1 = 1 May 1997
| term_end1 = 11 April 2005
| predecessor1 = [[Robin Squire]]
| successor1 = [[James Brokenshire]]
| office2 = [[Chair of the Parliamentary Labour Party]]
| leader2 = [[Ed Miliband]] [[Jeremy Corbyn]] [[Keir Starmer]]
| term_start2 = 9 February 2015
| predecessor2 = [[David Watts, Baron Watts|David Watts]]
| birth_name = John Robert Cryer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|4|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Darwen]], [[Lancashire]], England
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ellie Reeves]]|2012}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Hertfordshire]] [[London College of Communication|University of the Arts London]]
| website = {{Official website|johncryermp.co.uk}}
| caption = Official portrait, 2019
| parents = {{flatlist|
*[[Ann Cryer]]
*[[Bob Cryer]]
}}
| relations = [[Rachel Reeves]] (sister in-law)
}}
'''John Robert Cryer''' (born 11 April 1964) is a British politician who has served as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Leyton and Wanstead (UK Parliament constituency)|Leyton and Wanstead]] since 2010.<ref name="BBC-eln2010">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/c63.stm |title=Election 2010: Leyton and Wanstead |work=BBC News |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170823094103/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/c63.stm |archive-date=23 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> A member of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], he was previously MP for [[Hornchurch (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornchurch]] from 1997 to 2005. Cryer has been [[Parliamentary Labour Party#Chair|Chair of the Parliamentary Labour Party]] since 2015.

== Early life and career ==
John Robert Cryer was born on 11 April 1964 to Labour politicians [[Ann Cryer|Ann]] and [[Bob Cryer]]. Both of his parents became Members of Parliament,<ref>{{cite web |title=MP For The Keighley Constituency Ann Cryer |url= http://www.ilkley.org/govment/ukmp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081227235715/http://www.ilkley.org/govment/ukmp.htm |archive-date=27 December 2008 |access-date=28 June 2009 |work=Ilkley.org – Wharfedale's Community on the Web |publisher=Wharfedale Online Trust}}</ref> and he served alongside his mother in the Commons from 1997 to 2005. As a child, he appeared in the 1970 film ''[[The Railway Children (1970 film)|The Railway Children]]''.

A journalist by profession, Cryer was educated at [[Oakbank School, Keighley]], [[Hatfield Polytechnic]] and the [[London College of Printing]].<ref>Times Guide to the House of Commons, 1997</ref>

He has worked for ''[[Tribune (magazine)|Tribune]],'' the ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]],'' [[Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen|ASLEF]] and the [[Transport and General Workers' Union]] (now [[Unite the Union|Unite]]).

== Political career ==
Cryer was on the left wing of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and was a member of the [[Socialist Campaign Group]] until he resigned from the group in 2015. He has subsequently moved to the right of the party, supporting [[Keir Starmer]]'s [[Centrism|centrist]] leadership.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=So how did a left-winger get to be chair of the parliamentary Labour party? |website=Left Futures |date=February 2015 |url= https://www.leftfutures.org/2015/02/so-how-did-a-left-winger-get-to-be-chair-of-the-parliamentary-labour-party/|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref>

Cryer describes himself as a [[Euroscepticism|Eurosceptic]], and was one of only a small number of Labour MPs who campaigned and voted for the UK to [[Brexit|leave]] the [[European Union]] in the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.johncryermp.co.uk/eu-referendum-result |title=EU REFERENDUM – JOHN CRYER MP |website= www.johncryermp.co.uk |access-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171018133629/http://www.johncryermp.co.uk/eu-referendum-result |archive-date=18 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> He consistently opposed holding a [[Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement|second referendum on EU membership]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.johncryermp.co.uk/eu-referendum-result |title=EU REFERENDUM {{!}} JOHN CRYER MP |website=www.johncryermp.co.uk |access-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190820235001/https://www.johncryermp.co.uk/eu-referendum-result |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As Member of Parliament for [[Hornchurch (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornchurch]], Cryer had a record as a rebel. He voted against tuition fees and top-up fees for higher education, against cuts in lone parent benefits (the first major rebellion under the [[First Blair ministry|Blair government]]) and against the [[Iraq War]].{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} He lost this [[marginal seat]] in 2005, before being selected to succeed [[Harry Cohen]] in Leyton and Wanstead, a [[safe seat|safe]] Labour seat; he comfortably retained it for the party at the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]].

Cryer was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to [[Ed Miliband]] in January 2015 calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity, take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Eaton |first1=George |title=The Labour left demand a change of direction – why their intervention matters |url= http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/01/labour-left-demand-change-direction-why-their-intervention-matters |access-date=5 April 2015 |work=New Statesman |location= London |date=26 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150412090810/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/01/labour-left-demand-change-direction-why-their-intervention-matters |archive-date=12 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 February 2015, Cryer was elected, unopposed, to succeed [[David Watts, Baron Watts|Dave Watts]] as the [[Parliamentary Labour Party#Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party|Chair of the Parliamentary Labour Party]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= http://labourlist.org/2015/02/john-cryer-is-the-new-chair-of-the-plp/ |title=John Cryer Is The New Chair Of The PLP |website=[[LabourList]] |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=10 February 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150210041057/http://labourlist.org/2015/02/john-cryer-is-the-new-chair-of-the-plp/ |archive-date=10 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On [[2015 United Kingdom general election|8 May 2015]], Cryer was re-elected as MP for the Leyton and Wanstead constituency with 58.6% of the vote. On [[2017 United Kingdom general election|8 June 2017]], he was re-elected as MP for the Leyton and Wanstead constituency with 69.8% of the vote.<ref name="bbc-2015">{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000790 |title=Leyton and Wanstead |work=BBC News |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150508050053/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000790 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2019, following the BBC ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]'' programme [[Panorama (TV programme)#Is Labour Anti-Semitic?|"Is Labour Antisemitic?"]], Cryer condemned his party's attack on former staff whistleblowers who had appeared in the programme as "a gross misjudgment".<ref name=gwhistle>{{cite news |first1=Rowena |last1=Mason |first2=Jessica |last2=Elgot |url= http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/15/labour-staffers-letter-jeremy-corbyn-whistleblowers |title=Corbyn under fire from staff and Labour peers over antisemitism |work=The Guardian |location= London |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190721174044/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/15/labour-staffers-letter-jeremy-corbyn-whistleblowers |date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=21 July 2019 }}</ref>

On 27 May 2024, Cryer announced his intention to stand down at the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]].<ref name=standingdown>{{cite news|title=John Cryer standing down as MP for Leyton and Wanstead
|url=https://walthamforestecho.co.uk/2024/05/27/john-cryer-standing-down-as-mp-for-leyton-and-wanstead/|work=Waltham Forest Echo|location=London|date=27 May 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Cryer's second wife is [[Ellie Reeves]], the Labour MP for [[Lewisham West and Penge (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewisham West and Penge]], whose sister is [[Rachel Reeves]], also a Labour MP.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonny |last=Greatrex |url= http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/mp-tom-watson-finds-new-231324 |title=MP Tom Watson finds new love after break up of marriage |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141014111918/http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/mp-tom-watson-finds-new-231324 |archive-date=14 October 2014 |work=Birmingham Mail |date=26 August 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.johncryermp.co.uk/}}
*{{UK MP links | parliament = john-cryer/181 | hansard = mr-john-cryer | hansardcurr =  | guardian = 11811/john-cryer | publicwhip = John_Cryer | theywork = john_cryer | record = John-Cryer/Leyton-and-Wanstead/1314 | bbc = 25579.stm | journalisted = }}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2091044.stm Profile: John Cryer], ''[[BBC News]]'', 22 October 2002
*[http://www.leytonandwansteadlabour.org.uk/ Leyton & Wanstead Labour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303015627/http://www.leytonandwansteadlabour.org.uk/ |date=3 March 2018 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Robin Squire]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Hornchurch (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornchurch]]|years=[[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]]–[[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brokenshire]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Harry Cohen]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Leyton and Wanstead (UK Parliament constituency)|Leyton and Wanstead]]|years=[[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[David Watts, Baron Watts|David Watts]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[Parliamentary Labour Party]]|years=2015–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{UK Labour Party}}
{{London Labour Party MPs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cryer, John}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London College of Printing]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) officials]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–present]]
[[Category:British Eurosceptics]]
[[Category:Spouses of British politicians]]

Tube Lines

2024-03-12T19:54:57Z

Teflon: /* Formation of the PPP */ another typo

{{Short description|British infrastructure company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tube Lines Limited
| logo = Tube lines.png
| type = [[Limited company]]<ref name = "comp house"/>
| foundation = {{start date and age|7 February 2000}}<ref name = "comp house">{{cite web |url = https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/03923425 |title = Tube Lines Limited: Company number 03923425 |publisher = [[Companies House]] |access-date = 28 February 2024}}</ref>
| location = [[15 Westferry Circus]], London, United Kingdom
| image =
| key_people = {{ubl|Brian Sedar (Bechtel)|Lee Jones (Ferrovial)|[[Terry Morgan]] Chief Executive}}
| industry = Railways
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner = {{ubl|[[Bechtel]]| [[Amey plc|Amey]]|[[Jarvis plc|Jarvis]]}}
| num_employees = 3,500 (initially)
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|www.tubelines.com}}
| footnotes =
| fate = Sold to public sector on {{End date|df=yes|2010|05|07}}; equity acquired by [[Transport for London]]<ref name="takeover" />
}}

'''Tube Lines Limited''', initially known as ''Infraco JNP'' (an amalgamation of infrastructure and company), was an asset-management company responsible for the maintenance, renewal and upgrade of the infrastructure, including track, trains, signals, civils work and stations, of three [[London Underground]] lines.

It was established in 2000 as a [[consortium]] of several private companies ([[Amey plc]], [[Bechtel]] and [[Jarvis plc]]) to bid for [[public-private partnership]] (PPP) opportunities on the Underground. During April 2003, Tube Lines began to maintain, upgrade and renew infrastructure on the [[Jubilee line|Jubilee]], [[Northern line|Northern]] and [[Piccadilly line|Piccadilly]] lines under a 30 year contract.<ref name=":62"/> It was one of two such infrastructure companies (the other being [[Metronet (British infrastructure company)|Metronet]]) to enter into a [[public-private partnership]] (PPP) with London Underground at that time. Under the terms of the PPP, Tube Lines was committed to the delivery of substantial improvements to the network via the refurbishment, upgrading and renewing of track, trains, tunnels, signals and stations. To encourage high reliability rates, financial deductions were incurred for poor performance at twice the rate of increase in revenue for improved performance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":62" />

The PPP arrangement was closely scrutinised by the British government; by early 2005, both the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Transport Select Committee]] and the [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Public Accounts Committee]] were criticising the opaque nature of the PPP as well as questioning the value for money in comparison to a publicly run investment programme.<ref name="PAC2005-p92"/><ref name = "transport select2005"/> That same year, Jarvis plc divested itself from involvement in the consortium. Several of the improvements promised by Tube Lines were delayed considerably or ultimately cancelled. During late 2009, Tube Lines requested that [[Transport for London]] (TfL) provide an additional £1.75{{nbsp}}billion to cover a funding shortfall to perform upgrades to which TfL declined.

During May 2010, TfL agreed to buy out Bechtel and Amey (Ferrovial), the shareholders of Tube Lines, for £310{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="takeover"/> Having followed a similar takeover of Metronet, this meant that all maintenance on the London Underground was thereafter managed in-house and no longer involved any PPPs, although numerous private suppliers and contractors have continued to be used by TfL.<ref name="takeover" /> In this manner, Amey continued to provide TfL with management and maintenance services for the Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines until the end of 2017. Tube Lines has been a wholly owned subsidiary of TfL since May 2010, and was rebranded as "London Underground".<ref name="waboso">{{cite news |title = Transforming the tube |last = Waboso |first = David |work = Modern Railways |location = London, UK |date = December 2010 |page = 42}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
During the mid 1990s, the [[Premiership of John Major|Conservative government]] conducted a deep exploration of various options for involving the private sector in the operations of the [[London Underground]].<ref name=":0" /> These options included its complete privatisation, akin to that of [[Privatisation of British Rail|British Rail]]. This option was publicly opposed by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], who stated in their ''[[New Labour, New Life for Britain]]'' [[manifesto]] for the upcoming [[1997 United Kingdom general election|general election]] that the wholesale privatisation of the Underground was not the answer and proposed the use of a [[public-private partnership]] (PPP) arrangement instead.<ref name=":0" />

Following the election, the new [[Premiership of Tony Blair|Labour government]] promptly began work on setting up PPPs, stating that this would address the perceived period of underinvestment in the Underground.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date = 16 December 2000 |title = New blow to Tube sell-off plan |language = en-GB |work = [[BBC News]] |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1072193.stm |access-date = 7 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last = Butcher |first = Louise |date = 16 January 2012 |title = London Underground PPP: background |url = https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN01307/SN01307.pdf |access-date = 25 February 2024 |language = en-GB |publisher = [[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref> The selected model called for the operation of services on the Tube to remain in the hands of the public sector while the infrastructure (including the track, trains, tunnels, signals, and stations) would be leased to private firms for a 30 year period, during which they would enact various improvements.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> A public denial that the newly-formed railway infrastructure company [[Railtrack]] would be involved in the PPP was issued by the government after it was made clear that some parties would refuse to bid if it was. By the turn of the century, senior figures within the government was strongly advocating for the implementation of these PPPs.<ref name = "building 2001"/><ref name=":0" />

Tube Lines was founded in 2000 by a consortium of [[Amey plc]] (a subsidiary of [[Grupo Ferrovial]]), [[Bechtel]] and [[Jarvis plc]] to jointly bid for the PPP contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date = 9 April 2003 |title = Tube Lines - About Tubelines - Our Sponsors |url = http://www.tubelines.com/html/txt_sponsors.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030409081736/http://www.tubelines.com/html/txt_sponsors.html |archive-date = 9 April 2003 |access-date = 8 March 2021 |language = en-GB |website = Tube Lines}}</ref> During January 2005, Jarvis sold its stake in the consortium to fellow shareholder Amey in exchange for £147{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4123521.stm |title = Jarvis sells Tube stake to Spain |publisher = BBC News |date = 24 December 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title = {{sic|nolink=y|Aqui|sition}} of Jarvis's Interest in Tube Lines Complete |url = https://www.amey.co.uk/media/press-releases/2005/january/aquisition-of-jarviss-interest-in-tube-lines-complete/ |date = 31 January 2005 |language = en-GB |publisher = Amey}}</ref> Tube Lines planned to [[Subcontractor|subcontract]] work to achieve the lowest possible cost, while Metronet (the other PPP consortium) awarding contracts directly to its shareholders.<ref name=":72">{{Cite news |last = Milmo |first = Dan |date = 28 May 2007 |title = London tube work - one firm on budget; the other £750m over |language = en-GB |publisher = The Guardian |url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/may/28/transportintheuk.travel |access-date = 7 March 2021 |issn = 0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Formation of the PPP ===
The bidding process was protracted by political factors, including public disagreements on the topic of PPPs between then-[[Mayor of London]] [[Ken Livingstone]] and [[Deputy Prime Minister]] [[John Prescott]].<ref name = "building 2001">{{Cite web |last = Baldock |first = Hannah |date = 9 February 2001 |title = Getting the Tube to work |url = https://www.building.co.uk/news/getting-the-tube-to-work/1003880.article |access-date = 7 March 2021 |website = Building |language = en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, in the aftermath of the [[Hatfield rail crash]], there was a climate of both public and political skepticism in the involvement of the private sector in transport infrastructure. During early 2001, [[Bob Kiley]], the first commissioner of [[Transport for London]] (TfL) and an outspoken critic of the prospective PPPs,<ref name=":8"/><ref name = "building 2001"/> was put in charge of the process. Kiley was also empowered to revise the terms of the prospective contracts; he promptly produced updated briefs for the PPPs, a move which thus necessitated the submission of revised bids.<ref name = "building 2001"/>

During May 2001, it was announced that both Metronet and Tube Lines had been selected as the preferred consortiums.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last = Kiley |first = Bob |date = 12 October 2001 |title = Bob Kiley: Trouble down the line |url = http://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/oct/12/ppp |access-date = 7 March 2021 |publisher = The Guardian |language = en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/news/vote2001/hi/english/main_issues/sections/facts/newsid_1304000/1304573.stm |title = The London Underground |publisher = BBC News |date = 3 May 2001}}</ref> Tube Lines emerged as the successful bidder for the 30 year JNP (tube) lines contract, serving the [[Jubilee line|Jubilee]], [[Northern line|Northern]] and [[Piccadilly line|Piccadilly]] lines. A second PPP consortium, [[Metronet (British infrastructure company)|Metronet]], held the other two contracts for the nine remaining London Underground lines.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date = 17 November 2006 |title = Metronet shareholders face £750m bill for London Underground failures |url = http://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/nov/17/transportintheuk.travelnews |access-date = 7 March 2021 |publisher = The Guardian |language = en-GB}}</ref> Both Metronet and Tube Lines were colloquially referred to as "infracos";<ref name=":8" /> there was repeated speculation that the two companies planned to merge.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.building.co.uk/news/london-underground-rules-out-supercompany-merger/1027185.article |title = London Underground rules out 'supercompany' merger |first = Phil |last = Clark |website = building.co.uk |date = 11 April 2003}}</ref> Contracts were worth around £17{{nbsp}}billion over the 30-year period, with each contract receiving around £660{{nbsp}}million each month from the Government, although this amount was subject to reductions if targets are not met.<ref name=":92"/>

On 31 December 2002, Tube Lines began to maintain, upgrade and renewal London Underground infrastructure at the PPP came into force.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/dec/31/london.london |title = First tube PPP contract signed |publisher = The Guardian |first = Matthew |last = Tempest |date = 31 December 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://wrp.org.uk/features/end-ppp-disaster-return-tube-to-london-underground-says-rmt/ |title = End PPP Disaster - Return Tube to London Underground says RMT |publisher = The News Line |date = 2 January 2007}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite news |date = 4 April 2003 |title = Final stamp on Tube PPP deal |language = en-GB |work = [[BBC News]] |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2917859.stm |access-date = 7 March 2021}}</ref> Amongst its first actions was a review of ongoing upgrades, efforts to restructure rolling works packages into longer-term framework agreements, and reduce the number of suppliers involved in pursuit of a 10 per cent reduction in operating costs.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/sections/news/tube-lines-to-axe-number-of-suppliers-in-cost-cutting-drive-27-03-2003/ |title = Tube Lines to axe number of suppliers in cost-cutting drive |date = 27 March 2003 |first = Sean |last = Barry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/tube-refurbs-twice-as-fast-as-operators-cut-red-tape-09-12-2004/ |title = Tube refurbs twice as fast as operators cut red tape |publisher = [[New Civil Engineer]] |date = 9 December 2004 |first = Ruby |last = Kitching}}</ref>

=== Commitments under the PPP ===
[[File:Tube lines tube escalator Tooting Bec May 22 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Some escalators on the London Underground have Tube Lines branding.]]
Under the terms of the PPP contracts, Tube Lines agreed to maintain London Underground infrastructure (track, trains, tunnels, signals, and stations) to the standards and performance levels set in the contract. Furthermore, the company committed to the delivery of various improvements across the network, to be achieved via the refurbishment, upgrading and renewing of the track, trains, tunnels, signals and stations. To encourage high reliability, deductions suffered for poor performance were set at twice the rate of increase in revenue for improved performance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":62" />

At a cost of £4.4{{nbsp}}billion, Tube Lines promised substantial investment during the first 7.5{{nbsp}}years of the contract (2003 to 2010):<ref>{{Cite web |date = 8 January 2003 |title = Details of Tube modernisation plans unveiled |url = http://www.tubelines.com/news/releases/200602/20030108.aspx |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060519094016/http://www.tubelines.com/news/releases/200602/20030108.aspx |archive-date = 19 May 2006 |access-date = 8 March 2021 |language = en-GB |publisher = Tube Lines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = March 2005 |title = Tube Lines Corporate Review 2004/5 |url = http://www.tubelines.com/aboutus/investorrel/Corporate_review_2004_5.pdf |language = en-GB |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060519101556/http://www.tubelines.com/aboutus/investorrel/Corporate_review_2004_5.pdf |archive-date = 19 May 2006 |access-date = 8 March 2021 |publisher = Tube Lines}}</ref>

* 100 stations (including lifts and escalators) modernised or refurbished
* {{convert|42|mi}} of track replaced
* Upgrade and refurbishment of tunnels, bridges, embankments, track drainage and other civil structures
* Reconstruction and expansion of [[Wembley Park tube station|Wembley Park station]]
* Improvements to existing trains to improve reliability and reduce delays
* Additional carriage added to [[London Underground 1996 Stock|1996 Stock]] trains to increase capacity on the [[Jubilee line]]
* New signalling system for the Jubilee and Northern lines
* 93 new [[Piccadilly line]] trains, which would enter service by 2014<ref name=":162">{{Cite web |date = 15 January 2007 |title = Tube Lines invites expressions of interest from manufacturers for new Piccadilly line trains |url = http://www.tubelines.com/news/releases/200701/20070115.aspx |url-status = dead |language = en-GB |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090224092920/http://www.tubelines.com/news/releases/200701/20070115.aspx |archive-date = 24 February 2009 |access-date = 16 June 2022 |publisher = [[Tube Lines]]}}</ref> (cancelled following the collapse of the PPP)

=== Performance and criticism ===
In June 2004, the [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]] criticised the complexity of the PPP deals, noting they offered "the prospect, but not the certainty" of improvements.<ref>{{Cite web |date = June 2004 |title = London Underground PPP: Were they good deals? - National Audit Office (NAO) Report |url = https://www.nao.org.uk/report/london-underground-ppp-were-they-good-deals/ |access-date = 7 March 2021 |publisher = [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]] |language = en-GB}}</ref> During March 2005, the House of Commons [[Transport Select Committee]] noted that "Availability is the most important factor for Tube travellers. All the infracos needed to do to meet their availability benchmarks was to perform only a little worse than in the past. On most lines, they did not even manage that."<ref name = "transport select2005">{{cite web |date = 9 March 2005 |title = The Performance of the London Underground |url = https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtran/94/94.pdf |publisher = House of Commons Transport Committee |language = en-GB |page = 9}}</ref> In March 2005, the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Public Accounts Committee]], charged with ensuring value for money in public spending, published a report concluding that it was "impossible to determine" whether the PPP was better value than a publicly run investment programme.<ref name="PAC2005-p92">{{cite web |date = 9 March 2005 |title = London Underground Public Private Partnerships |url = https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmpubacc/446/446.pdf |publisher = House of Commons Public Accounts Committee |language = en-GB |page = 9}}</ref>

By November 2006, [[Metronet (British infrastructure company)|Metronet]], the other PPP consortium, was £750{{nbsp}}million over budget,<ref name=":92"/> whereas Tube Lines was delivering projects on time and on budget.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/transport/article1991192.ece |title = Partnership that turned sour |publisher = [[The Times]] |language = en-GB |date = 27 June 2007}}</ref> Chief Executive of Tube Lines, [[Terry Morgan]], noted the use of competitive procurement to minimise costs, unlike the [[closed shop]] approach of Metronet.<ref name=":72"/> During July 2007, Metronet collapsed and was placed into [[Administration (law)|administration]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date = 18 July 2007 |title = Metronet calls in administrators |language = en-GB |work = [[BBC News]] |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6903977.stm |access-date = 7 March 2021}}</ref> In the following year, Metronet was subsequently was taken over by TfL.<ref>{{cite news |date = 27 May 2008 |title = Metronet's takeover is complete |language = en-GB |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7421014.stm |access-date = 10 May 2010}}</ref>

By 2008, Tube Lines had commenced negotiations for the next part of the 30-year contract. At the time, it noted that all of its major projects had been delivered on time (unlike the Metronet consortium), and that the Underground lines which it managed had become considerably more reliable - up to 70% more reliable in the case of the Piccadilly line.<ref>{{Cite web |date = 27 March 2010 |title = Tube Lines - Tube Lines is committed to improving performance and delivering projects on time |url = http://www.tubelines.com/achievements/ |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327203058/http://www.tubelines.com/achievements/ |archive-date = 27 March 2010 |access-date = 8 March 2021 |language = en-GB |publisher = Tube Lines}}</ref>

During late 2009, Tube Lines had encountered a funding shortfall for its upgrades and requested that TfL provide an additional £1.75{{nbsp}}billion to cover the shortfall. TfL refused, and referred the matter to the PPP [[arbitration|arbiter]], who stated that £400{{nbsp}}million should be provided.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8417776.stm |title = Mayor wants government Tube money |date = 7 December 2009 |access-date = 10 May 2010 |language = en-GB |work = BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = 18 December 2009 |title = London Underground's PPP overhaul deal edges nearer collapse after funding verdict |url = http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/dec/18/london-underground-ppp-overhaul-deal |access-date = 8 March 2021 |publisher = the Guardian |language = en-GB}}</ref> Tube Lines was also criticised over the number of weekend and late night closures required to upgrade the Jubilee line signalling system.<ref>{{Cite news |date = 24 November 2009 |title = Jubilee Line faces more closures |language = en-GB |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8377102.stm |access-date = 8 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="es-nexyear">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23754564-jubilee-line-closures-to-go-on-next-year.do |work=London Evening Standard |title=Jubilee line closures to go on next year |last=Murray |first=Dick |date=9 October 2009 |access-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012111500/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23754564-jubilee-line-closures-to-go-on-next-year.do |archive-date=12 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23695351-o2-not-thrilled-as-jubilee-line-shuts-for-michael-jacksons-big-tour.do |title=O2 not thrilled as Jubilee line shuts for Michael Jackson's big tour |last=Barney |first=Katharine |author2=Singh, Amar |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=1 December 2009 |work=London Evening Standard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083947/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23695351-o2-not-thrilled-as-jubilee-line-shuts-for-michael-jacksons-big-tour.do |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Takeover by TfL ===
On 7 May 2010, Transport for London agreed to buy out Bechtel and Amey (Ferrovial), the shareholders of Tube Lines, for £310{{nbsp}}million, formally ending the PPP.<ref name="takeover">{{cite news |date = 8 May 2010 |title = Tube maintenance back 'in house' as new deal is signed |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8669823.stm |language = en-GB |access-date = 10 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = 7 May 2010 |title = Amey sells its stake in Tube Lines to Transport for London (TfL) and agrees to continue with the maintenance service |url = https://newsroom.ferrovial.com/en/press_releases/amey-sells-its-stake-tube-lines-to-transport-london-tfl-agrees-to-continue-with-the-maintenance-service/ |access-date = 8 March 2021 |language = en-GB |publisher = [[Ferrovial]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = 27 June 2010 |title = New era for the Tube as Transport for London completes acquisition of Tube Lines |url = https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2010/june/new-era-for-the-tube-as-transport-for-london-completes-acquisition-of-tube-lines |access-date = 8 March 2021 |publisher = Transport for London |language = en-GB}}</ref> Commentators blamed the complex and "onerous" contracts for its failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date = 14 May 2010 |title = Tube Lines deal collapses amid cost accusations and fears for future work |url = https://constructionmanagermagazine.com/tube-lines-deal-collapses-amid-cost-accusations-an/ |access-date = 8 March 2021 |website = Construction Manager |language = en-US}}</ref> Combined with the takeover of Metronet, this meant that all maintenance was thereafter managed in-house, despite TfL using a large number of private suppliers and contractors.<ref name="takeover" /> Some of the improvements promised by Tube Lines were subsequently delivered (such as new signalling on the Northern line), while other improvements were subsequently cancelled or delayed.

Amey continued to provide TfL with management and maintenance services for the Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines until the end of 2017, when London Underground Limited took over from Amey.<ref name="waboso" /><ref>{{Cite web |title = Moving Tube maintenance in-house to save £80m, as Mayor targets waste |url = https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/moving-tube-maintenance-in-house-to-save-80m |access-date = 3 October 2017 |publisher = London City Hall |language = en-GB}}</ref> Tube Lines itself now been rebranded as "London Underground".<ref name="waboso" />

== See also ==

* [[History of the London Underground]]
* [[Metronet (British infrastructure company)|Metronet]], the other PPP consortium responsible for London Underground infrastructure

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.tubelines.com}}

[[Category:London Underground infrastructure]]
[[Category:Public–private partnership projects in the United Kingdom]]

Tube Lines

2024-03-12T19:52:31Z

Teflon: typo

{{Short description|British infrastructure company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tube Lines Limited
| logo = Tube lines.png
| type = [[Limited company]]<ref name = "comp house"/>
| foundation = {{start date and age|7 February 2000}}<ref name = "comp house">{{cite web |url = https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/03923425 |title = Tube Lines Limited: Company number 03923425 |publisher = [[Companies House]] |access-date = 28 February 2024}}</ref>
| location = [[15 Westferry Circus]], London, United Kingdom
| image =
| key_people = {{ubl|Brian Sedar (Bechtel)|Lee Jones (Ferrovial)|[[Terry Morgan]] Chief Executive}}
| industry = Railways
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner = {{ubl|[[Bechtel]]| [[Amey plc|Amey]]|[[Jarvis plc|Jarvis]]}}
| num_employees = 3,500 (initially)
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|www.tubelines.com}}
| footnotes =
| fate = Sold to public sector on {{End date|df=yes|2010|05|07}}; equity acquired by [[Transport for London]]<ref name="takeover" />
}}

'''Tube Lines Limited''', initially known as ''Infraco JNP'' (an amalgamation of infrastructure and company), was an asset-management company responsible for the maintenance, renewal and upgrade of the infrastructure, including track, trains, signals, civils work and stations, of three [[London Underground]] lines.

It was established in 2000 as a [[consortium]] of several private companies ([[Amey plc]], [[Bechtel]] and [[Jarvis plc]]) to bid for [[public-private partnership]] (PPP) opportunities on the Underground. During April 2003, Tube Lines began to maintain, upgrade and renew infrastructure on the [[Jubilee line|Jubilee]], [[Northern line|Northern]] and [[Piccadilly line|Piccadilly]] lines under a 30 year contract.<ref name=":62"/> It was one of two such infrastructure companies (the other being [[Metronet (British infrastructure company)|Metronet]]) to enter into a [[public-private partnership]] (PPP) with London Underground at that time. Under the terms of the PPP, Tube Lines was committed to the delivery of substantial improvements to the network via the refurbishment, upgrading and renewing of track, trains, tunnels, signals and stations. To encourage high reliability rates, financial deductions were incurred for poor performance at twice the rate of increase in revenue for improved performance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":62" />

The PPP arrangement was closely scrutinised by the British government; by early 2005, both the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Transport Select Committee]] and the [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Public Accounts Committee]] were criticising the opaque nature of the PPP as well as questioning the value for money in comparison to a publicly run investment programme.<ref name="PAC2005-p92"/><ref name = "transport select2005"/> That same year, Jarvis plc divested itself from involvement in the consortium. Several of the improvements promised by Tube Lines were delayed considerably or ultimately cancelled. During late 2009, Tube Lines requested that [[Transport for London]] (TfL) provide an additional £1.75{{nbsp}}billion to cover a funding shortfall to perform upgrades to which TfL declined.

During May 2010, TfL agreed to buy out Bechtel and Amey (Ferrovial), the shareholders of Tube Lines, for £310{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="takeover"/> Having followed a similar takeover of Metronet, this meant that all maintenance on the London Underground was thereafter managed in-house and no longer involved any PPPs, although numerous private suppliers and contractors have continued to be used by TfL.<ref name="takeover" /> In this manner, Amey continued to provide TfL with management and maintenance services for the Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines until the end of 2017. Tube Lines has been a wholly owned subsidiary of TfL since May 2010, and was rebranded as "London Underground".<ref name="waboso">{{cite news |title = Transforming the tube |last = Waboso |first = David |work = Modern Railways |location = London, UK |date = December 2010 |page = 42}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
During the mid 1990s, the [[Premiership of John Major|Conservative government]] conducted a deep exploration of various options for involving the private sector in the operations of the [[London Underground]].<ref name=":0" /> These options included its complete privatisation, akin to that of [[Privatisation of British Rail|British Rail]]. This option was publicly opposed by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], who stated in their ''[[New Labour, New Life for Britain]]'' [[manifesto]] for the upcoming [[1997 United Kingdom general election|general election]] that the wholesale privatisation of the Underground was not the answer and proposed the use of a [[public-private partnership]] (PPP) arrangement instead.<ref name=":0" />

Following the election, the new [[Premiership of Tony Blair|Labour government]] promptly began work on setting up PPPs, stating that this would address the perceived period of underinvestment in the Underground.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date = 16 December 2000 |title = New blow to Tube sell-off plan |language = en-GB |work = [[BBC News]] |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1072193.stm |access-date = 7 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last = Butcher |first = Louise |date = 16 January 2012 |title = London Underground PPP: background |url = https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN01307/SN01307.pdf |access-date = 25 February 2024 |language = en-GB |publisher = [[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref> The selected model called for the operation of services on the Tube to remain in the hands of the public sector while the infrastructure (including the track, trains, tunnels, signals, and stations) would be leased to private firms for a 30 year period, during which they would enact various improvements.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> A public denial that the newly-formed railway infrastructure company [[Railtrack]] would be involved in the PPP was issued by the government after it was made clear that some parties would refuse to bid if it was. By the turn of the century, senior figures within the government was strongly advocating for the implementation of these PPPs.<ref name = "building 2001"/><ref name=":0" />

Tube Lines was founded in 2000 by a consortium of [[Amey plc]] (a subsidiary of [[Grupo Ferrovial]]), [[Bechtel]] and [[Jarvis plc]] to jointly bid for the PPP contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date = 9 April 2003 |title = Tube Lines - About Tubelines - Our Sponsors |url = http://www.tubelines.com/html/txt_sponsors.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030409081736/http://www.tubelines.com/html/txt_sponsors.html |archive-date = 9 April 2003 |access-date = 8 March 2021 |language = en-GB |website = Tube Lines}}</ref> During January 2005, Jarvis sold its stake in the consortium to fellow shareholder Amey in exchange for £147{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4123521.stm |title = Jarvis sells Tube stake to Spain |publisher = BBC News |date = 24 December 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title = {{sic|nolink=y|Aqui|sition}} of Jarvis's Interest in Tube Lines Complete |url = https://www.amey.co.uk/media/press-releases/2005/january/aquisition-of-jarviss-interest-in-tube-lines-complete/ |date = 31 January 2005 |language = en-GB |publisher = Amey}}</ref> Tube Lines planned to [[Subcontractor|subcontract]] work to achieve the lowest possible cost, while Metronet (the other PPP consortium) awarding contracts directly to its shareholders.<ref name=":72">{{Cite news |last = Milmo |first = Dan |date = 28 May 2007 |title = London tube work - one firm on budget; the other £750m over |language = en-GB |publisher = The Guardian |url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/may/28/transportintheuk.travel |access-date = 7 March 2021 |issn = 0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Formation of the PPP ===
The bidding process was protracted by political factors, including public disagreements on the topic of PPPs between then-[[Mayor of London]] [[Ken Livingstone]] and [[Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Jon Prescott]].<ref name = "building 2001">{{Cite web |last = Baldock |first = Hannah |date = 9 February 2001 |title = Getting the Tube to work |url = https://www.building.co.uk/news/getting-the-tube-to-work/1003880.article |access-date = 7 March 2021 |website = Building |language = en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, in the aftermath of the [[Hatfield rail crash]], there was a climate of both public and political skepticism in the involvement of the private sector in transport infrastructure. During early 2001, [[Bob Kiley]], the first commissioner of [[Transport for London]] (TfL) and an outspoken critic of the prospective PPPs,<ref name=":8"/><ref name = "building 2001"/> was put in charge of the process. Kiley was also empowered to revise the terms of the prospective contracts; he promptly produced updated briefs for the PPPs, a move which thus necessitated the submission of revised bids.<ref name = "building 2001"/>

During May 2001, it was announced that both Metronet and Tube Lines had been selected as the preferred consortiums.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last = Kiley |first = Bob |date = 12 October 2001 |title = Bob Kiley: Trouble down the line |url = http://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/oct/12/ppp |access-date = 7 March 2021 |publisher = The Guardian |language = en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/news/vote2001/hi/english/main_issues/sections/facts/newsid_1304000/1304573.stm |title = The London Underground |publisher = BBC News |date = 3 May 2001}}</ref> Tube Lines emerged as the successful bidder for the 30 year JNP (tube) lines contract, serving the [[Jubilee line|Jubilee]], [[Northern line|Northern]] and [[Piccadilly line|Piccadilly]] lines. A second PPP consortium, [[Metronet (British infrastructure company)|Metronet]], held the other two contracts for the nine remaining London Underground lines.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date = 17 November 2006 |title = Metronet shareholders face £750m bill for London Underground failures |url = http://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/nov/17/transportintheuk.travelnews |access-date = 7 March 2021 |publisher = The Guardian |language = en-GB}}</ref> Both Metronet and Tube Lines were colloquially referred to as "infracos";<ref name=":8" /> there was repeated speculation that the two companies planned to merge.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.building.co.uk/news/london-underground-rules-out-supercompany-merger/1027185.article |title = London Underground rules out 'supercompany' merger |first = Phil |last = Clark |website = building.co.uk |date = 11 April 2003}}</ref> Contracts were worth around £17{{nbsp}}billion over the 30-year period, with each contract receiving around £660{{nbsp}}million each month from the Government, although this amount was subject to reductions if targets are not met.<ref name=":92"/>

On 31 December 2002, Tube Lines began to maintain, upgrade and renewal London Underground infrastructure at the PPP came into force.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/dec/31/london.london |title = First tube PPP contract signed |publisher = The Guardian |first = Matthew |last = Tempest |date = 31 December 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://wrp.org.uk/features/end-ppp-disaster-return-tube-to-london-underground-says-rmt/ |title = End PPP Disaster - Return Tube to London Underground says RMT |publisher = The News Line |date = 2 January 2007}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite news |date = 4 April 2003 |title = Final stamp on Tube PPP deal |language = en-GB |work = [[BBC News]] |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2917859.stm |access-date = 7 March 2021}}</ref> Amongst its first actions was a review of ongoing upgrades, efforts to restructure rolling works packages into longer-term framework agreements, and reduce the number of suppliers involved in pursuit of a 10 per cent reduction in operating costs.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/sections/news/tube-lines-to-axe-number-of-suppliers-in-cost-cutting-drive-27-03-2003/ |title = Tube Lines to axe number of suppliers in cost-cutting drive |date = 27 March 2003 |first = Sean |last = Barry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/tube-refurbs-twice-as-fast-as-operators-cut-red-tape-09-12-2004/ |title = Tube refurbs twice as fast as operators cut red tape |publisher = [[New Civil Engineer]] |date = 9 December 2004 |first = Ruby |last = Kitching}}</ref>

=== Commitments under the PPP ===
[[File:Tube lines tube escalator Tooting Bec May 22 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Some escalators on the London Underground have Tube Lines branding.]]
Under the terms of the PPP contracts, Tube Lines agreed to maintain London Underground infrastructure (track, trains, tunnels, signals, and stations) to the standards and performance levels set in the contract. Furthermore, the company committed to the delivery of various improvements across the network, to be achieved via the refurbishment, upgrading and renewing of the track, trains, tunnels, signals and stations. To encourage high reliability, deductions suffered for poor performance were set at twice the rate of increase in revenue for improved performance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":62" />

At a cost of £4.4{{nbsp}}billion, Tube Lines promised substantial investment during the first 7.5{{nbsp}}years of the contract (2003 to 2010):<ref>{{Cite web |date = 8 January 2003 |title = Details of Tube modernisation plans unveiled |url = http://www.tubelines.com/news/releases/200602/20030108.aspx |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060519094016/http://www.tubelines.com/news/releases/200602/20030108.aspx |archive-date = 19 May 2006 |access-date = 8 March 2021 |language = en-GB |publisher = Tube Lines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = March 2005 |title = Tube Lines Corporate Review 2004/5 |url = http://www.tubelines.com/aboutus/investorrel/Corporate_review_2004_5.pdf |language = en-GB |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060519101556/http://www.tubelines.com/aboutus/investorrel/Corporate_review_2004_5.pdf |archive-date = 19 May 2006 |access-date = 8 March 2021 |publisher = Tube Lines}}</ref>

* 100 stations (including lifts and escalators) modernised or refurbished
* {{convert|42|mi}} of track replaced
* Upgrade and refurbishment of tunnels, bridges, embankments, track drainage and other civil structures
* Reconstruction and expansion of [[Wembley Park tube station|Wembley Park station]]
* Improvements to existing trains to improve reliability and reduce delays
* Additional carriage added to [[London Underground 1996 Stock|1996 Stock]] trains to increase capacity on the [[Jubilee line]]
* New signalling system for the Jubilee and Northern lines
* 93 new [[Piccadilly line]] trains, which would enter service by 2014<ref name=":162">{{Cite web |date = 15 January 2007 |title = Tube Lines invites expressions of interest from manufacturers for new Piccadilly line trains |url = http://www.tubelines.com/news/releases/200701/20070115.aspx |url-status = dead |language = en-GB |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090224092920/http://www.tubelines.com/news/releases/200701/20070115.aspx |archive-date = 24 February 2009 |access-date = 16 June 2022 |publisher = [[Tube Lines]]}}</ref> (cancelled following the collapse of the PPP)

=== Performance and criticism ===
In June 2004, the [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]] criticised the complexity of the PPP deals, noting they offered "the prospect, but not the certainty" of improvements.<ref>{{Cite web |date = June 2004 |title = London Underground PPP: Were they good deals? - National Audit Office (NAO) Report |url = https://www.nao.org.uk/report/london-underground-ppp-were-they-good-deals/ |access-date = 7 March 2021 |publisher = [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]] |language = en-GB}}</ref> During March 2005, the House of Commons [[Transport Select Committee]] noted that "Availability is the most important factor for Tube travellers. All the infracos needed to do to meet their availability benchmarks was to perform only a little worse than in the past. On most lines, they did not even manage that."<ref name = "transport select2005">{{cite web |date = 9 March 2005 |title = The Performance of the London Underground |url = https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtran/94/94.pdf |publisher = House of Commons Transport Committee |language = en-GB |page = 9}}</ref> In March 2005, the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Public Accounts Committee]], charged with ensuring value for money in public spending, published a report concluding that it was "impossible to determine" whether the PPP was better value than a publicly run investment programme.<ref name="PAC2005-p92">{{cite web |date = 9 March 2005 |title = London Underground Public Private Partnerships |url = https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmpubacc/446/446.pdf |publisher = House of Commons Public Accounts Committee |language = en-GB |page = 9}}</ref>

By November 2006, [[Metronet (British infrastructure company)|Metronet]], the other PPP consortium, was £750{{nbsp}}million over budget,<ref name=":92"/> whereas Tube Lines was delivering projects on time and on budget.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/transport/article1991192.ece |title = Partnership that turned sour |publisher = [[The Times]] |language = en-GB |date = 27 June 2007}}</ref> Chief Executive of Tube Lines, [[Terry Morgan]], noted the use of competitive procurement to minimise costs, unlike the [[closed shop]] approach of Metronet.<ref name=":72"/> During July 2007, Metronet collapsed and was placed into [[Administration (law)|administration]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date = 18 July 2007 |title = Metronet calls in administrators |language = en-GB |work = [[BBC News]] |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6903977.stm |access-date = 7 March 2021}}</ref> In the following year, Metronet was subsequently was taken over by TfL.<ref>{{cite news |date = 27 May 2008 |title = Metronet's takeover is complete |language = en-GB |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7421014.stm |access-date = 10 May 2010}}</ref>

By 2008, Tube Lines had commenced negotiations for the next part of the 30-year contract. At the time, it noted that all of its major projects had been delivered on time (unlike the Metronet consortium), and that the Underground lines which it managed had become considerably more reliable - up to 70% more reliable in the case of the Piccadilly line.<ref>{{Cite web |date = 27 March 2010 |title = Tube Lines - Tube Lines is committed to improving performance and delivering projects on time |url = http://www.tubelines.com/achievements/ |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327203058/http://www.tubelines.com/achievements/ |archive-date = 27 March 2010 |access-date = 8 March 2021 |language = en-GB |publisher = Tube Lines}}</ref>

During late 2009, Tube Lines had encountered a funding shortfall for its upgrades and requested that TfL provide an additional £1.75{{nbsp}}billion to cover the shortfall. TfL refused, and referred the matter to the PPP [[arbitration|arbiter]], who stated that £400{{nbsp}}million should be provided.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8417776.stm |title = Mayor wants government Tube money |date = 7 December 2009 |access-date = 10 May 2010 |language = en-GB |work = BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = 18 December 2009 |title = London Underground's PPP overhaul deal edges nearer collapse after funding verdict |url = http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/dec/18/london-underground-ppp-overhaul-deal |access-date = 8 March 2021 |publisher = the Guardian |language = en-GB}}</ref> Tube Lines was also criticised over the number of weekend and late night closures required to upgrade the Jubilee line signalling system.<ref>{{Cite news |date = 24 November 2009 |title = Jubilee Line faces more closures |language = en-GB |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8377102.stm |access-date = 8 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="es-nexyear">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23754564-jubilee-line-closures-to-go-on-next-year.do |work=London Evening Standard |title=Jubilee line closures to go on next year |last=Murray |first=Dick |date=9 October 2009 |access-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012111500/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23754564-jubilee-line-closures-to-go-on-next-year.do |archive-date=12 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23695351-o2-not-thrilled-as-jubilee-line-shuts-for-michael-jacksons-big-tour.do |title=O2 not thrilled as Jubilee line shuts for Michael Jackson's big tour |last=Barney |first=Katharine |author2=Singh, Amar |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=1 December 2009 |work=London Evening Standard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083947/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23695351-o2-not-thrilled-as-jubilee-line-shuts-for-michael-jacksons-big-tour.do |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Takeover by TfL ===
On 7 May 2010, Transport for London agreed to buy out Bechtel and Amey (Ferrovial), the shareholders of Tube Lines, for £310{{nbsp}}million, formally ending the PPP.<ref name="takeover">{{cite news |date = 8 May 2010 |title = Tube maintenance back 'in house' as new deal is signed |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8669823.stm |language = en-GB |access-date = 10 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = 7 May 2010 |title = Amey sells its stake in Tube Lines to Transport for London (TfL) and agrees to continue with the maintenance service |url = https://newsroom.ferrovial.com/en/press_releases/amey-sells-its-stake-tube-lines-to-transport-london-tfl-agrees-to-continue-with-the-maintenance-service/ |access-date = 8 March 2021 |language = en-GB |publisher = [[Ferrovial]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = 27 June 2010 |title = New era for the Tube as Transport for London completes acquisition of Tube Lines |url = https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2010/june/new-era-for-the-tube-as-transport-for-london-completes-acquisition-of-tube-lines |access-date = 8 March 2021 |publisher = Transport for London |language = en-GB}}</ref> Commentators blamed the complex and "onerous" contracts for its failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date = 14 May 2010 |title = Tube Lines deal collapses amid cost accusations and fears for future work |url = https://constructionmanagermagazine.com/tube-lines-deal-collapses-amid-cost-accusations-an/ |access-date = 8 March 2021 |website = Construction Manager |language = en-US}}</ref> Combined with the takeover of Metronet, this meant that all maintenance was thereafter managed in-house, despite TfL using a large number of private suppliers and contractors.<ref name="takeover" /> Some of the improvements promised by Tube Lines were subsequently delivered (such as new signalling on the Northern line), while other improvements were subsequently cancelled or delayed.

Amey continued to provide TfL with management and maintenance services for the Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines until the end of 2017, when London Underground Limited took over from Amey.<ref name="waboso" /><ref>{{Cite web |title = Moving Tube maintenance in-house to save £80m, as Mayor targets waste |url = https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/moving-tube-maintenance-in-house-to-save-80m |access-date = 3 October 2017 |publisher = London City Hall |language = en-GB}}</ref> Tube Lines itself now been rebranded as "London Underground".<ref name="waboso" />

== See also ==

* [[History of the London Underground]]
* [[Metronet (British infrastructure company)|Metronet]], the other PPP consortium responsible for London Underground infrastructure

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.tubelines.com}}

[[Category:London Underground infrastructure]]
[[Category:Public–private partnership projects in the United Kingdom]]

Six Nations Championship

2024-02-03T07:47:15Z

Teflon: /* Venues */ correcting capacity of Stade Pierre-Mauroy

{{Short description|Annual international rugby union competition}}
{{about|the men's rugby union tournament|the women's tournament|Women's Six Nations Championship}}
{{redirect|Six Nations Tournament|the ice hockey tournament|Six Nations Tournament (ice hockey)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox rugby league football competition
| logo = Guinness Six Nations.png
| alt =
| pixels = 225px
| caption = The Guinness Six Nations logo
| sport = [[Rugby union]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1883}} (as Home Nations Championship) {{start date and age|1910}} (as Five Nations Championship) {{start date and age|2000}} (as Six Nations Championship)
| teams = 6
| country = {{Ru|ENG}} {{Ru|FRA}} {{Ru|IRE}} {{Ru|ITA}} {{Ru|SCO}} {{Ru|WAL}}
| champion = {{Ru|Ireland}}
| season = [[2023 Six Nations Championship|2023]]
| most_champs = {{Ru|ENG}} and {{Ru|WAL}}
| count = '''39'''
| website = {{URL|https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/|sixnationsrugby.com}}
| current_season = 2024 Six Nations Championship
}}
The '''Six Nations Championship''' (known as the '''Guinness Six Nations''' for sponsorship reasons) is an annual international men's [[rugby union]] competition between the teams of [[England national rugby union team|England]], [[France national rugby union team|France]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]], [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]], [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]] and [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]]. The current champions are Ireland, who won the [[2023 Six Nations Championship|2023 tournament]].

The tournament is organised by the unions of the six participating nations under the banner of Six Nations Rugby, which is responsible for the promotion and operation of the men's, women's and under-20s tournaments, and the Autumn International Series, as well as the negotiation and management of their centralised commercial rights.

The Six Nations is the successor to the Home Nations Championship (1883–1909 and 1932–39), played between teams from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which was the first international rugby union tournament.<ref name="Godwin1">Godwin (1984), pg 1. Though only matches involving Ireland could properly be considered international, and only after 1922, all other teams being from entirely within the nation state of the United Kingdom. The first ever Home Nations International Championship was played in 1883. No other Northern Hemisphere team played a recognised international match until France faced New Zealand in 1906</ref> With the addition of France, this became the Five Nations Championship (1910–31 and 1947–99), which in turn became the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy in 2000.

England and Wales have won the championship the most times, both with 39 titles, but England have won the most outright titles with 29 (28 for Wales). Since the Six Nations era started in 2000, only Italy and Scotland have failed to win the Six Nations title.

The [[Women's Six Nations Championship|women's tournament]] started as the [[1996 Women's Home Nations Championship|Women's Home Nations in the 1996 season]].

==History and expansion==
The tournament was first played in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship among the then four [[Home Nations|Home Nations of the United Kingdom]] – England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. However, England was excluded from the 1888 and 1889 tournaments due to their refusal to join the [[International Rugby Football Board]]. The tournament then became the Five Nations Championship in 1910 with the addition of France. The tournament was expanded in 2000 to become the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy.

Following the relative success of the Tier 2 nations in the [[2015 Rugby World Cup]], there were calls by [[Octavian Morariu]], the president of [[Rugby Europe]], to let [[Georgia national rugby union team|Georgia]] and [[Romania national rugby union team|Romania]] join the Six Nations due to their consistent success in the [[Rugby Europe International Championships|European Nations Cup]] and ability to compete in the [[Rugby World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/sixnations/11495245/Open-up-the-Six-Nations-and-let-Georgia-in.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325210959/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/sixnations/11495245/Open-up-the-Six-Nations-and-let-Georgia-in.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2015|title=Open up the Six Nations and let Georgia in|date=25 March 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=23 September 2015|last1=Brown|first1=Oliver}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/oct/26/six-nations-georgia-romania|title=let in Georgia and Romania, says governing body|work=The Guardian|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524111227/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/oct/26/six-nations-georgia-romania|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Format ==
[[File:Tournoi2.svg|thumb|left|The locations of the Six Nations participants]]
The tournament begins on the first weekend in February and culminates on the second or third Saturday in March. Each team plays every other team once (a total of 15 matches), with home ground advantage alternating from one year to the next. Before the 2017 tournament, two points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. Unlike many other rugby union competitions, a [[Rugby union bonus points system|bonus point system]] had not previously been used.

A bonus point system was first used in the 2017 Championship. The system is similar to the one used in most rugby championships (0 points for a loss, 2 for a draw, 4 for a win, 1 for scoring four or more tries in a match, and 1 for losing by 7 points or fewer). The only difference is that a team that wins all their games (a Grand Slam) are automatically awarded 3 extra points - to ensure they cannot be overtaken by a defeated team on bonus points.

Before 1994, teams equal on match points shared the championship. Since then, ties have been broken by considering the points difference (total points scored minus total points conceded) of the teams. The rules of the championship further provide that if teams tie on both match points and points difference, the team that scored the most tries wins the championship. Were this decider to be a tie, the tying teams would share the championship.<ref name="rules">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/championship-information_rules.php |title=Rules of the RBS 6 Nations Championship |publisher=RBS 6 Nations |access-date=24 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509142546/http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/championship-information_rules.php |archive-date=9 May 2008 }}</ref> To date, however, match points and points difference have been sufficient to decide the championship.

The [[Wooden Spoon (rugby union)|Wooden Spoon]] is a metaphorical award given to the team that finishes in last place, or alternatively by a team that loses all of its games in a championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.rugbyworld.com/tournaments/six-nations-2021/what-is-the-wooden-spoon-90088|title = What is the Wooden Spoon? We explain its meaning|date = 22 January 2020|access-date = 24 July 2021|archive-date = 24 July 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210724141452/https://www.rugbyworld.com/tournaments/six-nations-2021/what-is-the-wooden-spoon-90088|url-status = live}}</ref> Since the inaugural Six Nations tournament in 2000, only England and Ireland have avoided finishing last. Italy have finished last 18 times in the Six Nations era, and have lost every match 13 times.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Home advantage in the Six Nations
!
! colspan=3 | Three home matches
! colspan=3 | Two home matches
|-
! Even years
| {{ru|FRA}}
* v [[England national rugby union team|England]]
* v [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]]
* v [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]]
| {{ru|IRE}}
* v [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]]
* v [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]]
* v [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]]
| {{ru|WAL}}
* v [[France national rugby union team|France]]
* v [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]]
* v [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]]
| {{ru|ENG}}
* v [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]]
* v [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]]
| {{ru|ITA}}
* v [[England national rugby union team|England]]
* v [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]]
| {{ru|SCO}}
* v [[England national rugby union team|England]]
* v [[France national rugby union team|France]]
|-
! Odd years
| {{ru|ENG}}
* v [[France national rugby union team|France]]
* v [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]]
* v [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]]
| {{ru|ITA}}
* v [[France national rugby union team|France]]
* v [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]]
* v [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]]
| {{ru|SCO}}
* v [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]]
* v [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]]
* v [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]]
| {{ru|FRA}}
* v [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]]
* v [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]]
| {{ru|IRE}}
* v [[England national rugby union team|England]]
* v [[France national rugby union team|France]]
| {{ru|WAL}}
* v [[England national rugby union team|England]]
* v [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]]
|}

== Trophies ==
=== Championship Trophy ===
[[File:Ireland 2009 6 nations triple crown.jpg|thumb|The Original Six Nations Championship Trophy (1993–2014) and The Triple Crown Trophy]]
The winners of the Six Nations are presented with the Championship Trophy.<ref name="trophy">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbs6nations.com/trophy_english.htm |title=Six Nations Championship Trophy Trust |publisher=RBS 6 Nations |access-date=5 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202013827/http://www.rbs6nations.com/trophy_english.htm |archive-date=2 February 2007 }}</ref> This was originally conceived by the [[David Anthony Thomas Fane, 15th Earl of Westmorland|Earl of Westmorland]], and was first presented to the winners of the 1993 championship, France. It is a [[sterling silver]] trophy, designed by James Brent-Ward and made by a team of eight silversmiths from the London firm William Comyns.

It has 15 side panels representing the 15 members of the team and with three handles to represent the three officials (referee and two touch judges). The cup has a capacity of 3.75 litres – sufficient for five bottles of champagne. Within the mahogany base is a concealed drawer which contains six alternative [[finial]]s, each a silver replica of one of the team emblems, which can be screwed on the detachable lid.

A new trophy was introduced for the [[2015 Six Nations Championship|2015 Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/six-nations-2015/rugby/story/254215.html|title=New Six Nations trophy unveiled|date=28 January 2015|publisher=ESPN|access-date=28 January 2015|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309182544/http://en.espn.co.uk/six-nations-2015/rugby/story/254215.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The new trophy was designed and crafted by [[Thomas Lyte]] silversmiths and replaces the 1993 edition, which is being retired as it represented the nations that took part in the Five Nations Championship. Ireland were the last team to win the old trophy and the first team to win the new one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/six-nations/will-ireland-be-getting-their-hands-on-this-new-trophy-for-the-rbs-six-nations-unveiled-30944386.html|title=Will Ireland be getting their hands on this? New trophy for the RBS Six Nations unveiled|date=28 January 2015|work=Irish Independent|access-date=28 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109181951/http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/six-nations/will-ireland-be-getting-their-hands-on-this-new-trophy-for-the-rbs-six-nations-unveiled-30944386.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Grand Slam and Triple Crown ===
A team that wins all its games wins the '[[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slam]]'.

The [[Triple Crown (rugby union)|Triple Crown]] may only be won by one of the [[Home Nations]] of England, Ireland, Scotland or Wales, when one nation wins all three of their matches against the others. The Triple Crown dates back to the original Home Nations Championship, but the physical Triple Crown Trophy has been awarded only since 2006, when the Royal Bank of Scotland (the primary sponsor of the competition) commissioned [[Hamilton & Inches]] to design and create a dedicated Triple Crown Trophy. It has since been won four times by Ireland and Wales, and three times by England.

=== Rivalry trophies ===
Several individual competitions take place under the umbrella of the tournament. Some of these trophies are also awarded for other matches between the two teams outside the Six Nations. Only Scotland play for a 'rivalry' or challenge trophy in every Six Nations match, as well as for the oldest such trophy, the [[Calcutta Cup]]. Wales became the last nation to contest such a trophy, the [[Doddie Weir Cup]] in 2018, while the newest such trophy is the [[Cuttitta Cup]] introduced between Scotland and Italy in 2022.
{|class="wikitable"
!Trophy!!Teams!!Since!!Notes
|-
| [[Calcutta Cup]] || England and Scotland || 1879<ref name="CalcuttaCup">{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishrugby.org/shadomx/apps/fms/fmsdownload.cfm?file_uuid=A25BAF90-A653-B702-1F28-A89E8D4D5CD8&siteName=sru |title=The Calcutta Cup: the legacy of a club that died |publisher=Scottish Rugby|access-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214034619/http://www.scottishrugby.org/shadomx/apps/fms/fmsdownload.cfm?file_uuid=A25BAF90-A653-B702-1F28-A89E8D4D5CD8&siteName=sru |archive-date=14 February 2007 }}</ref> || Made from melted-down Indian rupees donated by the Calcutta Club
|-
| [[Millennium Trophy]] || England and Ireland || 1988 || Presented to celebrate [[Dublin's millennium]] in 1988<ref name="RFUAboutUs">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfu.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/RFUHome.Simple_Detail/StoryTypeId/26/SectionId/43 |title=About Us |publisher=Rugby Football Union|access-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906075533/http://www.rfu.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/RFUHome.Simple_Detail/StoryTypeId/26/SectionId/43 |archive-date=6 September 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Centenary Quaich]] || Ireland and Scotland || 1989<ref name="NeverIresQuaich">{{cite news |title=Lamenting the sad decline of the fighting Irish |newspaper=The Scotsman |date=19 February 2000 |page=31 |last=Massie |first=Alan}}</ref><ref name="QuaichAnnual">{{cite news |title=Scotland now have quality in quantity |work=The Herald|date=22 March 1999 |page=1 |last=Ferrie |first=Kevin}}</ref><ref name="quaich">{{cite news |title=Scots torn apart by Irish mean machine |newspaper=The Sunday Times |date=13 February 2005|page=Sport 2 |last=Walsh |first=David}}</ref> || Named for the [[quaich]], a traditional [[Gaels|Gaelic]] drinking vessel. Marked the centenary of the founding of the [[International Rugby Football Board]].
|-
| [[Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy]] || France and Italy || 2007 || Commemorated the 200th anniversary of the birth of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], leader in the [[Italian unification|unification of Italy]] and volunteer in the [[Army of the Vosges|French Republican Army]] against [[Prussia]]
|-
| [[Auld Alliance Trophy]] || France and Scotland || 2018 || In memory of the war dead from the rugby communities of Scotland and France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/18/02/09/auld-alliance-trophy-unveiled|title=Auld Alliance Trophy unveiled {{!}} Scottish Rugby Union|website=scottishrugby.org|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219162320/http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/18/02/09/auld-alliance-trophy-unveiled|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Doddie Weir Cup]] || Wales and Scotland || 2018 || In recognition of [[Doddie Weir]], who founded the My Name'5 Doddie Foundation which supports research into [[motor neuron disease]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/nov/02/doddie-weir-cup-scotland-wales-gregor-townsend|title=Doddie Weir Cup {{!}}|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=2 November 2018|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141030/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/nov/02/doddie-weir-cup-scotland-wales-gregor-townsend|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cuttitta Cup]] || Scotland and Italy || 2022 || Commemorates [[Massimo Cuttitta]], a former Italian captain and Scotland scrum coach, who died in 2021 at the age of 54 from [[COVID-19]].<ref name="scottishrugby">{{cite web|url=https://www.scottishrugby.org/news/the-cuttitta-cup-is-unveiled|title=The Cuttitta Cup is unveiled|website=Scottish Rugby Union|access-date=7 March 2022|archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307220440/https://www.scottishrugby.org/news/the-cuttitta-cup-is-unveiled|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

Currently the following matches have no additional trophy contested:
* '''England''' matches with France, Italy or Wales.
* '''France''' matches with England, Ireland or Wales.
* '''Ireland''' matches with France, Italy or Wales.
* '''Italy''' matches with England, Ireland or Wales.
* '''Wales''' matches with England, France, Ireland or Italy.

== Venues ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| perrow = 2
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Twickenham Stadium - May 2012.jpg
| width1 = 152
| alt1 =
| image2 = Murrayfield Autumn 2017.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| image3 = Millennium Stadium RWC2015.jpg
| width3 = 143
| alt3 =
| image4 = Aviva Stadium seen from Block 312.jpg
| width4 = 160
| alt4 =

| image6 = 2012-03-17 ITA - SCO prematch.jpg
| width6 = 151
| alt6 =
| footer = The [[List of national stadiums|national rugby union stadiums]] of five of the six countries host the events. France will play all their matches away from their normal venue.
}}

As of the 2024 competition, Six Nations matches are held in the following stadiums:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team !! Stadium !! Location !! Capacity
|-
| [[England national rugby union team|England]] || [[Twickenham Stadium]] || [[London]] || style="text-align:center"| 82,000
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[France national rugby union team|France]] || [[Parc Olympique Lyonnais]]||[[Lyon]]|| style="text-align:center"| 59,186
|-
|[[Stade Pierre-Mauroy]]||[[Lille]]|| style="text-align:center"| 50,186
|-
|[[Stade Vélodrome]]||[[Marseille]] || style="text-align:center"|67,394
|-
| [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] || [[Millennium Stadium]] || [[Cardiff]] || style="text-align:center"| 73,931
|-
| [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]] || [[Stadio Olimpico]] || [[Rome]] || style="text-align:center"| 72,698
|-
| [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]] || [[Murrayfield Stadium]] || [[Edinburgh]] || style="text-align:center"| 67,144
|-
| [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] || [[Aviva Stadium]] || [[Dublin]] || style="text-align:center"| 51,700
|}

The opening of Aviva Stadium in May 2010 ended the arrangement with the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] (GAA) that allowed the all-Ireland governing body for rugby union, the [[Irish Rugby Football Union]], to use the GAA's flagship stadium, [[Croke Park]], for its international matches. This arrangement was made necessary by the 2007 closure and subsequent demolition of Ireland's traditional home at [[Lansdowne Road]]; Aviva Stadium was built on the former Lansdowne Road site. During this construction, Croke Park was the largest of the Six Nations grounds, with a capacity of 82,300.

In 2012 Italy moved their home games from the 32,000 seat Stadio Flaminio, to Stadio Olimpico, also in Rome, with a capacity of 72,000.

The [[French Rugby Federation]] (FFR) had planned to build a new stadium of its own, seating 82,000 in the southern suburbs of Paris,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ffr.fr/index.php/ffr/rugby_francais/projet_stade |title=Projet Stade |publisher=[[French Rugby Federation]] |language=fr |access-date=6 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615060530/http://www.ffr.fr/index.php/ffr/rugby_francais/projet_stade |archive-date=15 June 2012 }}</ref> because of frustrations with their tenancy of Stade de France.<ref name="BBC FFR stadium">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/9229158.stm |title=French national rugby team plan to quit Stade de France |work=BBC Sport |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=6 July 2012 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807140513/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/9229158.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> However the project was cancelled in December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rugby-French federation drops plans for new stadium|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-rugby-union-france-stadium-idUKKBN14322M|work=Reuters|access-date=4 February 2017|date=14 December 2016|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100259/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-rugby-union-france-stadium-idUKKBN14322M|url-status=live}}</ref> France played their [[2018 Six Nations Championship#Round 3|2018 match against Italy]] at [[Stade Vélodrome]] in [[Marseille]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=France to host Italy in Marseille|url=https://rugby365.com/countries/france/france-to-host-italy-in-marseille/|access-date=26 October 2020|website=rugby365.com|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030021817/https://rugby365.com/countries/france/france-to-host-italy-in-marseille/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, Wales played their [[2020 Six Nations Championship#Round 5|final game]] at [[Parc y Scarlets]] in [[Llanelli]] due to the Millennium Stadium being used as [[Dragon's Heart Hospital]] in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2020|title=Wales to play at Parc y Scarlets - Welsh Rugby Union|url=https://www.wru.wales/2020/09/wales-to-play-at-parc-y-scarlets/|access-date=26 October 2020|publisher=Welsh Rugby Union|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030142858/https://www.wru.wales/2020/09/wales-to-play-at-parc-y-scarlets/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, France was unable to use the Stade de France for their Six Nations home games due to ongoing preparations for its use in the [[2024 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2024|title=Why France will play none of their Six Nations home games at the Stade de France|url=https://www.planetrugby.com/news/why-france-will-play-none-of-their-six-nations-home-games-at-stade-france|publisher=Planet Rugby}}</ref> Instead they played their three home matches at the [[Stade Vélodrome]] in [[Marseille]], [[Stade Pierre-Mauroy]] in [[Lille]], and [[Parc Olympique Lyonnais]] in [[Lyon]].

== Results ==

=== Overall ===

{{Six Nations wins}}

===Home Nations (1883–1909)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Year
!Champions
![[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slam]]
![[Triple Crown (rugby union)|Triple Crown]]
![[Calcutta Cup]]
![[Wooden spoon (award)|Wooden spoon]]{{efn|A team that loses all its games is "awarded" the Wooden Spoon.}}
|-
|[[1883 Home Nations Championship|1883]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|rowspan=25|Not contested
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|rowspan=11|Not contested
|-
|[[1884 Home Nations Championship|1884]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|-
|[[1885 Home Nations Championship|1885]]
|Not completed
|colspan=2|Not completed
|-
|[[1886 Home Nations Championship|1886]]
|{{ru|ENG}} and {{ru|SCO}}
| –
| –
|-
|[[1887 Home Nations Championship|1887]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
| –
|-
|[[1888 Home Nations Championship|1888]]
|not completed
|colspan=2|England did not participate
|-
|[[1889 Home Nations Championship|1889]]
|not completed
|colspan=2|England did not participate
|-
|[[1890 Home Nations Championship|1890]]
|{{ru|ENG}} and {{ru|SCO}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|-
|[[1891 Home Nations Championship|1891]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1892 Home Nations Championship|1892]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|-
|[[1893 Home Nations Championship|1893]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1894 Home Nations Championship|1894]]
|{{ru|IRE|1783}}
|{{ru|IRE|1783}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1895 Home Nations Championship|1895]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
||{{ru|IRE|1783}}
|-
|[[1896 Home Nations Championship|1896]]
|{{ru|IRE|1783}}
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1897 Home Nations Championship|1897]]
|Not completed
|Not completed
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1898 Home Nations Championship|1898]]
|Not completed
|Not completed
| –
| –
|-
|[[1899 Home Nations Championship|1899]]
|{{ru|IRE|1783}}
|{{ru|IRE|1783}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|-
|[[1900 Home Nations Championship|1900]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
| –
| –
|-
|[[1901 Home Nations Championship|1901]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|-
|[[1902 Home Nations Championship|1902]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1903 Home Nations Championship|1903]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|-
|[[1904 Home Nations Championship|1904]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1905 Home Nations Championship|1905]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|-
|[[1906 Home Nations Championship|1906]]
|{{ru|IRE|1783}} and {{ru|WAL|1807}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1907 Home Nations Championship|1907]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|-
|[[1908 Home Nations Championship|1908]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1909 Home Nations Championship|1909]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE|1783}}
|}
{{notelist}}

=== Five Nations (1910–1931) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Year
!Champions
![[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slam]]
![[Triple Crown (rugby union)|Triple Crown]]
![[Calcutta Cup]]
![[Wooden spoon (award)|Wooden spoon]]
|-
|[[1910 Five Nations Championship|1910]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|-
|[[1911 Five Nations Championship|1911]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1912 Five Nations Championship|1912]]
|{{ru|IRE|1783}} and {{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|-
|[[1913 Five Nations Championship|1913]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|-
|[[1914 Five Nations Championship|1914]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|1915–19
|colspan=5|Not held due to [[World War I]]
|-
|[[1920 Five Nations Championship|1920]]
|{{ru|SCO}}, {{ru|WAL|1807}} and {{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|-
|[[1921 Five Nations Championship|1921]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1922 Five Nations Championship|1922]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1923 Five Nations Championship|1923]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1924 Five Nations Championship|1924]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1925 Five Nations Championship|1925]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|-
|[[1926 Five Nations Championship|1926]]
|{{ru|IRE}} and {{ru|SCO}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|-
|[[1927 Five Nations Championship|1927]]
|{{ru|IRE}} and {{ru|SCO}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1928 Five Nations Championship|1928]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1929 Five Nations Championship|1929]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|-
|[[1930 Five Nations Championship|1930]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
|-
|[[1931 Five Nations Championship|1931]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|}


=== Home Nations (1932–1939) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Year
!Champions
![[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slam]]
![[Triple Crown (rugby union)|Triple Crown]]
![[Calcutta Cup]]
![[Wooden spoon (award)|Wooden spoon]]
|-
|[[1932 Home Nations Championship|1932]]
|{{ru|ENG}}, {{ru|IRE}} and {{ru|WAL|1807}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1933 Home Nations Championship|1933]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1934 Home Nations Championship|1934]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|-
|[[1935 Home Nations Championship|1935]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1936 Home Nations Championship|1936]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1937 Home Nations Championship|1937]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|-
|[[1938 Home Nations Championship|1938]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|-
|[[1939 Home Nations Championship|1939]]
|{{ru|ENG}}, {{ru|IRE}}, {{ru|WAL|1807}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|}


=== Five Nations (1940–1999) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Year
!Champions
![[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slam]]
![[Triple Crown (rugby union)|Triple Crown]]
![[Calcutta Cup]]
![[Millennium Trophy]]
![[Centenary Quaich]]
![[Wooden spoon (award)|Wooden spoon]]
|-
|1940–46
|colspan=4|Not held due to [[World War II]]
|colspan=2 rowspan=43|Not contested
|-
|[[1947 Five Nations Championship|1947]]
|{{ru|ENG}} and {{ru|WAL|1807}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1948 Five Nations Championship|1948]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1949 Five Nations Championship|1949]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
| –
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1950 Five Nations Championship|1950]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1951 Five Nations Championship|1951]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1952 Five Nations Championship|1952]]
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|WAL|1807}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1953 Five Nations Championship|1953]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1954 Five Nations Championship|1954]]
|{{ru|ENG}}, {{ru|FRA}} and {{ru|WAL|1953}}
|
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1955 Five Nations Championship|1955]]
|{{ru|FRA}} and {{ru|WAL|1953}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1956 Five Nations Championship|1956]]
|{{ru|WAL|1953}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1957 Five Nations Championship|1957]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|-
|[[1958 Five Nations Championship|1958]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
| –| –
| –
|-
|[[1959 Five Nations Championship|1959]]
|{{ru|FRA}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
|-
|[[1960 Five Nations Championship|1960]]
|{{ru|ENG}} and {{ru|FRA}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|-
|[[1961 Five Nations Championship|1961]]
|{{ru|FRA}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1962 Five Nations Championship|1962]]
|{{ru|FRA}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
|-
|[[1963 Five Nations Championship|1963]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1964 Five Nations Championship|1964]]
|{{ru|SCO}} and {{ru|WAL}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1965 Five Nations Championship|1965]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
| –
|{{ru|WAL}}
| –
| –
|-
|[[1966 Five Nations Championship|1966]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1967 Five Nations Championship|1967]]
|{{ru|FRA}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1968 Five Nations Championship|1968]]
|{{ru|FRA}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1969 Five Nations Championship|1969]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
| –
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1970 Five Nations Championship|1970]]
|{{ru|FRA}} and {{ru|WAL}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1971 Five Nations Championship|1971]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1972 Five Nations Championship|1972]]
|colspan=3|Not completed
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|-
|[[1973 Five Nations Championship|1973]]
|{{ru|ENG}}, {{ru|FRA}}, {{ru|IRE}}, {{ru|SCO}}, {{ru|WAL}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1974 Five Nations Championship|1974]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1975 Five Nations Championship|1975]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1976 Five Nations Championship|1976]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|-
|[[1977 Five Nations Championship|1977]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|-
|[[1978 Five Nations Championship|1978]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[1979 Five Nations Championship|1979]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
| –
|{{ru|WAL}}
| –
| –
|-
|[[1980 Five Nations Championship|1980]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1981 Five Nations Championship|1981]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|-
|[[1982 Five Nations Championship|1982]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
| –
|{{ru|IRE}}
| –
| –
|-
|[[1983 Five Nations Championship|1983]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}} and {{ru|IRE}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1984 Five Nations Championship|1984]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|-
|[[1985 Five Nations Championship|1985]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
| –
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1986 Five Nations Championship|1986]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}} and {{ru|SCO}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|-
|[[1987 Five Nations Championship|1987]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1988 Five Nations Championship|1988]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}} and {{ru|WAL}}
| –
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|-
|[[1989 Five Nations Championship|1989]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
| –
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1990 Five Nations Championship|1990]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|-
|[[1991 Five Nations Championship|1991]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1992 Five Nations Championship|1992]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|-
|[[1993 Five Nations Championship|1993]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1994 Five Nations Championship|1994]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
| –
| –
|-
|[[1995 Five Nations Championship|1995]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|-
|[[1996 Five Nations Championship|1996]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1997 Five Nations Championship|1997]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|-
|[[1998 Five Nations Championship|1998]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|-
|[[1999 Five Nations Championship|1999]]
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
| –
|}

===Six Nations (2000–present)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Year
!Champions
![[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slam]]
![[Triple Crown (rugby union)|Triple Crown]]
![[Calcutta Cup]]
![[Millennium Trophy|Millennium Trophy]]
![[Centenary Quaich|Centenary Quaich]]
![[Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy|Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy]]
![[Auld Alliance Trophy|Auld Alliance Trophy]]
![[Doddie Weir Cup|Doddie Weir Cup]]
![[Cuttitta Cup|Cuttitta Cup]]
![[Wooden spoon (award)|Wooden spoon]]{{efn|the team finishing in last place}}
|-
|[[2000 Six Nations Championship|2000]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|rowspan=7| Not contested
|rowspan=18| Not contested
|rowspan=19| Not contested
|rowspan=22| Not contested
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2001 Six Nations Championship|2001]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2002 Six Nations Championship|2002]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2003 Six Nations Championship|2003]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|-
|[[2004 Six Nations Championship|2004]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[2005 Six Nations Championship|2005]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2006 Six Nations Championship|2006]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
| –
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2007 Six Nations Championship|2007]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
| –
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[2008 Six Nations Championship|2008]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2009 Six Nations Championship|2009]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2010 Six Nations Championship|2010]]
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2011 Six Nations Championship|2011]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2012 Six Nations Championship|2012]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[2013 Six Nations Championship|2013]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|-
|[[2014 Six Nations Championship|2014]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2015 Six Nations Championship|2015]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|-
|[[2016 Six Nations Championship|2016]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2017 Six Nations Championship|2017]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
| –
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2018 Six Nations Championship|2018]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2019 Six Nations Championship|2019]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
| –
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|FRA|1974}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2020 Six Nations Championship|2020]]
|{{ru|ENG}}
|–
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|ENG}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2021 Six Nations Championship|2021]]
|{{ru|WAL}}
|–
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2022 Six Nations Championship|2022]]
|{{ru|FRA}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|{{ru|WAL}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|-
|[[2023 Six Nations Championship|2023]]
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|IRE}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|{{ru|FRA}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|SCO}}
|{{ru|ITA}}
|}
{{notelist}}

== Titles and awards ==

{{col-float}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Grand Slams and Triple Crowns {{nowrap|(All Time)}}
|-
!style="width:185px"|Nation
!style="width:85px"|Grand Slams
!style="width:105px"|Last Grand Slam
!style="width:85px"|Triple Crowns
!style="width:105px"|Last Triple Crown
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Ru|ENG}} || 13 || 2016 || 26 || 2020
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Ru|WAL}} || 12 || 2019 || 22 || 2021
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Ru|FRA}} || 10 || 2022 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Ru|IRE}} || 4 || 2023 || 13 || 2023
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{nowrap|{{Ru|SCO}}}} || 3 || 1990 || 10 || 1990
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Ru|ITA}} || 0 || — || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|}
{{col-float-end}}{{col-float}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Grand Slams and Triple Crowns {{nowrap|(Six Nations)}}
|-
!style="width:185px"|Nation
!style="width:85px"|Grand Slams
!style="width:105px"|Last Grand Slam
!style="width:85px"|Triple Crowns
!style="width:105px"|Last Triple Crown
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Ru|WAL}} || 4 || 2019 || 5 || 2021
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Ru|FRA}} || 4 || 2022 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Ru|IRE}} || 3 || 2023 || 7 || 2023
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Ru|ENG}} || 2 || 2016 || 5 || 2020
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{nowrap|{{Ru|SCO}}}} || 0 || — || 0 || —
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Ru|ITA}} || 0 || — || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|}
{{col-float-end}}

===Wooden Spoon===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Wooden Spoons (last place)
|- style="background:#f03"
! Team !! Wooden Spoons !! Last Wooden Spoon !! {{abbr|HNC|Home Nation Championship}} !! {{abbr|FNC|Five Nation Championship}} !! {{abbr|SNC|Six Nation Championship}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|IRE}}
| '''25'''
| 1998
| 11
| 14
| 0
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|SCO}}
| '''24'''
| 2015
| 5
| 15
| 4
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|ITA}}
| '''18'''
| 2023
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| 18
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|WAL}}
| '''17'''
| 2003
| 6
| 10
| 1
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|ENG}}
| '''17'''
| 1987
| 7
| 10
| 0
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|FRA}}
| '''13'''
| 2013
| {{N/A}}
| 12
| 1
|}

====Six Nations====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Wooden Spoon winners (last place)
|- style="background:#f03"
! style="width:90px"| Team !! Wooden Spoons !! Years awarded
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|ITA}}
| '''18'''
| [[2000 Six Nations Championship|2000]], '''[[2001 Six Nations Championship|2001]]''', '''[[2002 Six Nations Championship|2002]]''', '''[[2005 Six Nations Championship|2005]]''', '''[[2006 Six Nations Championship|2006]]''', [[2008 Six Nations Championship|2008]], '''[[2009 Six Nations Championship|2009]]''', [[2010 Six Nations Championship|2010]], [[2011 Six Nations Championship|2011]], '''[[2014 Six Nations Championship|2014]]''', '''[[2016 Six Nations Championship|2016]]''', '''[[2017 Six Nations Championship|2017]]''', '''[[2018 Six Nations Championship|2018]]''', '''[[2019 Six Nations Championship|2019]]''', '''[[2020 Six Nations Championship|2020]]''', '''[[2021 Six Nations Championship|2021]]''', [[2022 Six Nations Championship|2022]], '''[[2023 Six Nations Championship|2023]]'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|SCO}}
| '''4'''
| '''[[2004 Six Nations Championship|2004]]''', [[2007 Six Nations Championship|2007]], '''[[2012 Six Nations Championship|2012]]''', '''[[2015 Six Nations Championship|2015]]'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|WAL}}
| '''1'''
| '''[[2003 Six Nations Championship|2003]]'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|FRA}}
| '''1'''
| [[2013 Six Nations Championship|2013]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|IRE}}
| '''0'''
|
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{ru|ENG}}
| '''0'''
|
|}
Bold indicates that the team did not win any matches.

===Player awards===
{{see|List of Six Nations Championship Player of the Championship winners}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Player of the championship<ref>{{cite web |title=PLAYER OF THE CHAMPIONSHIP |url=https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/player-of-the-championship/ |publisher=Six Nations Rugby |accessdate=4 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928122910/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/player-of-the-championship/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!Year
!Winner
|-
|2004
|{{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Gordon D'Arcy]]
|-
|2005
|{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Martyn Williams]]
|-
|2006
|{{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Brian O'Driscoll]]
|-
|2007
|{{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Brian O'Driscoll]] (2)
|-
|2008
|{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Shane Williams]]
|-
|2009
|{{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Brian O'Driscoll]] (3)
|-
|2010
|{{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Tommy Bowe]]
|-
|2011
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Masi]]
|-
|2012
|{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Dan Lydiate]]
|-
|2013
|{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Leigh Halfpenny]]
|-
|2014
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mike Brown (rugby union)|Mike Brown]]
|-
|2015
|{{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Paul O'Connell]]
|-
|2016
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stuart Hogg]]
|-
|2017
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stuart Hogg]] (2)
|-
|2018
|{{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Jacob Stockdale]]
|-
|2019
|{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Alun Wyn Jones]]
|-
|2020
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Antoine Dupont]]
|-
|2021
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Hamish Watson (rugby union)|Hamish Watson]]
|-
|2022
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Antoine Dupont]] (2)
|-
|2023
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Antoine Dupont]] (3)
|}

== Records ==
{{Main|List of Six Nations Championship records}}
Ireland's [[Johnny Sexton]] holds the record for most points in the competition, with 566. England's [[Jonny Wilkinson]] holds the records for individual points in one match (35 points against Italy in 2001) and one season with 89 (scored in 2001).

The record for tries in a match is held by Scotsman [[George Campbell Lindsay]] who scored five tries against Wales in 1887.<ref name="SNrecords">{{cite news|url=http://www.rugbyheaven.smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/03/1107409982373.html |title=Six Nations records |access-date=8 August 2007 |work=Rugby Heaven |date=1 February 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113120726/http://www.rugbyheaven.smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/03/1107409982373.html |archive-date=13 January 2006 }}</ref> England's [[Cyril Lowe]] and Scotland's [[Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)|Ian Smith]] jointly hold the record for tries in one season with 8 (Lowe in 1914, Smith in 1925). Ireland's [[Brian O'Driscoll]] has the Championship record for tries with 26.

The record for appearances is held by [[Sergio Parisse]] of Italy, with 69 appearances,<ref name="SNRrecords">{{cite web |title=Records |url=https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/statistics/records/ |website=Six Nations Rugby |publisher=Six Nations Rugby |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103012009/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/statistics/records/ |url-status=live }}</ref> since his Six Nations debut in 2004.

The most points scored by a team in one match was 80 points, scored by England against Italy in 2001. England also scored the most ever points in a season in 2001 with 229, and most tries in a season with 29.<ref name="SNrecords"/> Wales hold the record for fewest tries conceded during a season in the Six Nations era, conceding only 2 in 5 games in 2008, but the 1977 Grand Slam-winning France team did not concede a try in their four matches. Wales hold the record for the longest time without conceding a try, at 358 minutes in the 2013 tournament.

== Administration ==
The Championship is run from headquarters in [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] by Six Nations Rugby Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/en/championship/contact_us.php|title=Contact Us|website=sixnationsrugby.com|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131163201/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/en/championship/contact_us.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

Former [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB) CEO, [[Tom Harrison (cricketer)|Tom Harrison]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Tom Harrison Appointed Six Nations Rugby CEO |url=https://media.sixnationsrugby.com/press-releases/tom-harrison-appointed-six-nations-rugby-ceo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901121033/https://media.sixnationsrugby.com/press-releases/tom-harrison-appointed-six-nations-rugby-ceo/ |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Six Nations Rugby}}</ref> was appointed the CEO of Six Nations Rugby in January 2023 following the resignation of Benjamin Morel in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2022 |title=Six Nations Rugby CEO Ben Morel to Step Down at the End of the Season After Five Years at the Helm |url=https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2022/11/28/six-nations-rugby-ceo-ben-morel-to-step-down-at-the-end-of-the-season-after-five-years-at-the-helm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128151139/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2022/11/28/six-nations-rugby-ceo-ben-morel-to-step-down-at-the-end-of-the-season-after-five-years-at-the-helm/ |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Six Nations Rugby}}</ref> Morel had held the position of CEO since November 2018,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2018/08/23/six-nations-rugby-appoint-chief-executive-officer/ |title=Six Nations Rugby Appoint Chief Executive Officer |website=sixnationsrugby.com |publisher=Six Nations Rugby |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131163158/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2018/08/23/six-nations-rugby-appoint-chief-executive-officer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> replacing John Feehan, who stepped down after sixteen years as CEO in April 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2018/04/20/john-feehan-steps-down-as-ceo-of-six-nations/ |title=John Feehan Steps Down as CEO of Six Nations |website=sixnationsrugby.com |publisher=Six Nations Rugby |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131091548/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2018/04/20/john-feehan-steps-down-as-ceo-of-six-nations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Harrison's tenure as CEO commenced from April. 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Ian |date=27 January 2023 |title=Six Nations Reveal Ben Morel's Replacement as CEO |url=https://www.rugbypass.com/news/six-nations-reveal-ben-morels-replacement-as-ceo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127105300/https://www.rugbypass.com/news/six-nations-reveal-ben-morels-replacement-as-ceo/ |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=RugbyPass}}</ref>

[[Ronan Dunne]] was appointed as the Chairman for Six Nations Rugby in November 2021 with his tenure commencing from January 2022. Dunne has responsibility for the commercial and marketing operations for both the men's and [[Women's Six Nations Championship|women's]] Six Nations tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2021 |title=Six Nations Rugby Announces Appointment of Ronan Dunne as Chairman of the Board |url=https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2021/11/26/six-nations-rugby-announces-appointment-of-ronan-dunne-as-chairman-of-the-board/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201201718/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2021/11/26/six-nations-rugby-announces-appointment-of-ronan-dunne-as-chairman-of-the-board/ |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Six Nations Rugby}}</ref>

==Marketing==
===Broadcasting rights===
One of the most important rugby union tournaments in the world, the Six Nations Championship is broadcast in various countries in addition to the six participating nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/tv |title=TV/Broadcast |website=Six Nations Rugby |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329173446/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/tv/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the UK, the [[BBC]] has long covered the tournament, broadcasting all matches (apart from England home matches between 1997 and 2002, which were shown live by Sky Sports with highlights on the BBC) until 2015. In addition, [[Welsh language]] coverage of broadcasts matches featuring the Welsh team shown by the BBC are shown on [[S4C]] in [[Wales]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=David|title=BBC reclaims Six Nations rugby from Sky with £70m three-year contract|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/bbc-reclaims-six-nations-rugby-from-sky-with-70m-three-year-contract-184140.html|website=The Independent|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301093031/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/bbc-reclaims-six-nations-rugby-from-sky-with-70m-three-year-contract-184140.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 2003 and 2015, the BBC covered every match live on BBC Sport either on BBC One or BBC Two with highlights also on the BBC Sport website and either on the BBC Red Button or late at night on BBC Two.

On 9 July 2015, in reaction to bids by Sky for the rights beginning in 2018, the BBC ended its contract two seasons early, and renegotiated a joint contract with [[ITV Sport]] for rights to the Six Nations from 2016 through 2021. [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] acquired rights to England, Ireland and Italy home matches, while the BBC retained rights to France, Scotland and Wales home matches. By ending its contract early, the BBC saved around £30 million, while the new contract generated £20 million in additional revenue for the Six Nations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rees|first=Paul|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jul/09/bbc-itv-join-forces-sky-six-nations|title=BBC and ITV join forces to stop Sky winning Six Nations broadcast rights|date=9 July 2015|work=The Guardian|access-date=30 March 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127162103/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jul/09/bbc-itv-join-forces-sky-six-nations|url-status=live}}</ref>

With the end of the contract nearing, speculation once again emerged in 2020 that Sky was pursuing rights to the Six Nations from 2022 onward; under the Ofcom [[Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events|"listed events"]] rules, rights to the tournament can be held by a pay television channel if delayed broadcasts or highlights are made available on free-to-air television.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Woodhouse |first1=John |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN00802/SN00802.pdf |title=Broadcasting: listed sporting events |website=[[House of Commons Library]] |date=3 May 2022 |access-date=6 July 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128062622/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN00802/SN00802.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2023}}</ref> It was reported that the bid for [[CVC Equity Partners]] to purchase a stake in the Six Nations was being hindered by a desire for a more lucrative broadcast contract; a call for the Six Nations to be moved to Category A (which requires live coverage to air free-to-air) was rejected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/six-nations-uk-tv-rights-crown-jewels-dcms-bbc-itv|title=UK government committee calls for Six Nations to be given 'crown jewels' status|website=SportsPro Media|date=16 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226180102/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/six-nations-uk-tv-rights-crown-jewels-dcms-bbc-itv|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/six-nations-rugby-uk-tv-rights-crown-jewels-bbc-itv-sky-bids|title=Pay-TV free to move on Six Nations after UK gov rejects 'crown jewels' bid|website=SportsPro Media|date=23 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324055202/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/six-nations-rugby-uk-tv-rights-crown-jewels-bbc-itv-sky-bids|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2021, the BBC and ITV renewed their contracts through 2025. The BBC will continue to broadcast home matches from Scotland and Wales and all women's and under-20s matches, with ITV airing England, France, Ireland and Italy home matches.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Six Nations set to stay on BBC & ITV|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/57201738|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521150401/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/57201738|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Six Nations to remain on BBC and ITV in TV rights renewal, says report|url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/six-nations-rugby-bbc-itv-tv-rights-renewal-fta-cvc|access-date=7 June 2021|website=SportsPro Media|date=19 May 2021|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818054444/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/six-nations-rugby-bbc-itv-tv-rights-renewal-fta-cvc/|url-status=live}}</ref>

France, Ireland, and Italy listed the Six Nations as a major event with cultural significance and enacted national and [[European Union|EU]] laws to ensure coverage would be available on free-to-air channels.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/application-and-implementation-avmsd |title=Application and implementation of AVMSD: Major events |website=[[European Commission]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=6 July 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706134246/https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/application-and-implementation-avmsd |archive-date=6 July 2023}}</ref>

In Ireland, each of Ireland’s games in the Six Nations may be held by a pay television channel, if the match is delayed broadcast and in full on free-to-air television.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1530604639083&uri=CELEX:52018XG0111(01) |title=Measures adopted by Ireland pursuant to Article 14 of Directive 2010/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council and referred to recital 1 of Decision C (2017) 2898 of 8 May 2017 / S.I. No 465 of 2017 Broadcasting Act 2009 (Designation of Major Events) Order 2017 |website=[[European Commission]] |date=25 October 2017 |access-date=6 July 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519035232/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1530604639083&uri=CELEX%3A52018XG0111(01) |archive-date=19 May 2023}}</ref> [[RTÉ]] have broadcast the championship since RTÉ's inception and continued to do so until 2017, while [[TG4]] televised highlights. However, in late 2015 RTÉ's free-to-air rival TV3 was awarded the rights for every game from the Six Nations on Irish television from 2018 to 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=RTÉ loses rights to 6 Nations|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/2015/1111/741148-tv3-secures-rights-to-six-nations-from-2018/|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann|access-date=28 January 2016|date=11 November 2015|archive-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106113832/http://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/2015/1111/741148-tv3-secures-rights-to-six-nations-from-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022 it was announced that RTÉ and [[Virgin Media Television (Ireland)|Virgin Media]] would share broadcasting rights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/2022/0119/1274600-rte-and-virgin-media-confirm-six-nations-coverage/|title=RTÉ and Virgin Media confirm Six Nations coverage|date=19 January 2022|via=www.rte.ie|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124214240/https://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/2022/0119/1274600-rte-and-virgin-media-confirm-six-nations-coverage/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In France, the entire Six Nations rugby tournament must appear on free-to-air television.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2007.180.01.0033.01.ENG |title=2007/480/EC: Commission Decision of 25 June 2007 on the compatibility with Community law of measures taken by France pursuant to Article 3a(1) of Council Directive 89/552/EEC on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities |website=[[European Commission]] |date=22 December 2004 |access-date=6 July 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518191338/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2007.180.01.0033.01.ENG |archive-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> [[France Télévisions]] has covered the competition in France.

In Italy, Six Nations rugby matches involving the Italian national team must be broadcast on free-to-air television.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2012.187.01.0057.01.ENG |title=2012/394/EU: Commission Decision of 21 December 2011 on the capability with EU law of measures to be taken by Italy pursuant to Article 14 Directive 2010/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services (Audiovisual Media Services Directive) |website=[[European Commission]] |date=21 December 2011 |access-date=6 July 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521201844/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2012.187.01.0057.01.ENG |archive-date=21 May 2023}}</ref> [[Sky Italia]] broadcasts all matches while free-to-air [[TV8 (Italian TV channel)|TV8]] only covers [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]] fixtures.

In the United States, [[NBC Sports]] broadcasts matches in English.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com/2023/02/01/nbc-sports-presents-coverage-of-2023-guinness-six-nations-championship-rugby-beginning-with-opening-round-this-weekend-on-peacock-and-cnbc |title=NBC Sports presents coverage of 2023 Guinness Six Nations Championship Rugby, beginning with opening round this weekend on Peacock and CNBC |date=1 February 2023 |website=[[NBC Sports Group]] |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624172335/https://nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com/2023/02/01/nbc-sports-presents-coverage-of-2023-guinness-six-nations-championship-rugby-beginning-with-opening-round-this-weekend-on-peacock-and-cnbc/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The tournament is also broadcast on [[DAZN]] in Canada, [[Premier Sports Asia]] in [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]], [[Sky Sport (New Zealand)|Sky Sport]] in New Zealand, [[Stan (service)|Stan Sport]] in Australia and [[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]] in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rugbyworld.com/tournaments/rugby-six-nations/six-nations-live-stream-how-to-watch-from-anywhere-114850 |title=Six Nations live stream: How to watch from anywhere |last=Dymock |first=Alan |date=18 March 2023 |magazine=[[Rugby World]] |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621192740/https://www.rugbyworld.com/tournaments/rugby-six-nations/six-nations-live-stream-how-to-watch-from-anywhere-114850 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024 the Six Nations teams featured in a Netflix documentary Six Nations: Full Contact.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bull |first=Andy |date=2024-01-22 |title=‘Rugby needs all the help it can get’: sport hunts F1-style Netflix uplift |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/22/rugby-union-netflix-series-six-nations-full-contact-f1 |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Territory
!Broadcaster
!Summary
|-
|{{flagu|France}}
|[[France 2]]
|All matches
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{flagu|Ireland}}
|[[RTÉ]]
|rowspan="2"|All matches split between both channels
|-
|[[Virgin Media Television (Ireland)|Virgin Media Television]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{flagu|Italy}}
|[[Sky Italia|Sky]]
|All matches
|-
|[[TV8 (Italian TV channel)|TV8]]
|[[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]] matches only
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flagu|United Kingdom}}
|[[BBC One]]
|All home matches from [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]] and [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]]
|-
|[[ITV1]]
|All home matches from [[England national rugby union team|England]], [[France national rugby union team|France]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]]
|-
|[[S4C]]
|Wales matches shown by BBC in the [[Welsh language]]
|-
|[[Asia]]
|[[Premier Sports Asia]]
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|Australia}}
|[[Stan Sport]]
|All matches
|-
|[[Baltic states]] and [[Nordic countries]] (including Poland)
|[[Viaplay]]
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|Canada}}
|[[DAZN]]
|All matches
|-
|[[Caribbean]]
|[[ESPN Caribbean|ESPN]]
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|Czech Republic}} (including Slovakia)
|[[Nova Sport (Czech Republic and Slovakia)|Nova Sport]]
|All matches
|-
|[[Geographical distribution of German speakers#German-speaking Europe|Germanic Europe]] (including Luxembourg)
|More Than Sports
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|Israel}}
|[[Sports Channel (Israel)|Sport 5]]
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|Japan}}
|[[Wowow]]
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|Malta}}
|[[GO (Malta)|GO]]
|All matches
|-
|[[MENA]]
|Premier Sports Middle East
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|Netherlands}}
|[[Ziggo Sport]]
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|New Zealand}}
|[[Sky Sport (New Zealand)|Sky Sport]]
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|Portugal}} (including Slovenia)
|[[Sport TV]]
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|Romania}}
|[[Orange Sport (Romania)|Orange Sport]]
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|Spain}} (including Andorra)
|[[Movistar Plus+]]
|All matches
|-
|rowspan=2|[[South America]] (including Argentina and Brazil)
|[[ESPN (Latin America)|ESPN Latin America]]
|All matches shown in the [[Spanish language]]
|-
|[[ESPN (Brazil)|ESPN Brazil]]
|All matches shown in the [[Portuguese language]]
|-
|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]] (including South Africa)
|[[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]]
|All matches
|-
|{{flagu|United States}}
|[[NBC Sports]]
|All matches
|-
|Worldwide
|[[TV5Monde]]
|France matches only
|}

===Sponsorship===
Until 1998, the Championship had no [[title sponsor]]. Sponsorship rights were sold to [[Lloyds Banking Group|Lloyds TSB Group]] for the 1999 tournament and the competition was titled the '''Lloyds TSB 5 Nations''' and '''Lloyds TSB 6 Nations''' until 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/lloyds-tsb-backs-five-nations/|title=Lloyds-TSB backs Five Nations - Money Marketing|date=7 July 1998|website=moneymarketing.co.uk|access-date=18 March 2017|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195749/https://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/lloyds-tsb-backs-five-nations/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[NatWest Group|Royal Bank of Scotland Group]] took over sponsorship from 2003 until 2017, with the competition being branded the '''RBS 6 Nations'''. A new title sponsor was sought for the 2018 tournament and beyond.<ref>{{cite news |title=Title Sponsorship, Six Nations Championship |url=https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/en/news/30182.php |website=sixnationsrugby.com |publisher=Six Nations Rugby |date=3 June 2016 |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905035938/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/en/news/30182.php |url-status=live }}</ref> However, after struggling to find a new sponsor, organisers agreed a one-year extension at a reduced rate. As the RBS brand was being phased out, the tournament was named after the [[NatWest]] banking subsidiary, becoming the '''NatWest 6 Nations'''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Russell |last=Jackson |url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/companies/financial/natwest-to-sponsor-six-nations-rugby-tournament-for-one-year-1-4608389 |title=NatWest to sponsor Six Nations rugby tournament – for one year |newspaper=The Scotsman |access-date=21 September 2018 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905102053/https://www.scotsman.com/business/companies/financial/natwest-to-sponsor-six-nations-rugby-tournament-for-one-year-1-4608389 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 7 December 2018, [[Guinness]] was announced as the Championship's new title sponsor, with the competition to be named the '''Guinness Six Nations''' from 2019 to 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guinness announced as title sponsor of Rugby's Greatest Championship |url=https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2018/12/07/guinness-announced-as-title-sponsor-of-rugbys-greatest-championship/ |website=sixnationsrugby.com |publisher=Six Nations Rugby |access-date=7 December 2018 |date=7 December 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422014113/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2018/12/07/guinness-announced-as-title-sponsor-of-rugbys-greatest-championship/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the ''[[Loi Évin]]'' laws which prohibit [[Alcohol advertising#Sponsorship in sport|alcohol sponsorship in sport]], "Guinness" cannot be used as part of the branding of the tournament in France. The French-language logo for the tournament replaces the Guinness logo with the word "Greatness" in the same color and typeface as the Guinness wordmark.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tézenas du Montcel |first1=Magali |title=L'exception française au cœur du 'Guinness/Greatness Six Nations' |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/idees-debats/cercle/cercle-192349-opinion-lexception-francaise-au-coeur-du-guinnessgreatness-six-nations-2242248.php |access-date=11 March 2019 |work=[[Les Échos (France)|Les Échos]] |date=5 February 2019 |language=fr |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628180942/https://www.lesechos.fr/idees-debats/cercle/opinion-lexception-francaise-au-coeur-du-guinnessgreatness-six-nations-962140 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=Guinness aims to become "world's number one rugby brand" with Six Nations title sponsorship |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/2019/02/guinness-aims-to-become-worlds-number-one-rugby-brand-with-six-nations-title-sponsorship/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=SportBusiness |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529041505/https://www.sportbusiness.com/2019/02/guinness-aims-to-become-worlds-number-one-rugby-brand-with-six-nations-title-sponsorship/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=World TV and stream broadcasters for Six Nations Championship 2024 |url=https://sport-tv-guide.live/tournament/rugby-union/europe/six-nations |access-date=10 January 2024|website=SportTvGuide |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126180943/https://sport-tv-guide.live/tournament/rugby-union/europe/six-nations |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Sports}}
*[[The Rugby Championship]], an analogous tournament of national teams in the Southern Hemisphere
*[[Rugby Europe International Championships]], for second- and third-tier national teams in Europe
*[[Six Nations Under 20s Championship]]
*[[Women's Six Nations Championship]]
*[[British Home Championship]], a similar tournament in association football

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last=Godwin |first=Terry |title=The International Rugby Championship 1883–1983 |year=1984 |publisher=Willows Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-218060-3}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Starmer-Smith |editor-first=Nigel |editor-link=Nigel Starmer-Smith |title=Rugby – A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby |publisher=Lennard Books |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-7126-2662-0 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Narz |editor-first=Naomi|title=Rugby – Wales and United States Connection, A showing of LDR feats in sport |publisher=Rich Books |year=2019 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Six Nations Championship}}
* {{official}}

{{Six Nations Championship}}
{{International rugby union}}
{{England national rugby union team}}
{{France national rugby union team}}
{{Ireland national rugby union team}}
{{Italy national rugby union team}}
{{Scotland national rugby union team}}
{{Wales national rugby union team}}
{{Rugby union in Italy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Six Nations}}
[[Category:Six Nations Championship| ]]
[[Category:1883 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Rugby union competitions in Europe for national teams]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1883]]
[[Category:International rugby union competitions hosted by England]]
[[Category:International rugby union competitions hosted by France]]
[[Category:International rugby union competitions hosted by Ireland]]
[[Category:International rugby union competitions hosted by Scotland]]
[[Category:International rugby union competitions hosted by Wales]]
[[Category:International rugby union competitions hosted by Italy]]
[[Category:England national rugby union team]]
[[Category:France national rugby union team]]
[[Category:Ireland national rugby union team]]
[[Category:Scotland national rugby union team]]
[[Category:Wales national rugby union team]]
[[Category:Italy national rugby union team]]

Tim Berners-Lee

2022-01-29T09:47:26Z

Teflon: London 2012 Opening Ceremony used LED not LCD display.

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{short description|English computer scientist, inventor of the World Wide Web (born 1955)}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
|name = Tim Berners-Lee
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|KBE|FRS|FREng|FRSA|FBCS}}
|image = Sir Tim Berners-Lee (cropped).jpg
|caption = Berners-Lee in 2014
|alt = Sir Tim Berners Lee arriving at the Guildhall to receive the Honorary Freedom of the City of London
|birth_name = Timothy John Berners-Lee
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|6|8|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|other_names = TimBL TBL
|education = [[The Queen's College, Oxford]] (BA)
|spouse = {{marriage|Nancy Carlson|1990|2011|end=div}} {{marriage|[[Rosemary Leith]]|2014}}
|children = 2 children; 3 step-children
|parents = [[Conway Berners-Lee]] [[Mary Lee Woods]]
|awards = [[Turing Award]] (2016) [[Queen Elizabeth Prize]] (2013) [[Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences]] (2009) [[Order of Merit]] (2007) [[ACM Software System Award]] (1995)
|module = {{Infobox scientist
|embed = yes
|workplaces = [[CERN]] [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] [[World Wide Web Consortium]] [[University of Oxford]] [[University of Southampton]]}}
|website = {{url|w3.org/people/berners-lee|Official website}}
}}
'''Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|KBE|FRS|FREng|FRSA|FBCS}} (born 8 June 1955),<ref name="whoswho" /> also known as '''TimBL''', is an English computer scientist best known as the inventor of the [[World Wide Web]]. He is a [[Research fellow|Professorial Fellow]] of Computer Science at the [[University of Oxford]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/people/tim.berners-lee/|title=Tim Berners-Lee|website=Department of Computer Science}}</ref> and a professor at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2016-10-27-sir-tim-berners-lee-joins-oxfords-department-computer-science|title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee joins Oxford's Department of Computer Science|agency=University of Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tim Berners-Lee {{!}} MIT CSAIL |url=https://www.csail.mit.edu/person/tim-berners-lee |website=www.csail.mit.edu |language=en}}</ref> Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on 12 March 1989,<ref>{{cite web |title=30 years on, what's next #ForTheWeb? |url=https://webfoundation.org/2019/03/web-birthday-30/ |website=World Wide Web Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.cern.ch/Proposal.html |title=info.cern.ch – Tim Berners-Lee's proposal |publisher=Info.cern.ch |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> then implemented the first successful communication between a [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)]] client and [[Server (computing)|server]] via the [[Internet]] in mid-November.<ref>Tim Berners Lee's own reference. The exact date is unknown.</ref><ref name="weavingtheweb">{{cite book | title = Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor | first = Tim | last = Berners-Lee | author2 = Mark Fischetti | location = Britain | publisher=Orion Business | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-7528-2090-3| title-link = Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1210-80
| last1 = Berners-Lee | first1 = T.
| title = Long Live the Web
| journal = [[Scientific American]]
| volume = 303
| issue = 6
| pages = 80–85
| year = 2010
| pmid = 21141362
| bibcode = 2010SciAm.303f..80B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1008-76
| last1 = Shadbolt | first1 = N.
| author-link1 = Nigel Shadbolt
| last2 = Berners-Lee | first2 = T.
| author-link2 = Tim Berners-Lee
| title = Web science emerges
| journal = Scientific American
| volume = 299
| issue = 4
| pages = 76–81
| year = 2008
| pmid = 18847088
| bibcode = 2008SciAm.299d..76S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Berners-Lee | first1 = T.
| author-link1 = Tim Berners-Lee
| last2 = Hall | first2 = W.
|author-link2 = Wendy Hall
| last3 = Hendler | first3 = J.
| author-link3 = James Hendler
| last4 = Shadbolt | first4 = N.
|author-link4 = Nigel Shadbolt
| last5 = Weitzner | first5 = D.
| author-link5 = Daniel Weitzner
| title = Computer Science: Enhanced: Creating a Science of the Web
| url = http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/262615/
| doi = 10.1126/science.1126902
| journal = Science
| volume = 313
| issue = 5788
| pages = 769–771
| year = 2006
| pmid = 16902115
| s2cid = 5104030
}}</ref>

Berners-Lee is the director of the [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web. He co-founded (with his then wife-to-be [[Rosemary Leith]]) the [[World Wide Web Foundation]]. He is a senior researcher and holder of the [[3Com]] founder's chair at the [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] (CSAIL).<ref>{{cite web|title=Draper Prize|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/draper-prize.html|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref> He is a director of the [[Web Science Research Initiative]] (WSRI)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webscience.org/about/people/ |access-date=17 January 2011|title=People|publisher=The Web Science Research Initiative |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080628052526/http://webscience.org/about/people/ |archive-date = 28 June 2008}}</ref> and a member of the advisory board of the [[MIT Center for Collective Intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cci.mit.edu |title=MIT Center for Collective Intelligence (homepage) |publisher=Cci.mit.edu |access-date=15 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html |title=MIT Center for Collective Intelligence (people) |publisher=Cci.mit.edu |access-date=15 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611041615/http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html |archive-date=11 June 2010 }}</ref> In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the [[Ford Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webfoundation.org/2011/09/sir-tim-berners-lee-ford-board/|title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee Named to the Ford Foundation Board|last=Bratt|first=Steve|date=29 September 2011|website=World Wide Foundation|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> He is a founder and president of the [[Open Data Institute]] and is currently an advisor at social network [[MeWe]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-tim-berners-lee-s-app-mewe-is-used-by-neo-nazis-and-perverts-svflhn32s|title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee's app MeWe is used by neo-Nazis and perverts|last1=Shukman|first1=Harry|date=8 January 2019|work=The Times|access-date=12 March 2019|last2=Bridge|first2=Mark|language=en|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] for his pioneering work.<ref name="tecb">{{cite news | title =Web's inventor gets a knighthood |work=BBC News
|date=31 December 2003
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3357073.stm
| access-date=10 November 2015 }}</ref><ref name="knighted">{{cite news
| title =Creator of the web turns knight
|work=BBC News
|date=16 July 2004
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3899723.stm
| access-date=10 November 2015 }}</ref>

He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He currently directs the W3 Consortium, developing tools and standards to further the Web's potential. In April 2009, he was elected as [[Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Timothy Berners-Lee Elected to National Academy of Sciences|url=http://www.ddj.com/217200450|publisher=Dr. Dobb's Journal|access-date=9 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|access-date=17 January 2011|date=28 April 2009|title=72 New Members Chosen By Academy|publisher=United States National Academy of Sciences|url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=04282009}}</ref>

He was named in ''Time'' magazine's list of the [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|100 Most Important People of the 20th century]] and has received a [[Awards and honours presented to Tim Berners-Lee|number of other accolades]] for his invention.<ref name="Time">{{cite news | title= Tim Berners Lee—Time 100 People of the Century |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990627,00.html
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071016213128/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990627,00.html
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= 16 October 2007
| work=Time Magazine |first=Joshua |last=Quittner | date=29 March 1999}}</ref> He was honoured as the "Inventor of the World Wide Web" during the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]] in which he appeared working with a vintage [[NeXT Computer]].<ref name="Friar" /> He tweeted "This is for everyone"<ref name="OlympicsTweet">{{cite web|author=Berners-Lee, Tim|title=This is for everyone| url=https://twitter.com/timberners_lee/status/228960085672599552 | publisher=Twitter|date=27 July 2012|access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> which appeared in LED lights attached to the chairs of the audience.<ref name="Friar">{{cite news |title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee stars in Olympics opening ceremony |first=Karen |last=Friar |url=http://www.zdnet.com/uk/sir-tim-berners-lee-stars-in-olympics-opening-ceremony-7000001744/ |newspaper=ZDNet |date=28 July 2012 |access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> He received the 2016 [[Turing Award]] "for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".<ref name=":0" />

==Early life and education==
Berners-Lee was born on 8 June 1955 in London, England,<ref name="W3Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Longer.html|title=Berners-Lee Longer Biography|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|access-date=18 January 2011}}</ref> the eldest of the four children of [[Mary Lee Woods]] and [[Conway Berners-Lee]]; his brother [[Mike Berners-Lee|Mike]] is a professor of ecology and climate change management. His parents were computer scientists who worked on the first commercially built computer, the [[Ferranti Mark 1]]. He attended Sheen Mount Primary School, and then went on to attend south-west London's [[Emanuel School]] from 1969 to 1973, at the time a [[direct grant grammar school]], which became an [[independent school]] in 1975.<ref name="whoswho">{{Who's Who | surname = Berners-Lee | othernames = Sir Timothy (John) | id = U12699 | author=Anon|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U12699|year = 2015 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="tecb" /> A keen [[trainspotter]] as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b022ff6c-f673-11e1-9fff-00144feabdc0.html#axzz25mg7CPq7|title=Lunch with the FT: Tim Berners-Lee|work=Financial Times|date=7 September 2012}}</ref> He studied at [[The Queen's College, Oxford]], from 1973 to 1976, where he received a [[British undergraduate degree classification#First-class honours|first-class]] [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in physics.<ref name="whoswho"/><ref name="W3Bio" /> While at university, Berners-Lee made a computer out of an old [[television set]], which he bought from a repair shop.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/he-caught-us-all-in-the-web/article24836867.ece|title=He caught us all in the Web!|date=1 September 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 September 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career and research==
[[File:Tim Berners-Lee.jpg|thumb|right|Berners-Lee, 2005]]
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company [[Plessey]] in [[Poole]], Dorset.<ref name="W3Bio" /> In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in [[Ferndown]], Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.<ref name="W3Bio" />

Berners-Lee worked as an [[independent contractor]] at [[CERN]] from June to December 1980. While in [[Geneva]], he proposed a project based on the concept of [[hypertext]], to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Berners-Lee's original proposal to CERN|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=March 1989|url=http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref> To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named [[ENQUIRE]].<ref name="linvinginternet">{{cite web|last=Stewart|first=Bill|title=Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, and the World Wide Web|url=http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_lee.htm|access-date=22 July 2010}}</ref>

After leaving CERN in late 1980, he went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems, Ltd, in Bournemouth, Dorset.<ref name="faq">{{cite web|title=Frequently asked questions|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|access-date=22 July 2010|first=Tim |last=Berners-Lee}}</ref> He ran the company's technical side for three years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Grossman|first=Wendy|title=All you never knew about the Net ...|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 July 1996}}</ref> The project he worked on was a "[[real-time computing|real-time]] [[remote procedure call]]" which gave him experience in [[computer network]]ing.<ref name="faq" /> In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.<ref name="linvinginternet" />

In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
{{blockquote|I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] and [[Domain Name System|DNS]] ideas and—ta-da!—the World Wide Web.|author=Tim Berners-Lee<ref>{{cite web|first=Tim |last=Berners-Lee|title=Answers for Young People|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Kids.html|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|Creating the web was really an act of desperation, because the situation without it was very difficult when I was working at CERN later. Most of the technology involved in the web, like the hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects, had all been designed already. I just had to put them together. It was a step of generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction, thinking about all the documentation systems out there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary documentation system.|author=Tim Berners-Lee<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-timothy-berners-lee/#interview |date=22 June 2007 |title=Visionary of the Internet |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]}}</ref>}}

[[File:First Web Server.jpg|thumb|This [[NeXT Computer]] was used by Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first web server]]
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It then was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals "vague, but exciting".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software|url=http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Story/WelcomeStory.html|publisher=CERN|access-date=21 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116205636/http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Story/WelcomeStory.html|archivedate=2010-11-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> He used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which he designed and built the first [[web browser]]. His software also functioned as an editor (called [[WorldWideWeb]], running on the [[NeXTSTEP]] operating system), and the first Web server, [[CERN HTTPd]] (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol [[Daemon (computer software)|daemon]]).

Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on 20 December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network. The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to info.cern.ch, the website of the world's first-ever web server|publisher=CERN|url=http://info.cern.ch/|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Wide Web—Archive of world's first website|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|url=http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Wide Web—First mentioned on USENET|date=6 August 1991|url=http://groups.google.co.uk/group/alt.hypertext/msg/06dad279804cb3ba?dmode=source&hl=en|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The original post to alt.hypertalk describing the WorldWideWeb Project|work=[[Google Groups]]|date=9 August 1991|url =http://groups.google.com/group/comp.archives/browse_thread/thread/9fb079523583d42/37bb6783d03a3b0d?lnk=st&q=&rnum=2&hl=en#37bb6783d03a3b0d|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on [[Usenet]], a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/blog/2016/08/25-years-ago-the-world-changed-forever |title=25 Years ago the world changed forever |first=Amy |last=Van der Hiel |date=4 August 2016 |website=[[W3C]] |accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref>

In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating, "The fastest growing communications medium of all time, the Internet has changed the shape of modern life forever. We can connect with each other instantly, all over the world."<ref>{{cite web |title= 80 moments that shaped the world |url= https://www.britishcouncil.org/80moments/?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C5655166218 |publisher= [[British Council]] |access-date= 13 May 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160630220524/https://www.britishcouncil.org/80moments/?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C5655166218 |archive-date= 30 June 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Patent Policy—5 February 2004|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=5 February 2004|url=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref>

Berners-Lee participated in Curl Corp's attempt to develop and promote the [[Curl (programming language)|Curl programming language]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/29/business/web-inventor-tim-berners-lee-wants-personal-empowerment-users-through-his-data-startup/| title = Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee wants 'personal empowerment' for users, through his data startup | website= The Boston Globe | date=29 December 2020}}</ref>

In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in [[Colehill]] in [[Wimborne Minster|Wimborne]], [[East Dorset]].<ref>Klooster, John W., (2009), [https://books.google.com/books?id=WKuG-VIwID8C&pg=PA611&dq=tim+berners+lee++-+east+dorset+heritage+trust&hl=en&ei=0cE9TtyhIcyo8QPQx_zgDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=tim%20berners%20lee%20%20-%20east%20dorset%20heritage%20trust&f=false ''Icons of Invention: the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates''], ABC-CLIO, p. 611.</ref> In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, [[University of Southampton]], Hampshire, to work on the [[Semantic Web]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Berners-Lee | first1 = T. | author-link1 = Tim Berners-Lee| last2 = Hendler | first2 = J. | author-link2 = James Hendler| last3 = Lassila | first3 = O. | author-link3 = Ora Lassila| doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34 | title = The Semantic Web | journal = Scientific American | volume = 2841| issue = 5 | pages = 34 | year = 2001 | bibcode = 2001SciAm.284e..34B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Tim Berners-Lee, World Wide Web inventor, to join ECS| publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date= 2 December 2004| url = http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/news/658| access-date=25 May 2008 }}</ref>

In a ''[[The Times|Times]]'' article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that [[URI scheme#Generic syntax|the initial pair of slashes]] ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. "There you go, it seemed like a good idea at the time," he said in his lighthearted apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8306631.stm|title=Berners-Lee 'sorry' for slashes|publisher=BBC |date= 14 October 2009|access-date=14 October 2009}}</ref>

===Policy work===
[[File:timbernerslee.jpg|thumb|right|Tim Berners-Lee at the [[Home Office]], London, on 11 March 2010]]
In June 2009, then-British prime minister [[Gordon Brown]] announced that Berners-Lee would work with the [[UK government]] to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.<ref>{{cite web| title = Tim Berners-Lee| publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date= 10 June 2009| url = http://www.w3.org/News/2009#item98| access-date=10 July 2009 }}</ref> Berners-Lee and Professor [[Nigel Shadbolt]] are the two key figures behind [[data.gov.uk]], a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free reuse. Commenting on the opening up of [[Ordnance Survey]] data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said: "The changes signal a wider cultural change in government based on an assumption that information should be in the public domain unless there is a good reason not to—not the other way around." He went on to say: "Greater openness, accountability and transparency in Government will give people greater choice and make it easier for individuals to get more directly involved in issues that matter to them."<ref>{{cite news| title = Ordnance Survey offers free data access |work=BBC News |date= 1 April 2010| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8597779.stm| access-date=3 April 2009 }}</ref>
[[File:Berners-Lee announcing W3F.jpg|thumb|right|Berners-Lee speaking at the launch of the [[World Wide Web Foundation]]]]
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the [[World Wide Web Foundation]] (WWWF) in order to campaign to "advance the Web to empower humanity by launching transformative programs that build local capacity to leverage the Web as a medium for positive change".<ref>[http://www.webfoundation.org/about/faq/ FAQ—World Wide Web Foundation]. Retrieved 18 January 2011.</ref>

Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of [[net neutrality]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7613201.stm|title=Web creator rejects net tracking|publisher=BBC |date= 15 September 2008|access-date=15 September 2008|quote=Warning sounded on web's future.|first=Pallab|last=Ghosh}}</ref> and has expressed the view that [[ISP]]s should supply "connectivity with no strings attached", and should neither control nor monitor the browsing activities of customers without their expressed consent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7299875.stm|title=Web creator rejects net tracking|publisher=BBC |date= March 2008|access-date=25 May 2008|quote=Sir Tim rejects net tracking like Phorm.|first=Rory|last=Cellan-Jones}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1581938/Web-inventor%27s-warning-on-spy-software.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522025521/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1581938/Web-inventor%27s-warning-on-spy-software.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2008|title=Web inventor's warning on spy software|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date= March 2008|access-date=25 May 2008|quote=Sir Tim rejects net tracking like Phorm.
| first=Stephen|last=Adams}}</ref> He advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right: "Threats to the Internet, such as companies or governments that interfere with or snoop on Internet traffic, compromise basic human network rights."<ref>{{cite web|last=Berners |first=Tim |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=long-live-the-web |title=Long Live the Web: A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality|date= December 2010 |work=Scientific American |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> Berners-Lee participated in an open letter to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC). He and 20 other Internet pioneers urged the FCC to cancel a vote on 14 December 2017 to uphold net neutrality. The letter was addressed to Senator Roger Wicker, Senator Brian Schatz, Representative Marsha Blackburn and Representative Michael F. Doyle.<ref>[https://venturebeat.com/2017/12/11/vint-cerf-tim-berners-lee-and-19-other-technologists-pen-letter-asking-fcc-to-save-net-neutrality/ "Vint Cerf, Tim Berners-Lee, and 19 other technologists pen letter asking FCC to save net neutrality"]. VB News. Retrieved 14 December 2017</ref>
[[File:This is for Everyone.jpg|thumb|right|Berners-Lee's tweet, "This is for everyone",<ref name="OlympicsTweet" /> at the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony#Frankie and June say...thanks Tim (21:52–22:09)|2012 Summer Olympic Games]] in London]]
Berners-Lee joined the board of advisors of start-up [[State (website)|State.com]], based in London.<ref name="state">{{cite web
|title = State.com/about/people
|url = https://state.com/about/people
|access-date = 9 September 2013
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192300/https://state.com/about/people
|archive-date = 3 March 2016
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> As of May 2012, he is president of the [[Open Data Institute]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/government-computing-network/2012/may/23/open-data-institute-plans-published-cabinet-office?newsfeed=true |work=[[The Guardian]] | first=Government | last=Computing | title=Government commits £10m to Open Data Institute | date=23 May 2012}}</ref> which he co-founded with [[Nigel Shadbolt]] in 2012.

The [[Alliance for Affordable Internet]] (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes [[Google]], [[Facebook]], [[Intel]] and [[Microsoft]]. The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee will work with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the [[Broadband Commission for Digital Development|UN Broadband Commission]]'s worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/07/google-berners-lee-alliance-broadband-africa?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2&et_cid=51918&et_rid=7107573&Linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.theguardian.com%2ftechnology%2f2013%2foct%2f07%2fgoogle-berners-lee-alliance-broadband-africa|access-date=8 October 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 October 2013|first=Samuel |last=Gibbs}}</ref>

Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading [[Solid (web decentralization project)|Solid]], a joint project with the [[Qatar Computing Research Institute]] that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.<ref>Weinberger, David, [http://www.digitaltrends.com/web/ways-to-decentralize-the-web/ "How the father of the World Wide Web plans to reclaim it from Facebook and Google"]. ''Digital Trends'', 10 August 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.</ref> In October 2016, he joined the [[Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford|Department of Computer Science]] at [[Oxford University]] as a professorial research fellow<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2016-10-27-sir-tim-berners-lee-joins-oxfords-department-computer-science# |title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee joins Oxford's Department of Computer Science |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] | location=UK | date=27 October 2016 }}</ref> and as a [[Fellow (college)|fellow]] of [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]], one of the Oxford colleges.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/news/research-and-academia/TBLpress-release | title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee joins Oxford's Department of Computer Science and Christ Church | date=27 October 2016 | publisher=[[Christ Church, Oxford]] | location=UK | access-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref>
[[File:At the Science Museum for the Web@30 event, March 2019 23.jpg|thumb|Tim Berners-Lee at the Science Museum for the Web@30 event, March 2019]]
From the mid 2010s Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging [[Encrypted Media Extensions]] (EME) proposal for with its controversial [[Digital Rights Management]] (DRM) implications.<ref name="TheReg-20170306">{{cite news|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/03/06/berners_lee_web_drm_w3c/|title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee refuses to be King Canute, approves DRM as Web standard|website=The Register|publisher=Situation Publishing|date=6 March 2017|first=Kieren|last=McCarthy|access-date=30 May 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005001244/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/03/06/berners_lee_web_drm_w3c/|archive-date=5 October 2018}}</ref> In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal.<ref name="TheReg-20170306"/> He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable.<ref name="TheReg-20170306"/> As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.<ref name="SDtimes20190707">{{cite magazine|title=DRM concerns arise as W3C's Tim Berners-Lee approves the EME specification |url=https://sdtimes.com/digital-restrictions-management/drm-concerns-arise-as-w3cs-tim-berners-lee-approves-the-eme-specification/ |magazine=SD Times |access-date=12 March 2019|date=7 July 2017|first=Christina|last=Cardoza|publisher=BZ Media LLC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530183218/https://sdtimes.com/digital-restrictions-management/drm-concerns-arise-as-w3cs-tim-berners-lee-approves-the-eme-specification/|archive-date=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="TheReg-20170306"/> His stance was opposed by some including [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign [[Defective by Design]] and the [[Free Software Foundation]].<ref name="SDtimes20190707"/> Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests and risks of users being forced to use a particular [[web browser]] to view specific DRM content.<ref name="TheReg-20170306"/> The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.<ref name="TheReg-20170918">{{cite news|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/09/18/w3c_approves_eme/|title=DRM now a formal Web recommendation after protest vote fails|website=The Register|publisher=Situation Publishing|date=18 September 2017|first=Kieren|last=McCarthy|access-date=30 May 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227064708/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/09/18/w3c_approves_eme/|archive-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>

On 30 September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new [[Open-source model|open-source]] startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the [[Solid (web decentralization project)|Solid]] project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/09/30/tim-berners-lee-solid-data-control/|title=Tim Berners-Lee project gives you more control over web data|work=Engadget|access-date=30 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90243936/exclusive-tim-berners-lee-tells-us-his-radical-new-plan-to-upend-the-world-wide-web|title=Exclusive: Tim Berners-Lee tells us his radical new plan to upend the World Wide Web=Fast Company|access-date=29 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2019 at the [[Internet Governance Forum]] in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched ''[[Contract for the Web]]'', a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that "if we don't act now{{snd}}and act together{{snd}}to prevent the web being misused by those who want to exploit, divide and undermine, we are at risk of squandering [its potential for good]".<ref name="CNA20191125">{{Cite news|last=CNA Staff|date=25 November 2019|title=Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee launches plan to stop Internet abuse|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/web-inventor-tim-berners-lee-launches-plan-stop-internet-abuse-12123526|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125193812/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/web-inventor-tim-berners-lee-launches-plan-stop-internet-abuse-12123526|archive-date=25 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Awards and honours===
{{main|List of awards and honours received by Tim Berners-Lee}}
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=right|quote="He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."|source=—Tim Berners-Lee's entry in ''Time'' magazine's list of the [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|100 Most Important People of the 20th century]], March 1999.<ref name="Time"/>}}

Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|knighted]] by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in the [[2004 New Year Honours]] "for services to the global development of the Internet", and was invested formally on 16 July 2004.<ref name="tecb" /><ref name="knighted" />

On 13 June 2007, he was appointed to the [[Order of Merit]] (OM), an order restricted to 24 (living) members.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=25 May 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6750395.stm|title=Web inventor gets Queen's honour|publisher=BBC |date=13 June 2007}}</ref> Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Queen and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.

He was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2001|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001]].<ref name=frs>{{cite web|title=Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660–2015|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185820/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also elected as a member into the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 2004<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Tim+Berners-Lee&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=14 June 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Engineering]] in 2007.

He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including [[University of Manchester|Manchester]] (his parents worked on the [[Manchester Mark 1]] in the 1940s), [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Yale University|Yale]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Scientific pioneers honoured by The University of Manchester |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=4216 |work=manchester.ac.uk |date=2 December 2008 |access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://news.yale.edu/2014/05/19/yale-awards-12-honorary-degrees-2014-graduation "Yale awards 12 honorary degrees at 2014 graduation"]. ''Yale News'', 19 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2016.</ref><ref>[http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/05/harvard-to-award-nine-honorary-degrees/#berners-lee "Harvard awards 9 honorary degrees"], ''Harvard Gazette'', 26 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2016.</ref>

In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British cultural icons]] selected by artist [[Peter Blake (artist)|Sir Peter Blake]] to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th birthday.<ref>{{cite news|title=New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday|first=Caroline |last=Davies|url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter-blake-sgt-pepper-cover-revisited|work=The Guardian|date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sir Peter Blake's new Beatles' Sgt Pepper's album cover|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17583026|work=BBC|date=2 April 2012|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural [[Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://webfoundation.org/2013/03/sir-tim-berners-lee-receives-inaugural-queen-elizabeth-prize-for-engineering/|title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee Receives Inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering, 2013|date=18 March 2013|publisher=Web foundation.org}}</ref> On 4 April 2017, he received the 2016 ACM [[Turing Award]] "for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/berners-lee_8087960.cfm|title=A. M. Turing Award|date=2016|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Berners-Lee has said "I like to keep work and personal life separate."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frequently asked questions by the Press – Tim BL|url=https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html#tell|access-date=10 September 2020|website=www.w3.org}}</ref>

Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nancy Carlson Is Wed to Timothy Berners-Lee |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/15/style/nancy-carlson-is-wed-to-timothy-berners-lee.html |access-date=22 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> They had two children and divorced in 2011. In 2014, he married [[Rosemary Leith]] at the [[Chapel Royal]], [[St. James's Palace]] in London.<ref>[http://webfoundation.org/tim-berners-lee-married-rosemary-leith/ "Ms Rosemary Leith and Sir Tim Berners-Lee are delighted to announce that they celebrated their marriage on 20 June 2014...."] World Wide Web Foundation.</ref> Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur and a founding director of Berners-Lee's [[World Wide Web Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rosemary Leith |url=https://webfoundation.org/about/board/rosemary-leith/ |website=World Wide Web Foundation |access-date=23 June 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref> The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.<ref>{{cite news |title=VC firm Glasswing names Jibo, John Hancock execs to advisory board |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2018/05/08/vc-firm-glasswing-names-jibo-john-hancock-execs-to.html |access-date=22 June 2018 |work=www.bizjournals.com |date=8 May 2018}}</ref>

Berners-Lee was raised as an [[Anglican]], but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a [[Unitarian Universalist]] (UU).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3142618.stm|title=Faces of the week|date=26 September 2003|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> When asked whether he believes in God, he stated: "Not in the sense of most people, I'm atheist and Unitarian Universalist."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mathias-dopfner-tim-berners-lee-world-wide-web-interview-2017-5|title=The inventor of the web Tim Berners-Lee on the future of the internet, 'fake news,' and why net neutrality is so important|last=Döpfner|first=Mathias|website=Business Insider|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref>

The [[World Wide Web|web]]’s [[source code]] was auctioned by [[Sotheby’s]] in [[London]] during 23–30 June 2021, as a [[non-fungible token]] (NFT) by TimBL.<ref name="G20210615">{{cite news |title=NFT representing Tim Berners-Lee's source code for the web to go on sale |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jun/15/nft-representing-tim-berners-lee-source-code-world-wide-web-sale-auction |access-date=15 June 2021 |agency=theguardian.com |publisher=theguardian.com |date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This Changed Everything: Source Code for WWW x Tim Berners-Lee, an NFT |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/this-changed-everything-source-code-for-www-x-tim-berners-lee-an-nft/source-code-for-the-www |website=sothebys.com |publisher=sothebys.com |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="CNBC20210615">{{cite news |title=The web's source code is being auctioned as an NFT by inventor Tim Berners-Lee |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/15/web-nft-source-code-is-being-auctioned-by-inventor-tim-berners-lee.html |access-date=15 June 2021 |agency=cnbc.com |publisher=cnbc.com |date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Selling for USD $5,434,500,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawler |first1=Richard |title=Sir Tim Berners-Lee's web source code NFT sells for $5.4 million |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/30/22557765/www-nft-tim-berners-lee-sothebys-source-code |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=The Verge |publisher=VOX Media |date=30 June 2021}}</ref> it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and his wife, [[Rosemary Leith]].<ref name="CNBC20210615"/><ref name="G20210615"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Tim Berners-Lee's'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20171109232547/http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Publications.html publications]
* ''Tim Berners-Lee and the Development of the World Wide Web (Unlocking the Secrets of Science)'' (Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2001), {{ISBN|1-58415-096-3}}
* ''Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of the World Wide Web (Ferguson's Career Biographies)'', Melissa Stewart (Ferguson Publishing Company, 2001), {{ISBN|0-89434-367-X}} children's biography
* ''How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web'', Robert Cailliau, James Gillies, R. Cailliau (Oxford University Press, 2000), {{ISBN|0-19-286207-3}}
* ''Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor'', Tim Berners-Lee, Mark Fischetti (Paw Prints, 2008)
* [http://computemagazine.com/man-who-invented-world-wide-web-gives-new-definition/ "Man Who Invented the World Wide Web Gives it New Definition"], ''Compute Magazine'', 11 February 2011
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4132752.stm BBC2 Newsnight – Transcript of video interview of Berners-Lee on the read/write Web] 
* [http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/13784/ ''Technology Review'' interview]
* {{cite magazine |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/the-man-who-created-the-world-wide-web-has-some-regrets |date=August 2018 |title="I Was Devastated": Tim Berners-Lee, the Man Who Created the World Wide Web, Has Some Regrets |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |first=Katrina |last=Brooker}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{TED speaker}}
* {{IMDb name|3805083}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-no99-10609}}
* [http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/ Tim Berners-Lee] on the W3C site
* [https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Publications.html List of Tim Berners-Lee publications] on W3C site
* [http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html First World Wide Web page]
* [http://videolectures.net/iswc06_lee_itbl/ Interview with Tim Berners Lee]
* {{youtube|OM6XIICm_qo|Tim Berners-Lee: "The next Web of open, linked data" – presented his Semantic Web ideas about Linked Data (2009), Ted Talks.}}
* {{C-SPAN|Tim Berners Lee}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|Technology|Systems science|University of Oxford|Free and open-source software}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before = First recipient}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Millennium Technology Prize]] winner|years = 2004 (for the [[World Wide Web]])}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Shuji Nakamura]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Telecommunications}}
{{Charles Stark Draper Prize}}
{{Internet Hall of Fame}}
{{FRS 2001}}
{{Turing Award laureates}}
{{Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Berners-Lee, Tim}}
[[Category:Tim Berners-Lee| ]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Barnes, London]]
[[Category:People educated at Emanuel School]]
[[Category:Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Southampton]]
[[Category:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford]]
[[Category:People associated with CERN]]
[[Category:English computer scientists]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:English inventors]]
[[Category:English Unitarians]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Computer Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of The Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Hypertext Transfer Protocol]]
[[Category:Internet pioneers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Turing Award laureates]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Royal Medal winners]]
[[Category:Semantic Web people]]
[[Category:UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Unitarian Universalists]]
[[Category:Former Anglicans]]
[[Category:Webby Award winners]]
[[Category:World Wide Web Consortium]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts]]
[[Category:English atheists]]
[[Category:MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory people]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the British Academy]]

Conforama

2020-02-09T13:10:30Z

Teflon: /* History and ownership */

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name =
| logo = Conforama logo.svg
| logo_caption = Conforama's current logo since 2012
| image = Conforama de Torcy.JPG
| image_size = 270px
| image_caption = Exterior of a Conforama store taken in 2012
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| ISIN = NL0011375019
| industry = [[Retail]]
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|1967|12|12}} (in [[Saint-Priest, Rhône]])
| founder = Pierre and Guy Sordoillet; Jean Moll and Jacques Ragageot
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = [[Lognes]], [[Seine-et-Marne]]
| hq_location_country = France
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Marc Ténart ([[Chairman]]) Christophe Guégan ([[Chief operating officer|COO]])
| products = {{hlist|Electronics|Home and furniture|Home improvement|Photo finishing|Craft supplies|Party supplies}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|2.570 billion}} (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=chiffre d'affaires et résultats |url=https://www.infogreffe.fr/entreprise-societe/414819409-conforama-france-770199B00248.html |website=www.infogreffe.fr |date= |accessdate=2019-09-09 }}</ref>
| owner = [[Steinhoff International]] (100%)
| num_employees = 13.500, Worldwide (2018) 9.000, France (2018)
| parent =
| website = {{url|conforama.fr}}
}}

'''Conforama''' is Europe's second largest [[home furnishings]] retail chain with over 200 stores in France, Spain, Switzerland, Portugal, Luxembourg, Italy and Croatia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deng|first=Boer|date=26 August 2015|title=Papers with shorter titles get more citations|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18246|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>

== History and ownership ==
In the early 1960s, Pierre and Guy Sordoillet, Jean Moll and Jacques Ragageot, supported by furniture dealers in the north and a Bordeaux manufacturer, Charles Minvielle, created a "[[Carrefour]] of furniture" by testing a discount formula in the dependencies an old farm in the suburbs of Lyon. In 1967, a first Conforama was opened in [[Saint-Priest, Rhône]] in a 2,500-square-metre industrial building.

In 1976, Conforama was acquired by Agache-Willot.

In 1981, the financial holding company experienced serious legal difficulties, and in 1991, Conforama was acquired by [[Pinault SA]]. Conforama sets up its first commercial website in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Toutes les actus des magasins Conforama sur le site lsa-conso.fr|url=https://www.lsa-conso.fr/conforama/|website=lsa-conso.fr|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>

In March 2011, Conforama was sold by [[Kering]] (formerly Pinault Printemps Redoute) to [[Steinhoff International]], for a consideration of €1.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.strategies.fr/afp/20110318181429/ppr-finalise-la-cession-de-conforama-au-sud-africain-steinhoff.html|title=PPR finalise la cession de Conforama au sud africain Steinhoff|website=Stratégies}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Qui est Steinhoff, le discret propriétaire de Conforama?|language=fr|url=http://bfmbusiness.bfmtv.com/entreprise/qui-est-steinhoff-le-discret-proprietaire-de-conforama-962181.html|last=Godart|first=Nina|date=26 March 2016|access-date=18 December 2017|work=BFM Business}}</ref>

[[File:Wallisellen - Conforama 2012-04-26 17-02-08 (P7000) ShiftN.jpg|thumb|left|A Conforama store in [[Wallisellen]], Switzerland in April 2012]]

In March 2016, Darty announced it had agreed to be purchased by Steinhoff for £673 million, through Conforama subsidiary.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Darty accepte le mariage avec Conforama et délaisse la Fnac|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/societes/2016/03/18/20005-20160318ARTFIG00274-darty-accepte-le-mariage-avec-conforama-et-delaisse-la-fnac.php/|language=fr|website=Le Figaro|accessdate=2016-03-20|date=18 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Steinhoff drops Home Retail bid; buys Darty|url=http://www.ft.com/fastft/2016/03/18/steinhoff-abandons-pursuit-of-home-retail/|accessdate=18 March 2016|work=Financial Times|date=18 March 2016}}</ref> [[Fnac]] returned with a higher offer, resulting in a bidding war between Fnac and Conforama during April 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thomson|first1=Adam|last2=Massoudi|first2=Arash|title=Fnac and Conforama trade rapid fire bids for France's Darty|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/026d09b2-078b-11e6-a70d-4e39ac32c284.html#axzz46afqMj6V|accessdate=22 April 2016|work=Financial Times|date=21 April 2016}}</ref> On 26 April, Conforama announced that it has dropped out in the battle for Darty.<ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Fnac-Darty: Alexandre Nodale, PDG de Conforama, garde le sourire |url=https://www.challenges.fr/challenges-soir/20160427.CHA8420/fnac-darty-alexandre-nodale-pdg-de-conforama-garde-le-sourire.html|website=Challenges|accessdate=2016-05-16}}</ref> The Fnac offer was declared unconditional on 19 July 2016, thereby allowing the takeover to be completed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/news/AN_1468928388539360300/groupe-fnac-offer-for-darty-declared-unconditional-.aspx|title=Groupe Fnac Offer For Darty Declared Unconditional|publisher=Morning Star|date=19 July 2016|accessdate=25 July 2016}}</ref> In September 2016, it was reported that Conforama and [[Casino (supermarket)|Casino]] had forged a supply purchase co-operation agreement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/casino-conforama-alliance/retailers-casino-and-conforama-create-french-purchasing-alliance-idUSL8N1BV116|title=Retailers Casino and Conforama create French purchasing alliance|date=19 September 2016|agency=Reuters|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>

In April 2017, Conforama signed title sponsorship with France's [[Ligue 1]]. The deal, reportedly worth €10 million a season, started with the 2017–18 season and will run through to the end of 2019–20. [[Ligue de Football Professionnel|LFP]]’s top league will be now known as Ligue 1 Conforama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Conforama signs €10m title sponsorship with France's Ligue 1 |website=InsideWorldFootball |date=21 April 2017 |url=http://www.insideworldfootball.com/2017/04/21/conforama-sign-e10m-title-sponsorship-frances-ligue-1/|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> and in May 2017, Conforama announced that it would take a 17% stake in the French number two in online clearance retail site Showroomprivé.fr in the amount of €157.4 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.challenges.fr/entreprise/grande-conso/conforama-prend-17-du-capital-de-showroomprive_473022|title=Conforama prend 17% du capital de Showroomprivé|website=Challenges}}</ref> On 11 January 2018 this stale was urgently sold off on the orders of Steinhoff, which was suffering from its own accounting scandal. The proceeds of this sale to Carrefour amounted to €79m, a loss of 50 %.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/2018/01/showroomprive-bondit-en-bourse-apres-lentree-de-carrefour-981689 | title=Showroomprive bondit en Bourse après l'entrée de Carrefour| date=11 January 2018}}</ref>

Although the group had a net turnover of €3.4 billion euros in 2018, in France has accumulated losses since 2013 of close to €500 million ($564 million), according to its parent. To that end, and to address the challenges in the retail sector, the company announced the departure of Frank Deshayes, General Manager France, on 9 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lsa-conso.fr/conforama-les-syndicats-de-plus-en-plus-inquiets-apres-le-depart-du-directeur-general,324456|title=Conforama : les syndicats de plus en plus inquiets après le départ du directeur général|website=lsa-conso.fr}}</ref> A major restructuring plan for 2020 that was announced in July 2019 involved the closure of 32 stores – including the chain's flagship store in Pont Neuf – and the loss of 1,900 jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lsa-conso.fr/conforama-confirme-la-fermeture-de-42-magasins-et-la-suppression-de-1900-emplois,324596|title=Conforama confirme 42 fermetures et 1900 postes supprimés|website=lsa-conso.fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2019/07/05/conf-j05.html|title=Furniture retailer Conforama announces 1,900 job cuts in France in 2020|first=Anthony|last=Torres|website=World Socialist Web Site}}</ref>

In late September 2019, Conforama named Marc Ténart as the new General Manager of the group.<ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=L'ex-patron de Castorama nommé à la tête de Conforama|url=https://bfmbusiness.bfmtv.com/entreprise/l-ex-patron-de-castorama-nomme-a-la-tete-de-conforama-1774205.html|website=BFM Business|accessdate=2019-09-25}}</ref>. Marc Ténart had formerly headed [[Kingfisher plc|Kingfisher]], the holding company of [[Castorama]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conforama: Marc Ténart nommé PDG pour mener à bien la restructuration du groupe|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/economie/conforama-marc-tenart-nomme-pdg-pour-mener-a-bien-la-restructuration-du-groupe-20190924|website=FIGARO|date=2019-09-24|accessdate=2019-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Marc Ténart, ex Kingfisher, devient pdg de Conforama|url=https://www.lsa-conso.fr/marc-tenart-devient-pdg-de-conforama,328721|website=lsa-conso.fr|accessdate=2019-09-25}}</ref>.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Retail companies established in 1967]]
[[Category:Retail companies of France]]
[[Category:Furniture retailers]]
[[Category:2011 mergers and acquisitions]]

{{retail-company-stub}}

CargoLogicAir

2020-01-26T05:32:00Z

Teflon: /* History */grammar

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Airline
| logo=CargoLogicAir logo.png
| logo_size= 300
| IATA=P3
| ICAO=CLU
| callsign=FIREBIRD
| parent=Privately owned
| founded=3 March 2015
| headquarters=[[London Heathrow Airport]], [[UK]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargologicair.com/|title=CargoLogicAir, The Great British Cargo Airline}}</ref>
| hubs=
| focus_cities=
| frequent_flyer=
| lounge=
| alliance=
| fleet_size=2
| key_people = {{nowrap|David Kerr, [[CEO]]}}{{nowrap| Stephen Harvey, [[Chief commercial officer|CCO]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargologicair.com/contact/|title=Contact CargoLogicAir }}</ref>
|website = {{url|http://www.cargologicair.com}}
}}
'''CargoLogicAir, Ltd. (CLA)''' is a British [[cargo airline]] with its headquarters in the [[London Heathrow Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargologicair.com/|title=CargoLogicAir}}</ref> After [[Global Supply Systems]]' contract with [[British Airways World Cargo]] was terminated in January 2014, CLA effectively became the only British all-cargo airline and absorbed some of the [[Global Supply Systems]] staff. It received its [[Air Operator's Certificate]] (AOC) from the [[UK Civil Aviation Authority]] in December 2015 and commenced operations soon after. As an independent, privately owned airline, the fleet is overseen by its own management and executive teams.The company is currently pursuing interline agreements with other airlines to increase the services and destinations available to its customers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargologicair.com/our-services/|title=CargoLogicAir: Our Services}}</ref> The airline's fleet of four [[Boeing]] aircraft operates scheduled and chartered services on routes between the UK, Asia, Africa and Americas. CLA is on track to increase its fleet to five aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargologicair.com/news/british-cargo-airline-cargologicair-takes-delivery-third-boeing-747-freighter/|title=CargoLogicAir Takes Deliver of Third Boeing 747 Freighter}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:G-CLAA (35222376085).jpg|thumb|G-CLAA, Cargologic's first airplane]]
The airline was established on 3 March 2015 and received its first aircraft, a [[Boeing 747-400F]] from [[Aircastle]] in October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargologicair.com/news/cargologicair-unveils-first-boeing-747-400-freighter/|title=CargoLogicAir unveils first Boeing 747-400 freighter}}</ref> Chapman Freeborn Italia became CLA's first charter service customer after contracting them out in February 2016 to deliver 113 tonnes of automotive parts to [[Bari, Italy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aircargoweek.com/cargologicair-operates-charters/|title=CargoLogicAir Operates Charters}}</ref> CLA initiated its first scheduled services with [[AirBridgeCargo]] Airlines (ABC) through an aircraft, crew, maintenance and insurance (ACMI) [[wet lease]]. The service flew from the [[United Kingdom]] to [[Africa]] twice per week, beginning 14 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aircargoweek.com/airbridgecargo-starts-african-services/|title=AirBridgeCargo Starts African Services}}</ref> This route is no longer operated by CLA.<ref>{{citation|url=http://aircargoworld.com/airbridgecargo-pivots-away-from-africa-citing-market-weakness/|title=AirBridgeCargo Pivots Away From Africa}}</ref>

CLA took hold of its second aircraft and first [[Boeing 747-8F]] at the 2016 [[Farnborough Airshow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargologicair.com/news/new-british-cargo-airline-cargologicair-takes-delivery-of-its-first-boeing-747-8-freighter/|title=CargoLogicAir Takes Delivery of Boeing 747-8 Freighter}}</ref> With advanced temperature controlled zones, this aircraft was used to transport over 100 tonnes of fresh flowers from [[Bogotá]], Colombia to [[London Stansted Airport]] for [[Mother's Day]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargologicair.com/news/cargologicair-says-it-with-flowers-for-mothers-day-in-the-uk/|title=CargoLogicAir Says it With Flowers}}</ref> Within 18 months of starting operations the airline received its second [[Boeing 747-400F]] from [[AerCap]] in April 2017. Becoming the third in the fleet, this aircraft supports the increasing demand for charter services by its ACMI [[wet lease]] with [[AirBridgeCargo]]. This acquisition puts CLA on track for reaching its goal of having a fleet of five aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aircargoweek.com/cargologicair-welcomes-747-fleet-18-months/|title=CargoLogicAir Welcomes Third 747}}</ref>

==Destinations==
The airline launched its first scheduled operation on 19 August 2017 with twice-weekly services from London Stansted Airport to [[Mexico City]] via [[Atlanta]].
CargoLogicAir now operates flights from Houston to Prestwick then on to Frankfurt, along with routes to and from Doncaster Sheffield Airport. <ref>{{cite journal|title=CargoLogicAir|journal=Airliner World|issue=October 2017|page=7}}</ref>

==Fleet==
[[File:CargoLogicAir, G-CLAB, Boeing 747-83Q F (30267480935).jpg|thumb|CargoLogicAir Boeing 747-8F]]
The CargoLogicAir fleet comprises the following aircraft (as of October 2018):<ref>[https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Cargologicair Cargologicair Fleet Details and History]</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0.5em auto;"
|+ CargoLogicAir Fleet
|-
!Aircraft
!In Service
!Registration
!Delivered
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400FSCD]]
|1
|G-CLAA
|October 2015
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400ERF]]
|2
|G-CLBA G-CLAE
|April 2017 October 2018
|-
|[[Boeing 747-8F]]
|1
|G-CLAB
|July 2016
|-
!Total
!4
!
!
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Navboxes
| list =
{{IATA members|europe}}
{{Airlines of the United Kingdom}}
}}

[[Category:Companies based in Essex]]
[[Category:Cargo airlines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Airlines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2015]]

HS postcode area

2019-12-17T10:30:51Z

Teflon: Fixed typo

{{short description|Postcode area within the United Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox UK postcode area|area_code=HS}}
The '''HS postcode area''', also known as the '''Outer Hebrides postcode area''',<ref>Royal Mail, ''Address Management Guide'', (2004)</ref> is a group of postcode districts, HS1 to HS9, from north to south covering [[Stornoway, Outer Hebrides|Stornoway]], [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]], [[Harris, Outer Hebrides|Harris]], [[Scalpay, Outer Hebrides|Scalpay]], [[North Uist]], [[Benbecula]], [[South Uist]] and [[Barra]] in [[Scotland]]. All of these are treated as post towns using their full name (most, preceded by Isle of) and in one case, Isle of Harris, covering two postcode districts.

Post is transported daily between the mainland and Stornoway by motorised vessel in all but extreme storm conditions.

==Coverage==
The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:

{{postcode area table start}}
|-
! HS1
| STORNOWAY
| [[Stornoway]] (immediate area), [[Plasterfield]]
| rowspan=9|[[Comhairle nan Eilean Siar]]
|-
! HS2
| ISLE OF LEWIS
| ''Settlements in Lewis outside the Stornoway area including'' Back, Carloway, Ness, North Lochs, Park (South Lochs), Point, Uig and West Side

|-
! HS3
| ISLE OF HARRIS
| ''Harris excluding Leverburgh and Rodel area''

|-
! HS4
| ISLE OF SCALPAY
| ''All settlements''

|-
! HS5
| ISLE OF HARRIS
| ''Leverburgh and Rodel area''

|-
! HS6
| ISLE OF NORTH UIST
| ''All settlements''

|-
! HS7
| ISLE OF BENBECULA
| ''All settlements''

|-
! HS8
| ISLE OF SOUTH UIST
| ''All settlements''

|-
! HS9
| ISLE OF BARRA
| ''All settlements, including Mingulay''

|}

==Map==
{{Attached KML|display=inline}}
{{Postcode area imagemap|map=HS postcode area|size=250x500px}}

==See also==
*[[Postcode Address File]]
*[[List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.poweredbypaf.com/ Royal Mail's Postcode Address File]
*[http://www.poweredbypaf.com/how-the-royal-mail-postcode-address-file-paf-helps-organisations-verify-their-customers-identities/ A quick introduction to Royal Mail's Postcode Address File (PAF)]

{{Postcode areas in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Postcode areas covering Scotland]]
[[Category:Outer Hebrides]]

Royal Designers for Industry

2019-10-21T14:05:12Z

Teflon: /* RDIs */Adding honour for Margaret Calvert

'''Royal Designer for Industry''' is a distinction established by the British [[Royal Society of Arts]] (or RSA) in 1936, to encourage a high standard of industrial design and enhance the status of designers. It is awarded to people who have achieved "sustained excellence in aesthetic and efficient design for industry". Those who are British citizens take the letters '''RDI''' after their names, while those who are not become Honorary RDIs (HonRDI). Everyone who holds the distinction is a Member of The Faculty of Royal Designers for Industry (founded in 1938).

Their work is diverse, ranging from fashion to engineering, theatre to product design, graphics to environmental design.

New RDIs are elected annually and the Faculty continues to support initiatives to further excellence in design, including an annual Summer School for innovative young designers.

Only 200 designers may hold the distinction RDI at any time and it is regarded as the highest honour to be obtained in the [[United Kingdom]] in a diverse range of design disciplines including the field of [[industrial design]]. In addition, the RSA may confer HonRDI titles up to a maximum of half the number of people who currently hold the distinction RDI.

New RDIs are awarded Diplomas each year at the annual RDI Dinner. Every two years a new Master of the Faculty is elected by the past Masters, who include Dinah Casson, [[Mike Dempsey]], Sir [[Kenneth Grange]], Geoffrey Harcourt, Martin Hunt, Timothy O’Brien, [[Chris Wise]] and [[Malcolm Garrett]]. The current Master is Tristram Carfrae.

==Current members==
The list identifies current RDIs, the date of their award and the category of design for which they were honoured.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===RDIs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
! Name<ref name="RDI_list">{{cite web |url=https://www.thersa.org/about-us/royal-designers-for-industry/current-royal-designers/ |title=Current Royal designers |publisher=[[Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce|RSA]] |accessdate=12 July 2015}}</ref>
! Category
! Year
|-
| {{sortname|Sir Kenneth|Adam|Ken Adam}} OBE
| Production design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Ron|Arad|dab=industrial designer}}
| Furniture design
| 2002
|-
| {{sortname|Dennis|Bailey|dab=designer}}
| Illustration and design
| 1980
|-
| {{sortname|Edward|Barber|dab=designer}} OBE
| Furniture design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|John|Barnard}}
| Engineering design
| 1995
|-
| {{sortname|Patrick|Bellew}}
| Environmental design
| 2010
|-
| {{sortname|Sir Tim|Berners-Lee|Tim Berners-Lee}}
| Interaction design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Derek|Birdsall}}
| Graphic design
| 1983
|-
| {{sortname|Peter|Blake|dab=artist}} CBE
| Graphic design
| 1981
|-
| {{sortname|Sir Quentin|Blake|Quentin Blake}} CBE
| Illustration
| 1987
|-
| {{sortname|Sue|Blane}} MBE
| Costume and set design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Neville|Brody}}
| Graphic design
| 2011
|-
| {{sortname|Alison|Brooks}}
| Architectural design
| 2017
|-
| {{sortname|Peter|Brookes}}
| Graphic design
| 2002
|-
| {{sortname|Julian|Brown|dab=designer}}
| Product design
| 1998
|-
| {{sortname|Paul|Brown|dab=set designer}}
| Set & costume design
| 2013
|-
| {{sortname|Margaret|Calvert}} OBE
| Graphic design
| 2011
|-
| {{sortname|Nicholas|Butler|dab=designer}}
| Product design
| 1981
|-
| {{sortname|Ian|Callum}}
| Engineering design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Donald|Cameron|dab=designer}}
| Engineering design
| 2004
|-
| {{sortname|Tristram|Carfrae}}
| Engineering design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|David|Carter|dab=industrial designer}} CBE
| Product design
| 1974
|-
| {{sortname|Matthew|Carter}}
| Type design
| 1981
|-
| {{sortname|Ian|Cartlidge}}
| Graphic design
| 2013
|-
| {{sortname|Ron|Carter|dab=furniture designer}}
| Furniture design
| 1971
|-
| {{sortname|Dinah|Casson}}
| Interior design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Hussein|Chalayan}}
| Fashion Design
| 2013
|-
| {{sortname|David|Chipperfield}} CBE
| Interior design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Alison|Chitty}}
| Production design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Jim|Clay|dab=production designer}}
| Production design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Peter|Clegg|dab=architect}}
| Architecture
| 2010
|-
| {{sortname|Sir Terence|Conran|Terence Conran}}
| General design
| 2010
|-
| {{sortname|Stuart|Craig}} OBE
| Film production design
| 2004
|-
| {{sortname|Neisha|Crosland}}
| Textile design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Bob|Crowley}}
| Theatre and film design
| 1997
|-
| {{sortname|Edward|Cullinan}} CBE
| Architecture
| 2010
|-
| {{sortname|Mike|Dempsey}}
| Graphic design
| 1994
|-
| {{sortname|Marion|Deuchars}}
| Illustration
| 2018
|-
| {{sortname|Es|Devlin}} OBE
| Theatre design
| 2018
|-
| {{sortname|Eileen|Diss}}
| TV and theatre design
| 1975
|-
| {{sortname|William|Dudley|dab=designer}}
| Theatre design
| 1988
|-
| {{sortname|Sir James|Dyson|James Dyson}} CBE
| Engineering design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Eileen|Ellis}}
| Textile design
| 1984
|-
| {{sortname|Brian|Eno}}
| Designing with sound
| 2012
|-
| {{sortname|Simon|Esterson}}
| Graphic design
| 2001
|-
| {{sortname|Mark|Farrow}}
| Graphic design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Colin|Forbes|dab=graphic designer}}
| Graphic design
| 1974
|-
| {{sortname|Max|Fordham}} OBE
| Engineering design
| 2008
|-
| {{sortname|Michael|Foreman|dab=author/illustrator}}
| Illustration
| 1985
|-
| {{sortname|Norman|Foster|Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank}}, Baron Foster of Thames Bank
| Interior design
| 1988
|-
| {{sortname|Jenny|Frean}}
| Textile design
| 1998
|-
| {{sortname|John|Galliano}} CBE
| Fashion design
| 2002
|-
| {{sortname|Malcolm|Garrett}}
| New media
| 2000
|-
| {{sortname|Nigel|Gee}}
| Engineering design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|David|Gentleman}}
| Stamps
| 1970
|-
| {{sortname|Sir Kenneth|Grange|Kenneth Grange}} CBE
| General design
| 1969
|-
| {{sortname|Andrew|Grant|dab=landscape designer}}
| Landscape design
| 2012
|-
| {{sortname|Fernando|Gutiérrez|dab=graphic designer}}
| Graphic Design
| 2014
|-
| {{sortname|Margaret|Hall|dab=designer}} OBE
| Exhibitions
| 1974
|-
| {{sortname|Geoffrey|Harcourt|dab=furniture designer}}
| Furniture design
| 1978
|-
| {{sortname|George|Hardie|dab=artist}}
| Graphic design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Tim|Harvey|dab=film designer}}
| TV Production design
| 1990
|-
| {{sortname|Patrick|Head}}
| Engineering design
| 1993
|-
| {{sortname|Thomas|Heatherwick}}
| General design
| 2004
|-
| {{sortname|Sam|Hecht}}
| Production design
| 2008
|-
| {{sortname|Peter|Higgins|dab=interior designer}}
| Interior design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|David|Hillman|dab=graphic designer}}
| Graphic design
| 1997
|-
| {{sortname|Matthew|Hilton|dab=designer}}
| Furniture design
| 2004
|-
| {{sortname|Richard|Hollis}}
| Graphic design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Margaret|Howell}}
| Fashion design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|Richard|Hudson|dab=stage designer}}
| Theatre design
| 1999
|-
| {{sortname|Barbara|Hulanicki}}
| Fashion design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Martin|Hunt|dab=designer}}
| Ceramics and glass
| 1981
|-
| {{sortname|Nigel|Irens}}
| Engineering design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Alan|Irvine|dab=designer}}
| Exhibitions & museum design
| 1964
|-
| {{sortname|Sir Jonathan|Ive|Jonathan Ive}} KBE
| Product design
| 2003
|-
| {{sortname|Betty|Jackson}}
| Fashion design
| 1988
|-
| {{sortname|Eva|Jiřičná||Jiricna, Eva}}
| Interior design
| 1991
|-
| {{sortname|William Neill|Johnstone}}
| Textile design
| 1989
|-
| {{sortname|Stephen|Jones|dab=milliner}}
| Millinery
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Ben|Kelly|dab=designer}}
| Interior design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|Perry|King|dab=production designer}}
| Product design
| 1990
|-
| {{sortname|Sarah|King}}
| Textile design
| 2008
|-
| {{sortname|Rodney|Kinsman}}
| Furniture design
| 1990
|-
| {{sortname|Geoffrey|Kirk|dab=designer}}
| Engineering design
| 2001
|-
| {{sortname|Alan|Kitching}}
| Graphic design/typography
| 1994
|-
| {{sortname|Martin|Lambie-Nairn}}
| TV graphics
| 1987
|-
| {{sortname|Roger|Law}}
| Graphic design and caricature
| 1999
|-
| {{sortname|Stefanos|Lazaridis}}
| Theatre design
| 2003
|-
| {{sortname|Sonny|Levi}}
| Boat design
| 1987
|-
| {{sortname|Robin|Levien}}
| Ceramics & glass
| 1995
|-
| {{sortname|David|Lewis|dab=designer}}
| Product design
| 1995
|-
| {{sortname|Tom|Lloyd|dab=production designer}}
| Production design
| 2008
|-
| {{sortname|Bernard|Lodge}}
| Film and TV graphics
| 1982
|-
| {{sortname|Ross|Lovegrove}}
| Product design
| 2003
|-
| {{sortname|George|Mackie|dab=book designer}}
| Book design
| 1973
|-
| {{sortname|Tim|Macfarlane}}
| Structural engineering design
| 2004
|-
| {{sortname|Mark|Major|dab=designer}}
| Designing with light
| 2012
|-
| {{sortname|Roger|Mann}}
| Interior design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Pearce|Marchbank}}
| Graphic design
| 2004
|-
| {{sortname|John|McConnell|dab=graphic designer}}
| Graphic design
| 1987
|-
| {{sortname|Antony|McDonald}}
| Theatre design
| 2004
|-
| {{sortname|Alex|McDowell}}
| Production design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Sir David|McMurtry|David McMurtry}} CBE
| Engineering design
| 1989
|-
| {{sortname|Marshall|Meek}}
| Naval architecture
| 1986
|-
| {{sortname|Tony|Meeuwissen}}
| Illustration
| 2013
|-
| {{sortname|Jasper|Morrison}}
| Furniture design
| 2001
|-
| {{sortname|Colin|Mudie}}
| Small craft naval
| 1995
|-
| {{sortname|Morag|Myerscough}}
| Communication design
| 2017
|-
| {{sortname|John|Napier|dab=designer}}
| Theatre & film design
| 1996
|-
| {{sortname|Marc|Newson}} CBE
| General design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Timothy|O'Brien|dab=theatre designer|sort=Obrien, Timothy}}
| Theatre design
| 1991
|-
| {{sortname|Jay|Osgerby}} OBE
| Furniture design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|Nick|Park}} CBE
| Animation
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Charlie|Paton|dab=designer}}
| Engineering design
| 2012
|-
| {{sortname|John|Pawson}}
| Interior design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Stephen|Payne|dab=naval architect}} OBE
| Engineering design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Dan|Pearson|dab=garden designer}}
| Landscape design
| 2012
|-
| {{sortname|Luke|Pearson|dab=production designer}}
| Product design
| 2008
|-
| {{sortname|Anthony|Powell|dab=designer}}
| Costume design
| 1999
|-
| {{sortname|Sandy|Powell|dab=costume designer}}
| Costume design
| 2013
|-
| {{sortname|Mary|Quant}} OBE
| Dress design
| 1969
|-
| {{sortname|Wendy|Ramshaw}} CBE
| Jewellery design
| 1999
|-
| {{sortname|James|Randle}}
| Engineering design
| 1994
|-
| {{sortname|Mary|Restieaux}}
| Textile design
| 2011
|-
| {{sortname| Mike | Rawlinson}}
| Information design
| 2017
|-
| {{sortname|Zandra|Rhodes}} CBE
| Fashion and textiles
| 1976
|-
| {{sortname|Philip|Ruffles}}
| Engineering design
| 1997
|-
| {{sortname|Patrick|Rylands}}
| Product design
| 1999
|-
| {{sortname|Ron|Sandford}}
| Illustration
| 1989
|-
| {{sortname|Peter|Saville|dab=graphic designer}}
| Graphic design
| 2011
|-
| {{sortname|Gerald|Scarfe}} CBE
| Illustration
| 1989
|-
| {{sortname|Arnold|Schwartzman}} OBE
| Graphic design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Sir Paul|Smith|Paul Smith (fashion designer)}} CBE
| Fashion design
| 1978
|-
| {{sortname|Alan|Stanton}}
| Interior design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Ben|Terrett}}
| Service design
| 2018
|-
| {{sortname|Alan|Tye}} RIBA
| Product design
| 1986
|-
| {{sortname|Georgina von|Etzdorf}}
| Textile design
| 1995
|-
| {{sortname|Stuart|Walker|dab=designer}}
| Film and TV design
| 1998
|-
| {{sortname|Simon|Waterfall}}
| Interaction design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|David|Watkins|dab=designer}}
| Jewellery design
| 2010
|-
| {{sortname|Dame Vivienne|Westwood|Vivienne Westwood}} DBE
| Fashion design
| 2001
|-
| {{sortname|Raymond|Wheeler|dab=designer}}
| Engineering design
| 1995
|-
| {{sortname|Sarah|Wigglesworth}}
| Architecture
| 2012
|-
| {{sortname|Kim|Wilkie|dab=landscape designer}}
| Landscape design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Paul|Williams|dab=interior designer}}
| Interior design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Chris|Wise}}
| Structural engineering
| 1998
|-
| {{sortname|Michael|Wolff|dab=graphic designer}}
| Graphic design
| 2011
|-
| {{sortname|Terence|Woodgate}}
| Furniture design
| 2003
|-
| {{sortname|Patrick|Woodroffe}}
| Designing with light
| 2013
|-
| {{sortname|Saeed|Zahedi}} OBE
| Engineering design
| 2013
|}
{{col-2}}

===HonRDIs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
! Name<ref>{{cite web|title=Current Honorary Royal Designers|url=https://www.thersa.org/about-us/royal-designers-for-industry/current-honorary-royal-designers/|publisher=RSA|accessdate=12 July 2015}}</ref>
! Category
! Year
|-
| {{sortname|Junichi|Arai}}
| Textile design
| 1987
|-
| {{sortname|Fabien|Baron}}
| Graphic design
| 2000
|-
| {{sortname|Mario|Bellini}}
| General design
| 1991
|-
| {{sortname|Manolo|Blahnik}}
| Shoe design
| 2001
|-
| {{sortname|Andrea|Branzi}}
| General design
| 2008
|-
| {{sortname|James|Carpenter|dab=architect}}
| Glass design
| 2008
|-
| {{sortname|Ivan|Chermayeff}}
| Graphic design
| 1991
|-
| {{sortname|Seymour|Chwast}}
| Graphic design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Antonio|Citterio}}
| General design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|Kyle|Cooper}}
| Film and TV graphics
| 2001
|-
| {{sortname|Wim|Crouwel}}
| Graphic design
| 1998
|-
| {{sortname|Lidewij|Edelkoort}}
| Design forecasting
| 2013
|-
| {{sortname|Hartmut|Esslinger}}
| Product design
| 2013
|-
| {{sortname|Niels|Diffrient}}
| Furniture design
| 1987
|-
| {{sortname|Sara|Fanelli}}
| Illustration
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Dionysis|Fotopoulos}}
| Theatre and film design
| 1992
|-
| {{sortname|Naoto|Fukasawa}}
| Product design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|Karl|Gerstner}}
| Graphic design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Milton|Glaser}}
| Graphics
| 1979
|-
| {{sortname|Konstantin|Grcic}}
| Furniture design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Bob|Greenberg}}
| Interaction design
| 2012
|-
| {{sortname|Kathryn|Gustafson}}
| Landscape and gardens
| 2001
|-
| {{sortname|Armin|Hofmann}}
| Illustration
| 1968
|-
| {{sortname|Knud|Holscher}}
| Product design
| 2004
|-
| {{sortname|Toshio|Iwai}}
| Interaction design
| 2012
|-
| {{sortname|Rei|Kawakubo}}
| Fashion design
| 2001
|-
| {{sortname|Friso|Kramer}}
| Furniture
| 1979
|-
| {{sortname|Yrjö|Kukkapuro|sort=Kukkapuro, Yrjo}}
| Furniture design
| 2002
|-
| {{sortname|Jack Lenor|Larsen}}
| Textile design
| 1983
|-
| {{sortname|Italo|Lupi}}
| Graphic design
| 2002
|-
| {{sortname|Erik|Magnussen}}
| Furniture & product
| 2001
|-
| {{sortname|Enzo|Mari}}
| Product design
| 2000
|-
| {{sortname|Javier|Mariscal}}
| General design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Bruce|Mau}}
| Graphic design
| 2011
|-
| {{sortname|Ingo|Maurer}}
| Lighting design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Alberto|Meda}}
| Product design
| 2005
|-
| {{sortname|Ottavio|Missoni}}
| Textile design
| 1997
|-
| {{sortname|Rosita|Missoni}}
| Textile design
| 1997
|-
| {{sortname|Issey|Miyake}}
| Fashion design
| 1988
|-
| {{sortname|Bruno|Monguzzi}}
| Graphic design
| 2003
|-
| {{sortname|Marcello|Morandini}}
| Ceramic design
| 2004
|-
| {{sortname|Ulf|Moritz}}
| Textile design
| 2004
|-
| {{sortname|Vuokko|Nurmesniemi}}
| Fashion and textiles
| 1988
|-
| {{sortname|Sergio|Pininfarina}}
| Automotive design
| 1983
|-
| {{sortname|Mark|Pollack}}
| Textile design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|Dieter|Rams}}
| Electrical appliances and furniture
| 1968
|-
| {{sortname|Tomas|Roope}}
| Interaction design
| 2012
|-
| {{sortname|Richard|Sapper}}
| Product design
| 1988
|-
| {{sortname|Martha|Schwartz}}
| Landscape design
| 2009
|-
| {{sortname|Jean-Jacques|Sempé|sort=Sempe, Jean-Jacques}}
| Illustration
| 1989
|-
| {{sortname|Maurice|Sendak}}
| Illustration
| 1986
|-
| {{sortname|Ettore|Sottsass}}
| Product design
| 1999
|-
| {{sortname|Erik|Spiekermann}}
| Type design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|Roger|Tallon}}
| General design
| 1973
|-
| {{sortname|Piero|Tosi}}
| Costume design
| 2007
|-
| {{sortname|Dries|van Noten|sort=Van Noted, Dries}}
| Fashion design
| 2008
|-
| {{sortname|Massimo|Vignelli}}
| General design
| 1996
|-
| {{sortname|Michel|Virlogeux}}
| Engineering design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Yohji|Yamamoto}}
| Fashion design
| 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Sori|Yanagi}}
| General design
| 2008
|-
| {{sortname|Hermann|Zapf}}
| Type design
| 1985
|-
| {{sortname|Peter|Zumthor}}
| Architecture
| 2012
|-
| {{sortname|Eva|Zeisel}}
| Ceramic design
| 2004
|}
{{col-end}}

==Former members==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Past RDIs===
Past Royal Designers for Industry <ref name="past">{{cite web|title=Past Royal Designers for Industry|url=https://www.thersa.org/about-us/royal-designers-for-industry/past-royal-designers/|publisher=RSA|accessdate=12 July 2015}}</ref>
* Tony Abbott, Television & theatre design, 1972
* [[Edward Ardizzone]], Illustration, 1974
* [[Hardy Amies]], Dress design, 1964
* Edward Abbott, Illustration, 1974
* [[Jon Bannenberg]], Motor yachts, 1978
* Christian Barnard, Transport equipment, 1948
* [[Edward Bawden]], Graphics, 1949
* Gerald Benney, Silversmithing, 1971
* [[Misha Black]], Exhibitions & interiors, 1957
* [[John Box]], Film production design, 1992
* [[Bill Brandt]], Photography, 1978
* [[William Brown (bridge designer)|William Brown]], Bridge design, 1977
* Stefan Buzas, Exhibitions & interiors, 1961
* Reco Capey, General design, 1937
* [[Hugh Casson]], Exhibitions, 1961
* [[Achille Castiglioni]], General design, 1986
* Hulme Chadwick, Product design, 1974
* [[Colin Chapman]], Automotive design, 1979
* [[Wells Coates]], General design, 1944
* [[Christopher Cockerell]], Engineering design, 1987
* Douglas Cockerell, Bookbinding, 1936
* [[Susie Cooper]], Pottery, 1940
* Kay Cosserat, Textile design, 1986
* [[Edward Gordon Craig]], Stage design, 1937
* [[Gordon Cullen]], Illustration & townscape design, 1975
* [[Robin Day (designer)|Robin Day]], Furniture & exhibitions, 1959
* [[Lucienne Day]], Textiles, 1962
* Richard Eckersley, Book design, 1999
* [[Tom Eckersley]], Posters, 1963
* [[Alan Fletcher (graphic designer)|Alan Fletcher]], Graphics & publicity design, 1972
* [[Uffa Fox]], Small boats, 1955
* [[Barnett Freedman]], Graphics, 1949
* [[Roger K. Furse|Roger Furse]], Stage & film design, 1949
* [[Abram Games]], Posters, 1959
* James Gardener, Exhibitions, 1947
* [[John Laurent Giles|J Laurent Giles]], Yachts, 1951
* [[Eric Gill]], Typography & wood engraving, 1936
* Robert Goodden, General design, 1947
* [[Duncan Grant]], Printed textiles, 1941
* [[Eileen Gray]], Furniture & interiors, 1972
* [[Milner Gray (designer)|Milner Gray]], Packaging, 1937
* E W Grieve, Shop window display, 1940
* Jacqueline Groag, Textile design, 1964
* [[Edmund Happold]], Engineering design, 1983
* [[Geoffrey de Havilland]], Aircraft, 1944
* [[Ashley Havinden]], Graphics, 1947
* Lionel Haworth, Engineering design, 1976
* [[Ambrose Heal]], Furniture, 1939
* [[Henri Kay Henrion|F H K Henrion]], Packaging & graphics, 1959
* [[Jocelyn Herbert]], Theatre & cinema design, 1971
* Robert Heritage, Furniture, 1963
* [[George Him]], Graphic design, 1977
* [[James Hogan (designer)|James Hogan]], Glass & stained glass, 1936
* [[Paul Hogarth]], Illustration, 1979
* [[Charles Holden]], Transport equipment, 1943
* [[Jack Howe (architect)|Jack Howe]], Products and industrial equipment, 1961
* Ian Hutt, Typographic & Newspaper design, 1970
* [[James Irvine (designer)|James Irvine]], Product design, 2004
* [[Laurence Irving (set designer)|Laurence Irving]], date tbc
* [[Alec Issigonis]], Motor cars, 1964
* Ralph Koltai, Theatre design, 1984
* Natasha Kroll, Shop display and television design, 1966
* [[Lynton Lamb]], Book design & illustration, 1974
* [[Osbert Lancaster]], Illustration, 1979
* Margaret Leischner, Textiles, 1969
* Richard Levin, Television design, 1971
* Noel London, Engineering product design, 1973
* [[William Lyons]], Motor cars, 1964
* [[Ethel Mairet]], Woven textiles, 1937 (first woman)<ref>Margot Coatts, ‘Mairet , Ethel Mary (1872–1952)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2007 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/39639, accessed 19 Oct 2015]</ref>
* [[Eric de Maré]], Photography, 1997
* [[Enid Marx]], Pattern design, 1944
* J H Mason, 1936
* [[James McNeill]], Ships, 1950
* [[David Mellor (designer)|David Mellor]], Silver, cutlery & lighting, 1962
* [[Percy Metcalfe]], Medals & coinage, 1937
* [[Francis Meynell]], Typography, 1940
* [[Bill Moggridge]], Product design, 1988
* [[Edward Molyneux]], Dress, 1950
* [[Stanley Morison]], Type design & typography, 1960
* Alastair Morton, textiles, 1960
* [[Alex Moulton]], Engineering Products, 1968
* [[Jean Muir]], Dress design, 1972
* H G Murphy, Goldsmithing, 1936
* Keith Murray, Glass, pottery & silver, 1936
* Charles Nicholson, Yachts, 1944
* Julia Trevelyan Oman, Theatre & film design, 1977
* Brian O'Rorke, Interiors, 1939
* Eric Carlton Ottaway, Road passenger vehicles, 1949
* Derek Prime, Engineering design, 1982
* [[Ian Proctor]], Boats & small craft, 1969
* Tom Purvis, Commercial art, 1936
* Ernest Race, Furniture, 1953
* A B Read, Light fittings, 1940
* A A Rubbra, Engineering design, 1977
* [[Sydney Gordon Russell|Gordon Russell]], Furniture, 1940
* R D Russell, Furniture, 1944
* Hans Schleger, Exhibition display & packaging, 1959
* Mr Hans Schmoller, Typography, 1976
* Douglas Scott, Industrial designer, 1974
* [[Ronald Searle]], Illustration, 1991
* George Sheringham, Interior decoration & textiles, 1936
* Peter Simpson, Woven Textile design, 1974
* Percy Delf Smith, Lettering, 1940
* [[Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon]], Photography, 1986
* [[Basil Spence]], Exhibitions & interiors, 1960
* Herbert Spencer, Typography, 1965
* Harold Stabler, Pottery, Enamelling & silversmithing, 1936
* Richard Stevens, Product design, 1973
* Reynolds Stone, Lettering, 1956
* [[Marianne Straub]], Woven textiles, 1972
* Derek Sugden, Engineering design, 2009
* Fred Taylor, Graphics, 1936
* Philip Thompson, Graphics & illustration, 1997
* [[Walter Tracy]], Type design, 1973
* Howard Upjohn, Engineering product design, 1973
* C F A Voysey, Interior decoration, furniture & fabrics, 1936
* [[Barnes Wallis]], Aircraft, 1943
* Allan Walton, Printed textiles, 1940
* Neville Ward, Interior design & ship interiors, 1971
* John Waterer, Leather Goods, 1953
* [[Hans Wegner]], Furniture, 1969
* [[Robert Welch (designer)|Robert Welch]], Product design & silversmithing, 1965
* [[Frank Whittle]], Engineering design, 1985
* [[Berthold Wolpe]], Typefaces & lettering, 1959
* [[Anna Zinkeisen]], Graphics & mural painting, 1940
{{col-2}}

===Past Honorary RDIs===
Past Honorary Royal Designers for Industry <ref name="past"/>
* [[Edward McKnight Kauffer]], Commercial art, 1936
* [[Alvar Aalto]], General design, 1947
* [[Franco Albini]], Interiors, exhibitions & furniture, 1971
* [[Gordon Andrews]], General design, 1987
* [[Saul Bass]], Film & TV graphics, 1964
* [[Herbert Bayer]], Graphic design, 1984
* [[Richard Buckminster Fuller]], Architecture & design, 1980
* [[Nanna Ditzel]], Product design, 1996
* [[Charles Eames]], Furniture, exhibitions & interiors, 1960
* [[Jean-Michel Folon]], Illustration, 1981
* [[André François]], Graphics 1974
* [[Shigeo Fukada]], Graphic design, 1986
* [[Alexander Girard]], Interiors, exhibitions & furnishing textiles, 1965
* [[Walter Gropius]], General design, 1947
* [[Edward Hald]], Glass, 1939
* [[Walter Herdeg]], Graphic design, 1976
* [[Christian Joachim]], Pottery, 1939
* [[Clarence Johnson|CL 'Kelly' Johnson]], Aircraft design, 1984
* [[Finn Juhl]], Furniture & interiors, 1978
* [[Dora Jung]], Woven textiles, 1979
* [[Kaare Klint]], Furniture, 1949
* [[Takashi Kono]], Graphics, 1983
* [[Raymond Loewy]], General design, 1939
* [[Vico Magistretti]], General design, 1992
* Pierre Mendell, Graphic design, 1999
* [[Bruno Mathsson]], Furniture, 1978
* [[Herbert Matter]], Graphics & photography, 1982
* [[Norman McLaren]], Film Animation, 1986
* [[Børge Mogensen]], Furniture, 1972
* [[Josef Muller-Brockmann]], Graphic design, 1988
* [[George Nelson (designer)|George Nelson]], General design, 1973
* [[Marcello Nizzoli]], Typewriters & calculating machines, 1961
* [[Antti Nurmesniemi]], General design, 1986
* [[Sigurd Persson]], General design, 1987
* [[Battista Farina]], Motor cars, 1954
* [[Paul Rand]], Graphics, 1973
* [[Steen Eiler Rasmussen]], General design, 1947
* [[Astrid Sampe]], Textile design, 1949
* [[WHJB Sandberg]], Exhibition & museum display, typography, 1971
* [[Timo Sarpaneva]], Pottery & textiles, 1963
* [[Carlo Scarpa]], Exhibitions, interiors & museum design, 1969
* [[Saul Steinberg]], Illustration, 1980
* [[Olin Stephens]], Yacht design, 1975
* [[Josef Svoboda]], Theatre design, 1989
* [[Ilmari Tapiovaara]], Furniture, 1969
* [[Walter Dorwin Teague]], General design, 1951
* [[Henryk Tomaszewski (poster artist)|Henryk Tomaszewski]], Graphics, 1975
* [[Roland Topor]], Illustration, 1988
* [[Jan Tschichold]], Typography & book design, 1965
* [[Tapio Wirkkala]], Glass, wood & silver, 1964
* [[Henry Wolf]], Graphic design, 1990
* [[Piet Zwart]], Typography, 1966
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [http://arts.brighton.ac.uk/collections/design-archives University of Brighton Design Archives]

[[Category:1936 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1936]]
[[Category:Royal Society of Arts]]
[[Category:Design awards]]

Beechgrove (TV series)

2019-07-11T11:18:08Z

Teflon: /* History */ corrects typo

{{short description|Television series about gardening in Scotland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}

{{Infobox television
| show_name = The Beechgrove Garden
| genre =
| runtime = 29 minutes
| creator =
| starring =
| network = [[BBC Two Scotland]] [[BBC One Scotland]]
| first_aired = 14 April 1978
| last_aired = present
| num_episodes =
| producer = [[BBC Scotland]]
| related =
}}

'''''The Beechgrove Garden''''' is a [[television]] programme broadcast since 1978 on [[BBC Scotland]]. Over the years it has been broadcast on both [[BBC One Scotland]] and [[BBC Two Scotland]].

==History==
''The Beechgrove Garden'' is a gardening programme, which started on 14 April 1978. It was inspired by the garden behind the home of [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], named the Victory Garden.<ref name=sundaypost>[https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/garden-parties-as-beechgrove-hits-40-birthday-bash-for-a-show-thats-still-bursting-with-life/ "Garden parties as Beechgrove hits 40: Birthday bash for a show that’s still bursting with life"] - ''The Sunday Post'', 12 August 2018</ref> The original plot of land used was the small area of garden attached to the BBC studios in Beechgrove Terrace, [[Aberdeen]]. Due to its small size, the programme's popularity and the fact the garden had been transformed several times over, a new area of ground to the west of Aberdeen was acquired for the programme by Tern Television who have produced the series since 1992. The new site covers 2.5 acres and is located at [[Grampian Regional Council]] Brotherfield Nursery,<ref name="English">{{cite news|last1=English|first1=Paul|title=GROWING PAINS; TV legend Jim McColl takes a swipe at new-fangled shows as Beechgrove Garden celebrates 30 years|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/GROWING+PAINS%3B+TV+legend+Jim+McColl+takes+a+swipe+at+new-fangled...-a0177353088|accessdate=18 March 2018|work=The Daily Record|date=2 April 2008}}</ref><ref name=Newplot>{{cite news|title=Beechgrove Garden digs in to its new plot|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12117076.Beechgrove_Garden_digs_in_to_its_new_plot/|accessdate=18 March 2018|work=The Herald|date=12 March 1996}}</ref> in [[Westhill, Aberdeenshire]].<ref name="Down">{{cite news|title=Down to earth evergreens|url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/down-to-earth-evergreens-1-600648|accessdate=18 March 2018|work=The Scotsman|date=22 March 2003}}</ref> Episodes were broadcast from the site in 1996.<ref name=Newplot/>

The show was once parodied in the BBC Scotland comedy sketch show ''[[Scotch and Wry]]'', with [[Rikki Fulton]] as George Barron and [[Gregor Fisher]] as Jim McColl (dubbed the sunshine boyos) "growing" [[whisky]].<ref name="Docherty"/>

Since the 1980s, The Beechgrove Garden has been shown intermittently on the BBC in England usually in non-prime time slots during the day.{{cn|date=May 2015}} Since 2013 The Beechgrove Garden has been broadcast in the rest of the UK,<ref>{{cite news|title=Beechgrove and Beardshaw - a winning combination for gardening TV?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gardening-blog/2013/feb/07/beechgrove-garden-tv|accessdate=1 May 2015|publisher=The Guardian|date=7 February 2013}}</ref> usually early on a Sunday morning slot.

On 17 June 1983, the 100th show was broadcast.<ref name="English"/>

In 1990, the decision was made to redevelop the garden, which meant literally uprooting everything and starting again. It caused an outcry from the press and public, but it went ahead and led to a public auction for keepsake plants from The Beechgrove.<ref name=sundaypost/>

There was even bigger change six years later, when the garden moved from its original home to an exposed, rural hillside on the outskirts of Aberdeen.<ref name=sundaypost/>

In 1992, ''The Hit Squad'' with Jim McKirdy and Walter Gilmour was launched. They revamped gardens in need, according to presenter Jim McColl, they started all today's make-over shows.<ref name="English"/>

Episodes of the show have been transmitted across the world, from [[Canada]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Madeira]], [[Italy]] and [[Jersey]].<ref name="English"/>

The 1,000th episode was filmed in May 2016.<ref name="Bloom">{{cite web|title=Blooming Beechgrove|url=http://trendmagazine.co.uk/interiors/blooming-beechgrove/|website=3 May 2016|publisher=trendmagazine.co.uk|accessdate=18 March 2018}}</ref>

===Theme===
The theme tune for the show is the [[jig]] "Miss Tara MacAdam", written by Johnny Cunningham.<ref name="Docherty">{{cite news|last1=Docherty|first1=Gavin|title=Beechgrove Garden’s Jim is a TV perennial|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/375870/Beechgrove-Garden-s-Jim-is-a-TV-perennial|accessdate=1 May 2015|publisher=Daily Express|date=6 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=sundaypost/> This replaced the show's original theme tune, "Sponge".<ref name=sundaypost/>

===Presenters===
{{update|section|date=April 2016}}
[[File:Vale View, Beechgrove day 3.JPG|thumb|Right|250px|Beechgrove presenter and team working on the Vale View Garden project in [[Barrmill]], North Ayrshire.]]
The presenters on the programme included:

* Jim McColl (1978–1988, 1993–2019)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sundaypost100.com/2015/10/01/62-first-ever-episode-of-the-beechgrove-garden/|title=First episode of The Beechgrove Garden - Sunday Post 100|date=2015-10-01|work=Sunday Post 100 - Scotland's Iconic Moments|access-date=2018-02-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beechgrove.co.uk/jim-mccoll |title=The Beechgrove Garden: Jim McColl |publisher=Beechgrove.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2016-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-47963708 |title=Beechgrove Garden presenter Jim McColl retires after 40 years |publisher=bbc.com |date= |accessdate=2019-04-18}}</ref>
* George Barron (1978–1984)
* Bob Weir
* Dick Gardiner (1984–1990)
* Carole Baxter (1986–current)<ref name="English"/><ref name="suntimes">{{cite web|url=http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/relationships/article4186463.ece|title=The two of us: Jim McColl and Carole Baxter|last=Stewart|first=Helen|date=22 June 2008|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beechgrove.co.uk/carole-baxter |title=The Beechgrove Garden: Carole Baxter |publisher=Beechgrove.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2016-04-22}}</ref>
* Sid Robertson (1990–1994)
* [[Bill Torrance]] (1990–1999)
* Walter Gilmour (1984–)<ref name="English"/><ref name=press/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Walls|first1=Sandra|title=Former Beechgrove man Walter opens new walled garden in Strathaven|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/former-beechgrove-man-walter-opens-2452953|accessdate=18 March 2018|work=The Daily Record|date=5 June 2008}}</ref>
* Jim McKirdy. (1984–)<ref name=press>{{cite news|last1=Swarbrick|first1=Susan|title=After 33 years the Beechcroft Garden's success still bloom|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-herald/20110330/281741265948828|accessdate=18 March 2018|work=The Herald|date=30 March 2011}}</ref>
* Carolyn Spray (1995–2014)
* Lesley Watson (1995–2013)<ref name="hortweek">{{cite web|last1=Appleby|first1=Matthew|title=Chris Beardshaw joins BBC Beechgrove Garden|url=https://www.hortweek.com/chris-beardshaw-joins-bbc-beechgrove-garden/landscape/article/1169460|date=4 February 2013|publisher=hortweek.com|accessdate=18 March 2018}}</ref>
* Chris Beardshaw (2013–)<ref name="hortweek"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beechgrove.co.uk/Chris-Beardshaw |title=The Beechgrove Garden: Chris Beardshaw |publisher=Beechgrove.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2016-04-22}}</ref>
* George Anderson<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beechgrove.co.uk/george-anderson |title=The Beechgrove Garden: George Anderson |publisher=Beechgrove.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2016-04-22}}</ref>

Other regular contributors include the BBC Scotland weather presenters [[Heather Reid]], [[Gail McGrane]] and [[Peter Sloss]], who present forecasts on the show.

==The Beechgrove Potting Shed==
A sister programme, ''The Beechgrove Potting Shed'', was broadcast weekly on [[BBC Radio Scotland]] between 1978 and 2012. Presented in its latter years by Theresa Talbot, it was axed as part of a cost-cutting measure by the station.<ref>[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/beechgroves-mccoll-angry-as-radio-show-axed.19058309 "Beechgrove's McColl angry as radio show axed"], ''The Herald'', 4 October 2012</ref>

{{clear left}}
==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://www.beechgrove.co.uk Beechgrove Garden website]
*[http://www.thesession.org/tunes/display/5882 "Miss Tara MacAdam" entry on thesession.org]

{{BBCScotlandProgrammes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beechgrove Garden, The}}
[[Category:BBC Scotland television programmes]]
[[Category:Gardening in Scotland]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Culture in Aberdeen]]
[[Category:1970s Scottish television series]]
[[Category:1980s Scottish television series]]
[[Category:1990s Scottish television series]]
[[Category:2000s Scottish television series]]
[[Category:2010s Scottish television series]]
[[Category:Horticulture and gardening television]]

The High Life (British TV series)

2019-06-24T19:35:56Z

Teflon: adds link to Cabaret (musical) and 2019 repeat

{{for|the 1996 American television series|The High Life (1996 TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox television
| show_name = The High Life
| image = Highlife.jpg
| caption = The High Life
| runtime = 30 minutes
| creator = [[Alan Cumming]] and [[Forbes Masson]]
| starring = [[Alan Cumming]] [[Forbes Masson]] [[Siobhan Redmond]] [[Patrick Ryecart]]
| country = Scotland
| network = [[BBC Two|BBC2]]
| first_aired = 9 January 1994, 6 January 1995
| last_aired = 10 February 1995
| num_episodes = 6 (+1 pilot)
}}
'''''The High Life''''' was a Scottish [[Sitcom|situation comedy]] written by and starring [[Forbes Masson]] as Steve McCracken and [[Alan Cumming]] as Sebastian Flight. Cumming and Masson met at the [[Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama]] and united after several solo projects to create the theatrical [[BBC]] sitcom, ''The High Life''. The two leads were based heavily on their famous Scottish comedy alter-egos, [[Victor and Barry]].<ref name="reddwarf">{{ cite web | url=http://www.reddwarf.co.uk/features/interviews/forbes-masson/index.cfm | title=Mr Fibble Talks To... Forbes Masson | work=reddwarf.co.uk | date=2004-03-05 | accessdate=2008-11-02 }}</ref>

The series followed the cabin crew at the fictional airline, Air Scotia, flying out of [[Glasgow Prestwick International Airport|Prestwick Airport]]. The crew consisted of the camp, alcohol-loving, narcissistic and vindictive steward, Sebastian; his sex-obsessed colleague Steve; their up-tight, antagonistic chief stewardess, Shona Spurtle; and the eccentric pilot, Captain Hilary Duff.

Sebastian and Steve longed to be promoted to long-haul flights to see exotic locations, instead of the current short-haul trips with their superior Shona, played by [[Siobhan Redmond]], whom they described as '[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] in tights', '[[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] in Micromesh' and '[[Joseph Goebbels|Goebbels]] in a Gossard'. The deranged pilot, Captain Duff, played by [[Patrick Ryecart]], would need to be frequently reminded who he was, where the cockpit was and where he was flying to.

''The High Life'' was interspersed with surrealism, childish humour, sarcasm and theatrical song and dance numbers. It only ran for one series due to Cumming's increasingly successful film career in [[Hollywood]]; however during an interview, Masson claims that a second series was written, yet not acted upon.<ref name="reddwarf" /> Despite its short run, it is remembered for Steve and Sebastian’s joint catchphrase: 'Oh deary me!' and for the opening sequence which featured the cast performing a dance routine to the title song. During an interview on BBC television, Cumming noted that he accidentally mimed a Hitler-style salute during the opening sequence, due to being in the musical [[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]] at the time.

The series ran for six thirty-minute episodes. An initial pilot was broadcast in the ''Comic Asides'' anthology strand on BBC2 at 9pm on Sunday 9 January 1994. The series of six episodes were broadcast on Friday nights at 9.30pm between 6 January and 10 February 1995.

The entire series (including the pilot) was released on VHS and DVD in 2002, and was re-released in May 2009.<ref>{{ cite web | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001OAHLB6 | title=DVD release on Amazon }}</ref> The complete series was re-run on BBC Four early in 2009 and [[BBC Scotland (TV channel)|BBC Scotland]] in 2019.<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gsj9b | title=BBC Four Programmes - The High Life, Feart | work=[[BBC]] | accessdate=2009-01-13 }}</ref>

==Cast and crew==
*[[Alan Cumming]] - Sebastian Flight
*[[Forbes Masson]] - Steve McCracken
*[[Siobhan Redmond]] - Shona Spurtle
*[[Patrick Ryecart]] - Captain Hilary Duff

'''Crew'''
*[[Alan Cumming]] - Writer
*[[Forbes Masson]] - Writer
*Tony Dow - Director (pilot)
*Angela deChastelai Smith - Director (series)
*Tony Dow - Producer

==Episode guide==
* '''Pilot - "The High Life"'''
: Shona lands the job of presenting the Air Scotia’s in-flight video, much to Sebastian’s annoyance.
* '''Episode 1 - "Feart"'''
: Steve and Sebastian decide to find a way out of short-haul flights. The impending arrival of the staff inspector could make these dreams come true.
* '''Episode 2 - "Birl"'''
: Air Scotia employees attend a weekend of intensive training. Steve finds love with flight-attendant, Heather.
* '''Episode 3 - "Winch"'''
: Sebastian returns from his holiday in Florida to discover something has happened between Shona and Steve.
* '''Episode 4 - "Choob"'''
: An almost total reshoot of the Comic Asides pilot episode.
* '''Episode 5 - "Dug"'''
: Sebastian decides to enter the Song For Europe contest as Scotland’s first entry, in the hope of finding fame and fortune, and some girls for Steve. Meanwhile, the Air Scotia crew host a birthday for Aurora Borealis, the precocious daughter of Shona's favourite rock star.
* '''Episode 6 - "Dunk"'''
: The crew become involved in a small-business espionage plot involving biscuits, in a spoof of the 1960s series of ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:High Life, The}}
[[Category:Scottish television programmes]]
[[Category:Scottish television sitcoms]]
[[Category:1994 British television programme debuts]]
[[Category:1995 British television programme endings]]
[[Category:Aviation television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Glasgow]]
[[Category:1990s Scottish television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Scotland]]
[[Category:1990s British comedy television series]]

Independence Day (1996 film)

2019-02-13T20:13:22Z

Teflon: Undid revision 882611061 by Teflon (talk)

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Independence Day
| image = Independence day movieposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Roland Emmerich]]
| producer = [[Dean Devlin]]
| writer = {{ubl|Dean Devlin|Roland Emmerich}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Will Smith]]
* [[Bill Pullman]]
* [[Jeff Goldblum]]
* [[Mary McDonnell]]
* [[Judd Hirsch]]
* [[Margaret Colin]]
* [[Randy Quaid]]
* [[Robert Loggia]]
* [[James Rebhorn]]
* [[Harvey Fierstein]]
* [[Harry Connick Jr.]]}}
| music = [[David Arnold]]
| cinematography = [[Karl Walter Lindenlaub]]
| editing = [[David Brenner (editor)|David Brenner]]
| studio = [[Centropolis Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
| released = {{Film date|1996|6|25|Mann Plaza Theater|1996|7|2|United States}}
| runtime = 145 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/independence-day-film | title=''INDEPENDENCE DAY'' (12) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=July 21, 1996 | accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $75 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=independenceday.htm |title=Independence Day (1996) |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=February 5, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1071806-independence_day/ Independence Day (1996) Synopsis] ''Rotten tomatoes.'' Retrieved September 25, 2007. "With a $71 million budget and mind-blowing special effects..."</ref>
| gross = $817.4 million<ref name="BOM"/>
}}
'''''Independence Day''''' (also known as '''''ID4''''') is a 1996 American [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[action film]] directed and co-written by [[Roland Emmerich]]. The film features an ensemble cast including [[Will Smith]], [[Bill Pullman]], [[Jeff Goldblum]], [[Mary McDonnell]], [[Judd Hirsch]], [[Margaret Colin]], [[Randy Quaid]], [[Robert Loggia]], [[James Rebhorn]], [[Harvey Fierstein]] and [[Harry Connick Jr.]]. The film focuses on disparate groups of people who converge in the [[Great Basin Desert|Nevada desert]] in the aftermath of a worldwide attack by an [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial race]] of unknown origin. With the other people of the world, they launch a last-ditch counterattack on July 4—[[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] in the United States.

While promoting ''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]'' in Europe, Emmerich came up with the idea for the film when fielding a question about his own belief in the existence of alien life. He and [[Dean Devlin]] decided to incorporate a large-scale attack having noticed that aliens in most invasion films travel long distances in outer space only to remain hidden when reaching Earth. Shooting began in July 1995 in New York City, and the film was officially completed on June 20, 1996.

Now considered to be a significant turning point in the history of the [[Hollywood]] [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]], the film was released worldwide on July 3, 1996, but began showing on July 2 (the same day the film's story begins) on limited release as a result of a high level of anticipation among moviegoers. The film grossed over $817.4 million worldwide,<ref name="BOM" /> becoming the highest-grossing film of 1996 and, briefly, the second-highest-grossing film worldwide of all time behind 1993's ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''. Currently, it ranks 72nd on the [[list of highest-grossing films]], and was at the forefront of the large-scale disaster film and sci-fi resurgence of the mid-late 1990s. The film won the [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]] and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing]]. A sequel, ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]'', was released 20 years later on June 24, 2016, making up the first part of a planned [[Independence Day (franchise)|series of films]].

==Plot==

On July 2, 1996, an enormous [[mothership]] [[UFO]], that has one fourth the mass of the Moon, enters orbit around Earth, deploying assault fortress saucers, each fifteen miles wide, that take positions over some of Earth's major cities. David Levinson, an [[MIT]]-trained satellite technician, decodes a signal embedded within global satellite transmissions that he determines is the aliens' countdown timer for a coordinated attack. With help from his former wife, [[White House Communications Director]] Constance Spano, David, and his father Julius, gain access to the [[Oval Office]] and warn [[President of the United States|President]] Thomas J. Whitmore the aliens are hostile. Whitmore immediately orders large-scale evacuations of [[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[Washington, D.C.]], but it is too late; the timer reaches zero and the saucers activate devastating [[directed-energy weapons]], killing millions. Whitmore, the Levinsons, and a few others narrowly escape aboard [[Air Force One]] as the capital is destroyed, along with the other locations over which the saucers are positioned.

On July 3, international leaders begin ordering individual counterattacks. Their [[military aviation|air forces]] attack the saucers positioned above the ruins of the cities, but the saucers are protected by [[Force field (fiction)|force fields]]. Each saucer launches a swarm of attack fighters, each with its own shield as well, which wipes out the human fighter squadrons and military bases. Captain Steven Hiller, a F/A-18 jet pilot with the [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] squadron [[VMFA-314]] based out of [[Marine Corps Air Station El Toro]], survives by luring his attacker to the enclosed spaces of the [[Grand Canyon]] and sacrificing his plane, forcing the alien to crash-land. He subdues the injured alien pilot and flags down a convoy of refugees, hitching a ride with former combat pilot Russell Casse. They transport the unconscious alien to [[Area 51]], where Whitmore's group has landed. Through [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Albert Nimzicki, they learn that a faction of the government has been involved in a [[UFO conspiracy theory|UFO conspiracy]] since 1947, when one of the invaders' attack fighters crashed in [[Roswell UFO incident|Roswell]]. Area 51 houses the refurbished alien fighter, and three alien corpses recovered from the crash.

When eccentric scientist Dr. Brackish Okun examines the alien captured by Steven, it regains consciousness and attacks. It [[Telepathy|telepathically]] invades Dr. Okun's mind and uses his vocal cords to communicate with President Whitmore before launching a psychic attack against him. Whitmore sees visions of the aliens' plans: their entire civilization travels from planet to planet, exterminating all indigenous life and stripping the planet of all natural resources. After [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agents and military personnel kill the alien which leaves Dr. Okun in a coma, Whitmore reluctantly authorizes a nuclear attack; a [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirit]] fires a nuclear warhead tipped cruise missile at a saucer positioned above [[Houston]], but the saucer remains intact, whilst wiping out the city.

On [[Independence Day (United States)|July 4]], David demonstrates the key to defeating the aliens is to deactivate their force fields, and devises a plan to do this by uploading a [[computer virus]] into the mothership using the refurbished alien fighter, which Steven volunteers to pilot. With military pilots in short supply, Whitmore enlists the help of volunteers with flight experience, including Russell, to fly the remaining F/A-18s at Area 51; and leads an attack on a saucer bearing down on the base. Flying into space, Steven and David upload the virus and successfully deploy a nuclear weapon on board the mothership, blowing it to pieces. With the aliens' shields deactivated, the fighter jets are able to effectively fight back against the enemy craft, but their supply of missiles is exhausted before they can bring down the ship. As the saucer prepares to fire on the base, Russell has one last missile to spare, but when the firing control on the missile fails, he bravely [[kamikaze|rams]] his jet into the directed-energy weapon port, causing a chain reaction that destroys the entire ship. Human resistance forces around the world are informed of the alien ships' weak point, and successfully destroy the other saucers. As humankind is rejoicing in victory, Steven and David return to Area 51 unharmed and reunite with their families. They then accompany Whitmore and his daughter in watching the wreckage from the mothership burn up, resembling a [[fireworks]] display as it enters Earth's atmosphere.

==Cast==

* [[Will Smith]] as Captain Steven Hiller, a [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]] [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18]] pilot. Devlin and Emmerich had always envisioned an African-American for the role,<ref name="lat">{{cite web|author=[[Kenneth Turan]] |title=Independence Day review |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 2, 1996 |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-movie960716-1,2,1312906.story |accessdate=July 8, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619051208/http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-movie960716-1%2C2%2C1312906.story |archivedate=June 19, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and specifically wanted Smith after seeing his performance in ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (film)|Six Degrees of Separation]]''.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 36.</ref>
* [[Bill Pullman]] as President Thomas J. Whitmore, a former fighter pilot and [[Gulf War]] veteran. To prepare for the role, Pullman read [[Bob Woodward]]'s ''The Commanders'' and watched the documentary film ''[[The War Room]]''.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 32.</ref>
* [[Jeff Goldblum]] as David Levinson, an [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]-educated technological expert.
* [[Mary McDonnell]] as First Lady Marilyn Whitmore.
* [[Judd Hirsch]] as Julius Levinson, David Levinson's father. The character was based on one of Dean Devlin's uncles.<ref name="dvd">DVD commentary</ref>
* [[Robert Loggia]] as General William Grey, USMC, the head of the [[United States Space Command]]. Loggia modeled the character after World War II generals, particularly [[George S. Patton]].<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 42.</ref>
* [[Randy Quaid]] as Russell Casse, an eccentric, alcoholic former fighter pilot and [[Vietnam War]] veteran. He insists that he was [[Alien abduction|abducted by the aliens]] ten years prior to the film's events shortly after completing his military service.
* [[Margaret Colin]] as Constance Spano, Whitmore's [[White House Communications Director]] and David Levinson's former wife.
* [[Vivica A. Fox]] as Jasmine Dubrow, Steven Hiller's girlfriend and mother of Dylan Dubrow.
* [[James Rebhorn]] as Albert Nimzicki, the Secretary of Defense and, as former CIA Director, one of the few aware of the aliens' existence due to the ship recovered at Roswell. Rebhorn described the character as being much like [[Oliver North]].<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 44.</ref> The character's eventual firing lampoons Joe Nimziki,<ref name="bnet">{{cite news | author=Stephen Galloway | title=Affleck's Schedule Busies After 'Harbor' | publisher=bnet.com | date=July 4, 2001 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_23_23/ai_75648237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320090432/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_23_23/ai_75648237 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 20, 2006 | accessdate=September 6, 2008}}</ref> [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]'s head of advertising, who made life unpleasant for Devlin and Emmerich when studio executives forced recuts of ''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]''.<ref name="EW">{{cite web | author=Rebecca Ascher-Walsh | title=SPACE UNDER FIRE | work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=July 12, 1996 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293332,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Harvey Fierstein]] as Marty Gilbert.
* [[Adam Baldwin]] as Major Mitchell, [[United States Air Force|USAF]], Area 51's commanding officer.
* [[Brent Spiner]] as Dr. Brackish Okun, the unkempt and highly excitable scientist in charge of research at Area 51. Dr. Okun appeared to have been killed by an alien but returned in the sequel, where it was revealed that the character had merely been in a coma.<ref>{{cite news | title=Brent Spiner in Pasadena | publisher=classicscifi.org.uk | date=April 25, 1999 |url=http://www.classicscifi.org.uk/brent/okie-con.htm | accessdate=January 30, 2009 }}</ref> The character's appearance and verbal style are based upon those of visual effects supervisor Jeffrey A. Okun, with whom Emmerich had worked on ''Stargate''.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 45.</ref>
* [[James Duval]] as Miguel Casse.
* [[Bill Smitrovich]] as Lt. Col. Watson.
* [[Harry Connick Jr.]] as Marine Captain Jimmy Wilder. Connick took over the part from [[Matthew Perry]], originally cast in the role.
* [[Mae Whitman]] as Patricia Whitmore, the daughter of President Thomas J. Whitmore and First Lady Marilyn Whitmore.<ref name="doc">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitallyobsessed.com/showreview.php3?ID=204|title=Independence Day (1996)}}
''digitallyobsessed.com''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref>
* [[Ross Bagley]] as Dylan Dubrow-Hiller, Jasmine Dubrow's son and Steven Hiller's stepson.
* [[Lisa Jakub]] as Alicia Casse.

==Production==

===Development===

[[File:F-18s from VFMA-314 in formation.jpg|thumb|F/A-18 Hornets of [[VMFA-314]], "Black Knights"]]
The idea for the film came when Emmerich and Devlin were in Europe promoting their film ''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]''. A reporter asked Emmerich why he made a film with content like ''Stargate'' if he did not believe in aliens. Emmerich stated he was still fascinated by the idea of an alien arrival, and further explained his response by asking the reporter to imagine what it would be like to wake up one morning and to discover 15 mile-wide spaceships were hovering over the world's largest cities. Emmerich then turned to Devlin and said, "I think I have an idea for our next film."<ref name="dvd"/><ref name="ID41">Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 8.</ref><ref name="EW7">[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,292721,00.html The 1996 Summer Movie Preview: July] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref>

Emmerich and Devlin decided to expand on the idea by incorporating a large-scale attack, with Devlin saying he was bothered by the fact that "for the most part, in alien invasion movies, they come down to Earth and they're hidden in some back field …[o]r they arrive in little spores and inject themselves into the back of someone's head."<ref name="ID42">Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 93.</ref> Emmerich agreed by asking Devlin if arriving from across the galaxy, "would you hide on a farm or would you make a big entrance?"<ref name="ID42"/> The two wrote the script during a month-long vacation in Mexico,<ref name="ID41" /> and just one day after they sent it out for consideration, [[20th Century Fox]] chairman [[Peter Chernin]] greenlit the screenplay.<ref name="EW"/> Pre-production began just three days later in February 1995.<ref name="dvd"/><ref name="ID41"/> The [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] originally intended to provide personnel, vehicles, and costumes for the film; however, they backed out when the producers refused to remove the script's [[Area 51]] references.<ref name="dvd"/>

A then-record 3,000-plus special effects shots would ultimately be required for the film.<ref name="EW7"/> The shoot utilized on-set, in-camera special effects more often than [[Digimation|computer-generated effects]] in an effort to save money and get more authentic pyrotechnic results.<ref name="dvd"/> Many of these shots were accomplished at [[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes Aircraft]] in [[Culver City, California]], where the film's art department, [[motion control photography]] teams, [[pyrotechnics]] team, and model shop were headquartered{{doubtful|date=July 2018}}. The production's model-making department built more than twice as many miniatures for the production than had ever been built for any film before by creating miniatures for buildings, city streets, aircraft, landmarks, and monuments.<ref name="Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 72">Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 72.</ref> The crew also built miniatures for several of the spaceships featured in the film, including a {{Convert|30|ft|adj=mid}} destroyer model<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 54.</ref> and a version of the mother ship spanning {{convert|12|ft}}.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 121.</ref> City streets were recreated, then tilted upright beneath a high-speed camera mounted on a scaffolding filming downwards. An explosion would be ignited below the model, and flames would rise towards the camera, engulfing the tilted model and creating the rolling "wall of destruction" look seen in the film.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 78.</ref> A model of the [[White House]] was also created, covering {{convert|10|ft}} by {{convert|5|ft}}, and was used in forced-perspective shots before being destroyed in a similar fashion for its destruction scene.<ref name="ID43">Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 82.</ref> The detonation took a week to plan<ref name="EW"/> and required 40 explosive charges.<ref name="ID43"/>

[[File:USA little colorado pano AZ.jpg|thumb|A World War II training aircraft with a camera mounted on its front navigated through the walls of the [[Little Colorado River]] [[canyon]], and the footage was used as pilot point-of-view shots.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 112.</ref>]]

The film's aliens were designed by production designer [[Patrick Tatopoulos]]. The actual aliens in the film are diminutive and based on a design Tatopoulos drew when tasked by Emmerich to create an alien that was "both familiar and completely original".<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 86.</ref> These creatures wear "bio-mechanical" suits that are based on another design Tatopoulos pitched to Emmerich. These suits were {{convert|8|ft}} tall, equipped with 25 tentacles, and purposely designed to show it could not sustain a person inside so it would not appear to be a "man in a suit".<ref name= "Aberly and Engel p. 91">Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 91.</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began in July 1995 in New York City. A second unit gathered plate shots and [[establishing shot]]s of Manhattan, Washington, D.C., an [[Recreational vehicle|RV]] community in [[Flagstaff, Arizona]], and the [[Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array|Very Large Array]] on the [[Plains of San Agustin]], [[New Mexico]].<ref name= "Aberly and Engel p. 91"/> The main crew also filmed in nearby [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey]] before moving to the former [[Kaiser Ventures|Kaiser Steel mill]] in [[Fontana, California]] to film the post-attack Los Angeles sequences.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 62.</ref> The production then moved to [[Wendover, Utah]], and [[West Wendover, Nevada]],<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 104.</ref> where the deserts doubled for [[Imperial Valley]], and the [[Wendover Airport]] doubled for the [[Marine Corps Air Station El Toro|El Toro]] and Area 51 exteriors.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 96.</ref> It was here where Pullman filmed his pre-battle speech. Immediately before filming the scene, Devlin and Pullman decided to add "Today, we celebrate our Independence Day!" to the end of the speech. At the time, the production was nicknamed "ID4" because [[Warner Bros.]] owned the rights to the title ''[[Independence Day (1983 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1983) and Devlin had hoped that if Fox executives noticed the addition in [[dailies]], the impact of the new dialogue would help them to win the rights to the title.<ref name="dvd"/> The right to use the title was eventually won two weeks later.<ref name="EW"/>

The production team moved to the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] to film three scenes, then returned to California to film in various places around Los Angeles, including Hughes Aircraft where sets for the cable company and Area 51 interiors were constructed at a former aircraft plant. Sets for the latter included corridors containing windows that were covered with blue material. The filmmakers originally intended to use the [[chroma key]] technique to make it appear as if activity was happening on the other side of the glass; but the [[compositing|composited images]] were not added to the final print because production designers decided the blue panels gave the sets a "clinical look".<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 98.</ref> The attacker hangar set contained an attacker [[mockup]] {{convert|65|ft}} wide<ref name="Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 72"/> that took four months to build.<ref name="EW"/> The White House interior sets used had already been built for ''[[The American President]]'' and had previously been used for ''[[Nixon (film)|Nixon]]''.<ref name="ID43"/> Principal photography completed on November 3, 1995.<ref name="EW"/>

The film originally depicted Russell Casse being rejected as a volunteer for the July 4 aerial counteroffensive because of his alcoholism. He then uses a stolen missile tied to his red biplane to carry out his suicide mission. According to Dean Devlin, test audiences responded well to the scene's irony and comedic value.<ref name="dvd"/> However, the scene was re-shot to include Russell's acceptance as a volunteer, his crash course on flying modern fighter aircraft, and him flying an F/A-18 instead of the biplane. Devlin preferred the alteration because the viewer now witnesses Russell ultimately making the decision to sacrifice his life,<ref name="dvd"/> and seeing the biplane keeping pace and flying amongst F/A-18s was "just not believable".<ref>[https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00003Q43A "Independence Day."] ''amazon.ca''. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref> The film was officially completed on June 20, 1996.<ref name="EW"/>

===Music===
The [[Grammy Award]]-winning<ref name="NYTimesGrammy">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/28/arts/winners-of-the-1997-grammy-awards.html | title=Winners of the 1997 Grammy Awards | publisher=The New York Times | date=28 February 1997 | accessdate=16 April 2016}}</ref> score for the film was composed by [[David Arnold]] and recorded with an orchestra of 90, a choir of 46, "and every last ounce of stereotypical Americana he could muster for the occasion".<ref name="Filmtracks1997">{{cite web | url=http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/id4.html | title=Independence Day | publisher=Filmtracks | date=24 September 1996 | accessdate=16 April 2016}}</ref> The film's producer Dean Devlin commented that "you can leave it up to a Brit to write some of the most rousing and patriotic music in the history of American cinema."<ref name="Filmtracks1997"/> The soundtrack has received two official CD releases. RCA released a 50-minute album at the time of the film's release, then in 2010, La-La Land Records released a limited-edition, two-disc CD set that comprised the complete score plus 12 alternate cues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lalalandrecords.com/Site/IndependenceDay.html|title=film music - movie music- film score - Independence Day - David Arnold - Limited Edition|publisher=|access-date=September 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027002220/http://www.lalalandrecords.com/Site/IndependenceDay.html|archive-date=October 27, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The premiere of ''Independence Day'' live<ref name="RAHaliens ">{{cite web | url=http://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/news/2016/february/david-arnold-aliens-and-a-full-orchestra-blasting-into-the-royal-albert-hall/ | title=David Arnold, aliens and a full orchestra invade the Royal Albert Hall | publisher=Royal Albert Hall | date=8 February 2016 | accessdate=16 April 2016 | author=Burin, Rick}}</ref> took place at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in September 2016, with the film's score was performed live to a screening of the film.<ref name="RAHID4live">{{cite web | url=http://www.royalalberthall.com/tickets/events/2016/independence-day/ | title=Independence Day Live at the Royal Albert Hall | publisher=Royal Albert Hall | accessdate=16 April 2016}}</ref> This celebrated the twentieth anniversary of the film's release, and the event also featured a pre-film talk by David Arnold.

==Release==
While the film was still in post-production, Fox began a massive marketing campaign to help promote the film, beginning with the airing of a dramatic commercial during [[Super Bowl XXX]], for which it paid $1.3 million.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120805180615/http://www.uwec.edu/newsreleases/highlights/011205superbowl.htm "UW-Eau Claire Marketing Researchers Study Super Bowl Ad Successes."] ''University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire''. Retrieved October 1, 2007.</ref> The film's subsequent success at the box office resulted in the trend of using [[Super Bowl commercials|Super Bowl air time]] to kick off the advertising campaign for potential blockbusters.<ref name="mojoad">[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1703&p=.htm Analysis: Super Bowl Movie Ads Lack Luster] ''boxofficemojo.com''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref><ref name="JS">{{cite news|author=Rick Romell |title=Ads the real stars of Super Bowl |publisher=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |date=January 27, 2007 |url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=557839 |accessdate=July 8, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108225945/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=557839 |archivedate=January 8, 2008 |df= }}</ref>

Fox's Licensing and Merchandising division also entered into co-promotional deals with [[Apple Inc.]] The co-marketing project was dubbed "The Power to Save the World" campaign, in which the company used footage of David using his [[PowerBook]] laptop in their print and television advertisements.<ref name="Mac">[http://www.informedusa.com/t/independanceday.html Apple Ties in With 20th Century Fox "Independence Day] ''The online Macinstuff Times''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref> [[Trendmasters]] entered a merchandising deal with the film's producers to create a line of [[tie-in]] toys.<ref name="EW5">{{cite news | author = Kenneth M. Chanko | title = Independence Play | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = July 12, 1996 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293331,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref> In exchange for [[product placement]], Fox also entered into co-promotional deals with [[Molson Coors Brewing Company]] and [[Coca-Cola]].<ref>[http://www.movie-moron.com/?p=544 Top Ten: Most Shameless Uses Of Product Placement In Film] ''movie-moron.com''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref>

The film was marketed with several taglines, including: "We've always believed we weren't alone. On July 4, we'll wish we were", "Earth. Take a good look. It could be your last", and "Don't make plans for August". The weekend before the film's release, the Fox Network aired a half-hour special on the film, the first third of which was a spoof news report on the events that happen in the film. [[Roger Ebert]] attributed most of the film's early success to its [[Trailer (promotion)|teaser trailers]] and marketing campaigns, acknowledging them as "truly brilliant".<ref name="ear">[https://archive.is/20081021112851/http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/ebertandroeper/index2.html?sec=6&subsec=independence+day ''Ebert & Roeper''.] ''atthemovies.tv''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref>

[[File:id4whitehouse.jpg|thumb|The shot of the White House's destruction was the focus of the film's marketing campaign. A fleeing helicopter was added to the shot in the final print.]]
The film had its official premiere held at Los Angeles' now-defunct Mann Plaza Theater on June 25, 1996.<ref name="var">{{cite news | author = Todd McCarthy | title = Independence Day Review | publisher = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = July 1, 1996 |url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117905388.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref> It was then screened privately at the White House for President [[Bill Clinton]] and his family<ref name="time">{{cite news | author = Richard Corliss | title = THE INVASION HAS BEGUN! | publisher = [[Time (magazine)|TIME]] | date = July 8, 1996 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984815,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008 | authorlink = Richard Corliss}}</ref> before receiving a nationwide release in the United States on July 2, 1996, a day earlier than its previously scheduled opening.<ref name="sfc">{{cite news | author = Mick LaSalle | title = Declaration of "Independence" | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = July 2, 1996 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1996/07/02/DD57773.DTL | accessdate=March 4, 2008 | authorlink = Mick LaSalle}}</ref> The theatrical release of this film introduced a new [[THX]] trailer featuring [[Tex (THX)|Tex]].

After a six-week, $30 million marketing campaign, ''Independence Day'' was released on [[VHS]] on November 22, 1996.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4360/is_199609/ai_n15228087 Independence Day blitz.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104070553/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4360/is_199609/ai_n15228087 |date=January 4, 2016 }} ''HighBeam Research''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref> A [[LaserDisc]] release came out at roughly the same time, and included audio commentary, theatrical trailers, deleted scenes, and a bundled soundtrack CD,.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Aliens Invade Your Home |magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|issue=92 |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=March 1997 |page=93}}</ref> It became available on [[DVD]] on June 27, 2000, and has since been re-released, in several different versions of this format, with varying supplemental material, including one instance where it was packaged with a [[Lenticular printing|lenticular cover]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116629/dvd#B000O76T86 "DVD details for Independence Day."] ''IMDb''. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref> Often accessible on these versions is a special edition of the film, which features nine minutes of additional footage not seen in the original theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/independence-day-extended-edition-film | title=''Independence Day: Extended Edition'' (12A) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=May 27, 2016 | accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> ''Independence Day'' became available on [[Blu-ray]] in the United Kingdom on December 24, 2007,<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000WBZZB6 "Independence Day Blu-ray"] Amazon UK Retrieved July 6, 2008.</ref> and in North America on March 11, 2008<ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/movies.php?id=199 "Independence Day (Blu-ray)."] ''Blu-ray''. Retrieved July 5, 2008.</ref> and in Australia on March 5, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/blu-ray/independence-day-blu-ray/dp/797919|title=Buy Independence Day (Blu-ray) on Blu-ray from EzyDVD.com.au|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424170351/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/blu-ray/independence-day-blu-ray/dp/797919|archivedate=April 24, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The initial single-disc releases only feature the theatrical cut and a few extras, as per the single-disc DVDs. For its 2016 twentieth anniversary, the film was re-released on two-disc Blu-ray and DVD, 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray, and Digital HD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/03/15/independence-day-20th-anniversary-blu-ray-announcement-documentary-clip-and-packaging|title=Independence Day: 20th Anniversary Blu-ray Announcement, Documentary Clip and Packaging|first=By Jim|last=Vejvoda|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Independence-Day-4K-Blu-ray/151490/ | title=Independence Day 4K Blu-ray | publisher=Blu-ray.com | accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> The 20th-anniversary editions feature both the theatrical and extended versions, all the extras of the previous 2-disc DVDs and more besides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/20th_Century_Fox/Disc_Announcements/independence-day-20th-anniversary-edition-to-invade-4k-ultra-hd-bluray/31529|title='Independence Day: 20th Anniversary Edition' to Invade 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray - High-Def Digest|publisher=}}</ref>

===Censorship===
In [[Lebanon]], certain Jewish- and Israel-related content in the film was censored. One cut scene involved Judd Hirsch's character donning a [[kippah]], and leading soldiers and White House officials in a Jewish prayer. Other removed footage showed Israeli and Arab troops working together in preparation for countering the alien invasion. The Lebanese [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[militant]] group [[Hezbollah]] called for Muslims to boycott the film, describing it as "propaganda for the so-called genius of the Jews and their concern for humanity." In response, Jewish actor Jeff Goldblum said: "I think Hezbollah has missed the point: the film is not about American Jews saving the world; it's about teamwork among people of different religions and nationalities to defeat a common enemy."<ref>{{cite news|date=January 26, 1997 |title=Making Money Abroad, And Also a Few Enemies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/26/movies/making-money-abroad-and-also-a-few-enemies.html |newspaper=The New York Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 12, 1996 |title=A Jewish Hero Isn't Kosher; Lebanon Censors 'Independence Day' |url= |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

===Twentieth anniversary release===
The film had both its twentieth anniversary and premiere at a special live-orchestral screening performance at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] on September 22, 2016. The [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]], conducted by the original orchestrator Nicholas Dodd, performed the score live<ref name="ID4Live">{{cite web | url=http://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/news/2016/february/david-arnold-aliens-and-a-full-orchestra-blasting-into-the-royal-albert-hall/ | title=David Arnold, aliens and a full orchestra invade the Royal Albert Hall | publisher=Royal Albert Hall | date=8 February 2016 | accessdate=15 April 2016 | author=Burin, Rick}}</ref> during the film, and the film's composer, [[David Arnold]], was a presenter at the event.

==Reception==

===Box office===
[[File:ID4TIME.jpg|thumb|One of the film's creatures on the cover of the July 8, 1996 issue of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.]]
''Independence Day'' was the highest-grossing film of 1996, beating ''[[Twister (1996 film)|Twister]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' and ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]''.<ref name="BOM"/> In the United States, it earned $104.3 million in its opening week,<ref name="EW4">{{cite news | author = A.J. Jacobs | title = The Day After | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = July 19, 1996 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293427,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref> including $96.1 million during its five-day holiday opening, and $50.2 million during its opening weekend.<ref name="numbers">[http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1996/0ID4.php "Independence Day Box Office Data."] ''the-numbers.com''. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref> All three figures broke records set by ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' three years earlier.<ref name="EW4"/> That film's sequel, ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'', claimed all three records when it was released the following year. ''Independence Day'' stayed in the number-one spot for three consecutive weeks, and grossed $306,169,268 in North America<ref name="BOM"/> and $511,231,623 in other territories during its theatrical run.<ref name="BOM"/> The combined total of $817,400,891 once trailed only the worldwide earnings of ''Jurassic Park'' as the highest of all time.<ref>[http://www.10000bcmovie.com/ "William Fay Bio."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218101034/http://www.10000bcmovie.com/ |date=February 18, 2012 }} ''www.10000bcmovie.com''. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref> [[Box Office Mojo]] estimates that the film sold over 69.26 million tickets in the US.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 31, 2016|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=independenceday.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm|title=Independence Day (1996)|publisher=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> It has been surpassed by multiple 21st-century films since, and currently holds the [[List of highest-grossing films|72nd-highest-worldwide-grossing film of all time]]. Hoping to capitalize on the film's success, several studios released large-scale [[disaster film]]s,<ref name=EW6 /> and the already rising interest in science fiction-related media was further increased by the film's popularity.<ref name=time />

A month after the film's release, jewelry designers and marketing consultants reported an increased interest in [[dolphin]]-themed jewelry, as the character Jasmine ([[Vivica A. Fox]]) wears dolphin earrings, and is presented with a wedding ring featuring a gold dolphin.<ref name="EW3">{{cite news | author = Degen Pener | title = Day of the Dolphin | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = August 9, 1996 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293634,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref>

===Critical response===
[[Rotten Tomatoes]], a [[review aggregator]], reports that 64% of 70 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The plot is thin and so is character development, but as a thrilling, spectacle-filled summer movie, ''Independence Day'' delivers."<ref name=rotom>{{cite web |url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1071806-independence_day/ |title=Independence Day (1996) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Flixster|Flixster, Inc.]] |accessdate=April 18, 2018}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 59 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref name="meta">[http://www.metacritic.com/movie/independence-day "Independence Day."] ''Metacritic''. Retrieved October 16, 2007.</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web|url=https://m.cinemascore.com |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150405021357/http://m.cinemascore.com/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2015-04-05 |title=CinemaScore |work=cinemascore.com }}</ref>

Critics wrote that the film has "cardboard" and "stereotypical" characters,<ref name="lat"/><ref name="sfc"/><ref name="dcp">{{cite news | author = Kevin McManus | title = A Sci-Fi Flash in the Pan | publisher = [[Washington Post]] | date = July 5, 1996 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/review96/independencedaymcman.htm | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name="EW8">{{cite news | author = Schwarzbaum | title = Independence Day (1996) | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = July 12, 1996 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293279,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name="nw">{{cite news|author=David Ansen |title=Independence Day |publisher=[[Newsweek]] |date=July 8, 1996 |url=http://www.msnbc.com/m/nw/a/m/mv_i.asp#Independence%20Day |accessdate=July 8, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522202447/http://www.msnbc.com/m/nw/a/m/mv_i.asp#Independence |archivedate=May 22, 2008 |authorlink=David Ansen |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and weak dialogue.<ref name="EW6">{{cite news | author = Gary Susman | title = Apocalypse Wow | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = May 25, 2004 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,641738_7,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name="nw"/><ref name="sfe">{{cite news | author = Barbara Shulgasser | title = THESE SCENES ARE SELF-EVIDENT | publisher = [[San Francisco Examiner]] | date = July 2, 1996 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1996/07/02/STYLE6573.dtl | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name="ac">{{cite news | author = Marc Savlov | title = Independence Day | publisher = [[Austin Chronicle]] | date = July 8, 1996 |url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Calendar/Film?Film=oid%3a138121 | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref> Yet the shot of the White House's destruction has been declared a milestone in visual effects, and one of the most memorable scenes of the 1990s.<ref>[http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects16.html Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones.] ''filmsite.org''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref><ref name="fs3">[http://www.filmsite.org/90sintro3.html Film History of the 1990s] ''filmsite.org''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref> In a 2010 poll, readers of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' rated it the second-greatest summer film of the previous 20 years, ranking only behind ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''.<ref>"Summer Blockbusters: The New Generation," Entertainment Weekly, Page 32, Issue #1112, July 23, 2010.</ref>

[[Mick LaSalle]] of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' gave the film his highest rating, declaring it the "[[apotheosis]]" of ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''.<ref name="sfc"/> Lisa Schwarzbaum of ''Entertainment Weekly'' gave it a B+ for living up to its massive hype, adding "charm is the foremost of this epic's contemporary characteristics. The script is witty, knowing, cool."<ref name="EW8"/> Eight years later, ''Entertainment Weekly'' would rate the film as one of the best disaster films of all time.<ref name="EW6"/> [[Kenneth Turan]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' felt that the film did an "excellent job conveying the boggling immensity of [the] extraterrestrial vehicles […] and panic in the streets" and the scenes of the alien attack were "disturbing, unsettling and completely convincing".<ref name="lat"/>

However, the film's nationalistic overtones were widely criticized by reviewers outside the U.S. ''Movie Review UK'' described the film as "a mish-mash of elements from a wide variety of [[alien invasion]] movies and gung-ho American [[jingoism]]."<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=September 4, 2008 |url=http://www.film.u-net.com/Movies/Reviews/Independence_Day.html |title=Independence Day (1996) |publisher=Movie Reviews UK |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918062457/http://www.film.u-net.com/Movies/Reviews/Independence_Day.html |archivedate=September 18, 2008 |df= }}</ref> The speech during which Whitmore states that victory in the coming war would see the entire world henceforth describe July 4 as its [[List of national independence days|Independence Day]], was described in a [[BBC]] review as "the most jaw-droppingly pompous soliloquy ever delivered in a mainstream Hollywood movie."<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=September 6, 2008|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2000/12/18/independence_day_1996_review.shtml|title=Independence Day (1996) |publisher=BBC|date=December 18, 2000|author=Smith, Neil }}</ref> In 2003, readers of ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'', voted the scene that contained this speech as the "Cheesiest Movie Moment of All-Time".<ref name="fs">[http://www.filmsite.org/worstquotes.html Top 10 Worst Quotes or Lines From the Movies] ''filmsite.org''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref> Conversely, ''Empire'' critic [[Kim Newman]] gave the film a [[Star (classification)|five-star rating]] in the magazine's original review of the film.<ref name="meta"/>

Several critics expressed disappointment with the quality of the film's special effects. ''[[Newsweek]]''{{'}}s [[David Ansen]] claimed the special effects were of no better caliber than those seen nineteen years earlier in ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''.<ref name="nw"/> Todd McCarthy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' felt the production's budget-conscious approach resulted in "cheesy" shots that lacked in quality relative to the effects present in films directed by [[James Cameron]] and [[Steven Spielberg]].<ref name="var"/> In his review, [[Roger Ebert]] took note of a lack of imagination in the spaceship and creature designs.<ref name="ebert">{{cite news | author = Roger Ebert | title = Independence Day | publisher = [[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date = July 2, 1996 |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19960702/REVIEWS/607020301/1023 | accessdate=July 8, 2008 | authorlink = Roger Ebert}}</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] expressed the same sentiments in his ''[[At the Movies (1986 TV program)|At the Movies]]'' review of the film.''<ref name="ear" />{{Dead link|date=December 2013}}''

'''[[American Film Institute]] lists'''
* [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills]] – Nominated<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/thrills400.pdf|title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees|publisher=}}</ref>
* [[AFI's 10 Top 10]] – Nominated Science Fiction Film<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/drop/ballot.pdf|title=AFI.com Error|publisher=}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Award
! Subject
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Cinema Audio Society Awards|CAS Awards]]<ref name="awards">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116629/awards "Awards for Independence Day."] ''IMDb''. Retrieved September 4, 2012.</ref>
|rowspan=2|Best Sound
|rowspan=2|[[Chris Carpenter]], [[Bob Beemer]], [[Bill W. Benton]] and [[Jeff Wexler]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Academy Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]]
|[[Volker Engel]], [[Douglas Smith (special effects artist)|Douglas Smith]], [[Clay Pinney]] and [[Joe Viskocil]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Czech Lion Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=DRŽITELÉ CENY ČFTA|url=http://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/1996/drz-itele-ceny-cfta|website=www.filmovaakademie.cz|accessdate=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Den nezávislosti zbořil Bílý dům. Co zničí Emmerich v druhém dílu?|url=http://kultura.zpravy.idnes.cz/den-nezavislosti-2-03q-/filmvideo.aspx?c=A160617_090406_filmvideo_spm|website=iDNES.cz|accessdate=21 August 2017|date=18 June 2016}}</ref>
| The most successful movie in Cinemas.
| [[Roland Emmerich]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=11|[[Saturn Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|[[Saturn Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film|Best Science Fiction Film]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Roland Emmerich]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Writing|Best Writer]]
|Roland Emmerich and [[Dean Devlin]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Costume|Best Costumes]]
|Joseph A. Porro
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Brent Spiner]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Vivica A. Fox]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor|Best Young Actor]]
|[[James Duval]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Music|Best Music]]
|[[David Arnold]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Saturn Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Jeff Goldblum]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Will Smith]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|Favorite Movie Actor
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie|Favorite Movie]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Hugo Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|[[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation|Best Dramatic Presentation]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Young Artist Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|Best Young Actor – Age 10 or Under
|[[Ross Bagley]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[People's Choice Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=5|[[MTV Movie Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Action Sequence|Best Action Sequence]]
|Aliens blow up cities
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Movie|Best Movie]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie|Best Male Performance]]
|Will Smith
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Breakthrough Performance
|Vivica A. Fox
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss|Best Kiss]]
|Will Smith and Vivica A. Fox
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Grammy Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|[[Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media|Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television]]
|David Arnold
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Satellite Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|[[Satellite Award for Best Visual Effects|Outstanding Visual Effects]]
|Volker Engel, Douglas Smith, Clay Pinney and Joe Viskocil
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Editing|Outstanding Film Editing]]
|[[David Brenner (editor)|David Brenner]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Mainichi Film Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|rowspan=3|Best Foreign Language Film
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Japan Academy Prize (film)|Japanese Academy Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|{{n/a}}
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Amanda Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|{{n/a}}
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Blockbuster Entertainment Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|Favorite Actor – Sci-Fi
|rowspan=2|Will Smith
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=8|Universe Reader's Choice Awards<ref name="awards"/>
|Best Actor
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|Vivica A. Fox
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Science Fiction Film
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Special Effects
|Volker Engel, Douglas Smith, Clay Pinney and Joe Viskocil
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Director
|Roland Emmerich
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Score
|David Arnold
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|[[Karl Walter Lindenlaub]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Writing
|rowspan=2|Roland Emmerich and Dean Devlin
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Golden Raspberry Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|Worst Written Film Grossing Over $100 Million
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[http://ofta.cinemasight.com/ Online Film & Television Association Awards]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/1st-annual-film-awards-1996/|title=1st Annual Film Awards (1996) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref>
|Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Horror Picture
|Dean Devlin
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Horror Actor
|Will Smith
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Film Editing
|David Brenner
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Sound
|Chris Carpenter Bill W. Benton Bob Beemer Jeff Wexler
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Sound Effects
|Sandy Gendler & Val Kuklowsky
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Visual Effects
|Volker Engel Douglas Smith Clay Pinney Joe Viskocil
|{{Nom}}
|-
|}

===Legacy===
Disaster elements portrayed in ''Independence Day'' represented a significant turning point for Hollywood [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster films]]. With advancements in [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] special effects, events depicting mass destruction became commonplace in films that soon followed, such as 1998's ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]'' and ''[[Deep Impact (film)|Deep Impact]]''. The trend continued throughout the 2000s and 2010s, evident in films like 2004's ''[[The Day After Tomorrow]]'' and 2012's ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]''.<ref name="legacy">{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/balder-and-dash/beyond-imagination-how-independence-day-changed-the-blockbuster|title=Beyond Imagination: How 'Independence Day' Changed the Blockbuster|last=Huls|first=Alexander|date=June 29, 2016|publisher=RogerEbert.com|accessdate=July 18, 2016}}</ref>

==In other media==

=== Books ===

{{Main|Independence Day (book series)}}

Author Stephen Molstad wrote a [[tie-in]] novel to help promote the film shortly before its release. The novel goes into further detail on the characters, situations, and overall concepts not explored in the film. The novel presents the film's finale as originally scripted, with the character played by [[Randy Quaid]] stealing a missile and roping it to his [[Aerial application|cropduster]] biplane.

Following the film's success, a [[prequel]] novel entitled ''Independence Day: Silent Zone'' was written by Molstad in February 1998.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0061058270 "Independence Day: Silent Zone Product Details."] ''Amazon.com''. Retrieved October 8, 2007.</ref> The novel is set in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and details the early career of Dr. Brackish Okun.<ref>[http://www.biblio.com/isbn/0061058270.html "Independence Day: Silent Zone by Stephen Molstad Publisher's Notes."] ''Biblio.com''. Retrieved October 8, 2007.</ref>

Molstad wrote a third novel, ''Independence Day: War in the Desert'' in July 1999. Set in [[Saudi Arabia]] on July 3, it centers around Captain Cummins and Colonel Thompson, the two [[Royal Air Force]] officers seen receiving the [[Morse code]] message in the film.

A [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] comic book was also written based on the first two novelizations.

===Radio===
On August 4, 1996, [[BBC Radio 1]] broadcast the one-hour play ''[[Independence Day UK]]'', written, produced, and directed by [[Dirk Maggs]], a spin-off depicting the alien invasion from a British perspective.<ref name="ID4UK">[http://www.dswilliams.co.uk/dirk%20maggs/Independence%20Day%20Dirk%20Maggs.htm "Independence Day UK."] ''dswilliams.co.uk''. Retrieved September 25, 2007.</ref> None of the original cast was present. Dean Devlin gave Maggs permission to produce an original version, on the condition that he did not reveal certain details of the movie's plot, and that the British were not depicted as saving the day.<ref name="ID4UK" /> ''Independence Day UK'' was set up to be similar to the 1938 radio broadcast of ''[[The War of the Worlds (radio drama)|The War of the Worlds]]—''the first 20 minutes were live.<ref name="ID4UK" />

===Multimedia===
In 1996 a "behind-the-scenes" [[multimedia]] CD-ROM titled ''Inside Independence Day'' was released for [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Macintosh]]; it includes storyboards for the film, sketches, movie clips, and a preview of the ''Independence Day'' video game.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=|first= |title=ID4 Goes 32-Bit |magazine=[[GamePro]]|issue=97 |publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|date=October 1996 |page=26}}</ref>

===Video games===
An [[Independence Day (video game)|''Independence Day'' video game]] was released in February 1997 for the [[PlayStation]], [[Sega Saturn]], and [[Personal computer|PC]], each version receiving mostly tepid reviews.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/search.html?type=11&stype=all&tag=search%3Bbutton&om_act=convert&om_clk=gssearch&qs=independence+day "Search results for 'independence day'."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922184350/http://www.gamespot.com/search.html?type=11&stype=all&tag=search%3Bbutton&om_act=convert&om_clk=gssearch&qs=independence%20day |date=September 22, 2009 }} ''[[GameSpot]]''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref> The multi-view shooter game contains various missions to perform, with the ultimate goal of destroying the aliens' primary weapon. A wireless [[Mobile phone|mobile]] version was released in 2005. A computer game entitled ''[[ID4 Online]]'' was released in 2000.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

===Toys===
[[Trendmasters]] released a toy line for the film in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mania.com/10-awesome-toys-from-10-awful-movies_article_121289.html |title=10 Awesome Toys from 10 Awful Movies |author=Trate, Robert T. |publisher=''Mania'' |date=March 19, 2010 |accessdate=July 4, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419202733/http://www.mania.com/10-awesome-toys-from-10-awful-movies_article_121289.html |archivedate=April 19, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Each action figure, vehicle or playset came with a 3{{sfrac|1|2}}" [[floppy disk]] that contained an interactive computer game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movieartmuseum.com/2012/04/30/id-4-independence-day-model-alien-supreme-commander/ |title=iD-4: Independence Day- Model Alien Supreme Commander |publisher=Movie Art Museum |date=April 30, 2012 |accessdate=July 4, 2013}}</ref>

==Sequels==
{{anchor|Sequel(s)}}
{{main|Independence Day: Resurgence}}
In June 2011, Devlin confirmed that he and Emmerich had written a treatment for two [[sequel]]s to form a trilogy; both expressed the desire for [[Will Smith]] to return.<ref>{{cite news | title = Exclusive: Producer Dean Devlin Talks INDEPENDENCE DAY Sequels, STARGATE Movie Sequels, GODZILLA and More at the Saturn Awards | publisher = Collider.com | date = June 24, 2011 | url = http://collider.com/dean-devlin-independence-day-sequel-stargate-sequels/98467/ | accessdate=June 26, 2011}}</ref> In October 2011, however, discussions over Smith returning were halted, due to Fox's refusal to provide the $50 million salary demanded by Smith for the two sequels. Emmerich, however, made assurances that the films would be shot [[Back to back film production|back-to-back]], regardless of Smith's involvement.<ref>{{cite news | title = Independence Day 2 and 3 Could Happen Without Will Smith | publisher = [[MovieWeb]] | date = October 27, 2011 | url = http://www.movieweb.com/news/independence-day-2-and-3-could-happen-without-will-smith | accessdate=May 29, 2012}}</ref>

In March 2013, Emmerich stated that the titles of the new films would be ''ID: Forever – Part I'' and ''ID: Forever – Part II''.<ref>{{cite news | title = Roland Emmerich spills 'Independence Day' sequel details | work = Entertainment Weekly | date = March 26, 2013 | url = http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/03/26/independence-day-sequel/ | accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> In November 2014, the sequel was given the green light by 20th Century Fox, with a release date of June 24, 2016. This would be a stand-alone sequel, that would not split into two parts as originally planned, with filming beginning in May 2015 and casting being done after the studio locked down Emmerich as the director of the film.<ref>{{cite news | last = Fleming Jr | first = Mike | title = Fox Green Light Starts 'Independence Day' Sequel Countdown | publisher = Deadline | date = November 26, 2014 | url = http://deadline.com/2014/11/independence-day-sequel-fox-green-light-1201298276/ }}</ref> In December 2014, Devlin confirmed that Emmerich would indeed be directing the sequel.<ref>{{cite news | last = Topel | first = Fred | title = Independence Day 2" Exclusive: Why They're Not Doing 2 Sequels At Once | publisher = NerdReport | date = December 4, 2014 | url = http://www.nerdreport.com/2014/12/04/independence-day-2-exclusive-why-theyre-not-doing-2-sequels-at-once/ }}</ref> On June 22, 2015, Emmerich announced the official title, ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/independence-day-2-official-title-804344|title = 'Independence Day 2' Official Title Revealed|work = The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>

With respect to Smith's decision not to return to film a sequel, Emmerich told Screen Crush that: "In the very beginning, I wanted to work with him and he was excited to be in it but then after a while he was tired of sequels, and he did another science fiction film, which was his father-son story ''[[After Earth]]'', so he opted out."<ref>{{Cite web|title = This Is Why Will Smith Isn't in 'Independence Day 2'|url = http://screencrush.com/independence-day-2-smith/|website = ScreenCrush|accessdate = 2015-12-14}}</ref>

''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]'' was released on June 24, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Independence Day: Resurgence (2016)|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1628841/|website = IMDb|accessdate = 2015-12-14}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Independence Day (book series)|''Independence Day'' (book series)]]
* [[List of films featuring extraterrestrials]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Aberly, Rachel and Volker Engel. ''The Making of Independence Day''. New York: [[HarperPaperbacks]], 1996. {{ISBN|0-06-105359-7}}.

==External links==
{{commonscat|Independence Day (1996 film)}}
{{wikiquote|Independence Day (film)}}
* [http://www.foxmovies.com/movies/independence-day ''Independence Day''] at [[20th Century Fox]]
* {{IMDb title|0116629|Independence Day}}
* {{Mojo title|independenceday|Independence Day}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|1071806-independence_day|Independence Day}}
* {{Metacritic film|independence-day|Independence Day}}
* {{tcmdb title|452051}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971210074222/http://www.id4movie.com/gateway.html |date=December 10, 1997 |title=''Independence Day'' }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.id4.com/ |title=''Independence Day'' |accessdate=November 14, 2013 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018095842/http://www.id4.com/ |archivedate=October 18, 1996 }}

{{S-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before = ''[[12 Monkeys (film)|12 Monkeys]]''}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]]|years = 1996}}
{{s-aft|after = ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]''}}
{{S-end}}
{{ID4 Independence Day}}
{{Roland Emmerich}}
{{Good article}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Independence Day (1996 Film)}}
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Independence Day (1996 film)

2019-02-10T08:11:41Z

Teflon: /* Toys */

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Independence Day
| image = Independence day movieposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Roland Emmerich]]
| producer = [[Dean Devlin]]
| writer = {{ubl|Dean Devlin|Roland Emmerich}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Will Smith]]
* [[Bill Pullman]]
* [[Jeff Goldblum]]
* [[Mary McDonnell]]
* [[Judd Hirsch]]
* [[Margaret Colin]]
* [[Randy Quaid]]
* [[Robert Loggia]]
* [[James Rebhorn]]
* [[Harvey Fierstein]]
* [[Harry Connick Jr.]]}}
| music = [[David Arnold]]
| cinematography = [[Karl Walter Lindenlaub]]
| editing = [[David Brenner (editor)|David Brenner]]
| studio = [[Centropolis Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
| released = {{Film date|1996|6|25|Mann Plaza Theater|1996|7|2|United States}}
| runtime = 145 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/independence-day-film | title=''INDEPENDENCE DAY'' (12) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=July 21, 1996 | accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $75 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=independenceday.htm |title=Independence Day (1996) |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=February 5, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1071806-independence_day/ Independence Day (1996) Synopsis] ''Rotten tomatoes.'' Retrieved September 25, 2007. "With a $71 million budget and mind-blowing special effects..."</ref>
| gross = $817.4 million<ref name="BOM"/>
}}
'''''Independence Day''''' (also known as '''''ID4''''') is a 1996 American [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[action film]] directed and co-written by [[Roland Emmerich]]. The film features an ensemble cast including [[Will Smith]], [[Bill Pullman]], [[Jeff Goldblum]], [[Mary McDonnell]], [[Judd Hirsch]], [[Margaret Colin]], [[Randy Quaid]], [[Robert Loggia]], [[James Rebhorn]], [[Harvey Fierstein]] and [[Harry Connick Jr.]]. The film focuses on disparate groups of people who converge in the [[Great Basin Desert|Nevada desert]] in the aftermath of a worldwide attack by an [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial race]] of unknown origin. With the other people of the world, they launch a last-ditch counterattack on July 4—[[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] in the United States.

While promoting ''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]'' in Europe, Emmerich came up with the idea for the film when fielding a question about his own belief in the existence of alien life. He and [[Dean Devlin]] decided to incorporate a large-scale attack having noticed that aliens in most invasion films travel long distances in outer space only to remain hidden when reaching Earth. Shooting began in July 1995 in New York City, and the film was officially completed on June 20, 1996.

Now considered to be a significant turning point in the history of the [[Hollywood]] [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]], the film was released worldwide on July 3, 1996, but began showing on July 2 (the same day the film's story begins) on limited release as a result of a high level of anticipation among moviegoers. The film grossed over $817.4 million worldwide,<ref name="BOM" /> becoming the highest-grossing film of 1996 and, briefly, the second-highest-grossing film worldwide of all time behind 1993's ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''. Currently, it ranks 72nd on the [[list of highest-grossing films]], and was at the forefront of the large-scale disaster film and sci-fi resurgence of the mid-late 1990s. The film won the [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]] and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing]]. A sequel, ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]'', was released 20 years later on June 24, 2016, making up the first part of a planned [[Independence Day (franchise)|series of films]].

==Plot==

On July 2, 1996, an enormous [[mothership]] [[UFO]], that has one fourth the mass of the Moon, enters orbit around Earth, deploying assault fortress saucers, each fifteen miles wide, that take positions over some of Earth's major cities. David Levinson, an [[MIT]]-trained satellite technician, decodes a signal embedded within global satellite transmissions that he determines is the aliens' countdown timer for a coordinated attack. With help from his former wife, [[White House Communications Director]] Constance Spano, David, and his father Julius, gain access to the [[Oval Office]] and warn [[President of the United States|President]] Thomas J. Whitmore the aliens are hostile. Whitmore immediately orders large-scale evacuations of [[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[Washington, D.C.]], but it is too late; the timer reaches zero and the saucers activate devastating [[directed-energy weapons]], killing millions. Whitmore, the Levinsons, and a few others narrowly escape aboard [[Air Force One]] as the capital is destroyed, along with the other locations over which the saucers are positioned.

On July 3, international leaders begin ordering individual counterattacks. Their [[military aviation|air forces]] attack the saucers positioned above the ruins of the cities, but the saucers are protected by [[Force field (fiction)|force fields]]. Each saucer launches a swarm of attack fighters, each with its own shield as well, which wipes out the human fighter squadrons and military bases. Captain Steven Hiller, a F/A-18 jet pilot with the [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] squadron [[VMFA-314]] based out of [[Marine Corps Air Station El Toro]], survives by luring his attacker to the enclosed spaces of the [[Grand Canyon]] and sacrificing his plane, forcing the alien to crash-land. He subdues the injured alien pilot and flags down a convoy of refugees, hitching a ride with former combat pilot Russell Casse. They transport the unconscious alien to [[Area 51]], where Whitmore's group has landed. Through [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Albert Nimzicki, they learn that a faction of the government has been involved in a [[UFO conspiracy theory|UFO conspiracy]] since 1947, when one of the invaders' attack fighters crashed in [[Roswell UFO incident|Roswell]]. Area 51 houses the refurbished alien fighter, and three alien corpses recovered from the crash.

When eccentric scientist Dr. Brackish Okun examines the alien captured by Steven, it regains consciousness and attacks. It [[Telepathy|telepathically]] invades Dr. Okun's mind and uses his vocal cords to communicate with President Whitmore before launching a psychic attack against him. Whitmore sees visions of the aliens' plans: their entire civilization travels from planet to planet, exterminating all indigenous life and stripping the planet of all natural resources. After [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agents and military personnel kill the alien which leaves Dr. Okun in a coma, Whitmore reluctantly authorizes a nuclear attack; a [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirit]] fires a nuclear warhead tipped cruise missile at a saucer positioned above [[Houston]], but the saucer remains intact, whilst wiping out the city.

On [[Independence Day (United States)|July 4]], David demonstrates the key to defeating the aliens is to deactivate their force fields, and devises a plan to do this by uploading a [[computer virus]] into the mothership using the refurbished alien fighter, which Steven volunteers to pilot. With military pilots in short supply, Whitmore enlists the help of volunteers with flight experience, including Russell, to fly the remaining F/A-18s at Area 51; and leads an attack on a saucer bearing down on the base. Flying into space, Steven and David upload the virus and successfully deploy a nuclear weapon on board the mothership, blowing it to pieces. With the aliens' shields deactivated, the fighter jets are able to effectively fight back against the enemy craft, but their supply of missiles is exhausted before they can bring down the ship. As the saucer prepares to fire on the base, Russell has one last missile to spare, but when the firing control on the missile fails, he bravely [[kamikaze|rams]] his jet into the directed-energy weapon port, causing a chain reaction that destroys the entire ship. Human resistance forces around the world are informed of the alien ships' weak point, and successfully destroy the other saucers. As humankind is rejoicing in victory, Steven and David return to Area 51 unharmed and reunite with their families. They then accompany Whitmore and his daughter in watching the wreckage from the mothership burn up, resembling a [[fireworks]] display as it enters Earth's atmosphere.

==Cast==

* [[Will Smith]] as Captain Steven Hiller, a [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]] [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18]] pilot. Devlin and Emmerich had always envisioned an African-American for the role,<ref name="lat">{{cite web|author=[[Kenneth Turan]] |title=Independence Day review |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 2, 1996 |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-movie960716-1,2,1312906.story |accessdate=July 8, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619051208/http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-movie960716-1%2C2%2C1312906.story |archivedate=June 19, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and specifically wanted Smith after seeing his performance in ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (film)|Six Degrees of Separation]]''.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 36.</ref>
* [[Bill Pullman]] as President Thomas J. Whitmore, a former fighter pilot and [[Gulf War]] veteran. To prepare for the role, Pullman read [[Bob Woodward]]'s ''The Commanders'' and watched the documentary film ''[[The War Room]]''.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 32.</ref>
* [[Jeff Goldblum]] as David Levinson, an [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]-educated technological expert.
* [[Mary McDonnell]] as First Lady Marilyn Whitmore.
* [[Judd Hirsch]] as Julius Levinson, David Levinson's father. The character was based on one of Dean Devlin's uncles.<ref name="dvd">DVD commentary</ref>
* [[Robert Loggia]] as General William Grey, USMC, the head of the [[United States Space Command]]. Loggia modeled the character after World War II generals, particularly [[George S. Patton]].<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 42.</ref>
* [[Randy Quaid]] as Russell Casse, an eccentric, alcoholic former fighter pilot and [[Vietnam War]] veteran. He insists that he was [[Alien abduction|abducted by the aliens]] ten years prior to the film's events shortly after completing his military service.
* [[Margaret Colin]] as Constance Spano, Whitmore's [[White House Communications Director]] and David Levinson's former wife.
* [[Vivica A. Fox]] as Jasmine Dubrow, Steven Hiller's girlfriend and mother of Dylan Dubrow.
* [[James Rebhorn]] as Albert Nimzicki, the Secretary of Defense and, as former CIA Director, one of the few aware of the aliens' existence due to the ship recovered at Roswell. Rebhorn described the character as being much like [[Oliver North]].<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 44.</ref> The character's eventual firing lampoons Joe Nimziki,<ref name="bnet">{{cite news | author=Stephen Galloway | title=Affleck's Schedule Busies After 'Harbor' | publisher=bnet.com | date=July 4, 2001 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_23_23/ai_75648237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320090432/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_23_23/ai_75648237 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 20, 2006 | accessdate=September 6, 2008}}</ref> [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]'s head of advertising, who made life unpleasant for Devlin and Emmerich when studio executives forced recuts of ''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]''.<ref name="EW">{{cite web | author=Rebecca Ascher-Walsh | title=SPACE UNDER FIRE | work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=July 12, 1996 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293332,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Harvey Fierstein]] as Marty Gilbert.
* [[Adam Baldwin]] as Major Mitchell, [[United States Air Force|USAF]], Area 51's commanding officer.
* [[Brent Spiner]] as Dr. Brackish Okun, the unkempt and highly excitable scientist in charge of research at Area 51. Dr. Okun appeared to have been killed by an alien but returned in the sequel, where it was revealed that the character had merely been in a coma.<ref>{{cite news | title=Brent Spiner in Pasadena | publisher=classicscifi.org.uk | date=April 25, 1999 |url=http://www.classicscifi.org.uk/brent/okie-con.htm | accessdate=January 30, 2009 }}</ref> The character's appearance and verbal style are based upon those of visual effects supervisor Jeffrey A. Okun, with whom Emmerich had worked on ''Stargate''.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 45.</ref>
* [[James Duval]] as Miguel Casse.
* [[Bill Smitrovich]] as Lt. Col. Watson.
* [[Harry Connick Jr.]] as Marine Captain Jimmy Wilder. Connick took over the part from [[Matthew Perry]], originally cast in the role.
* [[Mae Whitman]] as Patricia Whitmore, the daughter of President Thomas J. Whitmore and First Lady Marilyn Whitmore.<ref name="doc">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitallyobsessed.com/showreview.php3?ID=204|title=Independence Day (1996)}}
''digitallyobsessed.com''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref>
* [[Ross Bagley]] as Dylan Dubrow-Hiller, Jasmine Dubrow's son and Steven Hiller's stepson.
* [[Lisa Jakub]] as Alicia Casse.

==Production==

===Development===

[[File:F-18s from VFMA-314 in formation.jpg|thumb|F/A-18 Hornets of [[VMFA-314]], "Black Knights"]]
The idea for the film came when Emmerich and Devlin were in Europe promoting their film ''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]''. A reporter asked Emmerich why he made a film with content like ''Stargate'' if he did not believe in aliens. Emmerich stated he was still fascinated by the idea of an alien arrival, and further explained his response by asking the reporter to imagine what it would be like to wake up one morning and to discover 15 mile-wide spaceships were hovering over the world's largest cities. Emmerich then turned to Devlin and said, "I think I have an idea for our next film."<ref name="dvd"/><ref name="ID41">Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 8.</ref><ref name="EW7">[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,292721,00.html The 1996 Summer Movie Preview: July] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref>

Emmerich and Devlin decided to expand on the idea by incorporating a large-scale attack, with Devlin saying he was bothered by the fact that "for the most part, in alien invasion movies, they come down to Earth and they're hidden in some back field …[o]r they arrive in little spores and inject themselves into the back of someone's head."<ref name="ID42">Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 93.</ref> Emmerich agreed by asking Devlin if arriving from across the galaxy, "would you hide on a farm or would you make a big entrance?"<ref name="ID42"/> The two wrote the script during a month-long vacation in Mexico,<ref name="ID41" /> and just one day after they sent it out for consideration, [[20th Century Fox]] chairman [[Peter Chernin]] greenlit the screenplay.<ref name="EW"/> Pre-production began just three days later in February 1995.<ref name="dvd"/><ref name="ID41"/> The [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] originally intended to provide personnel, vehicles, and costumes for the film; however, they backed out when the producers refused to remove the script's [[Area 51]] references.<ref name="dvd"/>

A then-record 3,000-plus special effects shots would ultimately be required for the film.<ref name="EW7"/> The shoot utilized on-set, in-camera special effects more often than [[Digimation|computer-generated effects]] in an effort to save money and get more authentic pyrotechnic results.<ref name="dvd"/> Many of these shots were accomplished at [[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes Aircraft]] in [[Culver City, California]], where the film's art department, [[motion control photography]] teams, [[pyrotechnics]] team, and model shop were headquartered{{doubtful|date=July 2018}}. The production's model-making department built more than twice as many miniatures for the production than had ever been built for any film before by creating miniatures for buildings, city streets, aircraft, landmarks, and monuments.<ref name="Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 72">Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 72.</ref> The crew also built miniatures for several of the spaceships featured in the film, including a {{Convert|30|ft|adj=mid}} destroyer model<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 54.</ref> and a version of the mother ship spanning {{convert|12|ft}}.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 121.</ref> City streets were recreated, then tilted upright beneath a high-speed camera mounted on a scaffolding filming downwards. An explosion would be ignited below the model, and flames would rise towards the camera, engulfing the tilted model and creating the rolling "wall of destruction" look seen in the film.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 78.</ref> A model of the [[White House]] was also created, covering {{convert|10|ft}} by {{convert|5|ft}}, and was used in forced-perspective shots before being destroyed in a similar fashion for its destruction scene.<ref name="ID43">Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 82.</ref> The detonation took a week to plan<ref name="EW"/> and required 40 explosive charges.<ref name="ID43"/>

[[File:USA little colorado pano AZ.jpg|thumb|A World War II training aircraft with a camera mounted on its front navigated through the walls of the [[Little Colorado River]] [[canyon]], and the footage was used as pilot point-of-view shots.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 112.</ref>]]

The film's aliens were designed by production designer [[Patrick Tatopoulos]]. The actual aliens in the film are diminutive and based on a design Tatopoulos drew when tasked by Emmerich to create an alien that was "both familiar and completely original".<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 86.</ref> These creatures wear "bio-mechanical" suits that are based on another design Tatopoulos pitched to Emmerich. These suits were {{convert|8|ft}} tall, equipped with 25 tentacles, and purposely designed to show it could not sustain a person inside so it would not appear to be a "man in a suit".<ref name= "Aberly and Engel p. 91">Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 91.</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began in July 1995 in New York City. A second unit gathered plate shots and [[establishing shot]]s of Manhattan, Washington, D.C., an [[Recreational vehicle|RV]] community in [[Flagstaff, Arizona]], and the [[Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array|Very Large Array]] on the [[Plains of San Agustin]], [[New Mexico]].<ref name= "Aberly and Engel p. 91"/> The main crew also filmed in nearby [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey]] before moving to the former [[Kaiser Ventures|Kaiser Steel mill]] in [[Fontana, California]] to film the post-attack Los Angeles sequences.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 62.</ref> The production then moved to [[Wendover, Utah]], and [[West Wendover, Nevada]],<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 104.</ref> where the deserts doubled for [[Imperial Valley]], and the [[Wendover Airport]] doubled for the [[Marine Corps Air Station El Toro|El Toro]] and Area 51 exteriors.<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 96.</ref> It was here where Pullman filmed his pre-battle speech. Immediately before filming the scene, Devlin and Pullman decided to add "Today, we celebrate our Independence Day!" to the end of the speech. At the time, the production was nicknamed "ID4" because [[Warner Bros.]] owned the rights to the title ''[[Independence Day (1983 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1983) and Devlin had hoped that if Fox executives noticed the addition in [[dailies]], the impact of the new dialogue would help them to win the rights to the title.<ref name="dvd"/> The right to use the title was eventually won two weeks later.<ref name="EW"/>

The production team moved to the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] to film three scenes, then returned to California to film in various places around Los Angeles, including Hughes Aircraft where sets for the cable company and Area 51 interiors were constructed at a former aircraft plant. Sets for the latter included corridors containing windows that were covered with blue material. The filmmakers originally intended to use the [[chroma key]] technique to make it appear as if activity was happening on the other side of the glass; but the [[compositing|composited images]] were not added to the final print because production designers decided the blue panels gave the sets a "clinical look".<ref>Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 98.</ref> The attacker hangar set contained an attacker [[mockup]] {{convert|65|ft}} wide<ref name="Aberly and Engel 1996, p. 72"/> that took four months to build.<ref name="EW"/> The White House interior sets used had already been built for ''[[The American President]]'' and had previously been used for ''[[Nixon (film)|Nixon]]''.<ref name="ID43"/> Principal photography completed on November 3, 1995.<ref name="EW"/>

The film originally depicted Russell Casse being rejected as a volunteer for the July 4 aerial counteroffensive because of his alcoholism. He then uses a stolen missile tied to his red biplane to carry out his suicide mission. According to Dean Devlin, test audiences responded well to the scene's irony and comedic value.<ref name="dvd"/> However, the scene was re-shot to include Russell's acceptance as a volunteer, his crash course on flying modern fighter aircraft, and him flying an F/A-18 instead of the biplane. Devlin preferred the alteration because the viewer now witnesses Russell ultimately making the decision to sacrifice his life,<ref name="dvd"/> and seeing the biplane keeping pace and flying amongst F/A-18s was "just not believable".<ref>[https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00003Q43A "Independence Day."] ''amazon.ca''. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref> The film was officially completed on June 20, 1996.<ref name="EW"/>

===Music===
The [[Grammy Award]]-winning<ref name="NYTimesGrammy">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/28/arts/winners-of-the-1997-grammy-awards.html | title=Winners of the 1997 Grammy Awards | publisher=The New York Times | date=28 February 1997 | accessdate=16 April 2016}}</ref> score for the film was composed by [[David Arnold]] and recorded with an orchestra of 90, a choir of 46, "and every last ounce of stereotypical Americana he could muster for the occasion".<ref name="Filmtracks1997">{{cite web | url=http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/id4.html | title=Independence Day | publisher=Filmtracks | date=24 September 1996 | accessdate=16 April 2016}}</ref> The film's producer Dean Devlin commented that "you can leave it up to a Brit to write some of the most rousing and patriotic music in the history of American cinema."<ref name="Filmtracks1997"/> The soundtrack has received two official CD releases. RCA released a 50-minute album at the time of the film's release, then in 2010, La-La Land Records released a limited-edition, two-disc CD set that comprised the complete score plus 12 alternate cues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lalalandrecords.com/Site/IndependenceDay.html|title=film music - movie music- film score - Independence Day - David Arnold - Limited Edition|publisher=|access-date=September 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027002220/http://www.lalalandrecords.com/Site/IndependenceDay.html|archive-date=October 27, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The premiere of ''Independence Day'' live<ref name="RAHaliens ">{{cite web | url=http://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/news/2016/february/david-arnold-aliens-and-a-full-orchestra-blasting-into-the-royal-albert-hall/ | title=David Arnold, aliens and a full orchestra invade the Royal Albert Hall | publisher=Royal Albert Hall | date=8 February 2016 | accessdate=16 April 2016 | author=Burin, Rick}}</ref> took place at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in September 2016, with the film's score was performed live to a screening of the film.<ref name="RAHID4live">{{cite web | url=http://www.royalalberthall.com/tickets/events/2016/independence-day/ | title=Independence Day Live at the Royal Albert Hall | publisher=Royal Albert Hall | accessdate=16 April 2016}}</ref> This celebrated the twentieth anniversary of the film's release, and the event also featured a pre-film talk by David Arnold.

==Release==
While the film was still in post-production, Fox began a massive marketing campaign to help promote the film, beginning with the airing of a dramatic commercial during [[Super Bowl XXX]], for which it paid $1.3 million.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120805180615/http://www.uwec.edu/newsreleases/highlights/011205superbowl.htm "UW-Eau Claire Marketing Researchers Study Super Bowl Ad Successes."] ''University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire''. Retrieved October 1, 2007.</ref> The film's subsequent success at the box office resulted in the trend of using [[Super Bowl commercials|Super Bowl air time]] to kick off the advertising campaign for potential blockbusters.<ref name="mojoad">[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1703&p=.htm Analysis: Super Bowl Movie Ads Lack Luster] ''boxofficemojo.com''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref><ref name="JS">{{cite news|author=Rick Romell |title=Ads the real stars of Super Bowl |publisher=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |date=January 27, 2007 |url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=557839 |accessdate=July 8, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108225945/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=557839 |archivedate=January 8, 2008 |df= }}</ref>

Fox's Licensing and Merchandising division also entered into co-promotional deals with [[Apple Inc.]] The co-marketing project was dubbed "The Power to Save the World" campaign, in which the company used footage of David using his [[PowerBook]] laptop in their print and television advertisements.<ref name="Mac">[http://www.informedusa.com/t/independanceday.html Apple Ties in With 20th Century Fox "Independence Day] ''The online Macinstuff Times''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref> [[Trendmasters]] entered a merchandising deal with the film's producers to create a line of [[tie-in]] toys.<ref name="EW5">{{cite news | author = Kenneth M. Chanko | title = Independence Play | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = July 12, 1996 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293331,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref> In exchange for [[product placement]], Fox also entered into co-promotional deals with [[Molson Coors Brewing Company]] and [[Coca-Cola]].<ref>[http://www.movie-moron.com/?p=544 Top Ten: Most Shameless Uses Of Product Placement In Film] ''movie-moron.com''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref>

The film was marketed with several taglines, including: "We've always believed we weren't alone. On July 4, we'll wish we were", "Earth. Take a good look. It could be your last", and "Don't make plans for August". The weekend before the film's release, the Fox Network aired a half-hour special on the film, the first third of which was a spoof news report on the events that happen in the film. [[Roger Ebert]] attributed most of the film's early success to its [[Trailer (promotion)|teaser trailers]] and marketing campaigns, acknowledging them as "truly brilliant".<ref name="ear">[https://archive.is/20081021112851/http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/ebertandroeper/index2.html?sec=6&subsec=independence+day ''Ebert & Roeper''.] ''atthemovies.tv''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref>

[[File:id4whitehouse.jpg|thumb|The shot of the White House's destruction was the focus of the film's marketing campaign. A fleeing helicopter was added to the shot in the final print.]]
The film had its official premiere held at Los Angeles' now-defunct Mann Plaza Theater on June 25, 1996.<ref name="var">{{cite news | author = Todd McCarthy | title = Independence Day Review | publisher = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = July 1, 1996 |url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117905388.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref> It was then screened privately at the White House for President [[Bill Clinton]] and his family<ref name="time">{{cite news | author = Richard Corliss | title = THE INVASION HAS BEGUN! | publisher = [[Time (magazine)|TIME]] | date = July 8, 1996 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984815,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008 | authorlink = Richard Corliss}}</ref> before receiving a nationwide release in the United States on July 2, 1996, a day earlier than its previously scheduled opening.<ref name="sfc">{{cite news | author = Mick LaSalle | title = Declaration of "Independence" | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = July 2, 1996 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1996/07/02/DD57773.DTL | accessdate=March 4, 2008 | authorlink = Mick LaSalle}}</ref> The theatrical release of this film introduced a new [[THX]] trailer featuring [[Tex (THX)|Tex]].

After a six-week, $30 million marketing campaign, ''Independence Day'' was released on [[VHS]] on November 22, 1996.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4360/is_199609/ai_n15228087 Independence Day blitz.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104070553/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4360/is_199609/ai_n15228087 |date=January 4, 2016 }} ''HighBeam Research''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref> A [[LaserDisc]] release came out at roughly the same time, and included audio commentary, theatrical trailers, deleted scenes, and a bundled soundtrack CD,.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Aliens Invade Your Home |magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|issue=92 |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=March 1997 |page=93}}</ref> It became available on [[DVD]] on June 27, 2000, and has since been re-released, in several different versions of this format, with varying supplemental material, including one instance where it was packaged with a [[Lenticular printing|lenticular cover]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116629/dvd#B000O76T86 "DVD details for Independence Day."] ''IMDb''. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref> Often accessible on these versions is a special edition of the film, which features nine minutes of additional footage not seen in the original theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/independence-day-extended-edition-film | title=''Independence Day: Extended Edition'' (12A) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=May 27, 2016 | accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> ''Independence Day'' became available on [[Blu-ray]] in the United Kingdom on December 24, 2007,<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000WBZZB6 "Independence Day Blu-ray"] Amazon UK Retrieved July 6, 2008.</ref> and in North America on March 11, 2008<ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/movies.php?id=199 "Independence Day (Blu-ray)."] ''Blu-ray''. Retrieved July 5, 2008.</ref> and in Australia on March 5, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/blu-ray/independence-day-blu-ray/dp/797919|title=Buy Independence Day (Blu-ray) on Blu-ray from EzyDVD.com.au|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424170351/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/blu-ray/independence-day-blu-ray/dp/797919|archivedate=April 24, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The initial single-disc releases only feature the theatrical cut and a few extras, as per the single-disc DVDs. For its 2016 twentieth anniversary, the film was re-released on two-disc Blu-ray and DVD, 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray, and Digital HD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/03/15/independence-day-20th-anniversary-blu-ray-announcement-documentary-clip-and-packaging|title=Independence Day: 20th Anniversary Blu-ray Announcement, Documentary Clip and Packaging|first=By Jim|last=Vejvoda|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Independence-Day-4K-Blu-ray/151490/ | title=Independence Day 4K Blu-ray | publisher=Blu-ray.com | accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> The 20th-anniversary editions feature both the theatrical and extended versions, all the extras of the previous 2-disc DVDs and more besides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/20th_Century_Fox/Disc_Announcements/independence-day-20th-anniversary-edition-to-invade-4k-ultra-hd-bluray/31529|title='Independence Day: 20th Anniversary Edition' to Invade 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray - High-Def Digest|publisher=}}</ref>

===Censorship===
In [[Lebanon]], certain Jewish- and Israel-related content in the film was censored. One cut scene involved Judd Hirsch's character donning a [[kippah]], and leading soldiers and White House officials in a Jewish prayer. Other removed footage showed Israeli and Arab troops working together in preparation for countering the alien invasion. The Lebanese [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[militant]] group [[Hezbollah]] called for Muslims to boycott the film, describing it as "propaganda for the so-called genius of the Jews and their concern for humanity." In response, Jewish actor Jeff Goldblum said: "I think Hezbollah has missed the point: the film is not about American Jews saving the world; it's about teamwork among people of different religions and nationalities to defeat a common enemy."<ref>{{cite news|date=January 26, 1997 |title=Making Money Abroad, And Also a Few Enemies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/26/movies/making-money-abroad-and-also-a-few-enemies.html |newspaper=The New York Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 12, 1996 |title=A Jewish Hero Isn't Kosher; Lebanon Censors 'Independence Day' |url= |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

===Twentieth anniversary release===
The film had both its twentieth anniversary and premiere at a special live-orchestral screening performance at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] on September 22, 2016. The [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]], conducted by the original orchestrator Nicholas Dodd, performed the score live<ref name="ID4Live">{{cite web | url=http://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/news/2016/february/david-arnold-aliens-and-a-full-orchestra-blasting-into-the-royal-albert-hall/ | title=David Arnold, aliens and a full orchestra invade the Royal Albert Hall | publisher=Royal Albert Hall | date=8 February 2016 | accessdate=15 April 2016 | author=Burin, Rick}}</ref> during the film, and the film's composer, [[David Arnold]], was a presenter at the event.

==Reception==

===Box office===
[[File:ID4TIME.jpg|thumb|One of the film's creatures on the cover of the July 8, 1996 issue of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.]]
''Independence Day'' was the highest-grossing film of 1996, beating ''[[Twister (1996 film)|Twister]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' and ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]''.<ref name="BOM"/> In the United States, it earned $104.3 million in its opening week,<ref name="EW4">{{cite news | author = A.J. Jacobs | title = The Day After | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = July 19, 1996 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293427,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref> including $96.1 million during its five-day holiday opening, and $50.2 million during its opening weekend.<ref name="numbers">[http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1996/0ID4.php "Independence Day Box Office Data."] ''the-numbers.com''. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref> All three figures broke records set by ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' three years earlier.<ref name="EW4"/> That film's sequel, ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'', claimed all three records when it was released the following year. ''Independence Day'' stayed in the number-one spot for three consecutive weeks, and grossed $306,169,268 in North America<ref name="BOM"/> and $511,231,623 in other territories during its theatrical run.<ref name="BOM"/> The combined total of $817,400,891 once trailed only the worldwide earnings of ''Jurassic Park'' as the highest of all time.<ref>[http://www.10000bcmovie.com/ "William Fay Bio."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218101034/http://www.10000bcmovie.com/ |date=February 18, 2012 }} ''www.10000bcmovie.com''. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</ref> [[Box Office Mojo]] estimates that the film sold over 69.26 million tickets in the US.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 31, 2016|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=independenceday.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm|title=Independence Day (1996)|publisher=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> It has been surpassed by multiple 21st-century films since, and currently holds the [[List of highest-grossing films|72nd-highest-worldwide-grossing film of all time]]. Hoping to capitalize on the film's success, several studios released large-scale [[disaster film]]s,<ref name=EW6 /> and the already rising interest in science fiction-related media was further increased by the film's popularity.<ref name=time />

A month after the film's release, jewelry designers and marketing consultants reported an increased interest in [[dolphin]]-themed jewelry, as the character Jasmine ([[Vivica A. Fox]]) wears dolphin earrings, and is presented with a wedding ring featuring a gold dolphin.<ref name="EW3">{{cite news | author = Degen Pener | title = Day of the Dolphin | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = August 9, 1996 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293634,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref>

===Critical response===
[[Rotten Tomatoes]], a [[review aggregator]], reports that 64% of 70 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The plot is thin and so is character development, but as a thrilling, spectacle-filled summer movie, ''Independence Day'' delivers."<ref name=rotom>{{cite web |url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1071806-independence_day/ |title=Independence Day (1996) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Flixster|Flixster, Inc.]] |accessdate=April 18, 2018}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 59 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref name="meta">[http://www.metacritic.com/movie/independence-day "Independence Day."] ''Metacritic''. Retrieved October 16, 2007.</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web|url=https://m.cinemascore.com |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150405021357/http://m.cinemascore.com/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2015-04-05 |title=CinemaScore |work=cinemascore.com }}</ref>

Critics wrote that the film has "cardboard" and "stereotypical" characters,<ref name="lat"/><ref name="sfc"/><ref name="dcp">{{cite news | author = Kevin McManus | title = A Sci-Fi Flash in the Pan | publisher = [[Washington Post]] | date = July 5, 1996 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/review96/independencedaymcman.htm | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name="EW8">{{cite news | author = Schwarzbaum | title = Independence Day (1996) | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = July 12, 1996 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293279,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name="nw">{{cite news|author=David Ansen |title=Independence Day |publisher=[[Newsweek]] |date=July 8, 1996 |url=http://www.msnbc.com/m/nw/a/m/mv_i.asp#Independence%20Day |accessdate=July 8, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522202447/http://www.msnbc.com/m/nw/a/m/mv_i.asp#Independence |archivedate=May 22, 2008 |authorlink=David Ansen |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and weak dialogue.<ref name="EW6">{{cite news | author = Gary Susman | title = Apocalypse Wow | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = May 25, 2004 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,641738_7,00.html | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name="nw"/><ref name="sfe">{{cite news | author = Barbara Shulgasser | title = THESE SCENES ARE SELF-EVIDENT | publisher = [[San Francisco Examiner]] | date = July 2, 1996 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1996/07/02/STYLE6573.dtl | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name="ac">{{cite news | author = Marc Savlov | title = Independence Day | publisher = [[Austin Chronicle]] | date = July 8, 1996 |url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Calendar/Film?Film=oid%3a138121 | accessdate=July 8, 2008}}</ref> Yet the shot of the White House's destruction has been declared a milestone in visual effects, and one of the most memorable scenes of the 1990s.<ref>[http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects16.html Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones.] ''filmsite.org''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref><ref name="fs3">[http://www.filmsite.org/90sintro3.html Film History of the 1990s] ''filmsite.org''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref> In a 2010 poll, readers of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' rated it the second-greatest summer film of the previous 20 years, ranking only behind ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''.<ref>"Summer Blockbusters: The New Generation," Entertainment Weekly, Page 32, Issue #1112, July 23, 2010.</ref>

[[Mick LaSalle]] of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' gave the film his highest rating, declaring it the "[[apotheosis]]" of ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''.<ref name="sfc"/> Lisa Schwarzbaum of ''Entertainment Weekly'' gave it a B+ for living up to its massive hype, adding "charm is the foremost of this epic's contemporary characteristics. The script is witty, knowing, cool."<ref name="EW8"/> Eight years later, ''Entertainment Weekly'' would rate the film as one of the best disaster films of all time.<ref name="EW6"/> [[Kenneth Turan]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' felt that the film did an "excellent job conveying the boggling immensity of [the] extraterrestrial vehicles […] and panic in the streets" and the scenes of the alien attack were "disturbing, unsettling and completely convincing".<ref name="lat"/>

However, the film's nationalistic overtones were widely criticized by reviewers outside the U.S. ''Movie Review UK'' described the film as "a mish-mash of elements from a wide variety of [[alien invasion]] movies and gung-ho American [[jingoism]]."<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=September 4, 2008 |url=http://www.film.u-net.com/Movies/Reviews/Independence_Day.html |title=Independence Day (1996) |publisher=Movie Reviews UK |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918062457/http://www.film.u-net.com/Movies/Reviews/Independence_Day.html |archivedate=September 18, 2008 |df= }}</ref> The speech during which Whitmore states that victory in the coming war would see the entire world henceforth describe July 4 as its [[List of national independence days|Independence Day]], was described in a [[BBC]] review as "the most jaw-droppingly pompous soliloquy ever delivered in a mainstream Hollywood movie."<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=September 6, 2008|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2000/12/18/independence_day_1996_review.shtml|title=Independence Day (1996) |publisher=BBC|date=December 18, 2000|author=Smith, Neil }}</ref> In 2003, readers of ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'', voted the scene that contained this speech as the "Cheesiest Movie Moment of All-Time".<ref name="fs">[http://www.filmsite.org/worstquotes.html Top 10 Worst Quotes or Lines From the Movies] ''filmsite.org''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref> Conversely, ''Empire'' critic [[Kim Newman]] gave the film a [[Star (classification)|five-star rating]] in the magazine's original review of the film.<ref name="meta"/>

Several critics expressed disappointment with the quality of the film's special effects. ''[[Newsweek]]''{{'}}s [[David Ansen]] claimed the special effects were of no better caliber than those seen nineteen years earlier in ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''.<ref name="nw"/> Todd McCarthy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' felt the production's budget-conscious approach resulted in "cheesy" shots that lacked in quality relative to the effects present in films directed by [[James Cameron]] and [[Steven Spielberg]].<ref name="var"/> In his review, [[Roger Ebert]] took note of a lack of imagination in the spaceship and creature designs.<ref name="ebert">{{cite news | author = Roger Ebert | title = Independence Day | publisher = [[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date = July 2, 1996 |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19960702/REVIEWS/607020301/1023 | accessdate=July 8, 2008 | authorlink = Roger Ebert}}</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] expressed the same sentiments in his ''[[At the Movies (1986 TV program)|At the Movies]]'' review of the film.''<ref name="ear" />{{Dead link|date=December 2013}}''

'''[[American Film Institute]] lists'''
* [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills]] – Nominated<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/thrills400.pdf|title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees|publisher=}}</ref>
* [[AFI's 10 Top 10]] – Nominated Science Fiction Film<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/drop/ballot.pdf|title=AFI.com Error|publisher=}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Award
! Subject
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Cinema Audio Society Awards|CAS Awards]]<ref name="awards">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116629/awards "Awards for Independence Day."] ''IMDb''. Retrieved September 4, 2012.</ref>
|rowspan=2|Best Sound
|rowspan=2|[[Chris Carpenter]], [[Bob Beemer]], [[Bill W. Benton]] and [[Jeff Wexler]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Academy Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]]
|[[Volker Engel]], [[Douglas Smith (special effects artist)|Douglas Smith]], [[Clay Pinney]] and [[Joe Viskocil]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Czech Lion Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=DRŽITELÉ CENY ČFTA|url=http://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/1996/drz-itele-ceny-cfta|website=www.filmovaakademie.cz|accessdate=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Den nezávislosti zbořil Bílý dům. Co zničí Emmerich v druhém dílu?|url=http://kultura.zpravy.idnes.cz/den-nezavislosti-2-03q-/filmvideo.aspx?c=A160617_090406_filmvideo_spm|website=iDNES.cz|accessdate=21 August 2017|date=18 June 2016}}</ref>
| The most successful movie in Cinemas.
| [[Roland Emmerich]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=11|[[Saturn Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|[[Saturn Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film|Best Science Fiction Film]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Roland Emmerich]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Writing|Best Writer]]
|Roland Emmerich and [[Dean Devlin]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Costume|Best Costumes]]
|Joseph A. Porro
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Brent Spiner]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Vivica A. Fox]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor|Best Young Actor]]
|[[James Duval]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Saturn Award for Best Music|Best Music]]
|[[David Arnold]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Saturn Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Jeff Goldblum]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Will Smith]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|Favorite Movie Actor
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie|Favorite Movie]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Hugo Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|[[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation|Best Dramatic Presentation]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Young Artist Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|Best Young Actor – Age 10 or Under
|[[Ross Bagley]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[People's Choice Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=5|[[MTV Movie Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Action Sequence|Best Action Sequence]]
|Aliens blow up cities
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Movie|Best Movie]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie|Best Male Performance]]
|Will Smith
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Breakthrough Performance
|Vivica A. Fox
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss|Best Kiss]]
|Will Smith and Vivica A. Fox
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Grammy Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|[[Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media|Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television]]
|David Arnold
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Satellite Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|[[Satellite Award for Best Visual Effects|Outstanding Visual Effects]]
|Volker Engel, Douglas Smith, Clay Pinney and Joe Viskocil
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Editing|Outstanding Film Editing]]
|[[David Brenner (editor)|David Brenner]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Mainichi Film Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|rowspan=3|Best Foreign Language Film
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Japan Academy Prize (film)|Japanese Academy Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|{{n/a}}
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Amanda Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|{{n/a}}
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Blockbuster Entertainment Awards]]<ref name="awards"/>
|Favorite Actor – Sci-Fi
|rowspan=2|Will Smith
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=8|Universe Reader's Choice Awards<ref name="awards"/>
|Best Actor
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|Vivica A. Fox
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Science Fiction Film
|{{n/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Special Effects
|Volker Engel, Douglas Smith, Clay Pinney and Joe Viskocil
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Director
|Roland Emmerich
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Score
|David Arnold
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|[[Karl Walter Lindenlaub]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Writing
|rowspan=2|Roland Emmerich and Dean Devlin
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Golden Raspberry Award]]s<ref name="awards"/>
|Worst Written Film Grossing Over $100 Million
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[http://ofta.cinemasight.com/ Online Film & Television Association Awards]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/1st-annual-film-awards-1996/|title=1st Annual Film Awards (1996) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref>
|Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Horror Picture
|Dean Devlin
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Horror Actor
|Will Smith
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Film Editing
|David Brenner
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Sound
|Chris Carpenter Bill W. Benton Bob Beemer Jeff Wexler
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Sound Effects
|Sandy Gendler & Val Kuklowsky
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Visual Effects
|Volker Engel Douglas Smith Clay Pinney Joe Viskocil
|{{Nom}}
|-
|}

===Legacy===
Disaster elements portrayed in ''Independence Day'' represented a significant turning point for Hollywood [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster films]]. With advancements in [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] special effects, events depicting mass destruction became commonplace in films that soon followed, such as 1998's ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]'' and ''[[Deep Impact (film)|Deep Impact]]''. The trend continued throughout the 2000s and 2010s, evident in films like 2004's ''[[The Day After Tomorrow]]'' and 2012's ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]''.<ref name="legacy">{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/balder-and-dash/beyond-imagination-how-independence-day-changed-the-blockbuster|title=Beyond Imagination: How 'Independence Day' Changed the Blockbuster|last=Huls|first=Alexander|date=June 29, 2016|publisher=RogerEbert.com|accessdate=July 18, 2016}}</ref>

==In other media==

=== Books ===

{{Main|Independence Day (book series)}}

Author Stephen Molstad wrote a [[tie-in]] novel to help promote the film shortly before its release. The novel goes into further detail on the characters, situations, and overall concepts not explored in the film. The novel presents the film's finale as originally scripted, with the character played by [[Randy Quaid]] stealing a missile and roping it to his [[Aerial application|cropduster]] biplane.

Following the film's success, a [[prequel]] novel entitled ''Independence Day: Silent Zone'' was written by Molstad in February 1998.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0061058270 "Independence Day: Silent Zone Product Details."] ''Amazon.com''. Retrieved October 8, 2007.</ref> The novel is set in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and details the early career of Dr. Brackish Okun.<ref>[http://www.biblio.com/isbn/0061058270.html "Independence Day: Silent Zone by Stephen Molstad Publisher's Notes."] ''Biblio.com''. Retrieved October 8, 2007.</ref>

Molstad wrote a third novel, ''Independence Day: War in the Desert'' in July 1999. Set in [[Saudi Arabia]] on July 3, it centers around Captain Cummins and Colonel Thompson, the two [[Royal Air Force]] officers seen receiving the [[Morse code]] message in the film.

A [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] comic book was also written based on the first two novelizations.

===Radio===
On August 4, 1996, [[BBC Radio 1]] broadcast the one-hour play ''[[Independence Day UK]]'', written, produced, and directed by [[Dirk Maggs]], a spin-off depicting the alien invasion from a British perspective.<ref name="ID4UK">[http://www.dswilliams.co.uk/dirk%20maggs/Independence%20Day%20Dirk%20Maggs.htm "Independence Day UK."] ''dswilliams.co.uk''. Retrieved September 25, 2007.</ref> None of the original cast was present. Dean Devlin gave Maggs permission to produce an original version, on the condition that he did not reveal certain details of the movie's plot, and that the British were not depicted as saving the day.<ref name="ID4UK" /> ''Independence Day UK'' was set up to be similar to the 1938 radio broadcast of ''[[The War of the Worlds (radio drama)|The War of the Worlds]]—''the first 20 minutes were live.<ref name="ID4UK" />

===Multimedia===
In 1996 a "behind-the-scenes" [[multimedia]] CD-ROM titled ''Inside Independence Day'' was released for [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Macintosh]]; it includes storyboards for the film, sketches, movie clips, and a preview of the ''Independence Day'' video game.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=|first= |title=ID4 Goes 32-Bit |magazine=[[GamePro]]|issue=97 |publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|date=October 1996 |page=26}}</ref>

===Video games===
An [[Independence Day (video game)|''Independence Day'' video game]] was released in February 1997 for the [[PlayStation]], [[Sega Saturn]], and [[Personal computer|PC]], each version receiving mostly tepid reviews.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/search.html?type=11&stype=all&tag=search%3Bbutton&om_act=convert&om_clk=gssearch&qs=independence+day "Search results for 'independence day'."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922184350/http://www.gamespot.com/search.html?type=11&stype=all&tag=search%3Bbutton&om_act=convert&om_clk=gssearch&qs=independence%20day |date=September 22, 2009 }} ''[[GameSpot]]''. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</ref> The multi-view shooter game contains various missions to perform, with the ultimate goal of destroying the aliens' primary weapon. A wireless [[Mobile phone|mobile]] version was released in 2005. A computer game entitled ''[[ID4 Online]]'' was released in 2000.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

===Toys===
[[Trendmasters]] released a toy line for the film in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mania.com/10-awesome-toys-from-10-awful-movies_article_121289.html |title=10 Awesome Toys from 10 Awful Movies |author=Trate, Robert T. |publisher=''Mania'' |date=March 19, 2010 |accessdate=July 4, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419202733/http://www.mania.com/10-awesome-toys-from-10-awful-movies_article_121289.html |archivedate=April 19, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Each action figure, vehicle or playset came with a 3½" [[floppy disk]] that contained an interactive computer game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movieartmuseum.com/2012/04/30/id-4-independence-day-model-alien-supreme-commander/ |title=iD-4: Independence Day- Model Alien Supreme Commander |publisher=Movie Art Museum |date=April 30, 2012 |accessdate=July 4, 2013}}</ref>

==Sequels==
{{anchor|Sequel(s)}}
{{main|Independence Day: Resurgence}}
In June 2011, Devlin confirmed that he and Emmerich had written a treatment for two [[sequel]]s to form a trilogy; both expressed the desire for [[Will Smith]] to return.<ref>{{cite news | title = Exclusive: Producer Dean Devlin Talks INDEPENDENCE DAY Sequels, STARGATE Movie Sequels, GODZILLA and More at the Saturn Awards | publisher = Collider.com | date = June 24, 2011 | url = http://collider.com/dean-devlin-independence-day-sequel-stargate-sequels/98467/ | accessdate=June 26, 2011}}</ref> In October 2011, however, discussions over Smith returning were halted, due to Fox's refusal to provide the $50 million salary demanded by Smith for the two sequels. Emmerich, however, made assurances that the films would be shot [[Back to back film production|back-to-back]], regardless of Smith's involvement.<ref>{{cite news | title = Independence Day 2 and 3 Could Happen Without Will Smith | publisher = [[MovieWeb]] | date = October 27, 2011 | url = http://www.movieweb.com/news/independence-day-2-and-3-could-happen-without-will-smith | accessdate=May 29, 2012}}</ref>

In March 2013, Emmerich stated that the titles of the new films would be ''ID: Forever – Part I'' and ''ID: Forever – Part II''.<ref>{{cite news | title = Roland Emmerich spills 'Independence Day' sequel details | work = Entertainment Weekly | date = March 26, 2013 | url = http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/03/26/independence-day-sequel/ | accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> In November 2014, the sequel was given the green light by 20th Century Fox, with a release date of June 24, 2016. This would be a stand-alone sequel, that would not split into two parts as originally planned, with filming beginning in May 2015 and casting being done after the studio locked down Emmerich as the director of the film.<ref>{{cite news | last = Fleming Jr | first = Mike | title = Fox Green Light Starts 'Independence Day' Sequel Countdown | publisher = Deadline | date = November 26, 2014 | url = http://deadline.com/2014/11/independence-day-sequel-fox-green-light-1201298276/ }}</ref> In December 2014, Devlin confirmed that Emmerich would indeed be directing the sequel.<ref>{{cite news | last = Topel | first = Fred | title = Independence Day 2" Exclusive: Why They're Not Doing 2 Sequels At Once | publisher = NerdReport | date = December 4, 2014 | url = http://www.nerdreport.com/2014/12/04/independence-day-2-exclusive-why-theyre-not-doing-2-sequels-at-once/ }}</ref> On June 22, 2015, Emmerich announced the official title, ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/independence-day-2-official-title-804344|title = 'Independence Day 2' Official Title Revealed|work = The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>

With respect to Smith's decision not to return to film a sequel, Emmerich told Screen Crush that: "In the very beginning, I wanted to work with him and he was excited to be in it but then after a while he was tired of sequels, and he did another science fiction film, which was his father-son story ''[[After Earth]]'', so he opted out."<ref>{{Cite web|title = This Is Why Will Smith Isn't in 'Independence Day 2'|url = http://screencrush.com/independence-day-2-smith/|website = ScreenCrush|accessdate = 2015-12-14}}</ref>

''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]'' was released on June 24, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Independence Day: Resurgence (2016)|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1628841/|website = IMDb|accessdate = 2015-12-14}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Independence Day (book series)|''Independence Day'' (book series)]]
* [[List of films featuring extraterrestrials]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Aberly, Rachel and Volker Engel. ''The Making of Independence Day''. New York: [[HarperPaperbacks]], 1996. {{ISBN|0-06-105359-7}}.

==External links==
{{commonscat|Independence Day (1996 film)}}
{{wikiquote|Independence Day (film)}}
* [http://www.foxmovies.com/movies/independence-day ''Independence Day''] at [[20th Century Fox]]
* {{IMDb title|0116629|Independence Day}}
* {{Mojo title|independenceday|Independence Day}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|1071806-independence_day|Independence Day}}
* {{Metacritic film|independence-day|Independence Day}}
* {{tcmdb title|452051}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971210074222/http://www.id4movie.com/gateway.html |date=December 10, 1997 |title=''Independence Day'' }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.id4.com/ |title=''Independence Day'' |accessdate=November 14, 2013 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018095842/http://www.id4.com/ |archivedate=October 18, 1996 }}

{{S-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before = ''[[12 Monkeys (film)|12 Monkeys]]''}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]]|years = 1996}}
{{s-aft|after = ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]''}}
{{S-end}}
{{ID4 Independence Day}}
{{Roland Emmerich}}
{{Good article}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Independence Day (1996 Film)}}
[[Category:ID4 franchise]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:1990s disaster films]]
[[Category:1990s science fiction films]]
[[Category:American aviation films]]
[[Category:American disaster films]]
[[Category:American science fiction action films]]
[[Category:American science fiction war films]]
[[Category:Alien invasions in films]]
[[Category:Films about fictional Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Films set in 1996]]
[[Category:Films set in California]]
[[Category:Films set in Houston]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films set in the Las Vegas Valley]]
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[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
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[[Category:Films shot in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Utah]]
[[Category:Films shot in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Films set in Orange County, California]]
[[Category:Films set in the White House]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award]]
[[Category:Independence Day (United States) films]]
[[Category:Malware in fiction]]
[[Category:Roswell UFO incident in fiction]]
[[Category:Fiction about telepathy]]
[[Category:Films about the United States Air Force]]
[[Category:Films about the United States Marine Corps]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:Films scored by David Arnold]]
[[Category:Films directed by Roland Emmerich]]
[[Category:Czech Lion Awards winners (films)]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:1990s science fiction action films]]

Meet the Flintstones

2018-06-03T09:19:32Z

Teflon: /* The B-52's Cover */

"'''Meet the Flintstones'''", also worded as "'''(Meet) The Flintstones'''", is the theme song from the 1960s television series ''[[The Flintstones]]''. Composed in 1961 by [[Hoyt Curtin]], [[Joseph Barbera]] and [[William Hanna]]. It is one of the most popular and best known of all theme songs, with its catchy lyrics; "Flintstones, meet the Flintstones, they're the modern Stone Age family".<ref name="PRS"/><ref name="Shay2012">{{cite book|last=Shay|first=Jack Edward|title=Bygone Binghamton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk-v5juCuCcC&pg=PA283|date=25 June 2012|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]]|page=283|isbn=9781467065061}}</ref>

==Background==
The opening and closing credits theme during the first two seasons was called "Rise and Shine", a lively instrumental underscore accompanying Fred on his drive home from work. The tune resembled "The Bugs Bunny Overture (This Is It!)", the theme song of ''[[The Bugs Bunny Show]]'', also airing on ABC at the time, and may have been the reason the theme was changed in the third season.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news|title= REEL LIFE / FILM & VIDEO FILE : Music Helped 'Flintstones' on Way to Fame : In 1960, Hoyt Curtin created the lively theme for the Stone Age family. The show's producers say it may be the most frequently broadcast song on TV. |work= The Los Angeles Times|date=2 June 1994|url= http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-02/news/vl-64779_1_hoyt-curtin|accessdate=25 November 2014|first=Pancho|last=Doll}}</ref>

Starting in Season 3, Episode 3 ("Barney the Invisible"), the opening and closing credits theme was the familiar vocal "Meet the Flintstones". This version was recorded with a 22-piece jazz band, and a five-voice singing group called the Skip Jacks. The melody is believed to have been inspired from part of the 'B' section of [[Piano Sonata No. 17 (Beethoven)|Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 17]] (The "Tempest"), Movement 2, composed in 1801/02, and reharmonized.<ref name="Julin2012">{{cite book|last=Julin|first=Don|title=Mandolin For Dummies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtAvwxEAaJ0C&pg=PT344|date=3 August 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-94397-6|page=344}}</ref> The "Meet the Flintstones" opening was later added to the first two seasons for syndication. The musical underscores were credited to [[Hoyt Curtin]] for the show's first five seasons; [[Ted Nichols]] took over in 1965 for the final season.<ref name="latimes"/> During the show's final season, "[[Open Up Your Heart (And Let the Sunshine In)]]", performed by Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm, in a clip from that season's first episode, was used as alternate close music.

==Popularity==
In 2010, a PRS for Music survey of 2,000 adults in the UK found that the "Meet the Flintstones" theme tune was the most recognised children's TV theme, ahead of those for ''[[Top Cat]]'' and ''[[Postman Pat]]''.<ref name="PRS">{{cite news | title = Flintstones The Most Recognisable Kids' TV Theme | publisher =PRS for Music| date =August 9, 2010 | url =http://www.prsformusic.com/aboutus/press/latestpressreleases/Pages/Flintstonesthemostrecognisablekids'TVthemetune.aspx | accessdate=April 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = The Flintstones: in tune with the kids | publisher =The Guardian| date =10 August 2010 | url =https://www.theguardian.com/media/mediamonkeyblog/2010/aug/10/best-kids-tv-theme-tunes | accessdate=1 April 2012 | location=London}}</ref>

==Jazz standard==
Recorded in the key of [[E-flat major]], it has since become a [[jazz standard]]; in addition, harmonically it conforms to the structure known as [[rhythm changes]], a well known kind of composition for jazz musicians. It is often played for the amusement of audiences as part of a medley, forming what is referred to as "jazz humor".<ref name="AkeGarrett2012">{{cite book|last1=Ake|first1=David Andrew|last2=Garrett|first2=Charles Hiroshi|last3=Goldmark|first3=Daniel|title=Jazz/not Jazz: The Music and Its Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPeQS5kWS2oC&pg=PA54|year=2012|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27103-6|page=54}}</ref> The [[International Association of Jazz Record Collectors]] refer to it as "campy" and "cheek by jowl".<ref name="Collectors1996">{{cite book|title=IAJRC Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyA5AQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=International Association of Jazz Record Collectors|page=75}}</ref> Often performed at an exhilarating pace, it is technically challenging for some, and ABRSM, the exam board of the Royal Schools of Music, has recommended performing the piece on piano as a "refreshing" alternative to classical music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gb.abrsm.org/en/news/article/piano-delight/151/|title=Piano delight|publisher=ABRSM|accessdate=25 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20141125202250/http://gb.abrsm.org/en/news/article/piano-delight/151/|archivedate=25 November 2014|df=}}</ref> The song has been performed in the middle of a jazz medley with "[[It Never Entered My Mind]]" and "[[I Love Lucy]]".<ref name="Grimes1993">{{cite book|last=Grimes|first=Janet|title=Cd Review Digest Annual: Jazz, Popular, Etc, 1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDA5AQAAIAAJ|date=March 1993|publisher=Schwann Cd Review Digest|isbn=978-1-879796-09-6|page=279}}</ref> In 2015, [[The Brian Setzer Orchestra]] recorded a version with Christmas-themed lyrics entitled "Yabba-Dabba-Yuletide" on his Christmas album ''[[Rockin’ Rudolph]]''.

The theme song was featured in the [[sitcom]] ''[[Full House]]'' and its successor ''[[Fuller House (TV series)|Fuller House]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urquhart-White|first1=Alania|title=Comparing The 'Fuller House' Pilot With 'Full House’s First Episode Shows How Similar The Spinoff Is|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/145020-comparing-the-fuller-house-pilot-with-full-houses-first-episode-shows-how-similar-the-spinoff-is|accessdate=July 22, 2016|work=www.bustle.com|date=March 8, 2016}}</ref>

==The B-52's Cover==
{{Infobox single |
| Name = (Meet) The Flintstones
| Cover = Meet the Flintstones.jpg
| Artist = [[The B-52's|The B.C. 52's]]
| from Album = [[The Flintstones (film)|The Flintstones]] soundtrack
| B-side =
| Released = May 14, 1994
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]
| Format = [[7"]], [[Compact Disc|CD]]
| Label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
| Length =
| Writer = [[Hoyt Curtin]], [[Joseph Barbera]] and [[William Hanna]].
| Producer = [[Kate Pierson]], [[Fred Schneider]], [[Keith Strickland]]
| Chronology = [[The B-52's]] singles
| Last single = "[[Hot Pants Explosion]]" (1993)
| This single = "'''(Meet) The Flintstones'''" (1994)
| Next single = "[[Debbie (song)|Debbie]]" (1998)
}}

"'''(Meet) The Flintstones'''" is a song by The B.C. 52's, a [[List of fictional bands|fictional band]] from the film ''[[The Flintstones (film)|The Flintstones]]''. The fictional band was made up of the then-lineup of music group [[The B-52's]], and released as a single from the soundtrack of ''The Flintstones''. The song is a cover version of the series' theme song, with an extra verse added.

The single peaked at number 33 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and was the band's highest entry on the U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]] chart at number 3 (tying with "[[Summer of Love (The B-52's song)|Summer of Love]]" from 1986). The song was also the band's second highest charting single in the United Kingdom (the highest being "[[Love Shack]]" at number 2), also peaking at number 3.

===Track listing===
; 7" Single
# (Meet) The Flintstones (Original LP Version) (Fred's Edit) - 2:24
# (Meet) The Flintstones (Barney's Edit) - 2:28

; 12" Maxi
# (Meet) The Flintstones (Space Cowboy Mix 1) - 6:55
# (Meet) The Flintstones (Space Cowboy Mix 2) - 6:55
# (Meet) The Flintstones (Instrumental) - 6:55

; 12" Promo
# (Meet) The Flintstones (Quarry Mix) - 8:00
# (Meet) The Flintstones (Bam Bam Tribal Beat) - 4:59
# (Meet) The Flintstones (Bedrock Dub) - 8:36
# (Meet) The Flintstones (Rock Charleston Dub) - 5:19

===Charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1994)
!Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Austria ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40]])
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|Belgium ([[VRT Top 30]] Flanders)<ref>[http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/search/meet+the+flintstones Belgian peak] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409063716/http://top30-2.radio2.be/ |date=2012-04-09 }}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Netherlands ([[Dutch Top 40]])
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand ([[RIANZ]])
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|Norway ([[VG-lista]])
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|Sweden ([[Sverigetopplistan]])
|align="center"|18
|-
|align="left"|Switzerland ([[Schweizer Hitparade]])
|align="center"|12
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])
|align="center"|3
|-
|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|33
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]
|align="center"|3
|-
|}

==Other covers==
On May 1, 2016 [[Jacob Collier]] released his multitrack mostly-a cappella, partly-melodica jazz vocal cover version of the theme song as the 2nd single from his [[Jacob Collier#2015-present: In My Room and #IHarmU|In My Room]] album.<ref>{{cite news|last1=King|first1=Jason|title=With 'In My Room,' Jazz Phenom Jacob Collier Is Bringing Jubilation Back|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2016/07/11/485261328/with-in-my-room-jazz-phenom-jacob-collier-is-bringing-jubilation-back|accessdate=July 22, 2016|date=July 11, 2016}}</ref> In [[59th Annual Grammy Awards|2017]] this track was awarded a [[Grammy]] in the category [[Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals|Best Arrangement, Instruments and Vocals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/photos/jacob-collier|title=59th Grammy Winners: Jacob Collier|accessdate=2017-02-15}}</ref>

In addition, the tune of the theme has been featured in numerous video game music parodies on the SiIvaGunner (the third letter is an uppercase i and not a lowercase L) YouTube channel.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schreier|first1=Jason|title=This YouTube Channel Is Definitely The Best Place To Listen To Video Game Music|url=http://kotaku.com/this-youtube-channel-is-definitely-the-best-place-to-li-1763800607|accessdate=July 22, 2016|date=March 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Tatiana|title=Someone has taken the art of trolling to a new level with game theme songs|url=http://www.gamezone.com/news/someone-has-taken-the-art-of-trolling-to-a-new-level-with-game-theme-songs-3434610|accessdate=July 22, 2016|work=www.gamezone.com|date=March 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McWhertor|first1=Michael|title=This might be the best video game music channel on YouTube|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/9/11186870/the-best-video-game-music-channel-on-youtube|accessdate=December 6, 2016|work=Polygon|date=March 9, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331162042/http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/9/11186870/the-best-video-game-music-channel-on-youtube|archivedate=March 31, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{The Flintstones}}

[[Category:1960 songs]]
[[Category:American jazz songs]]
[[Category:1960s jazz standards]]
[[Category:Jazz compositions in E-flat major]]
[[Category:Television theme songs]]
[[Category:The Flintstones]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]

TNT Sports (United Kingdom)

2017-02-27T10:27:09Z

Teflon: Reverts edits by [86.10.219.220]

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = BT Sport
| logofile = BT Sport.svg
| logosize = 200px
| logoalt = BT Sport logo
| launch = 1 August 2013
| picture format = [[576i]] ([[16:9]] [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]]) [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]]) [[4K resolution|2160p]] ([[Ultra-high-definition television|UHDTV]])
| share = 0.04% (1) 0.07% (2) 0.01% (3) 0.01% (ESPN) ~0.00% (Showcase)
| share as of = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|06}}
| share source = [http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/monthly-viewing-summary/?_s=4 BARB]
| owner = [[BT Group]]
| country = United Kingdom
| broadcast area = [[United Kingdom]] [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| slogan = You have to see it to believe it
| headquarters = [[Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park]], [[London]]
| sister names = [[BT Sport ESPN]] [[AMC (Europe)|AMC from BT]] (UK only)
| web = {{URL|http://sport.bt.com/}}
| terr serv 1 = [[Freeview (UK)|Freeview]]
| terr chan 1 = Channel 59 (Showcase)
| sat serv 1 = [[Sky UK|Sky]]
| sat chan 1 = Channel 413 (1) Channel 414 (2) Channel 417 (3) Channel 426 (ESPN) Channel 427 (1 HD) Channel 433 (2 HD) Channel 457 (3 HD) Channel 458 (ESPN HD)
| cable serv 1 = [[Virgin Media]]
| cable chan 1 = Channel 527 (1 HD) Channel 528 (2 HD) Channel 529 (3 HD) Channel 530 (ESPN HD) Channel 531 (1) Channel 532 (2) Channel 533 (3) Channel 534 (ESPN) Channel 548 (Showcase)
| iptv serv 1 = [[BT TV|BT]]
| iptv chan 1 = Channel 408 (1) Channel 409 (2) Channel 410 (3) Channel 411 (ESPN)) Channel 415 (Box Nation) Channel 430 (1 HD) Channel 431 (2 HD) Channel 432 (3 HD) Channel 433 (4K UHD) Channel 434 (ESPN HD) Channel 439 (Box Nation HD) Channel 450–455 (Extra 1–6) Channel 465–470 (Extra 1–6 HD)
| iptv serv 2 = [[Plusnet]]
| iptv chan 2 = Channel 408 (1) Channel 409 (2) Channel 410 (3) Channel 411 (ESPN) Channel 430 (1 HD) Channel 431 (2 HD) Channel 432 (3 HD) Channel 434 (ESPN HD) Channel 450–455 (Extra 1–6)
| iptv serv 3 = [[TalkTalk TV]]
| iptv chan 3 = Channel 408 (1) Channel 409 (2) Channel 410 (3) Channel 411 (ESPN)
| online serv 1 = BT Sport Player
| online chan 1 = [http://sport.bt.com/btsportplayer/bt-sport-1-01363810201090 Watch live] (1, UK only) [http://sport.bt.com/btsportplayer/bt-sport-2-01363810201819 Watch live] (2, UK only)
| online serv 2 = Virgin TV Anywhere
| online chan 2 = [http://anywhere.virginmedia.com/channels/live/bt-sport-1/ Watch live] (1, UK only) [http://anywhere.virginmedia.com/channels/live/bt-sport-2/ Watch live] (2, UK only) 
[http://anywhere.virginmedia.com/channels/live/bt-sport-3/ Watch live] (3, UK only) 
[http://anywhere.virginmedia.com/channels/live/bt-sport-espn/ Watch live] (ESPN, UK only)
}}
'''BT Sport''' is a group of [[Broadcasting of sports events|sports]] television channels provided by [[BT Consumer]]; a division of [[BT Group]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] that was launched on 1 August 2013. The channels are based at the former [[London Olympics Media Centre|International Broadcast Centre]] at the [[Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=F135E3EF-1A0C-4AFC-8636-03E07E84E479 |title=BT Sport to make iCity and the Olympic Broadcast Centre its production home |publisher=BT Group |date=29 November 2012 |accessdate=19 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235047/http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=F135E3EF-1A0C-4AFC-8636-03E07E84E479 |archivedate=4 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2378077/BT-Sport-want-access-teams-dressing-rooms-interviews-ambitious-plan.html|title= Inside BT Sport's 'inner sanctum'... the multi-million pound TV studio (with its own football pitch) that will look to give Sky a run for its money|date=26 July 2013|work=[[Daily Mail]]|publisher=[[DMG Media]]|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> BT Sport is available on the [[BT TV]], [[Sky UK|Sky]] and [[Virgin Media]] television platforms in the UK.

BT Sport holds exclusive live UK TV rights to 42 [[Premier League]] matches per season as well as exclusive rights to the [[UEFA Champions League]], [[UEFA Europa League]], [[National League]], [[Serie A]], [[Ligue 1]], the [[Bundesliga]], the [[Primeira Liga]], the [[FA Community Shield]], the [[FA Trophy]], [[MotoGP]] and the [[Aviva Premiership]]. BT Sport also holds shared rights to the [[FA Cup]] with the [[BBC Sport|BBC]], the [[Scottish Professional Football League]] with [[Sky Sports]] and [[BBC Alba]], and the Rugby [[Rugby Champions Cup|Champions]] and [[Rugby Challenge Cup|Challenge]] Cups with [[Sky Sports]].

==Availability==
On 2 May 2013, BT Sport 1 and 2 were added to the BT TV EPG, followed by Sky the next day along with an on-screen message that the channel was coming soon. On Sky, the channels replaced BT's placeholders, Sailing 1 and 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cable.co.uk/news/bt-bags-two-sky-epg-slots-for-sports-channels-801491508/|title=BT bags two Sky EPG slots for sports channels|publisher=Cable.co.uk|date=20 November 2012|accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref> The BT-owned terrestrial feeds of Sky Sports 1 and 2, which were also used for [[Top Up TV]], were dropped on 1 July in favour of BT Sport 1 and 2.<ref name="BTVN">{{cite web|url=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2013/05/09/bt-sport-goes-free/|title=BT Sport goes free|publisher=Broadband TV News|date=9 May 2013|accessdate=9 May 2013}}</ref> The terrestrial feeds were only available to BT TV subscribers in non-[[BT Infinity]] enabled areas. These were removed from the platform in 2015. BT signed a wholesale deal with [[Virgin Media]] on 15 August 2013 bringing the channels free of charge to customers in the TV XL package.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=45262846-58D9-4D23-9DA8-3FB9234B29AB |title=BT and Virgin Media sign wholesale BT Sport deal |publisher=BT Group |date=15 August 2013 |accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> In Ireland BT Sport is bundled with [[eir Sports]] subscriptions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hancock |first=Ciaran |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/2.790/setanta-to-net-deal-with-bt-to-offer-more-live-premier-league-games-in-ireland-1.1438770 |title=Setanta to net deal with BT to offer more live Premier League games in Ireland |publisher=The Irish Times |date=22 June 2013 |accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.bt.com/news/sportnews/setanta-sports-adds-bt-sport-to-its-lineup-11363812191579 |title=Setanta Sports adds BT Sport to its line-up |publisher=BT |date=24 June 2013 |accessdate=24 June 2013}}</ref> The deal means BT Sport 1, 2, 3 & [[BT Sport ESPN|ESPN]] is part of the eir Sports Pack in Ireland, along with [[eir Sports 1]] and [[eir Sports 2]].

An interactive service, BT Sport Extra, launched in September 2014, broadcasting additional content at selected times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btplc.com/news/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=AF362685-093D-4A39-B139-6D39D7658E93 |title=BT Sport gives viewers more content with new ‘red button’ service |publisher=BT Group |date=19 September 2014 |accessdate=10 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611042744/http://www.btplc.com/news/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=AF362685-093D-4A39-B139-6D39D7658E93 |archivedate=11 June 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> One video stream was available at launch which expanded to seven in August 2015. BT Sport Extra can be accessed directly from the EPG on BT TV and from the red button on Sky and Virgin Media.

On 1 August 2015, BT launched three new channels - BT Sport Europe, a dedicated channel for its coverage of European football and rugby union including the UEFA Champions League, Europa League and rugby challenge and champions cups. BT Sport Showcase, a free-to-air channel which will show a number of sporting events unencrypted via Freeview, and BT Sport Ultra HD, the UK's first 4K television channel which will broadcast a number of events in [[Ultra-high-definition television|ultra-high-definition]] exclusively on BT TV.<ref name="BTSEurope">{{cite web|url=http://www.btplc.com/News/#/pressreleases/uefa-champions-league-and-uefa-europa-league-to-be-free-with-bt-tv-1175981 |title=UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League to be free with BT TV |publisher=BT Group |date=9 June 2015 |accessdate=9 June 2015}}</ref> On 4 August 2016, BT Sport Europe was renamed BT Sport 3 and BT Sport Ultra HD to BT Sport 4K UHD.

BT Sport 1 is currently offered for free for BT's broadband subscribers as 'BT Sport Lite', who may elect to view the channels via Sky, whether or not they have a Sky subscription, by having their viewing card activated. Customers who wish to view the remaining channels can subscribe to the 'BT Sport Pack' for £6 per month.<ref name="BT Sport FAQ">{{cite web|title=BT Sport FAQ|url=http://www.productsandservices.bt.com/consumerProducts/displayTopic.do?topicId=36265|accessdate=21 May 2014}}</ref> BT also provide broadband subscribers access to the channels via the BT Sport online player and mobile app.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/Showarticle.cfm?ArticleID=3C92E33B-6F97-420C-A5E2-3CDBC4D95929|title=BT Sport free for millions of homes|publisher=BT Group|date=9 May 2013|accessdate=9 May 2013}}</ref> Sky customers in the UK who subscribe to the 'BT Sport Pack' also have exclusive access to the [[AMC (Europe)|AMC from BT]] channel.

==Programming==

Plans for the channels launch came about when it was announced in June 2012 that the broadcast rights to the [[Premier League]] from the 2013–14 to 2015–16 season were awarded to BT and [[BSkyB]], outbidding existing broadcaster [[BT Sport ESPN|ESPN]] for the rights.<ref name="PL BBC News">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18430036|title=Premier League rights sold to BT and BSkyB for £3bn|publisher=BBC News|date=13 June 2012|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> BT showed 38 live matches from the Premier League each season, including 18 first pick matches, from the 2013/14 season to the end of the 2015/16 season.

In October 2012 BT announced it had also agreed deals to air [[Serie A]], [[Ligue 1]], [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brasileirão]] and [[Major League Soccer]], all of which were previously broadcast on ESPN,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=38DA6D3C-0BAA-49BD-89F4-A703DE91345D |title=BT signs four more live match deals with top football leagues |publisher=BT Group |date=29 October 2012 |accessdate=19 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201708/http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=38DA6D3C-0BAA-49BD-89F4-A703DE91345D |archivedate=14 July 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> as well as [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Premiership Rugby]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/media/news/a405472/bt-poaches-premiership-rugby-rights-from-espn-sky.html|title=BT poaches Premiership Rugby rights from ESPN, Sky|publisher=Digital Spy|date=12 September 2012|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref>

In January 2013 BT announced they will also broadcast [[Women's Tennis Association]] matches from 21 tournaments.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=4CF5CA38-F310-4B3D-9EA7-23BD03C75197 |title=BT Sport broadens appeal as it signs live women’s tennis with WTA agreement |publisher=BT Group |date=11 January 2013 |accessdate=19 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217094524/http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/Showarticle.cfm?ArticleID=4CF5CA38-F310-4B3D-9EA7-23BD03C75197 |archivedate=17 February 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

On 25 February 2013, BT announced that it had acquired [[BT Sport ESPN|ESPN]]'s UK channels and their sports broadcasting rights, including rights to the [[FA Cup]], [[UEFA Europa League]], [[Scottish Premier League]], [[Bundesliga]] and [[NASCAR]].<ref name="ESPN">{{cite press release|url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/Showarticle.cfm?ArticleID=022AEA86-B466-4C6E-9A3F-0BE241ED630B|title=BT Group acquires ESPN’s UK and Ireland television channels business|publisher=BT Group|date=25 February 2013|accessdate=25 February 2013}}</ref> This led to the shutting down of [[ESPN Classic (UK)|ESPN Classic]] and [[ESPN America]] in favour of the BT Sport channels.

On 7 May 2013, BT Sport acquired the rights to air [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] events and taped programming in the UK and Ireland for three years, from 1 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seenit.co.uk/ultimate-fighting-championship-ufc-confirms-bt-deal/0527127/|title=Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) confirms BT Sport deal|publisher=Seen It|date=7 May 2013|accessdate=7 May 2013}}</ref> Two days later it was announced that BT Sport had acquired an exclusive five-year deal to broadcast [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] races from the 2014 season, including free practices and qualifying as well as full coverage of Moto2 and Moto3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/BT+Sport+to+bring+MotoGP+to+British+audiences+from+2014|title=BT Sport to bring MotoGP™ to British audiences from 2014|publisher=MotoGP|date=9 May 2013|accessdate=9 May 2013}}</ref> BT Sport also broadcasts the [[FA WSL]], [[A-League]] and programming from [[Red Bull]] Media House.<ref name="BTVN"/><ref name="Line-up">{{cite press release|url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/Showarticle.cfm?ArticleID=E4BC5738-AFF2-4D55-B304-87FD94374186 |title=BT Sport unveils line-up of sporting talent |publisher=BT Group |date=9 May 2013 |accessdate=9 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414174236/http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/Showarticle.cfm?ArticleID=E4BC5738-AFF2-4D55-B304-87FD94374186 |archivedate=14 April 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

On 9 May 2013, BT announced that they had acquired the exclusive UK TV rights to MotoGP along with the Moto2 and Moto3 championships.

Later in May BT Sport acquired rights to the [[National League (English football)|Football Conference]] for two years with 25-30 live games a season, including the end-of-season play offs.

On 9 November 2013, BT announced a £897 million deal with UEFA to broadcast the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] and [[UEFA Europa League|Europa League]] exclusively on BT Sport from the 2015–16 season for three years. The deal will end two decades of the competition being broadcast free-to-air on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]], although BT stated that the finals of both competitions and at least one match per season involving each participating British team would still be broadcast free-to-air.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24879138 |title=Champions League: BT Sport win £897m football rights deal |publisher=BBC Sport |date=9 November 2013 |accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3116582/Rio-Ferdinand-Gary-Lineker-exchange-Twitter-pleasantries-ahead-BT-Sport-Champions-League-launch.html|title=New era for the Champions League as BT Sport unveil Gerrard and Lineker as part of coverage after £900m deal to blow Sky away|date=9 June 2015|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=9 June 2015}}</ref>

In January 2014, it was reported that BT Sport had acquired the rights to broadcast the [[World Rally Championship]] for the 2014 season.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Evans |first=David |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/112090 |title=World Rally Championship seals BT Sport TV deal with live coverage |publisher=Autosport.com |date=10 January 2014 |accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://sport.bt.com/sportfootball/football/bt-sport-wins-all-live-uk-tv-rights-to-champions-league-and-europa-league-S11363847946944|title = BT Sport wins all live UK TV rights to Champions League and Europa League|date = 12 November 2013|accessdate = 17 February 2015|website = BT Sport|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

===Football coverage===

BT Sport currently has the rights to show 76 live Premier League matches (around 2 games a weekend) from the 2016/17 - 2018/19 seasons. Their packages (B and F) give BT the rights for 12 1st pick matches. The coverage for the current rights period see BT Sport showing 28 live matches on Saturday evenings at 5:30pm, and 28 on Sunday at 12:00pm. A further 6 live matches will be broadcast in midweek rounds and another 8 matches are spread across Saturday 12:30pm, Saturday 5:30pm or Sunday 12:00pm. The rights to the Premier League are shared with Sky Sports who have 126 live matches and BBC Sport who have highlights on ''[[Match of the Day]]''. [[Jake Humphrey]] and Darren Fletcher are the main presenters of Football on BT Sport, hosting action from [[Premier League]], [[FA Cup]] and [[UEFA Europa League]]. The main studio pundits include [[Paul Scholes]], [[Lee Dixon]], [[Graeme Le Saux]], [[Kevin Keegan]], [[Clive Allen]], [[Richard Dunne]], [[Chris Sutton]] and [[Dean Saunders]]. While [[Peter Drury]] and [[John Murray (sports broadcaster)|John Murray]] are the main match commentators. Co-commentators include [[Nigel Winterburn]] and [[Neville Southall]]. Des Kelly is the main touchline reporter.

[[BT Sport Score]] is a weekly television programme broadcast on BT Sport during the [[Association football|football]] season. The programme updates viewers on the progress of association football games in the United Kingdom on Saturday afternoons between 3pm and 5pm.

BT Sport has exclusive live coverage of the [[UEFA Champions League]] and [[UEFA Europa League]] from 2015 until 2018. [[Gary Lineker]] fronts all of the Champions League action with [[Jake Humphrey]], [[Lynsey Hipgrave]] and [[Matt Smith (broadcaster)|Matt Smith]] also presenting coverage. [[James Richardson (television presenter)|James Richardson]] hosts the Goals Show every Champions League matchday which keeps viewers up to date of all the scores and they can watch every goal go in live. Pundits include [[Julien Laurens]], [[Raphael Honigstein]], James Horncastle and [[Andy Brassell]].

In May 2016, BT announced that they will stream the [[2016 UEFA Champions League Final|2016 UEFA Champions League]] and [[2016 UEFA Europa League Final|2016 UEFA Europa League]] finals live on [[YouTube]] for free, as well as showing them on BT Sport Europe and BT Sport Showcase.<ref name="FreeOnYouTube">{{cite news|title=BT Sport to show UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League finals free-to-air|url=http://sport.bt.com/football/news/bt-sport-to-show-uefa-champions-league-and-uefa-europa-league-finals-free-to-air-S11364060397634|accessdate=18 May 2016|work=BT Sport|date=18 May 2016}}</ref>

BT have rights to the [[Scottish Premiership]] with 30 live games per season. [[Darrell Currie]] presents coverage of Scottish football with [[Derek Rae]] and Chris Sutton as commentators. [[Stephen Craigan]] and Mark Guidi complete the Scottish football coverage line-up. The rights is shared with Sky Sports and [[BBC Alba]], who also have 30 and 3 live games per season respectively with highlights of the SPFL on BBC Scotland.

BT Sport also have exclusive rights to show the National League with [[Matt Smith (broadcaster)|Matt Smith]] hosting 30 live games per season along with coverage of the Play-Offs and the Play-Off Final live from Wembley.

BT Sport also shows live matches from Italy's [[Serie A]], Germany's [[Bundesliga]], France's [[Ligue 1]], Portugal's [[Primeira Liga|Liga NOS]] and Australia's [[A-League]]. [[Paul Dempsey (presenter)|Paul Dempsey]] and [[James Richardson (television presenter)|James Richardson]] are hosts of foreign football coverage on BT Sport. Pundits have included [[Julien Laurens]], [[Raphael Honigstein]], James Horncastle and [[Andy Brassell]].

=== Rugby union coverage ===
BT Sport has exclusive live rights to the [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Aviva Premiership]] and [[Anglo-Welsh Cup]] and shares live coverage of the [[European Rugby Champions Cup|Champions Cup]] and [[European Rugby Challenge Cup|Challenge Cup]] with [[Sky Sports]]. The original Aviva Premiership coverage deal ran until the 2016/17 season and allowed BT Sport to broadcast up to 69 live games per season. The Aviva Premiership's viewing figures rose by 40% in TV audiences in its first season with BT Sport.<ref>{{cite web|title=Record viewing figures for Premiership Rugby|url=http://sport.bt.com/rugbyunionhub/rugbyunion/record-viewing-figures-for-premiership-rugby-on-bt-sport-S11363903597256}}</ref> A new deal was signed in March 2015 to cover the Aviva Premiership until 2021 covering up to 80 matches a season.<ref>{{cite web|title=BT Sport extend Aviva Premiership Deal|url=https://recombu.com/digital/article/premiership-rugby-deal-extended-on-bt-sport|website=recombu.com|publisher=Recombu|accessdate=2015-03-19}}</ref> [[Craig Doyle]] is the main presenter of the coverage whilst [[Lawrence Dallaglio]] acts as the main match analyst. Doyle and Dallaglio present a review of the weekend's action after the last live game of the weekend every Sunday afternoon. [[Sarra Elgan]] and [[Martin Bayfield]] also present live action whilst further reporting comes from Tim Cocker and Chris Hollins. [[Austin Healey]], [[Brian O'Driscoll]], [[Ben Kay]] and [[Ugo Monye]] provide further punditry and co-commentary. BT Sport usually have one forward and one back acting as co-commentators on every match so one of Dallagio or Kay, along with one of Healey, Monye or O'Driscoll join [[Nick Mullins]] or [[Alastair Eykyn]] in the commentary box. Occasionally guest pundits and guest co-commentators are used.

=== Cricket Coverage ===
In August 2015, it was announced that BT Sport had claimed the rights for [[Australia cricket team|Australia]]'s home matches for five years starting in the Australian 2016-17 season. This means that BT will show [[the Ashes]] Clash between [[England cricket team|England]] and [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] in 2017-18 with the deal also including [[Big Bash League]] fixtures as well as the Women's Ashes and Women's T20 Big Bash League.<ref>{{Cite web|title = BT Sport grab 2017-18 Ashes TV rights from Sky Sports in £80m coup|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/article-3208147/BT-Sport-grab-2017-18-Ashes-TV-rights-rivals-Sky-Sports-80m-coup.html|website = Mail Online|access-date = 2016-02-20}}</ref>

=== Tennis coverage ===
In January 2013, BT Sport signed a deal with the [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] to show 21 live tournaments from the women's tennis tour. The coverage can consist of up to 800 live hours of coverage every year until 2016, each season ending with the [[WTA Tour Championships|TEB BNP Paribas WTA Championships]]. Coverage is presented by [[Lynsey Hipgrave]] with [[Martina Navratilova]]. Former Wimbledon champion [[Marion Bartoli]], [[Anne Keothavong]], [[David Mercer (broadcaster)|David Mercer]], [[Nick Mullins]], [[Samantha Smith (tennis)|Sam Smith]] and Alastair Eykyn are the commentators.

=== Motorsport coverage ===
BT Sport has rights to numerous British, European, American and global motorsport series both in live and highlights form.

[[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] is BT Sport's flagship motorsports event and in addition to the main MotoGP event, BT shows the [[Moto2]], [[Moto3]], Red Bull Rookies and CEV Repsol championships. Suzi Perry, Craig Doyle and Gavin Emmett hosts alongside pundits [[Jeremy McWilliams]], [[Colin Edwards]], [[James Toseland]] and [[Neil Hodgson]]. Commentary is provided by [[Keith Huewen]] and [[Julian Ryder]] with additional commentary from Colin Edwards, James Toseland, Gavin Emmett and Neil Hodgson during practice and qualifying. BT also produces a highlights programme which is broadcast on [[ITV4]] on the Monday evening following the race. [[Gavin Emmett]], former World Feed commentator, would take up the role of BT Sport's MotoGP reporter. [[Iwan Thomas]] hosted an analysis show called ''Chequered Flag'' aired after the MotoGP race has finished.

[[IndyCar Series]] coverage on BT Sport is just world feed pictures and commentary usually from either [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] or [[NBC Sports]]. For ABC as of 2014, [[Allen Bestwick]] is the lap-by-lap commentator while former IndyCar drivers [[Scott Goodyear]] and [[Eddie Cheever]] serve as colour commentators. Then for [[NBC Sports]] [[Leigh Diffey]] is the lap-by-lap commentator with the other commentators being [[Townsend Bell]] and [[Paul Tracy]]

Other live series include the [[World Rally Championship]], [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]] and the Australian [[Supercars Championship]] where the world feed is taken directly from the host broadcaster. For [[World Series by Renault]], BT Sport take world feed images but produce their own commentary, usually from Ben Evans and a journalist or racing driver. Highlights packages are also shown on BT Sport for series such as [[BRDC Formula 4 Championship]], [[FIA European Formula Three Championship]] and the [[British Formula Three Championship]].

=== American sports ===
BT Sport shows extensive coverage of American sports, including [[Major League Baseball]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]], [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|American College Sports]], [[Major League Lacrosse]], and [[X Games]]. Also ESPN-produced American sports magazines, such as [[College GameDay (football)|College Gameday]] and [[Baseball Tonight]], are shown, often live. The majority of American sports coverage is broadcast on [[BT Sport ESPN]] apart from the NBA which is usually shown on one of the main channels.

==Magazine shows==
* '''''[[European Football Show]]''''' - [[James Richardson (presenter)|James Richardson]] is joined by a panel of football journalists and players to discuss the games from France's Ligue 1, Germany's Bundesliga and Italy's Serie A every Sunday evening.
* '''''Rugby Tonight''''' - Wednesdays at 8:00pm sees [[Craig Doyle]], [[Martin Bayfield]] and [[Sarra Elgan]] present a debate about rugby union. Their guests include former players reviewing and previewing the Aviva Premiership and France's Top 14.
* '''''[[The Clare Balding Show]]''''' - Originally airing on mid-week evenings, [[Clare Balding]]'s sporting chat show now airs regularly on Thursday nights and features sporting athletes. Balding aims to feature a female guest on every show. She is joined by [[Christian Howes (presenter)|Christian Howes]] who provides a statistical look at sport and an in house live audience who provide questions for the guests. As of 2015 the show also airs in an edited version on BBC Two.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clare Balding Show to air on BT and BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-31929710|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2015-03-19}}</ref>
* '''''MotoGP Tonight''''' - Presented by Craig Doyle and Iwan Thomas every Tuesday night following a race weekend, MotoGP and motorbike racing are discussed in front of a live studio audience.
* '''''Motorsport Tonight''''' - Aired every Tuesday night whenever MotoGP isn't shown, Abi Griffiths is joined by guests from the world of motorsport. Highlights are also shown of motorsport events broadcast on BT Sport.
* '''''UFC: Beyond The Octagon''''' - Presented by [[Caroline Pearce]] alongside Gareth A Davies
* '''''Boxing Tonight''''' - Presented by Paul Dempsey
* '''''Football Tonight''''' - Fridays at 10pm sees [[George Lamb]] present the a mix of football, music and entertainment.
* '''''[[BT Sport Score]]''''' - Saturdays at 2:30pm, keeps up with the latest scores across the UK presented by [[Mark Pougatch]] who is joined by various pundits.

== Classic sport ==

BT Sport's weekday daytime schedules often include sporting action from yesteryear. Football features heavily and includes league matches from the 1970s and 1980s from both the [[ITV Sport]] and the BBC's ''[[Match of the Day]]'' archives. Also featured are [[FA Cup]] matches from the 1970s to the present day and [[UEFA Champions League]] matches. Other sporting action includes boxing matches from the [[ESPN]] archives as well as [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] races and [[British Darts Organisation|BDO Darts]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://sport.bt.com/}}

{{BT Group}}

[[Category:BT Group]]
[[Category:BT Sport| ]]
[[Category:Sports television in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Sports television channels in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2013]]

Craig Burley

2017-02-27T10:23:24Z

Teflon: Undid revision 767172412 by 86.10.219.220 (talk)

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Craig Burley
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Craig William Burley
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|9|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ayr]], [[Scotland]]
| height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| years1 = 1989–1997
| years2 = 1997–1999
| years3 = 1999–2003
| years4 = 2003
| years5 = 2004
| years6 = 2004
| clubs1 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]
| clubs2 = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]
| clubs3 = [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]]
| clubs4 = [[Dundee F.C.|Dundee]]
| clubs5 = [[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End]]
| clubs6 = [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]]
| caps1 = 113
| goals1 = 7
| caps2 = 64
| goals2 = 20
| caps3 = 73
| goals3 = 10
| caps4 = 2
| goals4 = 0
| caps5 = 4
| goals5 = 0
| caps6 = 5
| goals6 = 0
| totalcaps = 261
| totalgoals = 37
| nationalyears1 = 1992–1993
| nationalyears2 = 1995–2003
| nationalteam1 = Scotland U21<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fitbastats.com/scotlandu21/player.php?playerid=195 |title=Craig Burley |work=www.fitbastats.com |publisher =|date= |accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref>
| nationalteam2 = [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]]
| nationalcaps1 = 7
| nationalcaps2 = 46
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalgoals2 = 3
}}
'''Craig William Burley''' (born 24 September 1971) is a television pundit and Scottish former professional [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[midfielder]] from 1989 until 2004.

He played in the [[Premier League]] for [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] and [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]] and in the [[Scottish Premier League]] for [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]. He also played for [[Dundee F.C.|Dundee]] and finished his career in [[the Football League]] with [[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End]] and [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]]. He earned 46 caps for [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]], scoring 3 goals.

==Club career==
Burley began his professional career with [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 1989, however he didn't make his debut until April 1991 when he came on as a substitute for [[Kerry Dixon]] in a 7–0 defeat against [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]].<ref>http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/chelsea-fc/craig-burley-5706/biography-part-1-1991-92-1993-94_a11112/</ref> He made his first appearance in the newly formed [[Premier League]] on 5 December 1992 in a 2–1 away win at [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]].

He went on to become a regular under [[Glenn Hoddle]] and played in the [[1994 FA Cup Final]] against [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], picking up a runners-up medal following a 4–0 defeat. Two years later, Chelsea got to the FA Cup semi finals where they again faced Manchester United. With the score level at 1–1, Burley hit an errant back pass to set up [[David Beckham]] for what proved to be the winning goal.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/uniteds-five-minutes-of-fury-1302658.html
|title=United's five minutes of fury
|publisher=[[The Independent]]
|date=1 April 1996 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref> Chelsea won the [[1996–97 FA Cup]]; Burley was left out of the squad for the final but played in the semi-final against [[Wimbledon F.C.|Wimbledon]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-zola-sorcery-dazzles-dons-1267074.html
|title=Football: Zola sorcery dazzles Dons
|publisher=[[The Independent]]
|date=13 April 1997 |accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref> He was sold by [[Ruud Gullit]] on 25 July 1997 to [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] for £2.5 million.

He made his Celtic debut on 3 August 1997 against [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]], and went on to make 64 appearances scoring 20 goals before transferring back to England with [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]] on 1 December 1999 for £3 million. He played in four seasons for The Rams and suffered his first career relegation when the club lost their [[Premier League]] status at the end of the 2001–02 season.

On 12 September 2003 he signed with [[Dundee F.C.|Dundee]] on a free transfer but only played twice in a two-month spell before being released and eventually signing for [[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End]] in January 2004. By March he was a free agent again after only making four appearances for North End. He signed with [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]] on a free transfer for the remainder of the 2003–04 season and played five times before retiring at the end of the season.

==International career==
Burley played for [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] in the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]] in France. He scored the Scotland goal in a 1–1 draw with [[Norway national football team|Norway]] in [[Bordeaux]], latching on to a ball played forward by defender [[David Weir (Scottish footballer)|David Weir]].<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/events/1998/worldcup/news/1998/06/16/scotland_first/ Burley move pays off for Scotland], ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', 26 September 1998.</ref> He was then sent off in the final group game against [[Morocco national football team|Morocco]] as Scotland were eliminated.<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/events/1998/worldcup/news/1998/06/23/scotland_morocco_update/ Good news, bad news], ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', 23 September 1998.</ref>

Burley continued to play under [[Craig Brown (footballer born 1940)|Craig Brown]] until the end of the unsuccessful [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] qualifying campaign,<ref name = "international"/> captaining the side in what proved to be his penultimate appearance. After suffering injury problems, Burley won a Scotland recall against [[Austria national football team|Austria]] in 2003 under new manager [[Berti Vogts]] but then announced his international retirement.<ref name = "international">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/scotland/2403984/Burley-quits-Scotland.html Burley quits Scotland], ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', 13 May 2003.</ref>

==Media career==
Burley previously worked as a [[Pundit (expert)|pundit]] and commentator for [[ESPN UK]] and currently contributes to [[Absolute Radio]], [[ESPN]] <ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/editors-choice/2009/07/29/exclusive-former-panto-star-alison-douglas-to-host-new-spl-coverage-86908-21555339/Exclusive: Former panto star Alison Douglas to host new SPL coverage], "[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]", 29 July 2009.</ref> and [[BBC Radio 5 Live]]’s Barclays [[Premier League]] coverage. He is currently a commentator for [[ESPN FC]].

==Personal life==
He is the nephew of former [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] manager [[George Burley]].<ref name = "nephew">[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1054075/Craig-Burley-admits-Uncle-George-face-major-backlash-Scots-lose-Iceland.html Craig Burley admits Uncle George will face major backlash if Scots lose in Iceland], ''[[Daily Mail]]'', 10 September 2008.</ref>

==Honours==
;Chelsea
*[[FA Cup]]: [[1997 FA Cup Final|1996-97]]; runners-up [[1994 FA Cup Final|1993–94]]

;Celtic
*[[List of Scottish football champions|Scottish league champion]]: [[1997–98 Scottish Premier Division|1997–98]]
*[[Scottish League Cup]]: [[1997–98 Scottish League Cup|1997–98]]

===Individual===
*[[SFWA Footballer of the Year]]: 1998

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{SFA profile}}
*{{NeilBrownPlayers|player/craigburley}}

{{SFWA Footballer of the Year}}
{{Navboxes colour
| title = Scotland squads
| bg = #0C1C8C
| fg = #FFFFFF
| bordercolor = silver
| list1 =
{{Scotland squad UEFA Euro 1996}}
{{Scotland squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burley, Craig}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ayr]]
[[Category:Scottish footballers]]
[[Category:Premier League players]]
[[Category:Scottish Premier League players]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League players]]
[[Category:English Football League players]]
[[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]]
[[Category:Celtic F.C. players]]
[[Category:Derby County F.C. players]]
[[Category:Preston North End F.C. players]]
[[Category:Walsall F.C. players]]
[[Category:Dundee F.C. players]]
[[Category:Scotland international footballers]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 1996 players]]
[[Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Scotland under-21 international footballers]]

Final Score

2017-02-27T10:22:42Z

Teflon:

{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name = Final Score
| image =
| caption =
| camera =
| location = [[MediaCityUK]], [[Salford, Greater Manchester|Salford]]
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[16:9]] [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]]) [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])
| audio_format =
| runtime = 14:30-17:30 (Red Button & Online) 45 Minutes (BBC ONE & BBC TWO)
| creator =
| developer =
| executive_producer =
| presenter =[[Jason Mohammad]] [[Mark Chapman (broadcaster)|Mark Chapman]] [[Dan Walker (sports journalist)|Dan Walker]]
| opentheme = "Theme From Sparta FC" by [[The Fall (band)|The Fall]] (2005/06–2008/09) "Jump In The Pool" by [[Friendly Fires]] (2009/10–2010/11) "The King And All Of His Men" by [[Wolf Gang (band)|Wolf Gang]] (2011/12–2012/13) "Pumpin Blood" by NONONO (2013/14–present)
| starring = Mike West
| country = United Kingdom
| network = [[BBC One]] [[BBC Red Button]] [[BBC Two]]
| first_run =
| first_aired = {{start date|1958|||df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| num_episodes =
| website = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006szrz
| related = ''[[Grandstand (BBC)|Grandstand]]'' ''[[Match of the Day]]'' ''[[Match of the Day 2]]'' ''[[Football Focus]]'' ''[[The Football League Show]]'' ''[[Match of the Day Kickabout]]'' ''[[The Premier League Show]]''
}}
'''''Final Score''''' is a [[BBC Television]] football news and results programme produced by [[BBC Sport]]. The programme is broadcast on late Saturday afternoons in England, Wales and [[Northern Ireland]], usually on [[BBC One]]. [[BBC Northern Ireland]] opts away during the last ten minutes to cover local results. [[BBC Scotland]] runs a different programme altogether – ''[[Sportscene|Sportscene Results]]''. ''Final Score'' is also broadcast on Boxing Day, New Year's Day and sometimes on either Good Friday or Easter Monday. A special Sunday edition is broadcast on the final day of the Premier League season.

''Final Score'' is also broadcast on Saturday afternoons on the [[BBC Red Button]] and online for two hours before the [[BBC One]] broadcast begins. An additional half-hour was also broadcast live on [[BBC World News]], the BBC's internationally broadcast news channel,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/n13xtmd8 Final Score]</ref> but this was discontinued from the 2015–16 season.

It is a rival show to Sky Sports' [[Soccer Saturday]], which started its Saturday afternoon football scores service in 1998. It's other rival came with [[BT Sport Score]], which launched in 2016.

==Format==

The programme, predominately presented by [[Jason Mohammad]], provides viewers with the results from the main football league matches played on that day. The presenters is joined by two studio pundits discussing the day's play whilst watching the [[Premier League|FA Premier League]] games in the studio and this is supplemented by reporters at all of the Premier League matches. There are also reporters at the [[Football League Championship]] matches and at the top games in [[Football League One|League 1]] and [[Football League Two|League 2]], as well as at at least one [[Scottish Professional Football League]] game. The programme includes interviews with managers, players and studio pundits.

At 5pm, when all of the results are in, the day's scores are read by Mike West. [[Tim Gudgin]] used to read the scores until his retirement in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tv_and_radio/football_focus/2481501.stm|title=Your team's result on Final Score | work=BBC News | date=15 November 2002}}</ref> There is also a review of the league tables for most divisions. After the main BBC television broadcast has finished (but continuing on the Red Button), Final Score features post-game interviews with managers, conducted by the commentators for ''[[Match of the Day]]''.

The round-up covers games from the [[Premier League]] to the [[Conference National]], in Scotland the four divisions of the [[Scottish Professional Football League]] as well as the [[Welsh Premier League]] and the [[IFA Premiership|Irish League]].

==History==

===Early days===
''Final Score'' had been part of the BBC's long-running show ''[[Grandstand (BBC)|Grandstand]]'' as far back as 1958. The football results appeared on a device dubbed 'the [[Teleprinter]]', with each character of the results displayed one-by-one. In the early days, the presenter stood next to the Teleprinter with a camera pointed at the actual printer.

The results would come from the [[Press Association]] (PA), who appointed a correspondent to attend each match and report back the half-time and full-time scores to its offices in London. The PA would then use the technology of the day to provide a feed to [[BBC Television Centre]]. The Press Association provided the [[vidiprinter]] results service until [[Opta Sports]] took over the contract for the 2013–14 season onwards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Opta to become official data provider for Premier League and Football League...|url=http://www.optasportspro.com/en/about/optapro-blog/posts/2013/news-opta-to-become-official-data-provider-for-premier-league-and-football-league,-spl-and-sfl.aspx |publisher=Opta Sports|date=3 March 2013 |accessdate=25 August 2014}}</ref>

The host of the main Grandstand programme used to present the scores and often try to reflect how each result affected the league, which meant meticulous preparation was necessary.

After the majority of the results came in, the scores would then be collated and announced as the 'Classified Football Results' in alphabetical order starting with the highest leagues first. Remarkably, only three people have regularly read the football results on the programme: [[Len Martin]] (from 1958 until 1995), [[Tim Gudgin]] (from 1995 until 2011) and Mike West since 2011. Gudgin read the results for the last time on 19 November 2011, then retired at the age of 81. He cited the BBC's decision to move the programme from London to Manchester as one of the reasons for his departure and the difficulty of travelling from his home in Hampshire, particularly in winter.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stoddard|first1=Michael|title=Final Score for voice of the football results Tim Gudgin|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-15792420|accessdate=28 January 2017|publisher=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The classifled results were then followed by the pools news and score draws and then the league tables, although the pools news element has been dropped in recent years due its decline.

Whilst football was always the mainstay of ''Final Score'', news and results from other sports, such as rugby union, and in the early days, racing were also included. A brief version, usually lasting for 5 to 10 minutes, was aired during the summer when football was out of season.

===Changes===
Technology has gradually improved and by the 1980s a live shot of the actual Teleprinter had been replaced by a computer screen version, at which point the Teleprinter became referred to as 'the [[Vidiprinter]]'. However, the modern-day vidiprinter used by the programme still emulates the original typing system. There are now Goalflashes throughout the afternoon for every match played in the English and Scottish leagues, the [[Conference Premier|Conference]], [[Welsh Premier League]] and [[NIFL Premiership|Northern Ireland]].

===Modernisations===
During its last few years there was no longer a main presenter for ''Grandstand'', so from the start of the 2001–02 season ''Final Score'' was broadcast as an individual programme with [[Ray Stubbs]] as the regular presenter.<ref>[http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/sport/bbc_programmes.html TV Ark]</ref> At this point, ''Final Score'' became a football-only programme. The half time round-up remained part of ''Grandstand'' until the start of the 2004–05 season when the extended version of the programme was launched. Initially called ''Score Interactive'', the programme is broadcast from 14:30 on the BBC's interactive service, the [[BBC Red Button]]. The show starts its broadcasts to viewers with pundits analysing the games ahead (or in progress), and all goal flashes and incidents are broadcast on screen when the [[vidiprinter]] appears at 1500.

In November 2007 a midweek version of the show was introduced. Rather than being a programme in its own right, it is a simulcast of [[BBC Radio 5 Live]] with graphics and vidiprinter. Audio options were occasionally made available for BBC Local Radio commentaries of games involving [[Football League Championship|Championship]] sides, but this was removed when the BBC decided to make the Red Button service a 'single feed' to all broadcast platforms in October 2012.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2012/10/red_button_changes.html Changes to BBC Red Button]</ref> The midweek version was shown when there were primarily Premier League or important UEFA Champions League matches taking place.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/score_on_bbci/6957384.stm bbc.co.uk Final Score]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tv_and_radio/5345480.stm bbc.co.uk]</ref> It is a Red Button and [[BBC Online|Online]] exclusive, so therefore does not appear on BBC1 or BBC2.

When the BBC regained the rights for the [[FA Cup]] in 2014–15, the programme would be renamed ''FA Cup Final Score'' when the competition is the main focus, including a modified logo featuring the FA Cup trophy and Sunday broadcasts which show the key incidents from the day's games. Although centering on the FA Cup, there are also updates from matches in other domestic competitions that are taking place.

==Studio==
In the autumn of 2011 the programme moved to new BBC studios in Salford from studio TC5 at TV Centre in London, which had been its home for many years. The last programme from TC5 was broadcast on 19 November 2011.

==Presenter and pundits==
The current presenter of ''Final Score'' is [[Jason Mohammad]], who replaced [[Gabby Logan]] at the start of the 2013–14 season.<ref>{{Cite news|title = FOOTBALL: Jason Mohammad announced as new presenter of BBC’s Final Score|date = 25 January 2013|url = http://sport-onthebox.com/2013/01/25/football-jason-mohammad-announced-as-new-presenter-of-bbcs-final-score/|work = Sport On The Box}}</ref> Final Score was previously presented by [[Ray Stubbs]] until he left the BBC at the end of the 2008–09 season.

Pundits who appear on the programme include [[Niall Quinn]] and [[Martin Keown]]

==Theme Tune==
The current theme tune is "Pumpin Blood" by NONONO and has been since the start of the 2013–14 football season. Previous themes have included "The King And All Of His Men" by [[Wolf Gang (band)|Wolf Gang]] used between the 2011–12 and 2012–13 football seasons, "Jump In The Pool" by [[Friendly Fires]] used between the 2009–10 and 2010–11 football seasons and "Theme From Sparta FC" by [[The Fall (band)|The Fall]] between the 2005–06 and 2008–09 football seasons.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|BBC|English football}}
* {{BBC programme}}

[[Category:BBC Television programmes]]
[[Category:British sports television series]]
[[Category:BBC Sport]]
[[Category:English football on television]]
[[Category:Premier League on television]]
[[Category:1958 British television programme debuts]]
[[Category:1950s British television series]]
[[Category:1960s British television series]]
[[Category:1970s British television series]]
[[Category:1980s British television series]]
[[Category:1990s British television series]]
[[Category:2000s British television series]]
[[Category:2010s British television series]]

BT Sport Score

2017-02-27T10:19:50Z

Teflon: Removes edits from 23rd Feb, which added spurious information about non-existent changes to the show.

{{Infobox television
| show_name = BT Sport Score
| image =
| caption =
| camera =
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])
| audio_format =
| runtime = 150 minutes
| creator =
| executive_producer =
| presenter = [[Mark Pougatch]]
| narrated =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| network = [[BT Sport]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|8|13|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| num_episodes =
| website =
}}
'''''BT Sport Score''''' is a weekly television programme broadcast on [[BT Sport]] during the [[association football|football]] season. The programme updates viewers on the progress of association football games in the United Kingdom on Saturday afternoons between 2:30pm and 5pm.

BT Sport Score is hosted by [[Mark Pougatch]] with expert analysis from pundits including [[Jermaine Jenas]], [[Harry Kewell]], [[Harry Redknapp]], [[Robbie Savage]], [[David James (footballer, born 1970)|David James]] and [[Howard Webb]]. Co-host Jules Breach gives updates on [[Fantasy football (association)|Fantasy Football]].

==History==
For the 2016-17 season BT Sport acquired rights to the Saturday evening [[Premier League]] matches and BT Sport decided to launch a new Saturday afternoon schedule and as part of this new line-up BT Sport decided to launch a football scores service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sport.bt.com/football/news/bt-sport-unveils-two-new-live-saturday-football-shows-S11364077195571|title=BT Sport unveils two new live Saturday football shows|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|publisher=BT Sport}}</ref> The programme was launched on 13 August 2016. Prior to the 2016-17 season BT Sport had showed live rugby union coverage in this slot. This coverage is now broadcast on BT Sport 2

==See also==
*''[[Final Score]]'', a similar programme which is broadcast by the [[BBC]]
*''[[Soccer Saturday]]'', a similar programme, broadcast by [[Sky Sports]]
*''[[The Goal Rush]]'', a football results programme broadcast by [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] from 2001 to 2003

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2010s British television series]]
[[Category:2016 British television programme debuts]]
[[Category:BT Sport]]
[[Category:Premier League on television]]
[[Category:Saturday media]]
[[Category:Sports television in the United Kingdom]]

Protests against the Iraq War

2017-02-08T19:41:27Z

Teflon: /* November 21, 2003 */ corrects date

{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Protests against the Iraq War
| partof =
| image = London Anti Iraq War march, 15Feb 2003.jpg
| caption = The February 15, 2003 anti-war protest in [[London]].
| date = Beginning in 2002
| place = Global
| coordinates =
| causes =
| goals =
| methods =
| status =
| result =
| side1 =
| side2 =
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 = Over 10 million<ref name="Socialist Worker J3 to A12">{{cite news
| first = Alex
| last = Callinicos
| title = Anti-war protests do make a difference
| url = http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=6067
| publisher = [[Socialist Worker]]
| date = March 19, 2005
| accessdate = 2010-08-27
}}</ref>
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
}}

Beginning in 2002, and continuing after the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], large-scale '''protests against the Iraq War''' were held in many cities worldwide, often coordinated to occur simultaneously around the world. After the biggest [[February 15, 2003 anti-war protest|series of demonstrations, on February 15, 2003]], ''[[New York Times]]'' writer [[Patrick Tyler]] claimed that they showed that there were [[Second Superpower|two superpowers]] on the planet, the United States and worldwide [[public opinion]].<ref name="Tyler">{{cite news
| first = Patrick
| last = Tyler
| title = A New Power in the Streets
| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811FD355E0C748DDDAB0894DB404482
| publisher = New York Times
| date = February 17, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-09-07

}}</ref>

These demonstrations against the war were mainly organized by [[List of anti-war organizations|anti-war organizations]], many of whom had been formed in [[Protests against the invasion of Afghanistan|opposition to the invasion of Afghanistan]]. In some [[Arab]] countries demonstrations were organized by the [[Sovereign state|state]]. Europe saw the biggest mobilization of protesters, including a rally of three million people in Rome, which is listed in the [[Guinness Book of Records]] as the largest ever anti-war rally.<ref name="Guinness">{{cite web
| url = http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54365
| title = Guinness World Records, Largest Anti-War Rally
| accessdate = 2007-01-11
| publisher = Guinness World Records
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040904214302/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54365
| archivedate = 2004-09-04
}}</ref>

According to the [[France|French]] academic [[Dominique Reynié]], between January 3 and April 12, 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the Iraq war.<ref name="Socialist Worker J3 to A12">{{cite news
| first = Alex
| last = Callinicos
| title = Anti-war protests do make a difference
| url = http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=6067
| publisher = [[Socialist Worker]]
| date = March 19, 2005
| accessdate = 2010-08-27

}}</ref>

In the United States, even though pro-war demonstrators have been quoted as referring to anti-war protests as a "vocal minority",<ref name="vocal minority">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/15/AR2007091500826.html Dueling Demonstrations As Thousands March to Capitol to Protest Iraq Conflict, 189 Arrested; War Supporters Take on 'Vocal Minority'] Michelle Boorstein, V. Dion Haynes and Allison Klein, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', Sunday, September 16, 2007; Page A08. Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref> Gallup Polls updated September 14, 2007 state, "Since the summer of 2005, opponents of the war have tended to outnumber supporters. A majority of Americans believe the war was a mistake."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galluppoll.com/content/default.aspx?ci=1633 |title=Gallup's Pulse of Democracy: The War in Iraq |accessdate=2007-09-16 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703031559/http://www.galluppoll.com/content/default.aspx?ci=1633 |archivedate=2007-07-03 |df= }}, The Gallup Poll. Retrieved August 7, 2007.</ref>

== Scope and impact in the United States ==

A March 2003 Gallup poll conducted during the first few days of the war showed that 5% of the population had protested or made a public opposition against the war compared to 21% who attended a rally or made a public display to support the war.<ref>[http://www.aei.org/docLib/200701121_roody2.pdf Public Opinion and the war in Iraq] P. 177</ref> An ABC news poll showed that 2% had attended an anti-war protest and 1% attended a pro-war rally. The protests made 20% more opposed to the war and 7% more supportive.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.aei.org/docLib/200701121_roody2.pdf Public Opinion and the war in Iraq] P. 178</ref> A Fox News poll showed that 63% had an unfavorable view of the protesters, just 23% had a favorable view.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> According to Pew Research, 40% said in March 2003 that they had heard "too much" from people opposed to the war against 17% who said "too little".<ref>[http://www.aei.org/docLib/200701121_roody2.pdf Public Opinion and the war in Iraq] P. 179</ref>

Some observers have noted that the protests against the Iraq war have been relatively small-scale and infrequent compared to [[protests against the Vietnam War]]. One of the most often cited factors for this is the lack of [[conscription]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/31/opinion/31observer.html?scp=4&sq=protesters&st=nyt Op-ed]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines07/0321-03.htm |title=AP article |publisher=Commondreams.org |date=2007-03-21 |accessdate=2013-07-14}}</ref>

== Prior to the invasion of Iraq ==
These protests are said to be the biggest global peace protests before a war actually started; the [[peace movement]] is compared with the movement caused by the [[Vietnam War]].

=== September 2002 ===
On September 12, 2002, U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] spoke to the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. Outside the United Nations building, over 1,000 people attended a protest organized by Voter March and No Blood for Oil.

On September 24, [[Tony Blair]] released a document describing Britain's case for war in Iraq. Three days later, an anti-war rally in London drew a crowd of at least 150,000.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_politics/2285861.stm</ref>

On September 29, roughly 5,000 anti-war protesters converged on Washington, D.C. on the day after an anti-[[International Monetary Fund]] protest.<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021117173500/dc.indymedia.org/front.php3?article_id=33026&group=webcast |date=November 17, 2002 |title=Indymedia DC }}</ref>

=== October 2002 ===
On October 2, the day President Bush signed into law Congress' joint resolution authorizing the war,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html |title=President, House Leadership Agree on Iraq Resolution |publisher=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov |date=2002-10-02 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> a small-scale protest was held in Chicago, attended by a crowd of roughly 1,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/03/obamas_big_2002_antiwar_speech.html |title=Obama's 'big' 2002 anti-war speech wasn't big then |publisher=Swamppolitics.com |date=2008-03-25 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> who listened to speeches by Jesse Jackson and then-Illinois State Senator [[Barack Obama]]. Obama's statement, "I am not opposed to all wars. I'm opposed to dumb wars," was barely noted at the time, but became famous during the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic presidential primaries]] when the Obama camp used it to demonstrate his courage and good judgment on the war.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gonyea |first=Don |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88988093 |title=NPR story |publisher=Npr.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>

On October 7, Bush delivered a major speech justifying the invasion of Iraq at the [[Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal]]. Outside, approximately 3000 people gathered to protest the coming war. Later, a few hundred protesters blocking the Museum Center exits were dispersed by mounted police, and six people were arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nuclearresister.org/nr131/131bushprotesters.html |title=The Nuclear Resister, November 4, 2002 |publisher=Nuclearresister.org |date= |accessdate=2013-07-14}}</ref>

On October 26, protests took place in various cities across the world. Over 100,000 people took part in a protest in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. 50,000 people took part in a demonstration in San Francisco. Both protests were called by the [[ANSWER Coalition]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile: Protests Against A Possible War In Iraq Taking Place Around The Country|url=http://www.npr.org/programs/atc/transcripts/2002/oct/021026.brand.html|website=npr.org|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref>

On October 31, [[Halloween 2002 anti-war protest|around 150 protests]] took place across the United Kingdom, including [[Critical Mass (cycling)|Critical Mass]] bike rides, occupations, and mass demonstrations in [[Brighton]], [[Manchester]], Glasgow and London. Protests also took place in the US.<ref name="Halloween Protest">{{cite web
|url=http://www.stopwar.org.uk/doa.asp
|title=Stop the War Coalition: Day of Protest
|accessdate=2007-01-11
|publisher=[[Stop the War Coalition]]
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928003547/http://www.stopwar.org.uk/doa.asp
|archivedate=2006-09-28
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref>

=== November 2002 ===
On November 9, demonstrations were held against the war at the end of the first [[European Social Forum]] in Florence, Italy. According to the organizers, 1,000,000 people were in attendance. Local authorities put attendance at 500,000.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Up to 500,000 in anti-war march
| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/11/09/florence.antiwar/
| date = 2002-11-09
| accessdate = 2009-07-15
| quote = [A] police source, while not giving an official figure, told CNN... the number 'could be quite close to 500,000.'
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|first = Sasha
|last = Simic
|title = The other world event
|url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jan/19/post961
|work = [[guardian.co.uk]]
|date = 2007-01-19
|accessdate = 2009-07-15
|quote = The European Social Forum (ESF) held in Florence in the autumn of 2002 was subjected to a sustained attack by the Berlosconi government before it assembled.... A million marched through the city against the looming war with Iraq
|location=London
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title = Over 500,000 march in Florence against Iraq war
|url = http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/nov2002/flor-n12.shtml
|date = 2002-11-12
|accessdate = 2009-07-15
|quote = The official police [[crowd size estimation|estimate of the crowd size]] was 450,000, itself enormous in a city with a population of 500,000. March organizers estimated that by the end of the day, some 1 million had participated.
}}
</ref>

On Saturday, November 16, in Canada an anti-war demonstration of about 2,000 people occurred at [[Queen's Park (Toronto)|Queen's Park]] in Toronto.<ref name="autogenerated2002">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/11/16/protest_021116.html |title=Canadian activists stage anti-war rallies |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2002-11-17 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/11/17/protests_021117.html |title=Protesters brave cold to condemn war against Iraq |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2002-11-18 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref name="rabble1">{{cite news|last=Rebick |first=Judy |url=http://www.rabble.ca/news/war-stories |title=War Stories |publisher=rabble.ca |date=2002-11-11 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref name="canadiansagainstwar1">{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiansagainstwar.org/links/38-peace-groups-in-canada |title=Peace Groups in Canada |publisher=Canadiansagainstwar.org |date=2002-11-17 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>

On November 17, a large anti-war coalition held a peace march in Vancouver marching from Peace Flame Park as part of a Cross-Canada Day of Action. In [[Vancouver]], about 3,000 people gathered in the rain. Washington must take any complaints against foreign governments to the United Nations, they said. Many accused the White House of targeting Saddam Hussein in order to try to take control of valuable oil reserves.
About 1,000 marched through a shower of ice pellets in Montreal, and about 500 showed up in a blur of white snow on Parliament Hill. Rallies were held in several other cities, including [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Winnipeg]] and [[Edmonton]].<ref name="autogenerated2002"/><ref name="autogenerated3"/><ref name="rabble1"/><ref name="canadiansagainstwar1"/>

===January 2003===
On January 16, 2003, protests were held worldwide in opposition to a war with Iraq, including in Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan, Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands, Argentina, and the United States, where Americans attended a rally in Washington, D.C. The [[United States Park Police|U.S. Park Police]], which oversees activities on the [[National Mall]], stopped providing estimates of crowd size after being threatened with lawsuits by the organizers of the [[Million Man March]], but said that protest organizers only had a permit for 30,000 demonstrators.

[[Image:ProtestJan18DC.jpeg|thumb|January 18 peace protest in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
On January 18, anti-war demonstrations, focusing particularly but not exclusively on the expected war with Iraq, took place in villages, towns, and cities around the world, including Tokyo, Moscow, Paris, London, Dublin, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Cologne, Bonn, [[Gothenburg]], Florence, Oslo, Rotterdam, Istanbul and Cairo. In New Zealand, thousands rallied in [[Dunedin]] and [[Christchurch]], while in [[Auckland]] protesters rallied at the Devonport naval base on January 28, opposing the deployment of the frigate [[HMNZS Te Mana]] to the Gulf.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rising NZ opposition to war|url=http://www.socialistworkerarchive.net.nz/~server/Socialist_Worker_NZ_Archive/Socialist_Worker_Monthly_Review_(2003)_files/SWMR%20%234.pdf |date=February 2003 |work=Socialist Worker Monthly Review |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Not in Our Name|NION]] and [[Act Now to Stop War and End Racism|ANSWER]] jointly organized protests in Washington, D.C. and San Francisco. Other protests took place all over the United States, including various smaller places such as [[Lincoln, Nebraska]].

Upwards of 50,000 people demonstrated in San Francisco. The day started with a waterfront rally at 11 am, followed by a march down [[Market Street (San Francisco, California)|Market Street]] to the civic center. <ref>http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Huge-protests-for-peace-Tens-of-thousands-in-2678876.php#item-44548, http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Peaceful-S-F-crowd-protests-stance-on-Iraq-At-2633972.php</ref>

In Seattle, a surprise turnout on a sunny Saturday saw over 45,000 people (Organizer and observers reports) march from the Seattle Center (after several speeches) to King Street Station-the local media all came up with nonsensical crowd numbers, from 200 up to 1,500 people. People were still vacating the starting point at the Seattle Center while the front of the march was piling up at King Street Station, the terminal point of the march; Over 5 miles of solid people-as was evidenced by one aerial photo courtesy KING-TV, showed the true scope of the march. Most of the media downplayed the numbers by taking photos at the front of the parade, on flat ground-which usually showed just a few hundred people. For some reason there was no speaker awaiting to what would have been a crowd of possibly 50,000 people-it simply ended...casual shoppers and walkers joining the crowd-the largest march of any kind in Seattle's history at the time (surpassed by the [[Women's March in Seattle]] in 2017).

In Washington, "at least tens of thousands",<ref name="CNN J18">{{cite news
|title=Anti-war demonstrators rally around the world
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/01/18/sproject.irq.us.protests/
|publisher=CNN
|date=2003-01-19
|accessdate=2007-01-11

}}</ref> or "several hundred thousand"<ref name="ruane">{{cite news
|first=Michael E.
|last=Ruane
|title=Large rally planned Saturday on Mall
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/24/AR2007012401957.html
|work=Washington Post
|page=B06
|date=2007-01-24
|accessdate=2008-04-06
|quote=An anti-war protest described as the largest since the Vietnam War drew several hundred thousand Jan. 18, 2003, on the eve of the Iraq war, in subfreezing Washington weather.}}</ref> people demonstrated through the city, ending with a rally at The Mall. Among the speakers was Rev. [[Jesse Jackson]] who told the crowd that ''"We are here because we choose coexistence over coannihilation."''<ref name="CNN J18" />

The protests were planned to coincide with the January 15, birthday of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]<ref name="CASIN">{{cite journal
|author=Karin Simonson
|title=The Anti-War Movement: Waging Peace on the Brink of War
|publisher=[[Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiations]]
|date=March 2003
|url=http://www.casin.ch/web/pdf/The%20Anti-War%20Movement.pdf
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2007-01-11
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325213857/www.casin.ch/web/pdf/The%20Anti-War%20Movement.pdf
|archivedate=2009-03-25
|df=
}}</ref>

=== February 2003 ===
{{main|February 15, 2003 anti-war protest}}
On February 15, millions of people protested, in approximately 800 cities around the world. Listed by the 2004 ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' as the largest protest in human history, protests occurred among others in the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Republic of Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Syria, India, Russia, South Korea, Japan, and even [[McMurdo Station]] in [[Antarctica]]. Perhaps the largest demonstration this day occurred in London, with up to one million protestors gathering in Hyde Park; speakers included the Reverend Jesse Jackson, London mayor [[Ken Livingstone]], and Liberal Democrat leader [[Charles Kennedy]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1422289/Protest-has-rattled-Number-10-say-march-organisers.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first1=Sandra | last1=Laville | first2=Barbie | last2=Dutter | title=Protest has rattled Number 10, say march organisers | date=February 17, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2767761.stm | work=BBC News | title=Anti-war rally makes its mark | date=February 19, 2003}}</ref> A large demonstration, also attended by perhaps around a million, took place in Barcelona.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>

=== March 2003 ===
On March 8, three separate marches converged on [[Manchester Town Hall]], UK. Official estimates put the number of participants at 10,000 (although this was disputed by organisers), making it the biggest political demonstration in the city since the [[Peterloo Massacre]] in 1819.<ref name="M8">{{cite news
| title = Manchester on the march for peace
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/get_involved/2003/03/08/war_demo.shtml
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 8, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-11

}}</ref>

[[Image:Mar15-peace-protests-mtl.jpg|thumb|protesters in front of [[Complexe Guy-Favreau]] in Montreal]]
On March 15, Spanish and Italian cities showed some of the largest turnouts against their governments' pro-war stance, with more than 400,000 protesters in Milan, more than 300,000 in Barcelona forming a mile-long human chain,<ref name="M15 Barcelona">{{cite news|title=Centenares de miles de manifestantes contra la guerra de Irak |url=http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/159/2lx9c.html |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] News |date=March 15, 2003 |accessdate=2007-01-11 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040412011709/http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/159/2lx9c.html |archivedate=April 12, 2004 }}</ref> and more than 120,000 in [[Madrid]].<ref name="M15 Madrid">{{cite web
| url = http://www.peacenowar.net/Iraq/News/March%2015%2003--Protest.htm
| title = M15 Protests Around the World
| accessdate = 2007-01-11
| publisher = Peacenowar.net

}}</ref> Marches also took place in [[Seville]], [[Aranjuez]], [[Palencia]], and in the [[Canary Islands]].<ref name="M15 Canary Islands">{{cite news|title=Millones de personas en el mundo gritan 'No a la guerra' |url=http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/44/2lwms.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=March 15, 2003 |accessdate=2007-01-11 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012113423/http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/44/2lwms.html |archivedate=October 12, 2004 }}</ref>

Many of the protests were said to be smaller than those in the same cities a month ago; exceptions were Montreal, which upped its turnout to 200,000 and Dublin where 130,000 demonstrated. The Montreal turnout may have been related to solidarity against American [[anti-French sentiment]], which was a common theme for many of the protesters.<ref name="M15 Montreal">{{cite news
| title = Antiwar protests held worldwide
| url = http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20030315.wprot0315_3/BNStory/Front
| work = [[The Globe and Mail]]
| date = March 16, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-11

}}</ref> A further 15,000 protested in [[Quebec City]].<ref name="M15 Quebec City">{{cite news
|title=200 000 manifestants à Montréal
|url=http://www.cyberpresse.ca/actualites/article/1,63,0,032003,229853.shtml
|date=March 15, 2003
|accessdate=2007-01-11
|language=French
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929130032/http://www.cyberpresse.ca/actualites/article/1,63,0,032003,229853.shtml
|archivedate=2007-09-29
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref> 55,000 protested in Paris, and 4,500 to 10,000 in [[Marseilles]]. 100,000 protested in Berlin, some 20,000 protested in Athens, close to 10,000 people marched in Tokyo, and tens of thousands in Washington, D.C. Organizers claimed between 30,000 and 45,000 people turned out, while ''The Oregonian'' and the [[Associated Press]] estimated between 20,000 and 25,000 people attended, closer to the number in Portland who participated in the January 18 protest.<ref name="M15 Oregon">{{cite news
|author1=Shelby Oppel |author2=Boaz Herzog
|lastauthoramp=yes | title = Oregonians rally for peace
| url = http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/front_page/1047819332322011.xml
| work = [[The Oregonian]]
| date = March 16, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-11

}}</ref> Thousands more marched in cities worldwide including Bangkok, Seoul, Hong Kong, Amman, Chicago, Calcutta, Melbourne, [[Christchurch]], [[Dunedin]], Paris, London, [[Portsmouth]], [[Leeds]], [[York]], [[Exeter]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Zürich, Copenhagen, Stockholm, [[Nicosia]], Monaco, Santiago de Chile, Havana, Buenos Aires, Moscow, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Vancouver, [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], Ottawa, and Toronto, as well as cities in Yemen, Turkey, Israel, and the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref name="M15 Montreal" /><ref name="M15 1">{{cite news
| title = Bush, Saddam brace for possibility of war
| url = http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/15/sprj.irq.main/index.html
| publisher = CNN
| date = March 16, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-11

}}</ref><ref name="M15 2">{{cite news
|title=Antiwar rallies across the world
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/03/15/sprj.irq.protests/index.html
|publisher=CNN
|date=March 15, 2003
|accessdate=2007-01-11
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005163239/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/03/15/sprj.irq.protests/index.html
|archivedate=2007-10-05
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref><ref name="M15 3">{{cite news
|title=Antiwar protests held around the globe
|url=http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2003/03/15/protest030315
|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
|date=March 17, 2003
|accessdate=2007-01-11
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117210934/http://www.cbc.ca:80/stories/2003/03/15/protest030315
|archivedate=2006-01-17
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref><ref name="M15 Paris">{{cite news|title=Protestas contra la guerra en Irak se suceden por todo el mundo |url=http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/44/2lwzu.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=March 15, 2003 |accessdate=2007-01-11 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208153951/http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/44/2lwzu.html |archivedate=December 8, 2004 }}</ref><ref name="M15 4">{{cite news|first=Emma |last=Daly |title=THREATS AND RESPONSES: PROTESTS; Global Rallies Against War, and Some for Hussein |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/international/16DEMO.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=Late Edition–Final, Section 1, Page 15, Column 3 |date=March 16, 2003 |accessdate=2007-01-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115224134/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/international/16DEMO.html |archivedate=November 15, 2012 }}</ref>

On March 16, more than 6,000 candlelight vigils for peace were held in more than a hundred countries.<ref name="M16 MoveOn">{{cite web
| url = http://civic.moveon.org/vigil//
| title = Global Candlelight Vigil for Peace: Sunday, March 16—7:00 PM
| accessdate = 2007-01-12
| publisher = [[MoveOn]]

}}</ref>

On March 19, across the United Kingdom tens of thousands of school students staged walkouts.

In Birmingham 4,000 (BBC estimate) striking school students held a demonstration which ended at [[Victoria Square, Birmingham|Victoria Square]]. Though there were some reports of some students throwing coins, West Midlands police said that the protests were "buoyant rather than boisterous" and no arrests were made. The demonstration later moved on to Cannon Hill Park. The son of [[Philip Hunt, Baron Hunt of Kings Heath|Lord Hunt]], a junior health Minister who quit his job over the march, was amongst the students in attendance.<ref name="M19 1">{{cite news
| title = Trouble mars anti-war protest
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2863171.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 19, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

In West [[Yorkshire]] around 500 students (BBC estimate) walked out of Ilkley Grammar School, reportedly one-third of the student body. In [[Bradford]] up to 200 students (BBC estimate) gathered in Centenary Square.

Demonstrations also took place in the city centre in Leeds and Horsforth.<ref name="M19 2">{{cite news
| title = Pupil war demo forces school closure
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2864883.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 19, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

A large protest took place at [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] where London school students gathered.

In Manchester, 300 (eye-witness Stop the War estimate){{citation needed|date=March 2012}} secondary school children, Further Education students and university students met at Albert Square at 12 noon. They marched to the BBC studios where they sat down in the road at around 1pm and blocked the traffic for over an hour where their numbers grew to around 1000 demonstrators. They were filmed by anti-war activists and video clips were distributed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjt7lHCICkw |title=YouTube videos of Manchester demonstration |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-14}}</ref> The students then marched around the city centre and ended up back at Albert Square at about 4pm where they remained demonstrating in front of the Town Hall for some hours. The whole of this event was filmed by anti-war activists accumulating two hours of footage.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/Manchester_School_Strike_19March2003_Part_1 footage] from the Manchester demonstration.</ref>

== Invasion to the fall of Baghdad ==

=== March 20, 2003 ===
{{main|March 20, 2003 anti-war protest}}
The day after the invasion of Iraq had begun, protests were held in cities around the world. In some U.S. cities, protesters attempted to shut their respective cities down. In Germany, students staged a massive walkout. In London, a massive demonstration was held in front of the [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]].

=== March 21, 2003 ===
Demonstrations were organized for a second day in a row in various US cities including Seattle, Portland, Oregon, Chicago, Atlanta, Georgia, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. In the last two cities, demonstrators closed parts of the city to traffic.

=== March 22–23, 2003 ===
[[Image:Abuelitapaz.jpg|thumb|An elderly woman rests in [[Madrid]] in a demonstration on March 23. The poster says "PEACE" in Spanish.]]

Media report about 150,000 protesters in Barcelona (other sources say 1,000,000); more than 100,000 (other sources: up to 500,000) protesters in London; some 100,000 protesters in Paris; at least 150,000 protesters altogether in many German cities; between 35,000 and 90,000 in Lisbon; around 40,000 in Bern, the largest protest in Switzerland for decades; 10,000 to 20,000 in Greece, Denmark and Finland. 250,000 protesters demonstrated in New York City according to the German Spiegel Online magazine. There were protests in Washington, D.C.. In Chicago, protesters disrupted traffic by closing down [[Lake Shore Drive]]. [[CNN]] reported that a march of over a thousand protesters in Atlanta, Georgia passed by their headquarters, upset over that network's coverage of the war. Canada likewise experienced numerous anti-war protests over the weekend. Crowds of anti-war demonstrators took to the streets of Montreal and Toronto. [[Calgary]] held three days of protests (20 March – 22nd), culminating in a march which surrounded the government building and American consulate. In the Italian city of Naples 10,000 anti-war protesters marched towards a [[NATO]] base in Bagnoli. Protests also took place in [[Wellington]], New Zealand.;<ref>{{cite web |title=Wellington protest targets Labour|url=http://www.socialistworkerarchive.net.nz/~server/Socialist_Worker_NZ_Archive/Socialist_Worker_Monthly_Review_(2003)_files/SWMR%20%236.pdf |date=April 2003 |work=Socialist Worker Monthly Review |accessdate=8 February 2011}}</ref> the Australian cities of [[Brisbane]] and [[Hobart]] (which were brought to a halt); Jakarta, Indonesia, where protesters converged on the US embassy; across South Korea including the capital Seoul, where [[Buddhist]] monks played drums to console the sprits of war casualties to the 2,000 protesters; across India including 15,000 in Calcutta; Bangladesh which saw a [[general strike]] (closing down many businesses and mosques); and Japan, including protests near US naval and air bases on the southern island of Okinawa.<ref name="M22 1">{{cite news
| title = Anti-war protests span the globe
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2875555.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 22, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> Thousands of protesters, mainly Muslims, demonstrated across the African continent. Hundreds (BBC estimate) of young people marched in [[Mombasa]] in Kenya. The [[Somalia|Somali]] capital [[Mogadishu]] saw protests by students, Koranic schoolchildren, women and intellectuals.<ref name="M22 2">{{cite news
| title = Anti-war protests sweep Africa
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2873045.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 22, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> There were reports about massive conflicts between protesters and police in the Gulf state of [[Bahrain]] for the second day. On the live broadcast of the 2003 [[Academy Awards]], several presenters and recipients made various comments against the war ranging from [[Susan Sarandon]] giving a simple [[peace sign]] to [[Michael Moore]] publicly denouncing [[George W. Bush]] upon receiving his award.

=== March 24, 2003 ===
Media reports state at least 20,000 school pupils protesting in Hamburg, Germany. After the protest march, conflicts between police and protesters broke out in front of a US building in Hamburg. Protesters who were pushed back by the police began to throw stones, who in turn reacted with [[water cannon]]s. There have since been serious discussions about [[police abuses]] in Hamburg, and political ramifications may follow. In the afternoon, 50,000 people protested peacefully in Leipzig following traditional prayers for peace in the city's Nikolai Church. Prayers for peace and subsequent large demonstrations at that church every Monday ('Montagsdemos') helped bring down the [[German Democratic Republic|GDR]] government in East Germany in 1989. The weekly demonstrations, supported by churches, trade unions and other civic organizations, began again in January 2003 in protest to the impending invasion of Iraq. Protest marches in the afternoon were also reported in the German cities of Berlin and [[Freiburg]]. In Rome, Milan, Turin and other Italian cities, thousands of pupils and schoolteachers stayed away from school to protest against the Iraq war. The teachers union reported that 60 percent of all schools were closed. The strike had been planned weeks ago as a signal against a school reform bill, but was converted to an anti-war protest. 400 anti-war protesters tried to enter the Australian parliament in Canberra to speak to the prime minister, but were stopped by police. In the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maoism|Maoist]] protesters attacked shops selling [[Coca-Cola]] and US soft drinks. Protests in front of US buildings and in fast food shops were also held in Indonesia. In Egypt, 12,000 students of two universities in Cairo protested as well as 3,000 people in the Thai capital Bangkok. In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 150 people threw stones at the United States consulate.

=== March 25, 2003 ===
Some 100,000 people demonstrated in Syria against the United States, United Kingdom and Israel. This protest was endorsed by the Syrian government. In the [[Islam]]ic country of [[Bangladesh]], 60,000 people demonstrated. Media also reports protests in front of the South Korean parliament building, linked to plans to bring South Korean forces into the war.

=== March 27, 2003 ===
Hundreds of protesters participated in a [[civil disobedience]] in New York City. In a "die-in" organized by the M27 Coalition (an ad-hoc group of various anti-war organizations and individuals), 215 people were arrested after blocking traffic on 5th Avenue near the [[Rockefeller Center]], protesting the cooperation between U.S. media and the government. Protesters also blocked traffic at various sites around the city in a coordinated protest with the theme of "No Business As Usual." Protests also took place across the UK. About 250 students (Police estimate) marched on the US embassy in central London. 200 people (South Wales Police estimate) brought [[Cardiff]] city centre traffic to a standstill leading to at least six arrests. There was a lunchtime anti-war demonstration on the Humber bridge in [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] which involved some friction between motorists and protesters. In [[Derry]], up to a dozen anti-war protesters stormed the [[Raytheon]] defense technologies company building staging a sit-in until removed by police. Thousands joined a protest in [[Manchester]].<ref name="M27 New York City">{{cite news
| title = Protests continue after week of war
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2890643.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 27, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== March 28, 2003 ===
Global protests did not stop in the second week of war. Some 10,000 protested in Tehran, Iran. Protesters on the march, supported by the government, chanted "Death to Saddam" as well as "[[Death to America]]." 50,000 to 80,000 people protested in Cairo, Egypt after the Friday prayers. In Bogotá, Colombia there were violent conflicts in front of the US consulate. Protest marches and demonstrations happened also in Algiers, Algeria and in [[Bahrain]], the [[Palestinian territories]], South Korea, Indonesia and Pakistan. In Australia the police prevented protest marches. In Germany, protests by schoolchildren continued. In New Delhi and elsewhere in India, over 20,000 protested against the war. The largest demonstration comprised mainly Muslims, there was also a separate demonstration mainly made up of communists.<ref name="M28 Iran">{{cite news
| title = Huge anti-war march in Iran
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2895171.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 28, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== March 29, 2003 ===
In Boston, Massachusetts, 50,000 people attended the largest rally in the city since the end of the [[Vietnam War]]. Thousands of people blocked Boylston Street in a [[die-in]] along the [[Boston Common]]. A handful of arrests were made. In the UK hundreds of protesters marched from [[Cowley, Oxford|Cowley]] into the centre of [[Oxford]]<ref name="M29 Oxford">{{cite news
| title = War protesters demonstrate in Oxford
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/oxford/features/2003/war/protest.shtml
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 29, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> and thousands took to the streets of [[Edinburgh]] (Police estimated 5,000, while organizers estimated more than 10,000). Edinburgh protesters marched along Princes Street to a mass rally in the city's Meadows area.<ref name="M29 Edinburgh">{{cite news
| title = Thousands join anti-war march
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/2897411.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 29, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== March 30, 2003 ===
100,000 people marched through the Indonesian capital, Jakarta. According to the BBC's Jonathan Head this was the biggest anti-war demonstration to take place so far in the world's most populous Muslim nation. The day also saw the first officially sanctioned demonstration in China, where a crowd of 200 made up mostly of foreign students were allowed to chant anti-war slogans as they marched past the US embassy in Beijing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-03/31/content_160078.htm |title=China Daily report |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=2003-03-31 |accessdate=2013-07-14}}</ref> but around 100 Chinese students had their banners confiscated and were blocked from entering a park where locals had gained permission to demonstrate. In Latin America there were rallies in Santiago, Mexico City, Montevideo, Buenos Aires and Caracas. In Germany at least 40,000 people formed a human chain between the northern cities of Munster and Osnabrueck 35 miles apart. Also about 23,000 took part in marches in Berlin, ending in a rally in Tiergarten park, protests took place in Stuttgart and Frankfurt, where 25 people were arrested as they tried to block the entrance to a US air base. Marches were also held in Paris, Moscow, Budapest, Warsaw and Dublin.<ref name="M30 Jakarta">{{cite news
| title = Anti-war anger spreads worldwide
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2899827.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 30, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== April 7, 2003 ===
{{Main|2003 Port of Oakland dock protest}}
In Oakland, California, police fired [[rubber bullet]]s and [[flexible baton round|beanbags]] at protesters and dockworkers outside the port, injuring at least a dozen demonstrators and six longshoremen standing nearby. Protestors were protesting the Iraq War related action performed by [[American President Lines]] and defense contractor [[Stevedoring Services of America]]. Most of the 500 demonstrators were dispersed peacefully, but a crowd of demonstrators was blocking traffic on private property near the port and failed to disperse after police warnings. The Oakland Police Chief said demonstrators also threw objects and bolts at the police, and said the use of weapons was necessary to disperse the crowd. He indicated that the rubber bullets were used to respond to direct illegal action and the longshoremen were caught in the crossfire. A dockworker spokesman reported that police gave two minutes to disperse, then opened fire rather than making arrests. Demonstrators also claim that the police took direct aim at them, rather than firing in the air or at the ground. Thirty-one people were arrested. Demonstrators regrouped and marched to the Oakland Federal Building. In New York, United States, protesters targeted the [[Carlyle Group]], an investment firm with deep connections to the war. About 20 protesters were arrested in a planned civil disobedience, but police then also surrounded and arrested close to 100 people who were simply watching the protest from across the street.<ref name="A7 PeaceWatch">{{cite web
| url = http://archive.webactive.com/pacifica/peacewatch/peace20030407.html
| title = WebActive: Pacifica's Peacewatch
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ginocchio |first=Paul |url=http://www.zmag.org/zmag/viewArticle/13775 |title=Zmag article |publisher=Zmag article |date= |accessdate=2009-07-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210231212/http://www.zmag.org:80/zmag/viewArticle/13775 |archivedate=2008-12-10 |df= }}</ref>

== After the fall of Baghdad ==
Following the period of combat in March–April 2003, both protests and armed combat experienced a temporary decline in intensity. Protests against the war as a whole continued, often on the occasion of anniversaries of the war and visits by members of the Bush administration to foreign cities. Within the United States, general anti-war protests were joined by protests focusing on particular issues or strategies including: opposition to torture and abuse (such as that in the [[Abu Ghraib prison]]), calls for withdrawal of members of the [[Coalition of the willing|coalition from Iraq]], [[counter-recruitment]], support for military resisters such as Lt. [[Ehren Watada]], and opposition to military and corporate contractors. The largest protests during this period have been national, multi-issue mobilizations such as those on August 30, 2004, and April 29, 2006.

=== April 12, 2003 ===
Protests sponsored by [[A.N.S.W.E.R.]] were held in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Los Angeles to demonstrate against the Iraq War three days after the fall of Baghdad. In Washington, the march route took the group of 30,000 past offices of several [[mass media]] organizations, and companies such as [[Bechtel]] and [[Halliburton]].<ref name="A12 ANSWER Coalition">{{cite web
| url = http://answer.pephost.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ANS_about_us
| title = A.N.S.W.E.R. Coalition Act Now to Stop War & End Racism
| accessdate = 2007-01-12
| publisher = [[A.N.S.W.E.R.]]

}}</ref>

=== October 25, 2003 ===
Tens of thousands of people demonstrated in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, [[Reno, Nevada]] and other cities around the world, in opposition to the [[Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present|occupation of Iraq]]. Protesters also advocated for the return of American troops to the United States, and for the protection of civil liberties.

The Washington DC rally attracted 20,000 (BBC estimate) protesters. The protest ended with a rally at the [[Washington Monument]], within sight of the [[White House]]. As well as opposing the invasion of Iraq protesters also called for the repeal of the [[USA PATRIOT Act]].

The Washington and San Francisco protests were jointly organized by ANSWER (Act Now to Stop War and End Racism) and [[United for Peace and Justice]].

A pro-war demonstration in Washington organized by [[Free Republic]] attracted only dozens (BBC estimate) of people.<ref name="O25 DC">{{cite news
| title = Thousands join US anti-war march
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3214081.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = October 26, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== November 20, 2003 ===
George Bush's [[state visit]] to the UK was met with peaceful anti-war protests in London, attracting 100,000 (police estimate) to 200,000 (organisers' estimate) people, and culminating in the toppling of an effigy of Bush in [[Trafalgar Square]].<ref name=N20 Lon">{{cite news
| title = Thousands protest against Bush
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3223780.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = November 21, 2003
| accessdate = 2017-02-08

}}</ref>

=== June 4, 2004 ===
More than 100,000 people demonstrated in Rome and other Italian cities during Bush's visit to [[Pope John Paul II]], who had expressed his opposition to the war in numerous occasions. Ten thousand police patrolled the conference site.

=== June 5, 2004 ===
[[Image:Anti-War Protest, San Francisco - 5 June 2004.jpg|thumb|A group of anti-war protesters approaches a police barricade. The procession reached back nearly three miles as marchers walked from [[San Francisco Civic Center]] to the Financial District.]]

[[A.N.S.W.E.R.|ANSWER Coalition]] sponsored a demonstration in Washington, D.C., marching from the White House through working-class neighborhoods to the house of [[Donald Rumsfeld]] on Kalorama Road NW near [[Embassy Row]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} In addition, more than 10,000 citizens marched in San Francisco, as well as a counter-protest with hundreds of pro-war supporters.

[[Image:Bushville NYC A30.jpg|thumb|right|Signs outside the mobile Bushville in Brooklyn]]

=== August 29, 2004 ===
{{main|2004 Republican National Convention protest activity}}
As part of the [[2004 Republican National Convention]] protests, [[United for Peace and Justice]] organized a mass march, one of the largest in U.S. history, in which protesters marched past [[Madison Square Garden]], the site of the convention. The march included hundreds of separate contingents as well as individual marchers. The group [[One Thousand Coffins]] held a procession of one thousand full-scale flag-draped cardboard coffins, commemorating each of the U.S. fallen troops as of that date, carried by a nationwide coalition of citizens, veterans, clergy and families of the fallen. Several hundred members of [[Billionaires for Bush]] held a mock countermarch. Estimates of crowd size ranged from 120,000 (unnamed police spokesman) to over 500,000 (organizers, second unnamed police source).<ref>Graham Rayman, Lindsay Faber, Daryl Khan and Karen Freifeld, "[http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/magazine/nyc-prot0830,1,1546524.story?ctrack=1&cset=true Massive protest mostly peaceful]," ''Chicago Tribune'', August 30, 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/08/30/1453238 "500,000 March Against Bush in Largest Convention Protest Ever"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928024342/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/08/30/1453238 |date=September 28, 2006 }}, ''Democracy Now!'', August 30, 2004.</ref> In March, 2007 [[NYPD]] Deputy Commissioner Paul Browne stated about the RNC protests: "You certainly had 800,000 on August 29th."<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/03/26/1329207 "NYPD Debates Civil Liberties Attorney Over Police Spying of Protesters"]. Democracy Now!. March 26, 2007.</ref>

Organizers held a pre-march press conference in front of thousands on 7th Avenue. Several people spoke in opposition to the [[Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present|war in Iraq]] and Bush administration policies including [[Michael Moore]], Jesse Jackson, Congressman [[Charles B. Rangel|Charles Rangel]], and a father who had lost his son in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/08/30/1453250 |title=Antiwar Voices Address March: Michael Moore, Jesse Jackson, Fernando Suarez, Charles Barron and More |publisher=Democracynow.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> The whole event lasted six hours, with the lead contingent finishing the march long before thousands of people could even move from the starting point.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/08/30/1453244 |title=The Battle for New York: 500,000 March Against Bush in Historic Antiwar Protest |publisher=Democracynow.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Imc |first=Nyc |url=http://nyc.indymedia.org/feature/display/106765/index.php |title=publish.nyc.indymedia.org | Photo summary of A29 |publisher=Nyc.indymedia.org |date=2004-08-30 |accessdate=2009-07-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103111/http://nyc.indymedia.org/feature/display/106765/index.php |archivedate=2011-09-27 |df= }}</ref> The City government, under Republican Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]], had earlier denied the protesters a permit to hold a rally in [[Central Park]] following the march, citing concern for the park's grass. The West Side Highway was offered instead, but organizers refused, citing exorbitant costs for the extra sound equipment and problems for the location.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0825-11.htm |title=Judge Blocks Central Park Protest |publisher=Commondreams.org |date=2004-08-25 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> Organizers encouraged people to go to Central Park following the march's conclusion in [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]].
Disturbances were minor. New York Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly reported about 200 arrests with 9 [[felony|felonies]]—most of them occurring after the march had concluded.

=== October 2, 2004 ===
A large group of people assembled at the Women's Memorial at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] for the National Memorial Procession, described as "A Trail of Mourning and Truth from Iraq to the White House". The theme of the event was "Mourn the dead. Heal the wounded. End the war." Participants were encouraged to dress in black to symbolize mourning. [[Cindy Sheehan]] was among the participants at this demonstration. Speeches were made by veterans, members of military families, family members of fallen soldiers, and others. Following the speeches, participants marched from Arlington National Cemetery to the [[President's Park|Ellipse]] in Washington, D.C., carrying cardboard coffins to symbolize the war dead. Following the march, another rally was held, where the coffins carried on the march were placed with more coffins placed at the Ellipse earlier. Following the second rally, 28 people, including [[Michael Berg]] (father of the American civilian contractor [[Nicholas Berg]] who was killed by insurgents in Iraq), were arrested while attempting to deliver the names of fallen heroes to the White House.<ref name="O2 Laken">{{cite web
| url = http://www.laken.com/mt-archives/cat_war_in_iraq.html
| title = National Memorial Procession today in DC
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref><ref name="O2 Sheehan">{{cite web
| url = http://www.angelfire.com/sk3/spkhntrca/mfsodc.html
| title = MFSO March for Peace
| accessdate = 2007-01-12
}}</ref>

=== October 17, 2004 ===
{{main|Million Worker March}}
Approximately 10,000 people attending the [[Million Worker March]] in Washington, D.C. conducted a pro-labor demonstration, with a very heavy additional focus against the war in Iraq as well.

=== November 30, 2004 ===
Two protests were held in Ottawa against George W. Bush's first official visit to Canada. A rally and march in the early afternoon was upwards of fifteen thousand (or 5,000 according to police). An evening rally on Parliament Hill drew another 15,000 and featured a speech by Brandon Hughey, an American soldier seeking refuge in Canada after refusing to fight in Iraq. Bush's stop on 1 December in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax, Nova Scotia]] drew between 4,000 and 5,000 protesters.

=== January 20, 2005 ===
{{main|January 20, 2005 counter-inaugural protest}}
Thousands of people attended multiple protest rallies and marches held throughout Washington, D.C. on the day of George W. Bush's second inaugural to protest the war in Iraq and other policies of the Bush Administration.

=== March 19, 2005 ===
[[Image:London Anti-war demo 2005.jpg|thumb|Protesters on 19 March 2005, in [[London]], where organizers claim over 150,000 marched]]

Protests to mark the second anniversary of start of the [[Iraq War]] were held across the world, in the U.S., United Kingdom, Canada, Central America, South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. (Some protests were also held on March 20). In Glasgow, Scotland about 1,000 people (BBC estimate) attended a rally where some of the names of people who had so-far died in the conflict were read out, along with a "[[name and shame]]" list of Scottish MPs who backed the war. Speakers included Maxine Gentle, whose soldier brother Gordon was killed in Iraq.<ref name="M19 BBC">{{cite news
| title = Iraq rally hears troops out call
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4363187.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 19, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> According to a survey (mainly of the reports of organizers), it has been claimed that, across the world, over one million people marched.<ref name="M19 Sympatico">{{cite web
| url = http://www3.sympatico.ca/djnesbitt/
| title = Global Days of Action: A Very Incomplete Study
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> The protests had been called by the Anti-War Assembly of the 2005 [[World Social Forum]] an annual conference of the alternative globalization movement which took place in Porto Alegre, Brazil on 26 January – 31, and were supported by coalitions from all over the world.<ref name="M19 March in March">{{cite web
| url = http://www.stopwar.org.uk/march20/
| title = March in March
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== June 21, 2005 ===
An officer of the German army, Major [[Florian Pfaff]], was exonerated by the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (German administrative court) after refusing to take part in the development of software likely to be used in the Iraq War.<ref name="J21 Germany">{{cite news
| title = Germany: German soldier wins right to refuse supporting Iraq war
| url = http://www.wri-irg.org/pubs/upd-0508.htm
| work = CO Update
| publisher = Myrtle Solomon Memorial Trust
| date = August 2005
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== August 6, 2005 to August 31, 2005 ===
[[Cindy Sheehan]], mother of slain U.S. soldier Casey Sheehan, set up a protest camp outside the ranch of vacationing president George W. Bush in [[Crawford, Texas]]. Sheehan, who previously met with Bush in a short encounter before the media that she described as dismissive and disrespectful, demanded that Bush meet with her and stop using the deaths of soldiers, including her son, as a justification for remaining in Iraq.

=== September 24, 2005 ===
[[Image:S24 Mainstream 1.jpg|thumb|right|Women dressed in red, white, and blue outfits with missiles strapped around their hips do cheers in the street during the September 24 protest in Washington DC.]]
{{main|September 24, 2005 anti-war protest}}
Protests were held in the USA and Europe. Police estimated that about 150,000 people took part in Washington, D.C., 15,000 in Los Angeles, California, 10,000 in London, 20,000 in San Francisco,<ref name="S24 San Francisco">{{cite news
|author1=Kathleen Sullivan |author2=Chris Heredia |author3=Janine DeFao |author4=Todd Wallack | title = Thousands protest the Iraq war, SF also crowded with Loveparade revelers
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/09/24/BAprotest24.DTL
| work = [[San Francisco Chronicle]]
| date = September 24, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> and more than 2,000 in San Diego, California. Additionally, in London, organizers claim 100,000 attended similar protests, but police place the figure at 10,000.<ref name="S24 London">{{cite news
| title = Thousands stage anti-war protest
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4275542.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = September 24, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== November 4–5, 2005 ===
{{main|Mar del Plata Summit of the Americas}}
Massive popular demonstrations against the U.S.-led war in Iraq, in addition to U.S.-backed economic policies in Latin America, were held in Argentina surrounding the November 4–5 Fourth Summit of the Americas.

=== March 18–20, 2006 ===
[[Image:no war pdx.jpg|thumb|Protestors in [[Portland, Oregon]] on March 19, 2006]]
[[Image:March 18 2006 anti-war demonstration.jpg|thumb|Demonstrators in London]]
Coordinated protests were held to mark the third anniversary of the invasion of Iraq. Major protests occurred in Baghdad, [[Basra]], London, New York City, Washington, D.C., Portland, Oregon, Madrid, Rome, Sydney, Tokyo, Seoul, Istanbul, Toronto and Dublin. Demonstration organizers in London said this marks the first coordinated protest in Iraq, Britain and the United States.<ref name="M18 London">{{cite news
| title = Thousands join anti-war protest
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4818952.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 18, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> More than 500 antiwar events were planned for the week of March 15–21 in the United States; thousands or tens of thousands demonstrated in San Francisco, New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.

In Washington, D.C., 200 people marched to [[The Pentagon]] to deliver a faux coffin and bag of ashes to [[United States Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]]. Two dozen people were arrested for crossing over a barrier around the Pentagon in an act of civil disobedience. They were cited for "failure to obey lawful orders," according to Cheryl Irwin, a Pentagon spokeswoman.<ref name="M18 Pentagon">{{cite news
| title = Protesters try to deliver 'coffin' to Rumsfeld
| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11929270
| publisher = [[MSNBC]]
| date = March 20, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> Footage from the protest was incorporated into this scene from the movie [[The Identified]].<ref name="M18 Identified">{{cite web
|url=http://www.theunidentified.net/videodiaries/watch/206/qt7/
|title=Video Diaries
|accessdate=2007-01-12
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928193805/http://www.theunidentified.net/videodiaries/watch/206/qt7/
|archivedate=2007-09-28
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref>

Turn-out for the United States events was damaged by splits between organizing groups such as [[United for Peace and Justice|UFPJ]] and [[ANSWER Coalition|ANSWER]].<ref name="M18 ANSWER">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pephost.org/site/News2?abbr=MAR_&page=NewsArticle&id=7561
| title = ANSWER Global Days of Action 18–20
| accessdate = 2007-01-12
| publisher = [[A.N.S.W.E.R.]]

}}</ref><ref name="M18 ZombieTime">{{cite web
| url = http://www.zombietime.com/global_day_of_action_march_18_2006/
| title = Global Day of Action Rally, San Francisco, March 18, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-01-12
}}</ref>

===April 1, 2006===
Thousands from around the south marched in [[Atlanta, Georgia]] from the [[Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site|King Center]] to a rally at [[Piedmont Park]] to mark the 3rd anniversary of the Iraq war and the 38th anniversary of the assassination of [[Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.]] The Southern Regional March for Peace in Iraq/Justice at Home was organized by the [[April 1st Coalition]] and speakers included Dr. [[Joseph Lowery]], [[Rev. Tim McDonald]], and [[Damu Smith]].

===April 29, 2006===
A coalition of United States-based groups, initiated by [[United for Peace and Justice]], [[Rainbow/PUSH Coalition]], [[National Organization for Women]], [[Friends of the Earth]], [[U.S. Labor Against the War]], Climate Crisis Coalition, People's Hurricane Relief Fund, [[National Youth and Student Peace Coalition]], and [[Veterans for Peace]] held a national mobilization against the war in New York City on April 29.<ref name="A29 NYC">{{cite news
| first = Desmond
| last = Butler
| title = Tens of Thousands in NYC Protest War
| url = http://apnews.myway.com/article/20060429/D8H9TLPG4.html
| agency = Associated Press
| date = April 29, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

===May 22–31, 2006===
Members of the [[Port Militarization Resistance]] in [[Olympia, WA]] protested the shipment of 300 Army [[Stryker]] vehicles to Iraq through the [[Port of Olympia]]. Dozens of arrests<ref>{{cite news|last=Vedder |first=Tracy |url=http://komonews.com/archive/anti-war-protests-continue-at-port-of-olympia |title=Anti-War Protests Continue At Port Of Olympia |publisher=Komotv.com |date=2006-08-31 |accessdate=2016-07-21}}</ref> resulted from the direct actions of protesters such as locking arms to block roads which the Army used to reach the port.

=== August 9, 2006 ===
Nine members of the Derry Anti-War Coalition, based in Northern Ireland, entered the Derry premises of [[Raytheon]]. The occupation of the plant lasted for eight hours, after which point riot police entered the building and removed the occupants. Charges of aggravated burglary and [[unlawful entry]] were brought against all nine.<ref name="A9 Indymedia">{{cite news
| title = Derry Anti War Protesters Occupy Raytheon Plant
| url = http://www.indymedia.ie/article/77825
| publisher = [[Indymedia]] Ireland
| date = August 10, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== September 23, 2006 ===

A national anti-war demonstration took place in Manchester, England coinciding with the Labour Party Annual Conference which also took place in the city on this date. The organisers, the Stop the War Coalition, estimated 50,000 people on the march. Police estimates were initially 8,000 revised upwards to 20,000. The local Stop the War organisers considered that it was the largest demonstration in the history of the city since Chartist times in the mid-19th Century. The event was followed by a Stop the War Alternative conference (alternative, that is, to the stage-managed Labour Conference).

=== October 5, 2006 ===
Actions across the United States took place in nearly every state. An organization called World Can't Wait organized the nationwide event. Demonstrations took place in vicinities such as New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Houston, and other places. Over 200 protests were organized.

=== November 3, 2006 ===
[[Malachi Ritscher]] committed suicide by [[self-immolation]] on the side of the [[Kennedy Expressway]] near downtown Chicago during the morning rush hour of Friday, November 3, 2006, apparently as a protest against the Iraq war and more generally "for the mayhem and turmoil caused by my country".

=== January 4, 2007 ===

The [[court martial]] of military resister Lt. [[Ehren Watada]] has been marked by protests. On January 4, 2007, Iraq Veterans Against the War Deployed established a [[protest camp]] called "Camp Resistance" at [[Fort Lewis]] in support of Watada. The same day, some 200 people protested his prosecution in San Francisco, with twenty-eight arrested after engaging in civil disobedience.<ref name="J4 Watada">{{cite news
| title = Reporters and Activists Remain Under Order to Take Stand in Court-Martial
| url = http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2007/01/05/18344332.php
| publisher = San Francisco [[Indymedia]]
| date = January 5, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== January 10–11, 2007 ===
Numerous groups organized demonstrations in response to a January 10 speech by George W. Bush, announcing an increase of U.S troop levels in Iraq by 21,500. A small number of protests occurred in the wake of the Wednesday night speech, including one in Boston which resulted in 6 arrests for blocking traffic.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/14/6_arrested_in_antiwar_protest/ 6 arrested in antiwar protest], ''Boston Globe'', January 14, 2007.</ref> Organizers from [[MoveOn.org]] and TrueMajority.org each received reports of some 500–600 protests that were held nationwide on January 11.<ref>[http://www.democracyinaction.org/dia/organizationsORG/truemajority/event/distributedEventSearch.jsp?distributed_event_KEY=242&zip=33604&miles=800 TrueMajority] ("600 posted events"). MoveOn.org</ref><ref>[http://pol.moveon.org/escalation/wrapup.html Emergency Rallies to Stop Iraq Escalation] ("close to 500")</ref>

===January 27, 2007===
{{main|January 27, 2007 Iraq War protest}}

The January 27, 2007 Iraq War protest drew anywhere from "tens of thousands" to "hundreds of thousands" Washington DC to protest.<ref>[http://www.unitedforpeace.org/article.php?id=3515 ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214031122/http://www.unitedforpeace.org/article.php?id=3515 |date=February 14, 2007 }}</ref>

===March 11, 2007===
In [[Tacoma, Washington]] peace activists campaigned to prevent the military from shipping 300 [[Stryker]] armored vehicles to Iraq. 23 protesters were arrested including T.J. Johnson who serves in the City Council of Olympia.<ref name="The Olympian">{{cite web
| url = http://www.theolympian.com/101/story/68869.html
| title = Dozens show to support activist councilman
| accessdate = 2007-03-14
| publisher = The Olympian
| archiveurl = http://www.theolympian.com/101/story/68869.html
| archivedate = March 14, 2007
}}</ref>
The arrests came shortly after a small convoy of 12 to 15 Army vehicles arrived at a storage yard at the port. More vehicles, including Stryker armored fighting vehicles, arrived late Monday and early Tuesday, as protesters shouted the chants "You don't have to go" and "We are the majority."

===March 16, 2007===
Roughly 100 protesters were arrested in front of the White House following a service at [[Washington National Cathedral]] in commemoration of the fourth anniversary of the Iraq War and a march to the White House.<ref name="White House Prayer">{{cite news
|author1=Steve Vogel |author2=Clarence Williams
|lastauthoramp=yes | title = Rousing, Emotional Start for War Protest
| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031602318.html
| work = [[The Washington Post]]
| page = B01
| date = March 17, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-21

}}</ref>

=== March 17, 2007 ===
{{main|March 17, 2007 anti-war protest}}
[[Image:NO WAR NO BUSH (graffiti in Venice; August 2007).jpg|thumb|August 2007 anti-war [[graffiti]] in [[Venice, Italy]].]]

Approximately 10 000 to 20 000 anti-war protesters marched to [[The Pentagon]] in [[Arlington, Virginia]],<ref name="margasak2007-03-18">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6489002,00.html |title=War Protesters, Supporters Rally in D.C |accessdate=2007-03-18 |last=Margasak |first=Larry |author2=Matthew Barakat |date=2007-03-18 |work=Guardian Unlimited |agency=Associated Press |location=London }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> with several thousand pro-war protesters lining the route.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/17/AR2007031701280.html |title=Veterans, others denounce marchers: counter-demonstrators number in thousands |accessdate=2007-03-18 |last=Schulte |first=Brigid |date=2007-03-18 |work=The Washington Post |pages=A12}}</ref> Other protests and counter-demonstrations in the USA were held in Austin, Texas, Seattle, Washington, Chicago, Illinois,<ref name="chieul2007-04-11">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbc5.com/news/11309938/detail.html?taf=chi |title=Protestors Call For Iraq Withdrawal
|accessdate=2007-04-11 |work=NBC5news}}</ref> Los Angeles, California (5 000 to 6 000),<ref name="bohan2007-03-18">{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/articlePrint?articleId=UKN1725671220070318 |title=Thousands march to protest Iraq war |accessdate=2007-03-18 |last=Bohan |first=Caren |author2=Nichola Groom, James Vicini |date=2007-03-18 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> San Francisco, California, San Diego, California, and [[Hartford, Connecticut]].<ref name="margasak2007-03-18" />
Tens of thousands marched in Madrid, Spain, with smaller protests in Turkey, Greece,<ref name="margasak2007-03-18" /> Australia, Belgium, Britain, and Canada.<ref name="bohan2007-03-18" />


[[File:27 Oct 2007 Seattle Demo 56.jpg|thumb|October 2007, protest against the Iraq War in [[Seattle]], [[Occidental Park]] sign on a giant puppet says "Why is the U.S. gov't so afraid of the [[International Criminal Court]]"]]

===September 15, 2007===
{{main|September 15, 2007 anti-war protest}}

[[Image:Marching towards the Capital - September 15, 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Protesters march down Pennsylvania Avenue toward the Capitol.]]

A march took place from the White House to the Capitol on September 15, 2007. It was organized by Veterans for Peace and the Answer Coalition. Volunteers were recruited for a civil disobedience action, which included a [[die-in]]. Volunteers signed up to take on the name of a soldier or civilian who died because of the war, and lay down around the Peace Monument.<ref name="pephost">[http://www.pephost.org/site/PageServer?pagename=S15_homepage Three days until the Sept. 15 March to Stop the War!] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911181342/http://www.pephost.org/site/PageServer?pagename=S15_homepage |date=September 11, 2007 }} pephost.org. Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref> In attendance were politicians such as Ralph Nader.<ref name="pephost" /> Police arrested more than 190 demonstrators who crossed police lines in front of the Capitol.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070916/ap_on_re_us/iraq_war_protest;_ylt=AmcYo_LpZbxa4WEwjhO41xis0NUE More than 190 arrested at D.C. protestģ]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Chemical spray was used by Capitol Police.<ref name="vocal minority" />

Organizers estimated that nearly 100,000 people attended the rally and march. That number could not be confirmed; police did not give their own estimate. Associated press reported "several thousand." A permit for the march obtained in advance by the ANSWER Coalition had projected 10,000.<ref name="more than 190 arrested">[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070916/ap_on_re_us/iraq_war_protest;_ylt=AmcYo_LpZbxa4WEwjhO41xis0NUE More than 190 arrested at D.C. protest]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Mattew Barakat, Associated Press Writer, ''Yahoo News'', September 16, 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref>

=== September 29, 2007 ===
Troops Out Now Coalition organized a rally and march starting from the encampment in front of the Capitol Building. TroopsOutNow.org estimated 5,000 marched. A group of protesters, mainly youth, blocked sections of Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenue, including portions not on the march route. As of 8:40 PM, September 29, the demonstrators had set up tents and had not moved, after occupying the street for over 4 hours.

=== March 19, 2008 ===
{{main|March 19, 2008 anti-war protest}}
Several hundred anti-war protesters marched through Washington, D.C. on the fifth anniversary of the U.S.-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], splattering red paint on government offices and scuffling with police. Protesters, including many veterans, demanded the arrests of President George W. Bush, Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] and Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]] as war criminals. Others hurled balloons full of paint at a military recruiting station and smeared it on buildings housing defense contractors [[Bechtel]] and [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref name="cnn19mar08">[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/19/anti.war.protests/index.html Protesters march on Iraq anniversary]. Retrieved March 20, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324231545/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/19/anti.war.protests/index.html |date=March 24, 2008 }}</ref>

=== March 21, 2009 ===
Thousands of protesters marched from the Mall in Washington D.C. to the grounds of the Pentagon, and then to the Crystal City district of Arlington, Virginia. This area of Arlington is the home to offices of several defense contractors, such as [[KBR (company)|KBR]] and [[General Dynamics]]. Protesters carried mock coffins representing the victims of U.S. conflicts and placed them in front of the office buildings. Virginia State police and Arlington County police greeted the protesters and reported no arrests.

<gallery>
Image:Protest 03 21 2009 01.JPG|Protesters en route to [[the Pentagon]].
Image:Protest 03 21 2009 02.JPG|Mock coffins placed near the offices of defense contractors.
</gallery>

=== April 4, 2009 ===
[[United for Peace and Justice]] held a march on [[Wall Street]] on April 4, 2009 against [[military spending]] in Iraq.

=== March 20, 2010 ===
On March 20, 2010, a multi-city anti-war event was held in the United States to protest the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The event was organized by [[A.N.S.W.E.R.]] with support from other [[NGO|civil society actors]] such as the ''Topanga Peace Alliance'' and the [[Teamsters]]. The scheduling of the event ties it to the seventh anniversary of the start of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|author=AFP, Mar 21, 2010, 05.30am IST |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-Anti-war-protesters-take-to-streets-on-anniversary-of-invasion-of-Iraq/articleshow/5707452.cms |title=US: Anti-war protesters take to streets on anniversary of invasion of Iraq – US – World – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= March 21, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref> In Washington, D.C. thousands marched past the White House, some bearing coffins draped with various flags to symbolize fatalities of the wars. Others enacted mock attacks on the White House using cardboard [[Drone Weapon|combat drones]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Symbolic-Coffins-Mark-Anti-War-Protests-in-Washington-88733427.html |title=Symbolic Coffins Mark Anti-War Protests in Washington | USA | English |publisher=.voanews.com |date=2009-08-20 |accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref> A parallel demonstration took place in Hollywood, California called “U.S. Out of Afghanistan and Iraq Now!". In addition to the big NGOs, this was supported by local grassroots organisations such as ''LA Workers’ Voice'' and ''Long Beach Area Peace Network''. Thousands of people slowly made their way down [[Hollywood Boulevard]] at 2 p.m. dressed as zombies and other [[undead]].<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.dailytitan.com/2010/03/22/thousands-march-through-hollywood-protest-foreign-conflicts/
|title= Thousands march through Hollywood, protest foreign conflicts
|publisher= The Daily Titan
|date = 2010-11-17
|author = Charles Purnell
|accessdate=2010-03-22}}
</ref>

<gallery>
Image:2010-03-20 12-21-08nomorecollateraldamage.JPG|Protester holds sign at March 20, 2010 anti-war protest
Image:2010-03-20 12-25-55itsalwaysbeenwrong.JPG|Protest holds sign at March 20, 2010 anti-war protest
Image:2010-03-20 12-32-53raginggrannies.JPG|Raging Grannies sing at the March 20, 2010 anti-war protest in Washington, DC
Image:2010-03-20 13-08-02Ramseyclark.JPG|[[Ramsey Clark]] speaks at the March 20, 2010 anti-war protest in Washington, DC
</gallery>

===March 19, 2011===
Over 100 protesters were arrested outside the White House.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/19/antiwar-protesters-arrest_n_838031.html | work=Huffington Post | title=Anti-War Protesters Arrested Near White House | date=March 19, 2011}}</ref> More protesters gathered in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/los-angeles-anti-war-mara_n_838057.html#s255515 | work=Huffington Post | first=Anna | last=Almendrala | title=Los Angeles Anti-War March On Anniversary Of Iraq War | date=March 20, 2011}}</ref>

=== May 20, 2012 ===

Veterans for Peace, Occupy Chicago and a slew of coalition partners convened the No-NATO protests in Chicago. About 8,000 marchers took Michigan Avenue the full length to Cermak, within several blocks of the NATO Summit at the Hyatt Regency.

At the intersection of Cermak and Michigan, Iraq Veterans Against the War convened a rally. For the second time in United States history, soldiers and marines relinquished their military medals.<ref>{{cite web|last=Manski|first=Rebecca|title=Vets toss medals, call NATO Summit a disgrace|url=http://www.occupy.com/article/chicago-dispatch-vets-toss-medals-honor-call-nato-summit-disgrace|publisher=occupy.com}}</ref> The first time this occurred was in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|last=ABC TV - Chicago|title=Veterans return medals during NATO protest|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wls/video?id=8669857&pid=8669859|date=2012-05-20}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Canada and Iraq War resisters]]
* [[Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq]]
* [[International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan]]
* [[Japanese history textbook controversies]]
* [[List of anti-war organizations]]
* [[List of Iraq War resisters]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[List of protest marches on Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Opposition to the Iraq War]]
* [[Popular opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq]]
* [[Post–September 11 anti-war movement]]
* [[2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations]]
* [[Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya]]
* [[Protests against the invasion of Afghanistan]]
* [[The UN Security Council and the Iraq war]]
* [[Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq]]
* [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq]]
*''[[We Are Many (film)|We Are Many]]'', a documentary film by Amir Amirani

=== General anti-war ===
* [[Anti-war]]
* [[Nonviolence]]
* [[Pacifism]]

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Stop the War: the story of Britain's biggest mass movement'', Andrew Murray and [[Lindsey German]], ISBN 1-905192-00-2
* ''Augustinian Just War Theory and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: Confessions, Contentions and the Lust for Power'' edited by Craig J. N. de Paulo, Patrick A. Messina et al. (New York: Peter Lang, 2011.)

==External links==
{{commons category|Demonstrations and protests against the Iraq War}}
* [http://articles.cnn.com/2003-02-15/us/sprj.irq.protests.main_1_anti-war-rallies-anti-war-movement-police-use-pepper-spray?_s=PM:US Cities jammed in worldwide protest of war in Iraq] [[CNN]] article. February 2003.
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11887714/ns/world_news-invasion_iraq_3_years_later/t/thousands-protest-iraq-war-rd-anniversary/ Thousands protest Iraq war on 3rd anniversary] [[MSNBC]] article. March 2006.

===Specific demonstrations===
*October 26, 2002: [http://www.livejournal.com/users/noctilucent/28837.html People], [http://www.livejournal.com/users/noctilucent/29484.html signs], [http://www.livejournal.com/users/noctilucent/29231.html more signs], [http://www.livejournal.com/users/noctilucent/29177.html and more signs], [http://www.livejournal.com/users/noctilucent/28614.html Police]
*March 20, 2006 Pentagon: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/mjb/sets/72057594086668921/ Photos]
*October 27, 2007 New York: [http://nynooks.wordpress.com/2007/10/28/the-war-that-launched-1000-colds/ Slideshow]
*May 20, 2012 Chicago: [http://www.democracynow.org/2012/5/21/no_nato_no_war_us_veterans Video of veterans relinquishing medals near NATO Summit]

{{Anti-government protests in the 21st century}}
{{Iraq War}}
{{Anti-war}}
{{Protests against the Iraq War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Protests Against The Iraq War}}
[[Category:Protests against the Iraq War| ]]
[[Category:Protests|Iraq]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration controversies]]

Protests against the Iraq War

2017-02-08T19:39:29Z

Teflon: /* After the fall of Baghdad */ adds London protest

{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Protests against the Iraq War
| partof =
| image = London Anti Iraq War march, 15Feb 2003.jpg
| caption = The February 15, 2003 anti-war protest in [[London]].
| date = Beginning in 2002
| place = Global
| coordinates =
| causes =
| goals =
| methods =
| status =
| result =
| side1 =
| side2 =
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 = Over 10 million<ref name="Socialist Worker J3 to A12">{{cite news
| first = Alex
| last = Callinicos
| title = Anti-war protests do make a difference
| url = http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=6067
| publisher = [[Socialist Worker]]
| date = March 19, 2005
| accessdate = 2010-08-27
}}</ref>
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
}}

Beginning in 2002, and continuing after the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], large-scale '''protests against the Iraq War''' were held in many cities worldwide, often coordinated to occur simultaneously around the world. After the biggest [[February 15, 2003 anti-war protest|series of demonstrations, on February 15, 2003]], ''[[New York Times]]'' writer [[Patrick Tyler]] claimed that they showed that there were [[Second Superpower|two superpowers]] on the planet, the United States and worldwide [[public opinion]].<ref name="Tyler">{{cite news
| first = Patrick
| last = Tyler
| title = A New Power in the Streets
| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811FD355E0C748DDDAB0894DB404482
| publisher = New York Times
| date = February 17, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-09-07

}}</ref>

These demonstrations against the war were mainly organized by [[List of anti-war organizations|anti-war organizations]], many of whom had been formed in [[Protests against the invasion of Afghanistan|opposition to the invasion of Afghanistan]]. In some [[Arab]] countries demonstrations were organized by the [[Sovereign state|state]]. Europe saw the biggest mobilization of protesters, including a rally of three million people in Rome, which is listed in the [[Guinness Book of Records]] as the largest ever anti-war rally.<ref name="Guinness">{{cite web
| url = http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54365
| title = Guinness World Records, Largest Anti-War Rally
| accessdate = 2007-01-11
| publisher = Guinness World Records
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040904214302/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54365
| archivedate = 2004-09-04
}}</ref>

According to the [[France|French]] academic [[Dominique Reynié]], between January 3 and April 12, 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the Iraq war.<ref name="Socialist Worker J3 to A12">{{cite news
| first = Alex
| last = Callinicos
| title = Anti-war protests do make a difference
| url = http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=6067
| publisher = [[Socialist Worker]]
| date = March 19, 2005
| accessdate = 2010-08-27

}}</ref>

In the United States, even though pro-war demonstrators have been quoted as referring to anti-war protests as a "vocal minority",<ref name="vocal minority">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/15/AR2007091500826.html Dueling Demonstrations As Thousands March to Capitol to Protest Iraq Conflict, 189 Arrested; War Supporters Take on 'Vocal Minority'] Michelle Boorstein, V. Dion Haynes and Allison Klein, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', Sunday, September 16, 2007; Page A08. Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref> Gallup Polls updated September 14, 2007 state, "Since the summer of 2005, opponents of the war have tended to outnumber supporters. A majority of Americans believe the war was a mistake."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galluppoll.com/content/default.aspx?ci=1633 |title=Gallup's Pulse of Democracy: The War in Iraq |accessdate=2007-09-16 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703031559/http://www.galluppoll.com/content/default.aspx?ci=1633 |archivedate=2007-07-03 |df= }}, The Gallup Poll. Retrieved August 7, 2007.</ref>

== Scope and impact in the United States ==

A March 2003 Gallup poll conducted during the first few days of the war showed that 5% of the population had protested or made a public opposition against the war compared to 21% who attended a rally or made a public display to support the war.<ref>[http://www.aei.org/docLib/200701121_roody2.pdf Public Opinion and the war in Iraq] P. 177</ref> An ABC news poll showed that 2% had attended an anti-war protest and 1% attended a pro-war rally. The protests made 20% more opposed to the war and 7% more supportive.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.aei.org/docLib/200701121_roody2.pdf Public Opinion and the war in Iraq] P. 178</ref> A Fox News poll showed that 63% had an unfavorable view of the protesters, just 23% had a favorable view.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> According to Pew Research, 40% said in March 2003 that they had heard "too much" from people opposed to the war against 17% who said "too little".<ref>[http://www.aei.org/docLib/200701121_roody2.pdf Public Opinion and the war in Iraq] P. 179</ref>

Some observers have noted that the protests against the Iraq war have been relatively small-scale and infrequent compared to [[protests against the Vietnam War]]. One of the most often cited factors for this is the lack of [[conscription]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/31/opinion/31observer.html?scp=4&sq=protesters&st=nyt Op-ed]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines07/0321-03.htm |title=AP article |publisher=Commondreams.org |date=2007-03-21 |accessdate=2013-07-14}}</ref>

== Prior to the invasion of Iraq ==
These protests are said to be the biggest global peace protests before a war actually started; the [[peace movement]] is compared with the movement caused by the [[Vietnam War]].

=== September 2002 ===
On September 12, 2002, U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] spoke to the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. Outside the United Nations building, over 1,000 people attended a protest organized by Voter March and No Blood for Oil.

On September 24, [[Tony Blair]] released a document describing Britain's case for war in Iraq. Three days later, an anti-war rally in London drew a crowd of at least 150,000.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_politics/2285861.stm</ref>

On September 29, roughly 5,000 anti-war protesters converged on Washington, D.C. on the day after an anti-[[International Monetary Fund]] protest.<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021117173500/dc.indymedia.org/front.php3?article_id=33026&group=webcast |date=November 17, 2002 |title=Indymedia DC }}</ref>

=== October 2002 ===
On October 2, the day President Bush signed into law Congress' joint resolution authorizing the war,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html |title=President, House Leadership Agree on Iraq Resolution |publisher=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov |date=2002-10-02 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> a small-scale protest was held in Chicago, attended by a crowd of roughly 1,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/03/obamas_big_2002_antiwar_speech.html |title=Obama's 'big' 2002 anti-war speech wasn't big then |publisher=Swamppolitics.com |date=2008-03-25 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> who listened to speeches by Jesse Jackson and then-Illinois State Senator [[Barack Obama]]. Obama's statement, "I am not opposed to all wars. I'm opposed to dumb wars," was barely noted at the time, but became famous during the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic presidential primaries]] when the Obama camp used it to demonstrate his courage and good judgment on the war.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gonyea |first=Don |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88988093 |title=NPR story |publisher=Npr.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>

On October 7, Bush delivered a major speech justifying the invasion of Iraq at the [[Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal]]. Outside, approximately 3000 people gathered to protest the coming war. Later, a few hundred protesters blocking the Museum Center exits were dispersed by mounted police, and six people were arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nuclearresister.org/nr131/131bushprotesters.html |title=The Nuclear Resister, November 4, 2002 |publisher=Nuclearresister.org |date= |accessdate=2013-07-14}}</ref>

On October 26, protests took place in various cities across the world. Over 100,000 people took part in a protest in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. 50,000 people took part in a demonstration in San Francisco. Both protests were called by the [[ANSWER Coalition]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile: Protests Against A Possible War In Iraq Taking Place Around The Country|url=http://www.npr.org/programs/atc/transcripts/2002/oct/021026.brand.html|website=npr.org|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref>

On October 31, [[Halloween 2002 anti-war protest|around 150 protests]] took place across the United Kingdom, including [[Critical Mass (cycling)|Critical Mass]] bike rides, occupations, and mass demonstrations in [[Brighton]], [[Manchester]], Glasgow and London. Protests also took place in the US.<ref name="Halloween Protest">{{cite web
|url=http://www.stopwar.org.uk/doa.asp
|title=Stop the War Coalition: Day of Protest
|accessdate=2007-01-11
|publisher=[[Stop the War Coalition]]
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928003547/http://www.stopwar.org.uk/doa.asp
|archivedate=2006-09-28
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref>

=== November 2002 ===
On November 9, demonstrations were held against the war at the end of the first [[European Social Forum]] in Florence, Italy. According to the organizers, 1,000,000 people were in attendance. Local authorities put attendance at 500,000.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Up to 500,000 in anti-war march
| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/11/09/florence.antiwar/
| date = 2002-11-09
| accessdate = 2009-07-15
| quote = [A] police source, while not giving an official figure, told CNN... the number 'could be quite close to 500,000.'
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|first = Sasha
|last = Simic
|title = The other world event
|url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jan/19/post961
|work = [[guardian.co.uk]]
|date = 2007-01-19
|accessdate = 2009-07-15
|quote = The European Social Forum (ESF) held in Florence in the autumn of 2002 was subjected to a sustained attack by the Berlosconi government before it assembled.... A million marched through the city against the looming war with Iraq
|location=London
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title = Over 500,000 march in Florence against Iraq war
|url = http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/nov2002/flor-n12.shtml
|date = 2002-11-12
|accessdate = 2009-07-15
|quote = The official police [[crowd size estimation|estimate of the crowd size]] was 450,000, itself enormous in a city with a population of 500,000. March organizers estimated that by the end of the day, some 1 million had participated.
}}
</ref>

On Saturday, November 16, in Canada an anti-war demonstration of about 2,000 people occurred at [[Queen's Park (Toronto)|Queen's Park]] in Toronto.<ref name="autogenerated2002">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/11/16/protest_021116.html |title=Canadian activists stage anti-war rallies |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2002-11-17 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/11/17/protests_021117.html |title=Protesters brave cold to condemn war against Iraq |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2002-11-18 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref name="rabble1">{{cite news|last=Rebick |first=Judy |url=http://www.rabble.ca/news/war-stories |title=War Stories |publisher=rabble.ca |date=2002-11-11 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref name="canadiansagainstwar1">{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiansagainstwar.org/links/38-peace-groups-in-canada |title=Peace Groups in Canada |publisher=Canadiansagainstwar.org |date=2002-11-17 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>

On November 17, a large anti-war coalition held a peace march in Vancouver marching from Peace Flame Park as part of a Cross-Canada Day of Action. In [[Vancouver]], about 3,000 people gathered in the rain. Washington must take any complaints against foreign governments to the United Nations, they said. Many accused the White House of targeting Saddam Hussein in order to try to take control of valuable oil reserves.
About 1,000 marched through a shower of ice pellets in Montreal, and about 500 showed up in a blur of white snow on Parliament Hill. Rallies were held in several other cities, including [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Winnipeg]] and [[Edmonton]].<ref name="autogenerated2002"/><ref name="autogenerated3"/><ref name="rabble1"/><ref name="canadiansagainstwar1"/>

===January 2003===
On January 16, 2003, protests were held worldwide in opposition to a war with Iraq, including in Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan, Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands, Argentina, and the United States, where Americans attended a rally in Washington, D.C. The [[United States Park Police|U.S. Park Police]], which oversees activities on the [[National Mall]], stopped providing estimates of crowd size after being threatened with lawsuits by the organizers of the [[Million Man March]], but said that protest organizers only had a permit for 30,000 demonstrators.

[[Image:ProtestJan18DC.jpeg|thumb|January 18 peace protest in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
On January 18, anti-war demonstrations, focusing particularly but not exclusively on the expected war with Iraq, took place in villages, towns, and cities around the world, including Tokyo, Moscow, Paris, London, Dublin, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Cologne, Bonn, [[Gothenburg]], Florence, Oslo, Rotterdam, Istanbul and Cairo. In New Zealand, thousands rallied in [[Dunedin]] and [[Christchurch]], while in [[Auckland]] protesters rallied at the Devonport naval base on January 28, opposing the deployment of the frigate [[HMNZS Te Mana]] to the Gulf.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rising NZ opposition to war|url=http://www.socialistworkerarchive.net.nz/~server/Socialist_Worker_NZ_Archive/Socialist_Worker_Monthly_Review_(2003)_files/SWMR%20%234.pdf |date=February 2003 |work=Socialist Worker Monthly Review |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Not in Our Name|NION]] and [[Act Now to Stop War and End Racism|ANSWER]] jointly organized protests in Washington, D.C. and San Francisco. Other protests took place all over the United States, including various smaller places such as [[Lincoln, Nebraska]].

Upwards of 50,000 people demonstrated in San Francisco. The day started with a waterfront rally at 11 am, followed by a march down [[Market Street (San Francisco, California)|Market Street]] to the civic center. <ref>http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Huge-protests-for-peace-Tens-of-thousands-in-2678876.php#item-44548, http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Peaceful-S-F-crowd-protests-stance-on-Iraq-At-2633972.php</ref>

In Seattle, a surprise turnout on a sunny Saturday saw over 45,000 people (Organizer and observers reports) march from the Seattle Center (after several speeches) to King Street Station-the local media all came up with nonsensical crowd numbers, from 200 up to 1,500 people. People were still vacating the starting point at the Seattle Center while the front of the march was piling up at King Street Station, the terminal point of the march; Over 5 miles of solid people-as was evidenced by one aerial photo courtesy KING-TV, showed the true scope of the march. Most of the media downplayed the numbers by taking photos at the front of the parade, on flat ground-which usually showed just a few hundred people. For some reason there was no speaker awaiting to what would have been a crowd of possibly 50,000 people-it simply ended...casual shoppers and walkers joining the crowd-the largest march of any kind in Seattle's history at the time (surpassed by the [[Women's March in Seattle]] in 2017).

In Washington, "at least tens of thousands",<ref name="CNN J18">{{cite news
|title=Anti-war demonstrators rally around the world
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/01/18/sproject.irq.us.protests/
|publisher=CNN
|date=2003-01-19
|accessdate=2007-01-11

}}</ref> or "several hundred thousand"<ref name="ruane">{{cite news
|first=Michael E.
|last=Ruane
|title=Large rally planned Saturday on Mall
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/24/AR2007012401957.html
|work=Washington Post
|page=B06
|date=2007-01-24
|accessdate=2008-04-06
|quote=An anti-war protest described as the largest since the Vietnam War drew several hundred thousand Jan. 18, 2003, on the eve of the Iraq war, in subfreezing Washington weather.}}</ref> people demonstrated through the city, ending with a rally at The Mall. Among the speakers was Rev. [[Jesse Jackson]] who told the crowd that ''"We are here because we choose coexistence over coannihilation."''<ref name="CNN J18" />

The protests were planned to coincide with the January 15, birthday of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]<ref name="CASIN">{{cite journal
|author=Karin Simonson
|title=The Anti-War Movement: Waging Peace on the Brink of War
|publisher=[[Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiations]]
|date=March 2003
|url=http://www.casin.ch/web/pdf/The%20Anti-War%20Movement.pdf
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2007-01-11
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325213857/www.casin.ch/web/pdf/The%20Anti-War%20Movement.pdf
|archivedate=2009-03-25
|df=
}}</ref>

=== February 2003 ===
{{main|February 15, 2003 anti-war protest}}
On February 15, millions of people protested, in approximately 800 cities around the world. Listed by the 2004 ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' as the largest protest in human history, protests occurred among others in the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Republic of Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Syria, India, Russia, South Korea, Japan, and even [[McMurdo Station]] in [[Antarctica]]. Perhaps the largest demonstration this day occurred in London, with up to one million protestors gathering in Hyde Park; speakers included the Reverend Jesse Jackson, London mayor [[Ken Livingstone]], and Liberal Democrat leader [[Charles Kennedy]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1422289/Protest-has-rattled-Number-10-say-march-organisers.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first1=Sandra | last1=Laville | first2=Barbie | last2=Dutter | title=Protest has rattled Number 10, say march organisers | date=February 17, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2767761.stm | work=BBC News | title=Anti-war rally makes its mark | date=February 19, 2003}}</ref> A large demonstration, also attended by perhaps around a million, took place in Barcelona.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>

=== March 2003 ===
On March 8, three separate marches converged on [[Manchester Town Hall]], UK. Official estimates put the number of participants at 10,000 (although this was disputed by organisers), making it the biggest political demonstration in the city since the [[Peterloo Massacre]] in 1819.<ref name="M8">{{cite news
| title = Manchester on the march for peace
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/get_involved/2003/03/08/war_demo.shtml
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 8, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-11

}}</ref>

[[Image:Mar15-peace-protests-mtl.jpg|thumb|protesters in front of [[Complexe Guy-Favreau]] in Montreal]]
On March 15, Spanish and Italian cities showed some of the largest turnouts against their governments' pro-war stance, with more than 400,000 protesters in Milan, more than 300,000 in Barcelona forming a mile-long human chain,<ref name="M15 Barcelona">{{cite news|title=Centenares de miles de manifestantes contra la guerra de Irak |url=http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/159/2lx9c.html |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] News |date=March 15, 2003 |accessdate=2007-01-11 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040412011709/http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/159/2lx9c.html |archivedate=April 12, 2004 }}</ref> and more than 120,000 in [[Madrid]].<ref name="M15 Madrid">{{cite web
| url = http://www.peacenowar.net/Iraq/News/March%2015%2003--Protest.htm
| title = M15 Protests Around the World
| accessdate = 2007-01-11
| publisher = Peacenowar.net

}}</ref> Marches also took place in [[Seville]], [[Aranjuez]], [[Palencia]], and in the [[Canary Islands]].<ref name="M15 Canary Islands">{{cite news|title=Millones de personas en el mundo gritan 'No a la guerra' |url=http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/44/2lwms.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=March 15, 2003 |accessdate=2007-01-11 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012113423/http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/44/2lwms.html |archivedate=October 12, 2004 }}</ref>

Many of the protests were said to be smaller than those in the same cities a month ago; exceptions were Montreal, which upped its turnout to 200,000 and Dublin where 130,000 demonstrated. The Montreal turnout may have been related to solidarity against American [[anti-French sentiment]], which was a common theme for many of the protesters.<ref name="M15 Montreal">{{cite news
| title = Antiwar protests held worldwide
| url = http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20030315.wprot0315_3/BNStory/Front
| work = [[The Globe and Mail]]
| date = March 16, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-11

}}</ref> A further 15,000 protested in [[Quebec City]].<ref name="M15 Quebec City">{{cite news
|title=200 000 manifestants à Montréal
|url=http://www.cyberpresse.ca/actualites/article/1,63,0,032003,229853.shtml
|date=March 15, 2003
|accessdate=2007-01-11
|language=French
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929130032/http://www.cyberpresse.ca/actualites/article/1,63,0,032003,229853.shtml
|archivedate=2007-09-29
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref> 55,000 protested in Paris, and 4,500 to 10,000 in [[Marseilles]]. 100,000 protested in Berlin, some 20,000 protested in Athens, close to 10,000 people marched in Tokyo, and tens of thousands in Washington, D.C. Organizers claimed between 30,000 and 45,000 people turned out, while ''The Oregonian'' and the [[Associated Press]] estimated between 20,000 and 25,000 people attended, closer to the number in Portland who participated in the January 18 protest.<ref name="M15 Oregon">{{cite news
|author1=Shelby Oppel |author2=Boaz Herzog
|lastauthoramp=yes | title = Oregonians rally for peace
| url = http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/front_page/1047819332322011.xml
| work = [[The Oregonian]]
| date = March 16, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-11

}}</ref> Thousands more marched in cities worldwide including Bangkok, Seoul, Hong Kong, Amman, Chicago, Calcutta, Melbourne, [[Christchurch]], [[Dunedin]], Paris, London, [[Portsmouth]], [[Leeds]], [[York]], [[Exeter]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Zürich, Copenhagen, Stockholm, [[Nicosia]], Monaco, Santiago de Chile, Havana, Buenos Aires, Moscow, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Vancouver, [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], Ottawa, and Toronto, as well as cities in Yemen, Turkey, Israel, and the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref name="M15 Montreal" /><ref name="M15 1">{{cite news
| title = Bush, Saddam brace for possibility of war
| url = http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/15/sprj.irq.main/index.html
| publisher = CNN
| date = March 16, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-11

}}</ref><ref name="M15 2">{{cite news
|title=Antiwar rallies across the world
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/03/15/sprj.irq.protests/index.html
|publisher=CNN
|date=March 15, 2003
|accessdate=2007-01-11
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005163239/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/03/15/sprj.irq.protests/index.html
|archivedate=2007-10-05
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref><ref name="M15 3">{{cite news
|title=Antiwar protests held around the globe
|url=http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2003/03/15/protest030315
|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
|date=March 17, 2003
|accessdate=2007-01-11
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117210934/http://www.cbc.ca:80/stories/2003/03/15/protest030315
|archivedate=2006-01-17
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref><ref name="M15 Paris">{{cite news|title=Protestas contra la guerra en Irak se suceden por todo el mundo |url=http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/44/2lwzu.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=March 15, 2003 |accessdate=2007-01-11 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208153951/http://es.news.yahoo.com/030315/44/2lwzu.html |archivedate=December 8, 2004 }}</ref><ref name="M15 4">{{cite news|first=Emma |last=Daly |title=THREATS AND RESPONSES: PROTESTS; Global Rallies Against War, and Some for Hussein |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/international/16DEMO.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=Late Edition–Final, Section 1, Page 15, Column 3 |date=March 16, 2003 |accessdate=2007-01-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115224134/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/international/16DEMO.html |archivedate=November 15, 2012 }}</ref>

On March 16, more than 6,000 candlelight vigils for peace were held in more than a hundred countries.<ref name="M16 MoveOn">{{cite web
| url = http://civic.moveon.org/vigil//
| title = Global Candlelight Vigil for Peace: Sunday, March 16—7:00 PM
| accessdate = 2007-01-12
| publisher = [[MoveOn]]

}}</ref>

On March 19, across the United Kingdom tens of thousands of school students staged walkouts.

In Birmingham 4,000 (BBC estimate) striking school students held a demonstration which ended at [[Victoria Square, Birmingham|Victoria Square]]. Though there were some reports of some students throwing coins, West Midlands police said that the protests were "buoyant rather than boisterous" and no arrests were made. The demonstration later moved on to Cannon Hill Park. The son of [[Philip Hunt, Baron Hunt of Kings Heath|Lord Hunt]], a junior health Minister who quit his job over the march, was amongst the students in attendance.<ref name="M19 1">{{cite news
| title = Trouble mars anti-war protest
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2863171.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 19, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

In West [[Yorkshire]] around 500 students (BBC estimate) walked out of Ilkley Grammar School, reportedly one-third of the student body. In [[Bradford]] up to 200 students (BBC estimate) gathered in Centenary Square.

Demonstrations also took place in the city centre in Leeds and Horsforth.<ref name="M19 2">{{cite news
| title = Pupil war demo forces school closure
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2864883.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 19, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

A large protest took place at [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] where London school students gathered.

In Manchester, 300 (eye-witness Stop the War estimate){{citation needed|date=March 2012}} secondary school children, Further Education students and university students met at Albert Square at 12 noon. They marched to the BBC studios where they sat down in the road at around 1pm and blocked the traffic for over an hour where their numbers grew to around 1000 demonstrators. They were filmed by anti-war activists and video clips were distributed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjt7lHCICkw |title=YouTube videos of Manchester demonstration |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-14}}</ref> The students then marched around the city centre and ended up back at Albert Square at about 4pm where they remained demonstrating in front of the Town Hall for some hours. The whole of this event was filmed by anti-war activists accumulating two hours of footage.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/Manchester_School_Strike_19March2003_Part_1 footage] from the Manchester demonstration.</ref>

== Invasion to the fall of Baghdad ==

=== March 20, 2003 ===
{{main|March 20, 2003 anti-war protest}}
The day after the invasion of Iraq had begun, protests were held in cities around the world. In some U.S. cities, protesters attempted to shut their respective cities down. In Germany, students staged a massive walkout. In London, a massive demonstration was held in front of the [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]].

=== March 21, 2003 ===
Demonstrations were organized for a second day in a row in various US cities including Seattle, Portland, Oregon, Chicago, Atlanta, Georgia, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. In the last two cities, demonstrators closed parts of the city to traffic.

=== March 22–23, 2003 ===
[[Image:Abuelitapaz.jpg|thumb|An elderly woman rests in [[Madrid]] in a demonstration on March 23. The poster says "PEACE" in Spanish.]]

Media report about 150,000 protesters in Barcelona (other sources say 1,000,000); more than 100,000 (other sources: up to 500,000) protesters in London; some 100,000 protesters in Paris; at least 150,000 protesters altogether in many German cities; between 35,000 and 90,000 in Lisbon; around 40,000 in Bern, the largest protest in Switzerland for decades; 10,000 to 20,000 in Greece, Denmark and Finland. 250,000 protesters demonstrated in New York City according to the German Spiegel Online magazine. There were protests in Washington, D.C.. In Chicago, protesters disrupted traffic by closing down [[Lake Shore Drive]]. [[CNN]] reported that a march of over a thousand protesters in Atlanta, Georgia passed by their headquarters, upset over that network's coverage of the war. Canada likewise experienced numerous anti-war protests over the weekend. Crowds of anti-war demonstrators took to the streets of Montreal and Toronto. [[Calgary]] held three days of protests (20 March – 22nd), culminating in a march which surrounded the government building and American consulate. In the Italian city of Naples 10,000 anti-war protesters marched towards a [[NATO]] base in Bagnoli. Protests also took place in [[Wellington]], New Zealand.;<ref>{{cite web |title=Wellington protest targets Labour|url=http://www.socialistworkerarchive.net.nz/~server/Socialist_Worker_NZ_Archive/Socialist_Worker_Monthly_Review_(2003)_files/SWMR%20%236.pdf |date=April 2003 |work=Socialist Worker Monthly Review |accessdate=8 February 2011}}</ref> the Australian cities of [[Brisbane]] and [[Hobart]] (which were brought to a halt); Jakarta, Indonesia, where protesters converged on the US embassy; across South Korea including the capital Seoul, where [[Buddhist]] monks played drums to console the sprits of war casualties to the 2,000 protesters; across India including 15,000 in Calcutta; Bangladesh which saw a [[general strike]] (closing down many businesses and mosques); and Japan, including protests near US naval and air bases on the southern island of Okinawa.<ref name="M22 1">{{cite news
| title = Anti-war protests span the globe
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2875555.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 22, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> Thousands of protesters, mainly Muslims, demonstrated across the African continent. Hundreds (BBC estimate) of young people marched in [[Mombasa]] in Kenya. The [[Somalia|Somali]] capital [[Mogadishu]] saw protests by students, Koranic schoolchildren, women and intellectuals.<ref name="M22 2">{{cite news
| title = Anti-war protests sweep Africa
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2873045.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 22, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> There were reports about massive conflicts between protesters and police in the Gulf state of [[Bahrain]] for the second day. On the live broadcast of the 2003 [[Academy Awards]], several presenters and recipients made various comments against the war ranging from [[Susan Sarandon]] giving a simple [[peace sign]] to [[Michael Moore]] publicly denouncing [[George W. Bush]] upon receiving his award.

=== March 24, 2003 ===
Media reports state at least 20,000 school pupils protesting in Hamburg, Germany. After the protest march, conflicts between police and protesters broke out in front of a US building in Hamburg. Protesters who were pushed back by the police began to throw stones, who in turn reacted with [[water cannon]]s. There have since been serious discussions about [[police abuses]] in Hamburg, and political ramifications may follow. In the afternoon, 50,000 people protested peacefully in Leipzig following traditional prayers for peace in the city's Nikolai Church. Prayers for peace and subsequent large demonstrations at that church every Monday ('Montagsdemos') helped bring down the [[German Democratic Republic|GDR]] government in East Germany in 1989. The weekly demonstrations, supported by churches, trade unions and other civic organizations, began again in January 2003 in protest to the impending invasion of Iraq. Protest marches in the afternoon were also reported in the German cities of Berlin and [[Freiburg]]. In Rome, Milan, Turin and other Italian cities, thousands of pupils and schoolteachers stayed away from school to protest against the Iraq war. The teachers union reported that 60 percent of all schools were closed. The strike had been planned weeks ago as a signal against a school reform bill, but was converted to an anti-war protest. 400 anti-war protesters tried to enter the Australian parliament in Canberra to speak to the prime minister, but were stopped by police. In the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maoism|Maoist]] protesters attacked shops selling [[Coca-Cola]] and US soft drinks. Protests in front of US buildings and in fast food shops were also held in Indonesia. In Egypt, 12,000 students of two universities in Cairo protested as well as 3,000 people in the Thai capital Bangkok. In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 150 people threw stones at the United States consulate.

=== March 25, 2003 ===
Some 100,000 people demonstrated in Syria against the United States, United Kingdom and Israel. This protest was endorsed by the Syrian government. In the [[Islam]]ic country of [[Bangladesh]], 60,000 people demonstrated. Media also reports protests in front of the South Korean parliament building, linked to plans to bring South Korean forces into the war.

=== March 27, 2003 ===
Hundreds of protesters participated in a [[civil disobedience]] in New York City. In a "die-in" organized by the M27 Coalition (an ad-hoc group of various anti-war organizations and individuals), 215 people were arrested after blocking traffic on 5th Avenue near the [[Rockefeller Center]], protesting the cooperation between U.S. media and the government. Protesters also blocked traffic at various sites around the city in a coordinated protest with the theme of "No Business As Usual." Protests also took place across the UK. About 250 students (Police estimate) marched on the US embassy in central London. 200 people (South Wales Police estimate) brought [[Cardiff]] city centre traffic to a standstill leading to at least six arrests. There was a lunchtime anti-war demonstration on the Humber bridge in [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] which involved some friction between motorists and protesters. In [[Derry]], up to a dozen anti-war protesters stormed the [[Raytheon]] defense technologies company building staging a sit-in until removed by police. Thousands joined a protest in [[Manchester]].<ref name="M27 New York City">{{cite news
| title = Protests continue after week of war
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2890643.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 27, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== March 28, 2003 ===
Global protests did not stop in the second week of war. Some 10,000 protested in Tehran, Iran. Protesters on the march, supported by the government, chanted "Death to Saddam" as well as "[[Death to America]]." 50,000 to 80,000 people protested in Cairo, Egypt after the Friday prayers. In Bogotá, Colombia there were violent conflicts in front of the US consulate. Protest marches and demonstrations happened also in Algiers, Algeria and in [[Bahrain]], the [[Palestinian territories]], South Korea, Indonesia and Pakistan. In Australia the police prevented protest marches. In Germany, protests by schoolchildren continued. In New Delhi and elsewhere in India, over 20,000 protested against the war. The largest demonstration comprised mainly Muslims, there was also a separate demonstration mainly made up of communists.<ref name="M28 Iran">{{cite news
| title = Huge anti-war march in Iran
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2895171.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 28, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== March 29, 2003 ===
In Boston, Massachusetts, 50,000 people attended the largest rally in the city since the end of the [[Vietnam War]]. Thousands of people blocked Boylston Street in a [[die-in]] along the [[Boston Common]]. A handful of arrests were made. In the UK hundreds of protesters marched from [[Cowley, Oxford|Cowley]] into the centre of [[Oxford]]<ref name="M29 Oxford">{{cite news
| title = War protesters demonstrate in Oxford
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/oxford/features/2003/war/protest.shtml
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 29, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> and thousands took to the streets of [[Edinburgh]] (Police estimated 5,000, while organizers estimated more than 10,000). Edinburgh protesters marched along Princes Street to a mass rally in the city's Meadows area.<ref name="M29 Edinburgh">{{cite news
| title = Thousands join anti-war march
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/2897411.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 29, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== March 30, 2003 ===
100,000 people marched through the Indonesian capital, Jakarta. According to the BBC's Jonathan Head this was the biggest anti-war demonstration to take place so far in the world's most populous Muslim nation. The day also saw the first officially sanctioned demonstration in China, where a crowd of 200 made up mostly of foreign students were allowed to chant anti-war slogans as they marched past the US embassy in Beijing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-03/31/content_160078.htm |title=China Daily report |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=2003-03-31 |accessdate=2013-07-14}}</ref> but around 100 Chinese students had their banners confiscated and were blocked from entering a park where locals had gained permission to demonstrate. In Latin America there were rallies in Santiago, Mexico City, Montevideo, Buenos Aires and Caracas. In Germany at least 40,000 people formed a human chain between the northern cities of Munster and Osnabrueck 35 miles apart. Also about 23,000 took part in marches in Berlin, ending in a rally in Tiergarten park, protests took place in Stuttgart and Frankfurt, where 25 people were arrested as they tried to block the entrance to a US air base. Marches were also held in Paris, Moscow, Budapest, Warsaw and Dublin.<ref name="M30 Jakarta">{{cite news
| title = Anti-war anger spreads worldwide
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2899827.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 30, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== April 7, 2003 ===
{{Main|2003 Port of Oakland dock protest}}
In Oakland, California, police fired [[rubber bullet]]s and [[flexible baton round|beanbags]] at protesters and dockworkers outside the port, injuring at least a dozen demonstrators and six longshoremen standing nearby. Protestors were protesting the Iraq War related action performed by [[American President Lines]] and defense contractor [[Stevedoring Services of America]]. Most of the 500 demonstrators were dispersed peacefully, but a crowd of demonstrators was blocking traffic on private property near the port and failed to disperse after police warnings. The Oakland Police Chief said demonstrators also threw objects and bolts at the police, and said the use of weapons was necessary to disperse the crowd. He indicated that the rubber bullets were used to respond to direct illegal action and the longshoremen were caught in the crossfire. A dockworker spokesman reported that police gave two minutes to disperse, then opened fire rather than making arrests. Demonstrators also claim that the police took direct aim at them, rather than firing in the air or at the ground. Thirty-one people were arrested. Demonstrators regrouped and marched to the Oakland Federal Building. In New York, United States, protesters targeted the [[Carlyle Group]], an investment firm with deep connections to the war. About 20 protesters were arrested in a planned civil disobedience, but police then also surrounded and arrested close to 100 people who were simply watching the protest from across the street.<ref name="A7 PeaceWatch">{{cite web
| url = http://archive.webactive.com/pacifica/peacewatch/peace20030407.html
| title = WebActive: Pacifica's Peacewatch
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ginocchio |first=Paul |url=http://www.zmag.org/zmag/viewArticle/13775 |title=Zmag article |publisher=Zmag article |date= |accessdate=2009-07-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210231212/http://www.zmag.org:80/zmag/viewArticle/13775 |archivedate=2008-12-10 |df= }}</ref>

== After the fall of Baghdad ==
Following the period of combat in March–April 2003, both protests and armed combat experienced a temporary decline in intensity. Protests against the war as a whole continued, often on the occasion of anniversaries of the war and visits by members of the Bush administration to foreign cities. Within the United States, general anti-war protests were joined by protests focusing on particular issues or strategies including: opposition to torture and abuse (such as that in the [[Abu Ghraib prison]]), calls for withdrawal of members of the [[Coalition of the willing|coalition from Iraq]], [[counter-recruitment]], support for military resisters such as Lt. [[Ehren Watada]], and opposition to military and corporate contractors. The largest protests during this period have been national, multi-issue mobilizations such as those on August 30, 2004, and April 29, 2006.

=== April 12, 2003 ===
Protests sponsored by [[A.N.S.W.E.R.]] were held in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Los Angeles to demonstrate against the Iraq War three days after the fall of Baghdad. In Washington, the march route took the group of 30,000 past offices of several [[mass media]] organizations, and companies such as [[Bechtel]] and [[Halliburton]].<ref name="A12 ANSWER Coalition">{{cite web
| url = http://answer.pephost.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ANS_about_us
| title = A.N.S.W.E.R. Coalition Act Now to Stop War & End Racism
| accessdate = 2007-01-12
| publisher = [[A.N.S.W.E.R.]]

}}</ref>

=== October 25, 2003 ===
Tens of thousands of people demonstrated in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, [[Reno, Nevada]] and other cities around the world, in opposition to the [[Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present|occupation of Iraq]]. Protesters also advocated for the return of American troops to the United States, and for the protection of civil liberties.

The Washington DC rally attracted 20,000 (BBC estimate) protesters. The protest ended with a rally at the [[Washington Monument]], within sight of the [[White House]]. As well as opposing the invasion of Iraq protesters also called for the repeal of the [[USA PATRIOT Act]].

The Washington and San Francisco protests were jointly organized by ANSWER (Act Now to Stop War and End Racism) and [[United for Peace and Justice]].

A pro-war demonstration in Washington organized by [[Free Republic]] attracted only dozens (BBC estimate) of people.<ref name="O25 DC">{{cite news
| title = Thousands join US anti-war march
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3214081.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = October 26, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== November 21, 2003 ===
George Bush's [[state visit]] to the UK was met with peaceful anti-war protests in London, attracting 100,000 (police estimate) to 200,000 (organisers' estimate) people, and culminating in the toppling of an effigy of Bush in [[Trafalgar Square]].<ref name=N21 Lon">{{cite news
| title = Thousands protest against Bush
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3223780.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = November 21, 2003
| accessdate = 2017-02-08

}}</ref>

=== June 4, 2004 ===
More than 100,000 people demonstrated in Rome and other Italian cities during Bush's visit to [[Pope John Paul II]], who had expressed his opposition to the war in numerous occasions. Ten thousand police patrolled the conference site.

=== June 5, 2004 ===
[[Image:Anti-War Protest, San Francisco - 5 June 2004.jpg|thumb|A group of anti-war protesters approaches a police barricade. The procession reached back nearly three miles as marchers walked from [[San Francisco Civic Center]] to the Financial District.]]

[[A.N.S.W.E.R.|ANSWER Coalition]] sponsored a demonstration in Washington, D.C., marching from the White House through working-class neighborhoods to the house of [[Donald Rumsfeld]] on Kalorama Road NW near [[Embassy Row]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} In addition, more than 10,000 citizens marched in San Francisco, as well as a counter-protest with hundreds of pro-war supporters.

[[Image:Bushville NYC A30.jpg|thumb|right|Signs outside the mobile Bushville in Brooklyn]]

=== August 29, 2004 ===
{{main|2004 Republican National Convention protest activity}}
As part of the [[2004 Republican National Convention]] protests, [[United for Peace and Justice]] organized a mass march, one of the largest in U.S. history, in which protesters marched past [[Madison Square Garden]], the site of the convention. The march included hundreds of separate contingents as well as individual marchers. The group [[One Thousand Coffins]] held a procession of one thousand full-scale flag-draped cardboard coffins, commemorating each of the U.S. fallen troops as of that date, carried by a nationwide coalition of citizens, veterans, clergy and families of the fallen. Several hundred members of [[Billionaires for Bush]] held a mock countermarch. Estimates of crowd size ranged from 120,000 (unnamed police spokesman) to over 500,000 (organizers, second unnamed police source).<ref>Graham Rayman, Lindsay Faber, Daryl Khan and Karen Freifeld, "[http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/magazine/nyc-prot0830,1,1546524.story?ctrack=1&cset=true Massive protest mostly peaceful]," ''Chicago Tribune'', August 30, 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/08/30/1453238 "500,000 March Against Bush in Largest Convention Protest Ever"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928024342/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/08/30/1453238 |date=September 28, 2006 }}, ''Democracy Now!'', August 30, 2004.</ref> In March, 2007 [[NYPD]] Deputy Commissioner Paul Browne stated about the RNC protests: "You certainly had 800,000 on August 29th."<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/03/26/1329207 "NYPD Debates Civil Liberties Attorney Over Police Spying of Protesters"]. Democracy Now!. March 26, 2007.</ref>

Organizers held a pre-march press conference in front of thousands on 7th Avenue. Several people spoke in opposition to the [[Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present|war in Iraq]] and Bush administration policies including [[Michael Moore]], Jesse Jackson, Congressman [[Charles B. Rangel|Charles Rangel]], and a father who had lost his son in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/08/30/1453250 |title=Antiwar Voices Address March: Michael Moore, Jesse Jackson, Fernando Suarez, Charles Barron and More |publisher=Democracynow.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> The whole event lasted six hours, with the lead contingent finishing the march long before thousands of people could even move from the starting point.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/08/30/1453244 |title=The Battle for New York: 500,000 March Against Bush in Historic Antiwar Protest |publisher=Democracynow.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Imc |first=Nyc |url=http://nyc.indymedia.org/feature/display/106765/index.php |title=publish.nyc.indymedia.org | Photo summary of A29 |publisher=Nyc.indymedia.org |date=2004-08-30 |accessdate=2009-07-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103111/http://nyc.indymedia.org/feature/display/106765/index.php |archivedate=2011-09-27 |df= }}</ref> The City government, under Republican Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]], had earlier denied the protesters a permit to hold a rally in [[Central Park]] following the march, citing concern for the park's grass. The West Side Highway was offered instead, but organizers refused, citing exorbitant costs for the extra sound equipment and problems for the location.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0825-11.htm |title=Judge Blocks Central Park Protest |publisher=Commondreams.org |date=2004-08-25 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> Organizers encouraged people to go to Central Park following the march's conclusion in [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]].
Disturbances were minor. New York Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly reported about 200 arrests with 9 [[felony|felonies]]—most of them occurring after the march had concluded.

=== October 2, 2004 ===
A large group of people assembled at the Women's Memorial at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] for the National Memorial Procession, described as "A Trail of Mourning and Truth from Iraq to the White House". The theme of the event was "Mourn the dead. Heal the wounded. End the war." Participants were encouraged to dress in black to symbolize mourning. [[Cindy Sheehan]] was among the participants at this demonstration. Speeches were made by veterans, members of military families, family members of fallen soldiers, and others. Following the speeches, participants marched from Arlington National Cemetery to the [[President's Park|Ellipse]] in Washington, D.C., carrying cardboard coffins to symbolize the war dead. Following the march, another rally was held, where the coffins carried on the march were placed with more coffins placed at the Ellipse earlier. Following the second rally, 28 people, including [[Michael Berg]] (father of the American civilian contractor [[Nicholas Berg]] who was killed by insurgents in Iraq), were arrested while attempting to deliver the names of fallen heroes to the White House.<ref name="O2 Laken">{{cite web
| url = http://www.laken.com/mt-archives/cat_war_in_iraq.html
| title = National Memorial Procession today in DC
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref><ref name="O2 Sheehan">{{cite web
| url = http://www.angelfire.com/sk3/spkhntrca/mfsodc.html
| title = MFSO March for Peace
| accessdate = 2007-01-12
}}</ref>

=== October 17, 2004 ===
{{main|Million Worker March}}
Approximately 10,000 people attending the [[Million Worker March]] in Washington, D.C. conducted a pro-labor demonstration, with a very heavy additional focus against the war in Iraq as well.

=== November 30, 2004 ===
Two protests were held in Ottawa against George W. Bush's first official visit to Canada. A rally and march in the early afternoon was upwards of fifteen thousand (or 5,000 according to police). An evening rally on Parliament Hill drew another 15,000 and featured a speech by Brandon Hughey, an American soldier seeking refuge in Canada after refusing to fight in Iraq. Bush's stop on 1 December in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax, Nova Scotia]] drew between 4,000 and 5,000 protesters.

=== January 20, 2005 ===
{{main|January 20, 2005 counter-inaugural protest}}
Thousands of people attended multiple protest rallies and marches held throughout Washington, D.C. on the day of George W. Bush's second inaugural to protest the war in Iraq and other policies of the Bush Administration.

=== March 19, 2005 ===
[[Image:London Anti-war demo 2005.jpg|thumb|Protesters on 19 March 2005, in [[London]], where organizers claim over 150,000 marched]]

Protests to mark the second anniversary of start of the [[Iraq War]] were held across the world, in the U.S., United Kingdom, Canada, Central America, South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. (Some protests were also held on March 20). In Glasgow, Scotland about 1,000 people (BBC estimate) attended a rally where some of the names of people who had so-far died in the conflict were read out, along with a "[[name and shame]]" list of Scottish MPs who backed the war. Speakers included Maxine Gentle, whose soldier brother Gordon was killed in Iraq.<ref name="M19 BBC">{{cite news
| title = Iraq rally hears troops out call
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4363187.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 19, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> According to a survey (mainly of the reports of organizers), it has been claimed that, across the world, over one million people marched.<ref name="M19 Sympatico">{{cite web
| url = http://www3.sympatico.ca/djnesbitt/
| title = Global Days of Action: A Very Incomplete Study
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> The protests had been called by the Anti-War Assembly of the 2005 [[World Social Forum]] an annual conference of the alternative globalization movement which took place in Porto Alegre, Brazil on 26 January – 31, and were supported by coalitions from all over the world.<ref name="M19 March in March">{{cite web
| url = http://www.stopwar.org.uk/march20/
| title = March in March
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== June 21, 2005 ===
An officer of the German army, Major [[Florian Pfaff]], was exonerated by the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (German administrative court) after refusing to take part in the development of software likely to be used in the Iraq War.<ref name="J21 Germany">{{cite news
| title = Germany: German soldier wins right to refuse supporting Iraq war
| url = http://www.wri-irg.org/pubs/upd-0508.htm
| work = CO Update
| publisher = Myrtle Solomon Memorial Trust
| date = August 2005
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== August 6, 2005 to August 31, 2005 ===
[[Cindy Sheehan]], mother of slain U.S. soldier Casey Sheehan, set up a protest camp outside the ranch of vacationing president George W. Bush in [[Crawford, Texas]]. Sheehan, who previously met with Bush in a short encounter before the media that she described as dismissive and disrespectful, demanded that Bush meet with her and stop using the deaths of soldiers, including her son, as a justification for remaining in Iraq.

=== September 24, 2005 ===
[[Image:S24 Mainstream 1.jpg|thumb|right|Women dressed in red, white, and blue outfits with missiles strapped around their hips do cheers in the street during the September 24 protest in Washington DC.]]
{{main|September 24, 2005 anti-war protest}}
Protests were held in the USA and Europe. Police estimated that about 150,000 people took part in Washington, D.C., 15,000 in Los Angeles, California, 10,000 in London, 20,000 in San Francisco,<ref name="S24 San Francisco">{{cite news
|author1=Kathleen Sullivan |author2=Chris Heredia |author3=Janine DeFao |author4=Todd Wallack | title = Thousands protest the Iraq war, SF also crowded with Loveparade revelers
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/09/24/BAprotest24.DTL
| work = [[San Francisco Chronicle]]
| date = September 24, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> and more than 2,000 in San Diego, California. Additionally, in London, organizers claim 100,000 attended similar protests, but police place the figure at 10,000.<ref name="S24 London">{{cite news
| title = Thousands stage anti-war protest
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4275542.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = September 24, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== November 4–5, 2005 ===
{{main|Mar del Plata Summit of the Americas}}
Massive popular demonstrations against the U.S.-led war in Iraq, in addition to U.S.-backed economic policies in Latin America, were held in Argentina surrounding the November 4–5 Fourth Summit of the Americas.

=== March 18–20, 2006 ===
[[Image:no war pdx.jpg|thumb|Protestors in [[Portland, Oregon]] on March 19, 2006]]
[[Image:March 18 2006 anti-war demonstration.jpg|thumb|Demonstrators in London]]
Coordinated protests were held to mark the third anniversary of the invasion of Iraq. Major protests occurred in Baghdad, [[Basra]], London, New York City, Washington, D.C., Portland, Oregon, Madrid, Rome, Sydney, Tokyo, Seoul, Istanbul, Toronto and Dublin. Demonstration organizers in London said this marks the first coordinated protest in Iraq, Britain and the United States.<ref name="M18 London">{{cite news
| title = Thousands join anti-war protest
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4818952.stm
| publisher = BBC
| date = March 18, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> More than 500 antiwar events were planned for the week of March 15–21 in the United States; thousands or tens of thousands demonstrated in San Francisco, New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.

In Washington, D.C., 200 people marched to [[The Pentagon]] to deliver a faux coffin and bag of ashes to [[United States Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]]. Two dozen people were arrested for crossing over a barrier around the Pentagon in an act of civil disobedience. They were cited for "failure to obey lawful orders," according to Cheryl Irwin, a Pentagon spokeswoman.<ref name="M18 Pentagon">{{cite news
| title = Protesters try to deliver 'coffin' to Rumsfeld
| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11929270
| publisher = [[MSNBC]]
| date = March 20, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref> Footage from the protest was incorporated into this scene from the movie [[The Identified]].<ref name="M18 Identified">{{cite web
|url=http://www.theunidentified.net/videodiaries/watch/206/qt7/
|title=Video Diaries
|accessdate=2007-01-12
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928193805/http://www.theunidentified.net/videodiaries/watch/206/qt7/
|archivedate=2007-09-28
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref>

Turn-out for the United States events was damaged by splits between organizing groups such as [[United for Peace and Justice|UFPJ]] and [[ANSWER Coalition|ANSWER]].<ref name="M18 ANSWER">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pephost.org/site/News2?abbr=MAR_&page=NewsArticle&id=7561
| title = ANSWER Global Days of Action 18–20
| accessdate = 2007-01-12
| publisher = [[A.N.S.W.E.R.]]

}}</ref><ref name="M18 ZombieTime">{{cite web
| url = http://www.zombietime.com/global_day_of_action_march_18_2006/
| title = Global Day of Action Rally, San Francisco, March 18, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-01-12
}}</ref>

===April 1, 2006===
Thousands from around the south marched in [[Atlanta, Georgia]] from the [[Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site|King Center]] to a rally at [[Piedmont Park]] to mark the 3rd anniversary of the Iraq war and the 38th anniversary of the assassination of [[Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.]] The Southern Regional March for Peace in Iraq/Justice at Home was organized by the [[April 1st Coalition]] and speakers included Dr. [[Joseph Lowery]], [[Rev. Tim McDonald]], and [[Damu Smith]].

===April 29, 2006===
A coalition of United States-based groups, initiated by [[United for Peace and Justice]], [[Rainbow/PUSH Coalition]], [[National Organization for Women]], [[Friends of the Earth]], [[U.S. Labor Against the War]], Climate Crisis Coalition, People's Hurricane Relief Fund, [[National Youth and Student Peace Coalition]], and [[Veterans for Peace]] held a national mobilization against the war in New York City on April 29.<ref name="A29 NYC">{{cite news
| first = Desmond
| last = Butler
| title = Tens of Thousands in NYC Protest War
| url = http://apnews.myway.com/article/20060429/D8H9TLPG4.html
| agency = Associated Press
| date = April 29, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

===May 22–31, 2006===
Members of the [[Port Militarization Resistance]] in [[Olympia, WA]] protested the shipment of 300 Army [[Stryker]] vehicles to Iraq through the [[Port of Olympia]]. Dozens of arrests<ref>{{cite news|last=Vedder |first=Tracy |url=http://komonews.com/archive/anti-war-protests-continue-at-port-of-olympia |title=Anti-War Protests Continue At Port Of Olympia |publisher=Komotv.com |date=2006-08-31 |accessdate=2016-07-21}}</ref> resulted from the direct actions of protesters such as locking arms to block roads which the Army used to reach the port.

=== August 9, 2006 ===
Nine members of the Derry Anti-War Coalition, based in Northern Ireland, entered the Derry premises of [[Raytheon]]. The occupation of the plant lasted for eight hours, after which point riot police entered the building and removed the occupants. Charges of aggravated burglary and [[unlawful entry]] were brought against all nine.<ref name="A9 Indymedia">{{cite news
| title = Derry Anti War Protesters Occupy Raytheon Plant
| url = http://www.indymedia.ie/article/77825
| publisher = [[Indymedia]] Ireland
| date = August 10, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== September 23, 2006 ===

A national anti-war demonstration took place in Manchester, England coinciding with the Labour Party Annual Conference which also took place in the city on this date. The organisers, the Stop the War Coalition, estimated 50,000 people on the march. Police estimates were initially 8,000 revised upwards to 20,000. The local Stop the War organisers considered that it was the largest demonstration in the history of the city since Chartist times in the mid-19th Century. The event was followed by a Stop the War Alternative conference (alternative, that is, to the stage-managed Labour Conference).

=== October 5, 2006 ===
Actions across the United States took place in nearly every state. An organization called World Can't Wait organized the nationwide event. Demonstrations took place in vicinities such as New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Houston, and other places. Over 200 protests were organized.

=== November 3, 2006 ===
[[Malachi Ritscher]] committed suicide by [[self-immolation]] on the side of the [[Kennedy Expressway]] near downtown Chicago during the morning rush hour of Friday, November 3, 2006, apparently as a protest against the Iraq war and more generally "for the mayhem and turmoil caused by my country".

=== January 4, 2007 ===

The [[court martial]] of military resister Lt. [[Ehren Watada]] has been marked by protests. On January 4, 2007, Iraq Veterans Against the War Deployed established a [[protest camp]] called "Camp Resistance" at [[Fort Lewis]] in support of Watada. The same day, some 200 people protested his prosecution in San Francisco, with twenty-eight arrested after engaging in civil disobedience.<ref name="J4 Watada">{{cite news
| title = Reporters and Activists Remain Under Order to Take Stand in Court-Martial
| url = http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2007/01/05/18344332.php
| publisher = San Francisco [[Indymedia]]
| date = January 5, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-01-12

}}</ref>

=== January 10–11, 2007 ===
Numerous groups organized demonstrations in response to a January 10 speech by George W. Bush, announcing an increase of U.S troop levels in Iraq by 21,500. A small number of protests occurred in the wake of the Wednesday night speech, including one in Boston which resulted in 6 arrests for blocking traffic.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/14/6_arrested_in_antiwar_protest/ 6 arrested in antiwar protest], ''Boston Globe'', January 14, 2007.</ref> Organizers from [[MoveOn.org]] and TrueMajority.org each received reports of some 500–600 protests that were held nationwide on January 11.<ref>[http://www.democracyinaction.org/dia/organizationsORG/truemajority/event/distributedEventSearch.jsp?distributed_event_KEY=242&zip=33604&miles=800 TrueMajority] ("600 posted events"). MoveOn.org</ref><ref>[http://pol.moveon.org/escalation/wrapup.html Emergency Rallies to Stop Iraq Escalation] ("close to 500")</ref>

===January 27, 2007===
{{main|January 27, 2007 Iraq War protest}}

The January 27, 2007 Iraq War protest drew anywhere from "tens of thousands" to "hundreds of thousands" Washington DC to protest.<ref>[http://www.unitedforpeace.org/article.php?id=3515 ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214031122/http://www.unitedforpeace.org/article.php?id=3515 |date=February 14, 2007 }}</ref>

===March 11, 2007===
In [[Tacoma, Washington]] peace activists campaigned to prevent the military from shipping 300 [[Stryker]] armored vehicles to Iraq. 23 protesters were arrested including T.J. Johnson who serves in the City Council of Olympia.<ref name="The Olympian">{{cite web
| url = http://www.theolympian.com/101/story/68869.html
| title = Dozens show to support activist councilman
| accessdate = 2007-03-14
| publisher = The Olympian
| archiveurl = http://www.theolympian.com/101/story/68869.html
| archivedate = March 14, 2007
}}</ref>
The arrests came shortly after a small convoy of 12 to 15 Army vehicles arrived at a storage yard at the port. More vehicles, including Stryker armored fighting vehicles, arrived late Monday and early Tuesday, as protesters shouted the chants "You don't have to go" and "We are the majority."

===March 16, 2007===
Roughly 100 protesters were arrested in front of the White House following a service at [[Washington National Cathedral]] in commemoration of the fourth anniversary of the Iraq War and a march to the White House.<ref name="White House Prayer">{{cite news
|author1=Steve Vogel |author2=Clarence Williams
|lastauthoramp=yes | title = Rousing, Emotional Start for War Protest
| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031602318.html
| work = [[The Washington Post]]
| page = B01
| date = March 17, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-21

}}</ref>

=== March 17, 2007 ===
{{main|March 17, 2007 anti-war protest}}
[[Image:NO WAR NO BUSH (graffiti in Venice; August 2007).jpg|thumb|August 2007 anti-war [[graffiti]] in [[Venice, Italy]].]]

Approximately 10 000 to 20 000 anti-war protesters marched to [[The Pentagon]] in [[Arlington, Virginia]],<ref name="margasak2007-03-18">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6489002,00.html |title=War Protesters, Supporters Rally in D.C |accessdate=2007-03-18 |last=Margasak |first=Larry |author2=Matthew Barakat |date=2007-03-18 |work=Guardian Unlimited |agency=Associated Press |location=London }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> with several thousand pro-war protesters lining the route.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/17/AR2007031701280.html |title=Veterans, others denounce marchers: counter-demonstrators number in thousands |accessdate=2007-03-18 |last=Schulte |first=Brigid |date=2007-03-18 |work=The Washington Post |pages=A12}}</ref> Other protests and counter-demonstrations in the USA were held in Austin, Texas, Seattle, Washington, Chicago, Illinois,<ref name="chieul2007-04-11">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbc5.com/news/11309938/detail.html?taf=chi |title=Protestors Call For Iraq Withdrawal
|accessdate=2007-04-11 |work=NBC5news}}</ref> Los Angeles, California (5 000 to 6 000),<ref name="bohan2007-03-18">{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/articlePrint?articleId=UKN1725671220070318 |title=Thousands march to protest Iraq war |accessdate=2007-03-18 |last=Bohan |first=Caren |author2=Nichola Groom, James Vicini |date=2007-03-18 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> San Francisco, California, San Diego, California, and [[Hartford, Connecticut]].<ref name="margasak2007-03-18" />
Tens of thousands marched in Madrid, Spain, with smaller protests in Turkey, Greece,<ref name="margasak2007-03-18" /> Australia, Belgium, Britain, and Canada.<ref name="bohan2007-03-18" />


[[File:27 Oct 2007 Seattle Demo 56.jpg|thumb|October 2007, protest against the Iraq War in [[Seattle]], [[Occidental Park]] sign on a giant puppet says "Why is the U.S. gov't so afraid of the [[International Criminal Court]]"]]

===September 15, 2007===
{{main|September 15, 2007 anti-war protest}}

[[Image:Marching towards the Capital - September 15, 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Protesters march down Pennsylvania Avenue toward the Capitol.]]

A march took place from the White House to the Capitol on September 15, 2007. It was organized by Veterans for Peace and the Answer Coalition. Volunteers were recruited for a civil disobedience action, which included a [[die-in]]. Volunteers signed up to take on the name of a soldier or civilian who died because of the war, and lay down around the Peace Monument.<ref name="pephost">[http://www.pephost.org/site/PageServer?pagename=S15_homepage Three days until the Sept. 15 March to Stop the War!] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911181342/http://www.pephost.org/site/PageServer?pagename=S15_homepage |date=September 11, 2007 }} pephost.org. Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref> In attendance were politicians such as Ralph Nader.<ref name="pephost" /> Police arrested more than 190 demonstrators who crossed police lines in front of the Capitol.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070916/ap_on_re_us/iraq_war_protest;_ylt=AmcYo_LpZbxa4WEwjhO41xis0NUE More than 190 arrested at D.C. protestģ]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Chemical spray was used by Capitol Police.<ref name="vocal minority" />

Organizers estimated that nearly 100,000 people attended the rally and march. That number could not be confirmed; police did not give their own estimate. Associated press reported "several thousand." A permit for the march obtained in advance by the ANSWER Coalition had projected 10,000.<ref name="more than 190 arrested">[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070916/ap_on_re_us/iraq_war_protest;_ylt=AmcYo_LpZbxa4WEwjhO41xis0NUE More than 190 arrested at D.C. protest]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Mattew Barakat, Associated Press Writer, ''Yahoo News'', September 16, 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref>

=== September 29, 2007 ===
Troops Out Now Coalition organized a rally and march starting from the encampment in front of the Capitol Building. TroopsOutNow.org estimated 5,000 marched. A group of protesters, mainly youth, blocked sections of Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenue, including portions not on the march route. As of 8:40 PM, September 29, the demonstrators had set up tents and had not moved, after occupying the street for over 4 hours.

=== March 19, 2008 ===
{{main|March 19, 2008 anti-war protest}}
Several hundred anti-war protesters marched through Washington, D.C. on the fifth anniversary of the U.S.-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], splattering red paint on government offices and scuffling with police. Protesters, including many veterans, demanded the arrests of President George W. Bush, Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] and Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]] as war criminals. Others hurled balloons full of paint at a military recruiting station and smeared it on buildings housing defense contractors [[Bechtel]] and [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref name="cnn19mar08">[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/19/anti.war.protests/index.html Protesters march on Iraq anniversary]. Retrieved March 20, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324231545/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/19/anti.war.protests/index.html |date=March 24, 2008 }}</ref>

=== March 21, 2009 ===
Thousands of protesters marched from the Mall in Washington D.C. to the grounds of the Pentagon, and then to the Crystal City district of Arlington, Virginia. This area of Arlington is the home to offices of several defense contractors, such as [[KBR (company)|KBR]] and [[General Dynamics]]. Protesters carried mock coffins representing the victims of U.S. conflicts and placed them in front of the office buildings. Virginia State police and Arlington County police greeted the protesters and reported no arrests.

<gallery>
Image:Protest 03 21 2009 01.JPG|Protesters en route to [[the Pentagon]].
Image:Protest 03 21 2009 02.JPG|Mock coffins placed near the offices of defense contractors.
</gallery>

=== April 4, 2009 ===
[[United for Peace and Justice]] held a march on [[Wall Street]] on April 4, 2009 against [[military spending]] in Iraq.

=== March 20, 2010 ===
On March 20, 2010, a multi-city anti-war event was held in the United States to protest the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The event was organized by [[A.N.S.W.E.R.]] with support from other [[NGO|civil society actors]] such as the ''Topanga Peace Alliance'' and the [[Teamsters]]. The scheduling of the event ties it to the seventh anniversary of the start of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|author=AFP, Mar 21, 2010, 05.30am IST |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-Anti-war-protesters-take-to-streets-on-anniversary-of-invasion-of-Iraq/articleshow/5707452.cms |title=US: Anti-war protesters take to streets on anniversary of invasion of Iraq – US – World – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= March 21, 2010|accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref> In Washington, D.C. thousands marched past the White House, some bearing coffins draped with various flags to symbolize fatalities of the wars. Others enacted mock attacks on the White House using cardboard [[Drone Weapon|combat drones]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Symbolic-Coffins-Mark-Anti-War-Protests-in-Washington-88733427.html |title=Symbolic Coffins Mark Anti-War Protests in Washington | USA | English |publisher=.voanews.com |date=2009-08-20 |accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref> A parallel demonstration took place in Hollywood, California called “U.S. Out of Afghanistan and Iraq Now!". In addition to the big NGOs, this was supported by local grassroots organisations such as ''LA Workers’ Voice'' and ''Long Beach Area Peace Network''. Thousands of people slowly made their way down [[Hollywood Boulevard]] at 2 p.m. dressed as zombies and other [[undead]].<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.dailytitan.com/2010/03/22/thousands-march-through-hollywood-protest-foreign-conflicts/
|title= Thousands march through Hollywood, protest foreign conflicts
|publisher= The Daily Titan
|date = 2010-11-17
|author = Charles Purnell
|accessdate=2010-03-22}}
</ref>

<gallery>
Image:2010-03-20 12-21-08nomorecollateraldamage.JPG|Protester holds sign at March 20, 2010 anti-war protest
Image:2010-03-20 12-25-55itsalwaysbeenwrong.JPG|Protest holds sign at March 20, 2010 anti-war protest
Image:2010-03-20 12-32-53raginggrannies.JPG|Raging Grannies sing at the March 20, 2010 anti-war protest in Washington, DC
Image:2010-03-20 13-08-02Ramseyclark.JPG|[[Ramsey Clark]] speaks at the March 20, 2010 anti-war protest in Washington, DC
</gallery>

===March 19, 2011===
Over 100 protesters were arrested outside the White House.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/19/antiwar-protesters-arrest_n_838031.html | work=Huffington Post | title=Anti-War Protesters Arrested Near White House | date=March 19, 2011}}</ref> More protesters gathered in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/los-angeles-anti-war-mara_n_838057.html#s255515 | work=Huffington Post | first=Anna | last=Almendrala | title=Los Angeles Anti-War March On Anniversary Of Iraq War | date=March 20, 2011}}</ref>

=== May 20, 2012 ===

Veterans for Peace, Occupy Chicago and a slew of coalition partners convened the No-NATO protests in Chicago. About 8,000 marchers took Michigan Avenue the full length to Cermak, within several blocks of the NATO Summit at the Hyatt Regency.

At the intersection of Cermak and Michigan, Iraq Veterans Against the War convened a rally. For the second time in United States history, soldiers and marines relinquished their military medals.<ref>{{cite web|last=Manski|first=Rebecca|title=Vets toss medals, call NATO Summit a disgrace|url=http://www.occupy.com/article/chicago-dispatch-vets-toss-medals-honor-call-nato-summit-disgrace|publisher=occupy.com}}</ref> The first time this occurred was in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|last=ABC TV - Chicago|title=Veterans return medals during NATO protest|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wls/video?id=8669857&pid=8669859|date=2012-05-20}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Canada and Iraq War resisters]]
* [[Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq]]
* [[International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan]]
* [[Japanese history textbook controversies]]
* [[List of anti-war organizations]]
* [[List of Iraq War resisters]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[List of protest marches on Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Opposition to the Iraq War]]
* [[Popular opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq]]
* [[Post–September 11 anti-war movement]]
* [[2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations]]
* [[Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya]]
* [[Protests against the invasion of Afghanistan]]
* [[The UN Security Council and the Iraq war]]
* [[Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq]]
* [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq]]
*''[[We Are Many (film)|We Are Many]]'', a documentary film by Amir Amirani

=== General anti-war ===
* [[Anti-war]]
* [[Nonviolence]]
* [[Pacifism]]

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Stop the War: the story of Britain's biggest mass movement'', Andrew Murray and [[Lindsey German]], ISBN 1-905192-00-2
* ''Augustinian Just War Theory and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: Confessions, Contentions and the Lust for Power'' edited by Craig J. N. de Paulo, Patrick A. Messina et al. (New York: Peter Lang, 2011.)

==External links==
{{commons category|Demonstrations and protests against the Iraq War}}
* [http://articles.cnn.com/2003-02-15/us/sprj.irq.protests.main_1_anti-war-rallies-anti-war-movement-police-use-pepper-spray?_s=PM:US Cities jammed in worldwide protest of war in Iraq] [[CNN]] article. February 2003.
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11887714/ns/world_news-invasion_iraq_3_years_later/t/thousands-protest-iraq-war-rd-anniversary/ Thousands protest Iraq war on 3rd anniversary] [[MSNBC]] article. March 2006.

===Specific demonstrations===
*October 26, 2002: [http://www.livejournal.com/users/noctilucent/28837.html People], [http://www.livejournal.com/users/noctilucent/29484.html signs], [http://www.livejournal.com/users/noctilucent/29231.html more signs], [http://www.livejournal.com/users/noctilucent/29177.html and more signs], [http://www.livejournal.com/users/noctilucent/28614.html Police]
*March 20, 2006 Pentagon: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/mjb/sets/72057594086668921/ Photos]
*October 27, 2007 New York: [http://nynooks.wordpress.com/2007/10/28/the-war-that-launched-1000-colds/ Slideshow]
*May 20, 2012 Chicago: [http://www.democracynow.org/2012/5/21/no_nato_no_war_us_veterans Video of veterans relinquishing medals near NATO Summit]

{{Anti-government protests in the 21st century}}
{{Iraq War}}
{{Anti-war}}
{{Protests against the Iraq War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Protests Against The Iraq War}}
[[Category:Protests against the Iraq War| ]]
[[Category:Protests|Iraq]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration controversies]]

Twickenham Stoop

2016-12-27T07:23:07Z

Teflon: adds link to Twickenham Stadium proper

{{distinguish|Twickenham Stadium}}
{{Redirect|The Stoop|the 2008 album by Little Jackie|The Stoop (album)}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox venue
| image = Aerial view of the Stoop.jpg
| stadium_name = Twickenham Stoop
| nickname =
| fullname = Twickenham Stoop Stadium
| location = [[Twickenham]], London United Kingdom
| coordinates = {{coord|51|27|1|N|0|20|39|W|display=it}}
| publictransit ={{rail-interchange|gb|Rail}} {{rws|Twickenham}}
| built = 1963
| opened = 1963
| seating_capacity = 14,800
| tenants = [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]] ([[English Premiership (rugby union)|Aviva Premiership]]) (1963–present) [[London Broncos]] ([[Super League]]) (1997–1999, 2006–2013) [[London Scottish F.C.|London Scottish]] ([[1998–99 English Premiership (rugby union)|Allied Dunbar Premiership]]) (1998-1999) [[London Irish]]([[1999-2000 Allied Dunbar Premiership|Allied Dunbar Premiership]]) (1999-2000)
| dimensions =
}}

'''Twickenham Stoop Stadium''' (informally referred to as '''The Stoop''') is a sports stadium located in south-west London, England. The stadium is home to [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]] rugby union team, who play in the [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Aviva Premiership]]. The stadium has a capacity of 14,800 and is situated just across the road from [[Twickenham Stadium]].

==History==

===Harlequins before the Stoop===
In 1906, Harlequins were invited by the [[Rugby Football Union]] to use the new national stadium in Twickenham. In those early days, only one or two internationals were played there during the season, and it wasn't long before the RFU ground became the headquarters of the Harlequin Football Club.

===Early days===
In 1963, the Quins acquired an athletics ground with 14 acres (57,000 m²) just across the road from the RFU ground, which became the Harlequin training pitch. The ground was named the Stoop Memorial Ground after [[Adrian Stoop]], a former [[England national rugby union team|England international]] and longtime Harlequins player and president but is generally known as "The Stoop" with even the Harlequins' official website frequently using the informal name.

===The stadium today===

==== IG Stand ====
[[Image:LV Stand.jpg|250px|thumb|The IG Stand. Pre-match at the [[2009 Rugby League Four Nations|Four Nations]] game between the [[Australia national rugby league team|Kangaroos]] and the [[New Zealand national rugby league team|Kiwis]]]]

The main stand is the IG Stand (West Stand). This stand has the changing rooms, a row of executive boxes across the top of the stand, a Members' Bar, the club's offices, toilets and a club shop. At the top of the stand under the roof there is also a scoreboard and a gantry where the television cameras populate. The stand was built for the start of the 2005–06 season and has a capacity of approximately 4,000.

==== North Stand ====

[[File:North Stand, The Stoop..jpg|thumb|left|The North Stand]]

The North Stand is a temporary structure with an estimated life of 10 years. It houses approximately 2,000 and is the only stand with supporting pillars. There is a time clock to the top left of the stand. If further expansion is going to happen then the speculation is that the North Stand would be the one to be redeveloped. There is a concern about Langhorn Drive which runs directly behind it and if it needs to be moved before expansion could take place.

The corner of the North and IG Stand has a memorial for [[Nick Duncombe]] who was a promising scrum half for Harlequins and won two caps for England. He also played for the England Sevens team in the 2002 Commonwealth Games. He died of meningitis in 2003.

==== DHL Stand ====

[[File:Etihad Stand (East Stand) The Stoop.jpg|thumb|right|The Etihad Stand]]

The DHL Stand (East Stand) has a capacity of approximately 4,000 and has a row of corporate boxes across the top. A score board also hangs under the roof. The stand has toilets, the main public bar, Debenture Lounge and Players' Lounge which also house the Mighty Quins Village which is an area for children which consists of bouncy castle and face painting. The main public bar also has a stage where a live band performs after the match.

====South Stand====

[[Image:Stoop South Stand.JPG|thumb|left|The new South Stand pre-match at the [[2009 Rugby League Four Nations|Four Nations]] game between [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]] and [[New Zealand national rugby league team|New Zealand]]]]

The South Stand has most recently been developed and was opened in the 2010–11 season. It has new toilets, a real ale bar, the Quins Head, which sells Green King IPA and guest ales and a club shop. The back of the stand also has a clock for the match.

===Redevelopment===
The ground's official name changed in July 2005 from the Stoop Memorial Ground to Twickenham Stoop Stadium.

The club owns the ground freehold through its subsidiary Harlequin Estates (Twickenham) Ltd. According to the 2012 annual report submitted by the club's operating company to [[Companies House]], in 2010 external valuers placed the combined value of the land and buildings at £27.19 million on a [[Valuation (finance)#Net asset value method|depreciated replacement cost]] basis.

In an interview with the fans website on 23 April 2012, the Chief Executive, David Ellis confirmed that an architect has visited the club and given ideas on possible improvement and further expansion of The Stoop which will be further considered if Harlequins can sell out nine or ten games a season in comparison with the six games sold out in the 2011–12 season. David Ellis also said there are some immediate concerns for development such as increasing the size of the debenture lounge and the members bar. He also mentioned the queues for drinks at the bars are too long so that will be looked into as well [http://www.rugbynetwork.net/main/s98/st177393.htm]

On 5 September 2012 Harlequins announced that they had begun a programme of significant investment in upgrading Twickenham Stoop Stadium. All four of the stands have been deep cleaned, this has included the installation of anti-roosting netting that features an unobtrusive fine mesh, secured high in the stands that will prevent damage to the seats and decking caused by the local pigeon population. Replacement of the broken or sun-bleached seating has also commenced and eventually all seating will be replaced block by block in a rolling programme over the coming seasons. The public areas of the stands, including the toilets, are also in the process of being decorated and upgraded. Four new turnstiles have been constructed at Gate 3 by the corner of the South and Etihad Stand to improve access and a new PA system to improve sound quality throughout the stadium. The hospitality facilities in the Etihad and LV= Stands have also undergone renovations and redecorations. Among the major improvements about to begin is the resurfacing of the North car park. Work on this project which includes improvements to access to the river, will start on 5 September and be completed within a month. [http://www.quins.co.uk/news/6422.php]{{dead link|date=August 2016}}

{{wide image|Panoramic view of the Stoop.jpg|500px|align-cap=center|LV Stand with the South Stand (left) and North Stand (right)}}

==Rugby League==
[[Image:Quins Saints.jpg|thumb|right|Harlequins RL vs [[St Helens RLFC|St Helens in 2006]]]]
In 1995-6 and again from 1997-9, the [[rugby league]] club, [[London Broncos]], joined Harlequins at The Stoop, and they returned again from 2006-2013 becoming [[Harlequins Rugby League]]. In 2006 the stadium held a Harlequins rugby union match and a Harlequins rugby league game on the same day. The rugby union match was played first, and in just a few hours the stadium was switched over for the Super League match. This involved changing field markings, advertising boardings and such.

Since 2006, The Stoop has also been home to the annual [[Rugby League Varsity Match]] between Oxford University and Cambridge University.

On 24 October 2009 the ground hosted the second match of the [[2009 Rugby League Four Nations]] between world champions [[New Zealand national rugby league team|New Zealand]] and defending tournament champions (in [[2006 Rugby League Tri-Nations|Tri-Nations]] mode), [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]] which resulted in a 20-all draw, 12,360 people attended the game making it the largest rugby league crowd at the venue beating the [[1997 World Club Championship]] match between the [[London Broncos#London Broncos|London Broncos]] and [[Canberra Raiders]] where 7,819 people attended.

==Women's International Rugby Union==
The ground played host to the final of the [[2010 Women's Rugby World Cup]].

In [[2014–15 World Rugby Women's Sevens Series|2015]], it began hosting what was intended to be [[London Women's Sevens|an annual event]] in the [[World Rugby Women's Sevens Series]]. All matches were held at The Stoop except for the third-place match and Cup final, which were played at Twickenham Stadium.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://wsws.irb.com/news/newsid=2072395.html#host+cities+announced+womens+series |title=Host cities announced for women's series |publisher=[[World Rugby|International Rugby Board]] |date=31 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810044833/http://wsws.irb.com/news/newsid=2072395.html |archivedate=10 August 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> However, the Women's Sevens Series did not return to London for [[2015–16 World Rugby Women's Sevens Series|2015–16]].

The Stoop has become a regular venue for England Women's games, hosting Six Nations games and Autumn International Series games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quins.co.uk/news/emily-scarrett-believes-the-stoop-can-become-a-fortress-for-england-womens-team/|title=EMILY SCARRATT BELIEVES THE STOOP CAN BECOME A FORTRESS FOR ENGLAND WOMEN|publisher=Quins.co.uk|date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref>

On 17 January 2016 The Stoop hosted the Women's Premiership final, for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/news/12321/10134764/richmond-were-impressive-winners-of-the-womens-premiership-finalurl=http://www.quins.co.uk/news/emily-scarrett-believes-the-stoop-can-become-a-fortress-for-england-womens-team/|title=Richmond beat Saracens to claim Women's Premiership final|accessdate=20 January 2016}}{{dead link|date=August 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Twickenham Stoop Stadium}}
*[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=TW2+7SX&ie=UTF8&z=17&ll=51.450858,-0.343205&spn=0.002922,0.010815&t=h&om=1&iwloc=A Twickenham Stoop Stadium] at Google Maps.
*[http://www.worldstadia.com/stadium/england/the_twickenham_stoop/49.php The Stoop on Worldstadia.com]
*[http://www.league.quins.co.uk/ Harlequins Rugby League]

{{English Premiership (rugby union) venues}}
{{World Rugby Women's Sevens Series}}
{{Harlequins Rugby League}}
{{Super League (Europe) Venues}}
{{LB Richmond}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stoop, The}}
[[Category:Rugby union stadiums in London]]
[[Category:Rugby league stadiums in London]]
[[Category:Harlequin F.C.]]
[[Category:Defunct rugby league venues in England]]
[[Category:London Broncos]]
[[Category:Sport in Richmond upon Thames]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Richmond upon Thames]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Richmond upon Thames]]
[[Category:Twickenham]]

Mercury Communications

2016-08-04T15:05:15Z

Teflon: /* Residential phone services */ changing sponsorship of Mercury Prize

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox company|
name = Mercury Communications Ltd |
logo = [[File:Mercury Communications.png]]|
foundation = 1981|
defunct = 1997|
fate = Merged to [[Cable & Wireless Communications]] (October 1996) |
successor = [[Cable & Wireless Communications]] |
location = |
key_people = |
industry = |
products = |
homepage =
}}
'''Mercury Communications''' was a national [[telephone company]] in the [[United Kingdom]], formed in 1981 as a subsidiary of [[Cable & Wireless Communications|Cable & Wireless]], to challenge the then-[[monopoly]] of [[British Telecom]] (BT). Mercury was the first competitor to BT, and although it proved only moderately successful at challenging their dominance, it was to set the path for new communication companies to attempt the same.<ref name=CWC-H-17>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/mercury-communications-ltd-history/ History of Mercury Communications] fundinguniverse.com</ref>

In 1997, Mercury ceased to exist as a brand with its amalgamation into the operations of [[Cable & Wireless Communications#History|Cable & Wireless Communications]],<ref name=CWC-H-18/> and totally exited from the telecommunications business by 1999.

==History==

===Background: before 1981===
{{see also|National Telephone Company#History|Cable & Wireless Communications#History}}
The history of telecommunications in United Kingdom starts in 1879, with the establishment of its first telephone exchange in [[London]] by [[The Telephone Company (Bells Patents) Ltd]]. On 10 March 1881, [[National Telephone Company]] (NTC) – a British telephone company – was formed, which later brought together smaller local telephone companies. In 1898, to break the near monopoly held by NTC, the [[Postmaster General of the United Kingdom|Postmaster General]]'s office who was in charge of licensing new telephone companies issued thirteen new licences. But by 1911, five of the remaining six competitors were taken over by either the [[General Post Office|General Post Office (GPO)]] or NTC.<ref name=CWC-H-17/> Under the [[Telephone Transfer Act 1911]], NTC was taken over by the GPO in 1912, and created a state-run monopoly that would run nearly all telecommunication assets in the UK for the next seventy years.<ref name=CWC-H-17/>

During the 1920s, there was an increasing competition from companies using radio communications such as [[Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company]]. In 1928, it was decided that all telecommunication assets outside of the UK, and within the [[British Empire]], particularly the telegraph companies, should be merged into one operating company. The merged entity was initially known as the '[[Imperial Wireless Chain#Commercial impact|Imperial and International Communications Ltd]]', and later in 1934 as '''Cable & Wireless Limited'''.<ref name="IIC">[http://www.atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/CandW/CW/ Imperial and International Communications Ltd]</ref><ref>[http://www.atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/CandW/Pender/ Sir John Pender]</ref><ref>[http://www.atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/CandW/Eastern/ Evolution of Eastern Telegraph Company]</ref><ref name=CW-H-1928-34-01>{{cite web|title=Evolution Cable and Wireless 1928 - 1934|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Cable_and_Wireless|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>

Following the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]'s victory in the 1945 general elections, the government announced its intention to nationalise Cable and Wireless, which was carried out in 1947.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert A. Brady, |title=Crisis in Britain: Plans and Achievements of the Labour Government|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K7QZd1pA5A8C|year=1950|publisher=University of California Press}}, on nationalization 1945-50, pp 284-306</ref> The company would remain a government-owned company, continuing to own assets and operating telecommunication services outside the UK. All assets in the UK were integrated with those of the General Post Office, which operated the UK's domestic telecommunications monopoly.

In October 1969, the Post Office (as a public corporation) replaced the General Post Office (as a government department). In October 1981, the Post Office was split into two separate public corporations, the Post Office and British Telecommunications. In 1981, the British government under Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] started the process of privatising nearly all state-run monopolies, including [[British Airways]], [[British Steel Corporation]], [[British Aerospace]], and later British Telecommunications. The act also started the privatisation of [[Cable & Wireless plc|Cable & Wireless]], a state-run offshore telephone company, whose primary business was in [[Hong Kong]].

===Mercury: 1981–97===
{{see also|Cable & Wireless Communications#History}}
[[File:Dundee Hot Air Balloons 1994 vi crop (Mercury Communications G-BVBX).jpg|thumb|right|Promotional Mercury Communications [[hot air balloon]] featuring inflatable "payphone", as seen in 1994.]]
In 1981, '''Mercury Communications, Ltd.''' – a consortium of Cable & Wireless, [[Barclays]], and [[British Petroleum]] (BP) – was founded as an experiment in telecommunications competition, primarily with British Telecom. Its first chairperson was Sir [[Michael Edwardes]], known for his success in turning around [[British Leyland]]. Mercury Communications was first licensed in 1982; and became a full Public Telecommunications Operator in 1984. The same year, Cable & Wireless bought out the stake of its partners.

In July 1991, Mercury's sister concern, Mercury Personal Communications Network (PCN) Ltd, was awarded one of the licences to develop build [[Personal communications network]] (PCN) networks in United Kingdom. The other two went to [[Microtel Communications Ltd]], and Unitel.<ref name=OBS-H-04/> PCNs were envisaged to be superior to the then-existent cellular phone technology, giving customer total portability to make or take calls in the home or car, in an aeroplane, or even while on vacations.

In November 1992, Cable & Wireless sold a 20% stake for about GB£480 million to the Canadian company BCEbc, the parent company of Bell Canada, which gave much-needed telecommunications expertise to Mercury. BCEbc also owned two cable companies in the UK.

[[One2One]] was established as the trading name of Mercury Personal Communications, a joint venture partnership equally owned by Cable & Wireless and US West International, a division of US WEST Media Group. One2One introduced Britain’s first 1800 MHz GSM network in 1993,<ref name = "Cable & Wireless Communications history">{{cite web |url= http://www.cwc.com/past-present/our-history.html|title=Cable & Wireless Communications: Our History|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> in competition with the existing UK mobile networks [[Vodafone]] and [[Cellnet]].

Mercury forged strategic alliances with 16 UK cable companies, which enabled them to offer both telephone and television services to their customers. By the end of January 1993, over 117,000 telephone lines were supplied to cable operators by Mercury. In October 1996, Mercury was merged with three cable operators in the UK ([[Vidéotron]], [[Nynex]] and Bell Cable media) and renamed Cable & Wireless Communications (in which Cable & Wireless plc owned a 53% stake).<ref name=CWC-H-17/><ref name=CWC-H-18/><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19961023/ai_n14083964 Mercury's £5bn merger]</ref>

Following this, the group embarked on a major disposal programme, selling One2One to [[T-Mobile UK|T-Mobile]] in 1999,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/413371.stm Business: The Company File: One 2 One sale agreed] BBC, 6 August 1999</ref> then selling its stake in CWC’s consumer operations to [[NTL Ireland|NTL]] (now [[Virgin Media]]) in 2000.

==Operations==
[[File:Mercury Communications payphone kiosk.jpg|thumb|right|Mercury Communications payphone kiosk]]

===Payphones and mobiles===
From 1986 Mercury operated public payphones in the UK, in competition with BT. These proved not to be profitable and this interest was sold in 1995. They were notable for their varied designs which imitated architectural styles.

Mercury also operated the first [[GSM]] 1800 [[mobile phone]] service, launched in 1993, as Mercury [[One2one]]. The service was first rolled out in the [[London]] [[M25 motorway|M25]] area, and offered free mobile to landline calls at off-peak times, weekends and [[Bank Holiday]]s. Calls could be made free to landlines in the area the mobile was situated in, and to adjacent landline exchange codes.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3457/is_n36_v11/ai_14396845 "Mercury One-2-One challenges the U.K. cellular competition, Mobile Phone News, Sept 13, 1993 "]</ref> Even after this plan ceased being sold, [[Subscriber Identity Module|SIM]] cards that were subscribed to the plan continued to provide these free calls, and often changed hands for large sums of money.<ref>[http://www.telecoms.com/14418/together-at-last Together at last]</ref> Coverage was extended throughout the decade, with most of the UK having service by 1997. One2One was sold to [[Deutsche Telekom]] in 1999 for £8.4bn, and was rebranded as [[T-Mobile (UK)|T-Mobile]] in 2002.<ref>[http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/14439/one-2-one-rebrand-tmobile/ One 2 One to rebrand as T-Mobile]</ref>

===Residential phone services===
Mercury began by offering fixed-line facilities direct to businesses, residential and [[small business]]. Users could use the 'Mercury 2300' service via their existing BT [[Telephone line|phone line]] by dialling a '131' prefix followed by a ten-digit customer code, then the number which they wished to dial. This was later replaced by a more modern indirect service which required only the dialling of the [[Area code|access code]] (by then '132') and the destination number. Mercury also provided backbone services to the emerging groups of British cable operators which were beginning to offer their own fixed-line telephone services.

Mercury moved into the [[Private Branch eXchange]] market in 1990 as a result of Telephone Rentals being bought by [[Cable & Wireless plc|Cable & Wireless]]. This enabled the Smart Box to be connected to a large number of TR's customers, so traffic was routed away from BT onto Mercury's network.

Mercury pulled out of the [[PABX]] market in 1996, when it sold that part of the business to Siemens, creating [[Siemens Business Communication Systems]] (SBCS), which later became Siemens Communications.

In 1997 the Mercury brand ceased to be and it was amalgamated into Cable & Wireless Communications.<ref name=CWC-H-18>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/mercurys-pounds-5bn-merger-with-cable-firms-heralds-huge-telecoms-indu-stry-shakeup-1359751.html Mercury's pounds 5bn merger with cable firms heralds huge telecoms indu stry shake-up] Published : Independent, by Chris Godsmark and Mathew Horsman, 23 October 1996</ref> The consumer arm of the latter would eventually find itself bought out by the telecommunications firm [[NTL Ireland|NTL]] in 1999, and then further sold on to [[Npower (UK)|NPower]] in 2001 before the service was withdrawn entirely some years later.

Its name lives on through its original sponsorship of the [[Mercury Music Prize]], although now sponsored by [[Hyundai]].

==See also==
* [[Cable & Wireless Communications#History|History of Cable & Wireless Communications]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=OBS-H-04>{{cite web |url=http://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/radiocommunication-licences/mobile-wireless-broadband/cellular-wireless-broadband/policy-and-background/history-of-cellular-services/ |title= History of Cellular services |date= |accessdate=9 June 2012 |publisher=licensing.ofcom.org.uk }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cwhistory.com/history/html/Mercury.html Cable & Wireless History]
*[http://www.cw.com/uk/ Cable & Wireless UK operations]

{{Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Defunct telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1981]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 1997]]

Caroline Aherne

2016-07-02T14:56:36Z

Teflon: /* Personal life */ ref to death announcement

{{Recent Death|Caroline Aherne}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Caroline Aherne
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_name = Caroline Mary Aherne
|birth_date = {{birth date|1963|12|24|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Ealing]], [[London]], England
|death_date = {{death date and age|2016|7|2|1963|12|24|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Ealing]], [[London]], England
|alma_mater = [[Liverpool John Moores University]]
|occupation = Comedian, writer, actress
|spouse = [[Peter Hook]] (1994–1997) (divorced)
}}
'''Caroline Mary Aherne''' (24 December 1963 – 2 July 2016)<ref name="screenonline">Rinaldi, Graham. "[http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458572/index.html Aherne, Caroline (1963-)]". screenonline.org.uk. Retrieved on 25 August 2007.</ref> was an English comedian and [[BAFTA]]-winning writer and actress, best known for ''[[The Mrs Merton Show|Mrs Merton]]'', ''[[The Fast Show]]'' and ''[[The Royle Family]]''. She was also the narrator of the [[Channel 4]] reality series ''[[Gogglebox]]''.

Aherne died after a long battle with cancer on 2 July 2016.

==Background==
Aherne was born in [[Ealing]], [[London]], into the family of an [[Irish people|Irish]] railway worker,<ref name="manchester2002-uk1">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/broadcasters1.html |title=Manchester Television Broadcasters and Film Actors including Caroline Aherne... |publisher=Manchester2002-uk.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-27}}</ref> and from the age of two was raised in [[Wythenshawe]], [[Manchester]], where she attended the Hollies Convent Grammar School in [[West Didsbury]]. She then studied drama at [[Liverpool John Moores University|Liverpool Polytechnic]].<ref name="manchester2002-uk1"/> Like her brother, Patrick, Aherne suffered from [[retinoblastoma]] in childhood, which left her partially sighted in one eye.<ref name="screenonline.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458572/ |title=BFI Screenonline: Aherne, Caroline (1963-) Biography |publisher=Screenonline.org.uk |date=1963-12-24 |accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref>

== Career ==

===Early career===
Aherne began performing on the Manchester comedy circuit as characters such as Mitzi Goldberg, lead singer of the comedy country and western act The Mitzi Goldberg Experience, and Sister Mary Immaculate, an Irish nun.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Belcher|first1=David|title=Behind the laughter lines|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/behind-the-laughter-lines-1.256807|accessdate=27 January 2015|work=Herald Scotland|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=18 December 1999}}</ref> She developed her Mrs Merton character with [[Frank Sidebottom]] for his show on [[Piccadilly Radio]], where she worked as a receptionist. Aherne's first TV appearances were a semi-regular spot on the [[Granada TV]] discussion show "Upfront" in 1990, as Mrs Merton. She made brief appearances in ''[[The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer]]'' (1993), alongside [[Steve Coogan]] and [[John Thomson (comedian)|John Thomson]] in a [[Granada Television|Granada TV]] pilot entitled ''The Dead Good Show''s, then appeared in and wrote for the BBC comedy series ''[[The Fast Show]]'' between 1994 and 1997.

She rose to prominence in 1994 as her created character Mrs Merton on the mock talk show, ''[[The Mrs Merton Show]]'' under her then married name of [[Peter Hook|Caroline Hook]].<ref>Kelner, Martin; [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/a-warm-and-gentle-kicking-1572047.html "A warm and gentle kicking"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 8 February 1995. Retrieved 21 June 2014</ref> Guests (real-life celebrities, not actors) found themselves on the receiving end of outrageous ''faux naïve'' questions. A particularly memorable example was the question addressed to the partner of magician [[Paul Daniels]], [[Debbie McGee]]: "So, what first attracted you to the millionaire Paul Daniels?"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4788517.stm |title=Entertainment | Kay dishes up best TV one-liner |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-08-13 |accessdate=2013-06-27}}</ref> Another episode featured comedian [[Bernard Manning]] and actor [[Richard Wilson (Scottish actor)|Richard Wilson]]. Manning clashed with Wilson and Aherne, although he did acknowledge that ''[[One Foot in the Grave]]'' was funny. The series ran in various formats from 1994 to 1997, winning a [[BAFTA]] in 1995. The character was given a sitcom, ''[[Mrs Merton and Malcolm]]'', which depicted her home life with her "mummy's boy" son (played by co-writer [[Craig Cash]]). However, this aspect of Malcolm's character was exaggerated to the point where many complained that the series made fun of people with learning difficulties. ''Mrs Merton and Malcolm'' lasted one series, and was only released on DVD in 2008.

In 2011 it was confirmed that Aherne along with most of the original cast (except Mark Williams) would reunite for an online series of ''The Fast Show'' sponsored by lager brand, [[Foster's Group|Fosters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fosters.co.uk/tagged/The_Fast_Show |title=Foster's - The Fast Show |publisher=Fosters.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20120621051642/http://fosters.co.uk:80/tagged/The_Fast_Show |archivedate=21 June 2012 }}</ref>

===''The Royle Family''===
Her most popular creation is the situation comedy ''[[The Royle Family]]'', which she co-created and wrote with Cash, and directed in its third season. Aherne starred alongside [[Ricky Tomlinson]] and [[Sue Johnston]], as their daughter Denise Royle. The show was a commercial and critical success, and ran for three series of six episodes as well as three one-offs. After a 2000 spoof documentary with Cash entitled ''Back Passage to India'', Aherne said ''The Royle Family'' would end in December 2000 after a [[Christmas special]], and that she would not appear on television again, although she would continue to write.

===Recent career===
Following an argument with [[Craig Cash]], Aherne moved to [[Sydney]], retreating from the press. She wrote ''[[Dossa and Joe]]'', screened on [[BBC 2]] in 2002. Although critics applauded it, the show did not attract viewers and did not return for a second series. Returning to Britain, she began work on another sitcom with Cash but pulled out, leaving Cash to write with [[Phil Mealey]]. ''[[Early Doors]]'' was a hit in 2003. It was commissioned for a second series, screened in August 2004.

Since ''Dossa and Joe'', Aherne avoided media attention. When ''The Fast Show'' was featured on the [[BBC One]] show ''[[Comedy Connections]]'', Aherne was the only cast member not interviewed. In April 2006, the BBC said Aherne and Cash were developing a script for a one-off special of ''The Royle Family''; the episode, entitled ''The Royle Family: The Queen of Sheba'', was broadcast on 29 October 2006, to an audience of 7.8 million. Aherne later made few appearances on TV. On 14 October 2008 she was in the BBC comedy drama ''[[Sunshine (UK TV series)|Sunshine]]'' as a barmaid. It was written by Cash and Phil Mealey. She appeared in ''The Royle Family, The New Sofa'' on Christmas Day 2008. In 2009, she appeared in a Royle Family special for [[Comic Relief]] as well as another Christmas Day special of ''The Royle Family'' entitled ''The Golden Eggcup''. She co-wrote the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] comedy-drama ''[[The Fattest Man in Britain]]'', which aired in December 2009.

In November 2010, Aherne made another appearance, in the special ''The Royle Family: Behind the Sofa'' shown on [[Gold (UK TV channel)|Gold]], featuring clips of ''The Royle Family'' and interviews with Aherne, Cash and the cast, which was followed by another Christmas Day special, ''Joe's Cracker''. She narrated a BBC1 documentary entitled ''Pound Shop Wars'' that was broadcast in November 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nts9x |title=BBC One - Pound Shop Wars |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2012-12-05 |accessdate=2013-06-27}}</ref> She also appeared in ''[[The Fast Show]]'' internet specials, which reunited all of the original principal cast except [[Mark Williams (actor)|Mark Williams]], who was unable to participate due to a conflicting engagement.

Aherne wrote the 2013 one-off sitcom ''[[The Security Men]]'' alongside [[Jeff Pope]] for ITV. The episode starred [[Paddy McGuinness]], [[Brendan O'Carroll]], [[Dean Andrews]], [[Bobby Ball]] and Peter Wight.

From 2013 she narrated the [[Channel 4]] programme ''[[Gogglebox]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/gogglebox/episode-guide |title=Channel 4 - Gogglebox |date=2014-03-15 |accessdate=2014-03-18}}</ref> In 2014 Aherne narrated the four-part series ''[[Pound Shop Wars]]'', which aired on [[BBC One]] and in 2015 Caroline made a brief cameo in episode three of Sky 1's [[After Hours (UK TV series)|After Hours]], reuniting her with her old writing partner Craig Cash, who directed the series.

==Personal life==
Aherne was married to [[Peter Hook]] of the rock band [[New Order (band)|New Order]] from 1994 until 1997. During their marriage, he appeared in her TV series as leader of Hooky & the Boys, the house-band of The Mrs Merton Show.<ref name="screenonline.org.uk"/>

===Health===
During the 1990s Aherne suffered from [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] and [[alcoholism]]. In 1998 she attempted [[suicide]] and was subsequently treated at [[Priory Hospital|The Priory]].<ref name="Viner"/>

She also suffered from [[bladder cancer]] and from a rare cancer of the [[retina]]. In 2014 she embarked on a programme of treatment for [[lung cancer]].<ref name="Viner">{{cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/profile-caroline-ahern-the-queen-of-comedy-1133097.html | title=Profile: Caroline Aherne, the queen of comedy | work=[[The Independent]] | date=18 December 1999 | accessdate=13 May 2014 | author=Viner, Brian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Caroline Aherne, Royle Family star, has lung cancer|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-27389409|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref>

In June 2014 Aherne appeared in Manchester at the launch of the [[Macmillan Cancer Support|Macmillan Cancer Improvement Partnership]] (MCIP), a £3.4m scheme to co-ordinate cancer care in the city. She spoke about how a sense of humour has helped her in her battle against the disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-28032961 |title=BBC News - Caroline Aherne: Humour helps deal with cancer |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-06-26}}</ref> In 2016, Aherne became the voice behind the UK government's [https://www.nhs.uk/oneyou One You] health campaign, to persuade people to cut down on cigarettes and alcohol.<ref name=":0" />

In April 2016 it was reported that Aherne was battling [[throat cancer]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/caroline-aherne-voice-new-health-11219060|title=Caroline Aherne to voice new health campaign urging people to cut down on smoking and booze|last=Qureshi|first=Yakub|website=Manchester Evening News|access-date=2016-04-22}}</ref>. On 2 July 2016 it was reported that she had died<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-36694598|title=Comedian Caroline Aherne dies at 52|website=BBC News|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref>.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0013930|name=Caroline Aherne}}
* [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458572/index.html Caroline Aherne biography and credits at BFI Screenonline]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20081229160117/http://universalsearch.com.au:80/image/Caroline%20Aherne Caroline Aherne pictures at Universal Search]

{{The Fast Show}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aherne, Caroline}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from London]]
[[Category:Actresses from Manchester]]
[[Category:Alumni of Liverpool John Moores University]]
[[Category:Comedians from Manchester]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:English women comedians]]
[[Category:People from Ealing]]
[[Category:People from Wythenshawe]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]

British Royal Train

2016-04-27T14:01:31Z

Teflon: /* Royal Train use */

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
[[File:Harringay West 3 station geograph-2283619-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|The Royal Train passing Harringay West in 1961, the locomotive, Gresley A4 Pacific No. 60028 'Walter K. Whigham' carries a four-lamp [[Train reporting number|headcode]] that was reserved for the Royal Train]]
In the [[United Kingdom]], the '''Royal Train''' is used to convey senior members of the [[British Royal Family]] and associated staff of the [[Royal Household]] around the railway network of [[Great Britain]]. It is formed from a dedicated set of claret liveried [[sleeper carriage|sleeper]], [[dining car|dining]] and [[lounge car]]riages. The current stock dates from 1977-1987. They are arranged according to requirements, and stored when not in use. The earliest royal coaches date back to the mid-19th Century in the reign of [[Queen Victoria]]; until an upgrade in 1977 there were multiple sets based in different regions, a legacy of the pre-nationalisation era of [[Rail transport in the United Kingdom|railways in Britain]]. Many are now in museums or on heritage railways; the [[National Railway Museum]] in York has a royal themed exhibition. Dedicated locomotives have never traditionally been part of the Royal Train, first appearing in special livery only in the 1980s, but also seeing use on other trains since 2003. In the 21st Century, various preserved (and one new build) steam locomotives have also hauled the train on special occasions. Although regularly cited by critics as one of the exuberant luxuries of the Royal Family, which has led to an increase in the alternate use of normal scheduled services where possible, supporters argue the current arrangement emphasizes utility over luxury, and is still often the most practical and secure mode of travel to fit the required itinerary and avoid disruption to the public.

==History==
[[Queen Victoria]] was the first British monarch to travel by train, on 13 June 1842 on the [[Great Western Railway]] (GWR), which ran the line between London and [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]] (for the [[Windsor Castle|Castle]]).<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page5024.asp The Royal Train], [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom]]. Accessed 31 December 2007.</ref> Nearly sixty years later, after her funeral in 1901, Queen Victoria's coffin was taken to [[London Paddington station]] and transported on the Royal Train back to Windsor where she is buried.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9402E0D8133EE333A25750C0A9649C946097D6CF&oref=slogin "THE PROCESSION IN LONDON.; SCENE AT VICTORIA STATION. THE FUNERAL TRAIN ARRIVES. THE ROYAL MOURNERS. KAISER EASILY RECOGNIZED. AT PADDINGTON STATION."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 3 February 1901. Accessed 31 December 2007.</ref>
[[File:Tattenham Corner station on Derby Day Royal Train geograph-2664672-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|right|Royal Train arriving at Tattenham Corner on Derby Day in 1959. Notice the station master marking the stopping point for the driver.]]

Prior to the [[partition of Ireland]] in 1921, royal trains were occasionally used for the British Royal family when [[Ireland]] was under British rule. This practice continued in [[Northern Ireland]] until the last British royal train there in th 1950s.<ref>Irish Broad Gauge Carriages, by Desmond Coackham</ref>

After the formation of [[British Railways]] in 1948, the individual regions continued to maintain the constituent railway companies' Royal Train carriages. A single "Royal Train" was formed in 1977 as a response to the demands of the Silver Jubilee. The Royal Family have also travelled on ordinary service trains more frequently in recent years to minimise costs.<ref name=Scotsman>Chamberlain, Gethin. [http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2323888 "Royal Express is more Pizza than Orient"], ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 4 May 2002. Accessed 31 December 2007.</ref>

The train currently consists of nine carriages, seven of these being of the [[British Rail Mark 3]] design, including two that were built for the prototype [[InterCity 125|HST]] train. Not all of these will be used to form a train, as different vehicles have specified purposes. Two locomotives are designated for use on the train and painted in the claret livery of the royal household, but are used for other traffic when not hauling the royal train. The carriages may be used for other Heads of State, but they cannot be hired by private users. When not in use, the train is stored in [[Wolverton]], where it is maintained by an [[Alstom]] subsidiary.<ref name=Scotsman/>

Train drivers are specially selected based on their skills, including the ability to make a station stop within six inches of the designated position.<ref name=Scotsman/>

==Incidents==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2012}}
The Royal Train has had a very good service record. However, Gerald Fiennes wrote in his autobiography ''I Tried to Run a Railway'' of one incident on the Eastern Region when an ex-LNER A4 class 4-6-2 was used to pull the Royal Train. The first vehicle was a BR Midland Region generator van, and the difference between the 'buckeye' couplings on the A4 and on the van was about 4". Various attempts to separate the couplings failed, leading the crew to couple the station pilot (standing at the rear of the train) to couple up and apply the brakes.
The A4's regulator was then opened to full cut-off, resulting in the engine breaking free from the generator van and rushing off up the track. Most likely the standard three-link chain coupling was used instead of the 'buckeye' couplings on the two vehicles, which would have required repairs due to the various attempts to break them apart.

In June 2000, a member of the [[Protection Command|Royalty Protection Branch (SO14)]] accidentally discharged his [[Glock|9mm Glock]] automatic pistol while the train was halted for an overnight stop near [[Gwent (county)|Gwent]], South Wales. Both the Queen and Prince Philip were on board at the time, but were undisturbed by the accidental discharge, only becoming aware of it the following morning when notified by staff.<ref>{{Cite web|title = PC fires gun on royal train|url = http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jun/16/monarchy.keithperry|website = the Guardian|accessdate = 2015-10-23|first = Keith|last = Perry}}</ref>

==Locomotives nominated for the Royal Train==
[[File:67006 'Royal Sovereign' at Evesham.JPG|thumb|Class 67, no. 67006 "Royal Sovereign" at [[Evesham, Worcestershire|Evesham]] on 26 March 2005 hauling the [[Venice-Simplon Orient Express]] [[Northern Belle]] train. This is one of the two locomotives painted in Royal Claret livery for hauling the Royal Train.]]
[[File:Class 47 'Prince William' NRM Rail 200.jpg|thumb|right|Former Royal locomotive [[British Rail Class 47|47798 ''Prince William'']] at the Rail200 railfest at the [[National Railway Museum]] 1 June 2004.]]

Although railways often had nominated locomotives for hauling the Royal Train (with special high maintenance regimes), no locomotives were dedicated solely to the train until the 1980s, when two [[British Rail Class 47|Class 47]] locomotives were painted in the claret livery of the Royal Household. During the 1990s these were dedicated solely to Royal Train duty until they were replaced in 2003 by two [[British Rail Class 67|Class 67]] locomotives, both operated by [[EWS]] (now [[DB Schenker Rail (UK)|DB Schenker Rail]]). The new locomotives are often used for special charter train services and on other occasional passenger services when not required. Occasionally the Royal Train is hauled by other engines.

Locomotives nominated for working the Royal Train have included:
*1990–2004: [[British Rail Class 47|Class 47]] 47834 ''Fire Fly'' and 47835 ''Windsor Castle'' (in [[InterCity (British Rail)|InterCity]] livery) and later refurbished, renumbered and renamed 47798 ''Prince William'' and 47799 ''Prince Henry'' (in Royal claret). Both are now withdrawn: the former is preserved at the [[National Railway Museum]], [[York]] and the latter is at the [[Eden Valley Railway|Eden Valley Railway, Warcop]].
*Since 2004: [[British Rail Class 67|Class 67]] 67005 ''Queen's Messenger'' and 67006 ''Royal Sovereign'' (in Royal claret). Since 2012 an extra locomotive, [[British Rail Class 67|Class 67]] 67026 ''Diamond Jubilee'' (in Diamond Jubilee silver), has been allocated to Royal duties.

=== Steam locomotives ===
In the pre-preservation era, the Royal Train was always hauled by steam locomotives for the relevant [[British Rail]] region. Examples of royal trains hauled by preserved steam are as follows.<ref>In preservation examples include the visit of [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent]] to the [[Keighley and Worth Valley Railway]] on 10 July 2008: {{cite news|url=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/3202106.Full_steam_ahead_on_the_royal_railway_/|title=Full steam ahead on the royal railway|work=The Telegraph and Argus}}</ref> [[LMS Princess Coronation Class 6233 Duchess of Sutherland|6233 ''Duchess of Sutherland'']] (an [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS]] Princess Coronation Class 4-6-2), [[GWR 6000 Class 6024 King Edward I|6024 ''King Edward I'']] (a [[Great Western Railway|GWR]] 'King' Class 4-6-0),<ref name="RMDec08p7">{{cite magazine|magazine=The Railway Magazine|issue=December 2008|page=7}}</ref> and [[60163 Tornado|60163 ''Tornado'']] (a new LNER-design Peppercorn A1 4-6-2).<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/7898633.stm|title=Royal couple name new steam train|date=19 February 2009|work=[[BBC News Online]]|accessdate=20 February 2009}}.</ref>

On 11 June 2002, the restored 6233 ''Duchess of Sutherland'' was the first steam locomotive to haul the Royal Train for 35 years,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2042694.stm|title=Jubilee tour diary: Wales walkabout|work=BBC News Online|date=13 June 2002|accessdate=10 November 2008}}</ref> transporting [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] on a tour to North Wales, from [[Holyhead]] to [[Llandudno Junction]], as part of [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|her Golden Jubilee]]. The trip also marked the 160th anniversary of the first Royal train in 1842.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedukeofyork.org/output/Page1400.asp|work=Insight Magazine|title=The Queen's Golden Jubilee Journal|publisher=www.thedukeofyork.org}}</ref>

On 22 March 2005 ''Duchess of Sutherland'' again hauled the Royal Train, the second time for a steam locomotive in 40 years, transporting [[Charles, Prince of Wales|the Prince of Wales]] from [[Settle, North Yorkshire|Settle]] to [[Carlisle railway station|Carlisle]] over the [[Settle-Carlisle Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/hrh_spends_a_day_in_cumbria_and_yorkshire_579.html|title=HRH spends a day in Cumbria and Yorkshire|publisher=www.princeofwales.gov.uk|date=22 March 2005|accessdate=10 November 2008}}</ref> The trip marked the 25th anniversary of the formation of the "Friends of the Settle and Carlisle" pressure group. On the trip, the Prince spent a 15-minute spell behind the controls of the locomotive.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4372693.stm|title=Prince Charles takes steam train|work=BBC News Online|date=22 March 2005|accessdate=10 November 2008}}</ref>

On 10 June 2008, 6024 ''King Edward I'' hauled the Royal Train, transporting the Prince of Wales and [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall|the Duchess of Cornwall]] on board, from [[Kidderminster Town railway station|Kidderminster Town]] to [[Bridgnorth railway station|Bridgnorth]], on a visit to the [[Severn Valley Railway]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressandstar.com/2008/06/09/prince-to-take-control-of-svr-train/|title=Prince to take control of SVR train|work=Wolverhampton Express and Star|date=9 June 2008|accessdate=10 November 2008}}</ref> Once again The Prince of Wales took the controls of the locomotive for a period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bewdleystation.co.uk/RoyalVisit2008.html|date=10 June 2008|title=The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall visited the Severn Valley Railway|publisher=Bewdley Station|accessdate=10 November 2008}}</ref>

On 19 February 2009 the Royal Train was hauled by the first standard-gauge steam locomotive to be built in Britain in over 40 years, [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado|60163 ''Tornado'']], an [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]]-design [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1|Peppercorn Class A1]] [[4-6-2]], with the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall on board, the Prince travelling in the cab.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk" />

On 4 February 2010, ''Tornado'' again hauled the Royal Train, taking the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall to the [[Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mosi.org.uk/about-us/news/tornado-pulls-royal-train-into-mosi|title=Tornado pulls Royal Train into MOSI|publisher=MOSI|accessdate=10 February 2010}}</ref>

On 24 January 2012, [[BR Standard Class 7 70000 Britannia|BR 70000 Britannia]] hauled the royal train took the Prince of Wales from [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] to [[Wakefield]] for a renaming ceremony to commemorate 70000's recent return to traffic after an overhaul.

On 11 July 2012, the Queen visited [[Worcester]] and the train was hauled by namesake locomotive [[LMS Princess Royal Class 6201 Princess Elizabeth|6201 Princess Elizabeth]]. This was also one of the locomotives considered for use during the queens tour of [[North Wales]] in 2002, although 6233 Duchess of Sutherland was eventually chosen for the trip from Newport to Hereford, and then from Worcester to Oxford.

On 23 July 2013, ''Tornado'' again hauled the Royal Train, taking the Prince of Wales from Kemble to Alnmouth.

==Royal Train carriages==

===Historic carriages===
The table below lists historic Royal Train carriages, from Britain and Ireland, in chronological order to 1977. Where a separate date is shown for building, the vehicle was converted rather than built new.

{{clear all}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Key:
|In service
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|Withdrawn
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved
|bgcolor=#98FB98|Returned to normal traffic
|bgcolor=#F4A460|Departmental use
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Scrapped
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Number(s)
!Introduced
!Original owner
!Withdrawn
!align=left|Notes on use
!align=left|Current location
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|2
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1842
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London and Birmingham Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1850
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Queen Adelaide's saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|- ([[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS]] 802)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1869
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London and North Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1902
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Queen Victoria]]'s saloon. Originally two vehicles until combined on one underframe in 1895.
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|229 / 9001
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1874
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Great Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1912
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Queen Victoria]]'s saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Small section at [[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|10
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1877
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London and South Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1925
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Prince of Wales' Saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Stoborough
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|8
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1881 (Built 1877)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Great Eastern Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1897 (To passenger stock)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Prince of Wales' Saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Embsay
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|17
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1887 (Built 1885)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London and South Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1913 (To passenger stock)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Bolton Abbey
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|153
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1897
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Belfast and County Down Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1924 (To passenger stock)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Irish Saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Downpatrick and County Down Railway]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|233 / 9002
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1897
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Great Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1930
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Diamond Jubilee train saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Swindon
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|234 / 9003
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1897
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Great Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1930
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Diamond Jubilee train saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Barry
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|5
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1898
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Great Eastern Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1925 (To departmental stock)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Princess of Wales' Saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Lakeside & Haverthwaite Railway
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1901 (Built 1898)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Great North of Scotland Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1910 (To passenger stock)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Bo'ness & Kinneil Railway
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|- ([[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS]] 800)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1902
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London and North Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1947
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Edward VII]]'s saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|- ([[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS]] 801)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1902
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London and North Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1947
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Queen Alexandra's saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|351
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1903
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Great Southern and Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1974 (as Irish State Coach)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Irish Saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Iarnród Éireann]] [[Inchicore]] Works
|-
|bgcolor=#CECECE|- ([[Coras Iompair Eireann|CIÉ]] 346)
|bgcolor=#CECECE|1903
|bgcolor=#CECECE|[[Midland Great Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Last used in 1932
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Irish Saloon
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Scrapped 1960s
|-
|bgcolor=#CECECE|72 / 5072 / 10504 / 804
|bgcolor=#CECECE|1903
|bgcolor=#CECECE|[[London and North Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#CECECE|1948
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Semi-Royal saloon, used by Winston Churchill during [[World War II]]
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Scrapped 1998
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|74 / 5074 / 10506 / 806
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1903
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London and North Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1971
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Semi-Royal saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Bluebell Railway
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|82 / 109
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1908
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[East Coast Joint Stock]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1977
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Royal Train brake van
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|395
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1908
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[East Coast Joint Stock]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1977
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Edward VII]]'s saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|396
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1908
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[East Coast Joint Stock]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1977
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Queen Alexandra's saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1910 / 809
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1912
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Midland Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1951 (To passenger stock)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[George V]]'s saloon. In passenger stock 1923–33, numbered 2795
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Midland Railway - Butterley]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|10070 / 5154
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1924 (Built 1905)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1977
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Staff car with generators in brake van
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[Shildon]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|10071 / 5155
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1924 (Built 1905)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1977
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Staff [[Couchette car|couchette]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[Shildon]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|798
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1941
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1977
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[George VI]]'s armoured saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Severn Valley Railway]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|799
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1941
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1977
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Queen Elizabeth's (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) armoured saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]
|-
|bgcolor=#CECECE|31209 / 2910
|bgcolor=#CECECE|1941
|bgcolor=#CECECE|[[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]
|bgcolor=#CECECE|1989
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Staff sleeper with generator, retained for post-1977 train
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Scrapped 1991
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|9006
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1945
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Great Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1984
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Queen Elizabeth's (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) Saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Midland Railway - Butterley]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|9007
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1945
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Great Western Railway]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1984
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Queen Elizabeth's (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) Saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|45000 / 2911
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1948 (Built 1920)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[British Rail]]ways
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1990
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Saloon, retained for post-1977 train
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[Midland Railway - Butterley]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|45005
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1948 (Built 1942)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[British Rail]]ways
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1977
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Saloon
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Fawley Hill
|-
|bgcolor=#CECECE|45006 / 2912
|bgcolor=#CECECE|1948 (Built 1942)
|bgcolor=#CECECE|[[British Rail]]ways
|bgcolor=#CECECE|1989
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Saloon, retained for post-1977 train
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Scrapped 1991
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|2900
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1955
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[British Rail]]ways
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1994
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Royal Family lounge, bedrooms and bathroom, retained for post-1977 train
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved, [[Fawley Hill Railway]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|499 / 2902
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1956
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[British Rail]]ways
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1994
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Royal Family dining car with kitchen, retained for post-1977 train
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved, [[Midland Railway - Butterley]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|2901
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1957
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[British Rail]]ways
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1994
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Royal Household office, bedrooms and bathrooms, retained for post-1977 train
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved, [[Bressingham Steam Museum]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|2013 / 2908
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|? (Built 1958)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[British Rail]]ways
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1984
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Staff sleeper, retained for post-1977 train
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved, [[Southall Railway Museum]]
|-
|bgcolor=#98FB98|325 / 2907
|bgcolor=#98FB98|? (Built 1961)
|bgcolor=#98FB98|[[British Rail]]ways
|bgcolor=#98FB98|1993 (To passenger stock)
|bgcolor=#98FB98|Staff dining car with kitchen, retained for post-1977 train
|bgcolor=#98FB98|In passenger stock as number 325
|}
[[File:Reddish Vale Viaduct 1905.jpg|thumb|The LNWR Royal Train travels over the [[Reddish Vale|Reddish Vale Viaduct]] in 1905.]]

===Fleet from 1977===
In 1977, the Royal Train was considerably changed to update it for use during [[Elizabeth II]]'s Silver Jubilee celebrations. A number of new carriages were added to the train, and old ones either refurbished or withdrawn. Since this time all Royal Train vehicles have been painted Royal Claret and numbered in a dedicated series commencing at 2900.

The new 1977 vehicles were converted [[British Rail Mark 3|Mark 3]] carriages originally built for the prototype [[InterCity 125|High Speed Train]] (HST) in the early 1970s. The new formation has a higher maximum speed, depending on the locomotive, an important factor if slots are to be found for the train on crowded main lines.

Following the [[wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer]] on 29 July 1981, the honeymoon royal train configuration was formed with inspection saloon [[975025 Caroline|975025 ''Caroline'']].<ref name="rhc-howard">{{cite report|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/rhc/downloads/RHC_Annual_Report_2008-09.pdf|title=Artefacts Sub-committee|authorlink1=Howard Newby|first1=Howard|last1=Newby|author2=Railway Heritage Committee|pages=7, 9|work=Annual Report 2008–2009|date=12 October 2009|accessdate=21 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="designation">{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/rhc/news.asp?id=158|title=Designation of 'Caroline' – 12.12.08|date=13 March 2009|accessdate=21 June 2012|author=Railway Heritage Committee|work=News|publisher=Department for Transport}}</ref>

The table below lists all the vehicles used in the fleet since 1977 in numerical order.

{| class="wikitable"
!Key:
|In service
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|Withdrawn
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved
|bgcolor=#98FB98|Returned to normal traffic
|bgcolor=#F4A460|Departmental use
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Scrapped
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Previous numbers
!Converted
!align=left|Intended use
!align=left|Current location
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|2900
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|New (1955)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Royal Family lounge, bedrooms and bathroom
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved, [[Fawley Hill Railway]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|2901
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|New (1957)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Royal Household office, bedrooms and bathrooms
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved, [[Bressingham Steam Museum]]
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|2902
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|499
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|New (1956)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Royal Family dining car with kitchen; renumbered 1977
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved, [[Midland Railway - Butterley]]
|-
|2903
|[[British Rail Class 252|11001]]
|1977
|HM The Queen's lounge, bedroom and bathroom
|In service
|-
|2904
|[[British Rail Class 252|12001]]
|1977
|HRH The Duke of Edinburgh's lounge, bedroom and bathroom
|In service
|-
|bgcolor=#98FB98|2905
|bgcolor=#98FB98|14105
|bgcolor=#98FB98|1977
|bgcolor=#98FB98|Royal Household [[Couchette car|couchette]], diesel generator & brake van
|bgcolor=#98FB98|Returned to ordinary passenger stock, 17105
|-
|bgcolor=#F4A460|2906
|bgcolor=#F4A460|14112
|bgcolor=#F4A460|1977
|bgcolor=#F4A460|Royal Household couchette
|bgcolor=#F4A460|To departmental service, 977969
|-
|bgcolor=#98FB98|2907
|bgcolor=#98FB98|325
|bgcolor=#98FB98|1977
|bgcolor=#98FB98|Royal Household dining car with kitchen
|bgcolor=#98FB98|Returned to ordinary passenger stock, 325
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|2908
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|2013
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|1977
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Royal Household sleeper
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved, [[Southall Railway Museum]]
|-
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|2909
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|2500
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|1981
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|Royal Household sleeper
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|Withdrawn, [[West Coast Railway Company]], [[Carnforth]]
|-
|bgcolor=#CECECE|2910
|bgcolor=#CECECE|M31209M
|bgcolor=#CECECE|New (1941)
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Royal Household sleeper, generator & brake van; renumbered 1983
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Scrapped (1991)
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|2911
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|[[London and North Western Railway|LNWR]] 5000, M45000M
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|New (1920)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Special saloon; renumbered 1983
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|Preserved, [[Midland Railway - Butterley]]
|-
|bgcolor=#CECECE|2912
|bgcolor=#CECECE|M45006M
|bgcolor=#CECECE|New (1942)
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Special saloon; renumbered 1983
|bgcolor=#CECECE|Scrapped (1991)
|-
|bgcolor=#98FB98|2914
|bgcolor=#98FB98|10734
|bgcolor=#98FB98|1985
|bgcolor=#98FB98|Royal Household sleeping car
|bgcolor=#98FB98|Returned to ordinary passenger stock, 10734
|-
|2915
|10735
|1985
|Royal Household sleeping car
|In service
|-
|2916
|40512
|1986
|Royal Family dining car with kitchen
|In service
|-
|2917
|40514
|1986
|Royal Household dining car with kitchen
|In service
|-
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|2918
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|40515
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|1986
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|Royal Household car
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|Stored
|-
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|2919
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|40518
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|1986
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|Royal Household car
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|Stored
|-
|2920
|14109, 17109
|1986
|Royal Household couchette, diesel generator & brake van
|In service
|-
|2921
|14107, 17107
|1986
|Royal Household couchette, kitchen & brake van
|In service
|-
|2922
| –
|New (1987)
|HRH The Prince of Wales's sleeping car
|In service
|-
|2923
| –
|New (1987)
|HRH The Prince of Wales's saloon
|In service
|-
|}

==Royal Train use==
[[File:Beeston-railway-station-royal-train-67026-nottingham-visit-20120613.jpg|thumb|left|Typical 8-carriage royal train configuration of 2921, 2903, 2916, 2922, 2923, 2917, 2915, 2920 between [[top and tail]] royal [[British Rail Class 67|Class 67]]s during 2012.]]
{| class="wikitable" border="1" align="right"
|+ ''Royal Train Use''
|-
!year !! end !! trips !! miles/trip !! Cost/year
|-
|2011 || 31 March 2011 || 14 || 931 || £900,000
|-
|2010 || 31 March 2010 || 19 || 751 || £1,000,000
|-
|2009 || 31 March 2009 || 14 || 696 || £800,000
|-
|2008 || 31 March 2008 || 19 || 755 || £900,000
|-
|2007 || 31 March 2007 || 11 || 655 || £700,000
|-
|2006 || 31 March 2006 || 14 || 700 || £600,000
|-
|2005 || 31 March 2005 || 19 || 691 || £700,000
|-
|2004 || 31 March 2004 || 18 || 736 || £800,000
|}

Although this type of travel is expensive compared to scheduled services, the train enables members of the Royal Family to carry out busy schedules over an extended period, in a secure environment that minimises disruption and inconvenience to the public and provides accommodation and office facilities. On at least one occasion, The Prince of Wales has conducted a dinner meeting on board the train. Some members of Parliament have argued that the Royal Train, like the Royal Yacht, is an expensive under-used relic. However, the train is recognised as being a very secure way for the nonagenarian queen to complete overnight trips. The cost of the Royal Train when it was introduced in 1977 for The Queen's [[Silver Jubilee]] was £1.9 million (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|1900000|1977|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK}} and has since been considerably reduced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2235681.stm |title=Royal train's inside story | work=BBC News | date=4 September 2002 | accessdate=31 December 2009}}</ref> [[Edward Leigh]], the Conservative chairman of the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee, said the Royal Train was twice as expensive as using air travel but hardly luxurious. He said, "It's a rather Formica-laminated affair. I don't think it's that grand or that comfortable." It appears that much of the public that has a sentimental view of the train and would like to see it used for the [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Diamond Jubilee]] in June 2012 after its use for the [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Silver Jubilee]] and the [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden Jubilee]].

In the [[financial year]] 2011 the Royal Train was used for 14 trips, averaging 931 miles. Ten trips were by The Prince of Wales, and four by The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh. Nineteen nights were spent on the train during the course of the 14 trips. To control costs, Parliament permits the Royal Train to be used only by The Queen with The Duke of Edinburgh, or The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall.

==See also==
* [[Royal train]]
* [[Air transport of the Royal Family and government of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Royal yacht]]
* [[Official state car]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|British Royal Train}}
* [http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalHousehold/Transport/TheRoyalTrain.aspx About the British Royal Train from HM Website]
* [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1078707/Inside-Queens-travelling-bedroom-mobile-home-home.html Inside the Queen's travelling bedroom mobile home (extensive photos)]
* [http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Royal-Express-is-more-Pizza.2323888.jp ''Royal Express is more Pizza than Orient ''], a description of the fixtures and fittings from [[The Scotsman]], 2002
* [http://www.derbysulzers.com/royaltrain.html Details of Royal Train diesel workings from 1968 to 1984]
* [http://www.flickr.com/search/groups/?w=2031425%40N22&m=pool&q=Royal+Train+UK Flickr Group : "Clerestory Coaches (Railways)" ] with pictures of many historical UK Royal coaches, of Clerestory design. The wider collection includes coaches used from some Royal ovserseas tours, together with many other countries' Royal and Presidential trains, including many built during the 19th Century.

[[Category:British Rail coaching stock]]
[[Category:British monarchy]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Great Britain]]
[[Category:DB Schenker Rail (UK)]]
[[Category:Deutsche Bahn]]
[[Category:Royal vehicles]]
[[Category:Rail transport of heads of state]]
[[Category:British Royal Family]]

Computer Originated World

2016-03-13T11:16:29Z

Teflon: /* BBC World Service Television */

{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=March 2012}}
{{notability|date=March 2012}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}

[[File:BBC One Computer Originated World.jpg|thumb|right|The Computer Originated World as seen on BBC1]]
[[File:bbc-computer-originated-world-uncoloured-half-rotation.gif|thumb|right|143px|The uncoloured frames were only sufficient for a 180-degree rotation of the globe; at this point the colours applied for front and back were switched and mirrored to create the remaining 180 degrees]]
The '''Computer Originated World''' (COW) was the method of creating the [[BBC One|BBC1]] symbol that was used between 18 February 1985 and 16 February 1991. It was later used by the international, commercial television service [[BBC World Service Television]] from its launch until c. 1994.

==BBC1==

===Launch===
The Computer Originated World replaced the previous [[Noddy (camera)|''Noddy'' globe symbols]] at 7 pm on 18 February 1985. The globe was created by the [[BBC]] graphics and [[BBC]] [[computer]] departments and work began in 1983. The need to replace the ''Noddy'' globes came about as the globes were the only mechanically produced idents around on television, as more and more television companies started to use computer graphics, made popular by the launch of [[Channel 4]]. The COW was originally planned to launch on 1 January 1985, but [[Michael Grade]], then controller of [[BBC One|BBC1]], delayed the launch to coincide with a larger schedule change that resulted in the soap [[EastEnders]], and updated and renewed [[BBC Weather|weather]] graphics. This launch was hoped to reinvent BBC1 following ratings slide and ever increasing competition from their commercial rivals at [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]].<ref name="625 COW"/><ref name=TVARK1985>{{cite web|last=Luxton|first=Simon|title=BBC One 1985 Idents|url=http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/bbcone/1985_idents.html|publisher=TVARK|accessdate=19 September 2011}} Contains video of the idents.</ref>

The globe itself launched at 7 pm on 18 February, introducing one of the new flagship programmes: [[Wogan]] a chat show hosted by [[Terry Wogan]] and featuring a variety of guests. The old ''Noddy'' globe had been used throughout the day until the 7 pm launch.<ref name=TVARK1985/>

===Components of look===
The Computer Originated World itself is a semi-transparent blue globe with golden continents and gold "BBC1" legend located below the globe in a font similar to that used in the early days of the [[BBC]]. The globe revolved at a steady pace throughout, and had the effect of a spotlight added to the surface. The continents were placed in such a way that the continents appeared to float on the water. The caption had the option of displaying the legend 'Ceefax 888' in reference to the subtitles available with the programme. Regional variations also included a legend with the region name, also in gold, below the BBC1 legend. The globe was generated when needed by the computer programme located in a metal box. This box had switches on the front that could turn the BBC1 caption, regional caption and subtitles caption on and off, as these elements were added later. These generators were delivered to all 11 regions and installed before Christmas 1984.<ref name="625 COW">{{cite web|title=BBC1 1985|url=http://www.625.uk.com/tv_logos/bbc1_85.htm|publisher=625: Andrew Wiseman's Television Room|accessdate=19 September 2011}}</ref><ref name=TVARK1985/><ref name=BBCeng>{{cite web|title=Bright New World|url=http://www.bbceng.info/Designs/designs_technology/new_world.htm|publisher=BBC Engineering|accessdate=19 September 2011}}</ref>

The look also featured an altered clock face to that used previously. This clock was once again electronic, but was changed to a black background, blue counters and gold hands to match the ident. The updated BBC1 legend also featured below the clock. The nations of [[BBC Scotland|Scotland]], [[BBC Cymru Wales|Wales]] and [[BBC Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] and the sole English Region; the [[BBC West Midlands|West Midlands]] did receive their own variations of the clock, however it is not believed that any other [[BBC English Regions|English Regions]] received their own variations. A notable occlusion of the look, was that the network BBC One clock didn't have a centre dot; this was never rectified throughout the run of the clock, however the dot was present on regional variations.<ref name=TVARK1985/>

The new look also marked a change in programme slide design. These new slides featured the BBC1 legend upright and sideways in a black sidebar to the left of the screen. The remainder of the screen featured a picture of the programme and the programme name located at the bottom. However, the programme slides were still optically developed. This was changed in 1986 when the introduction of [[Quantel Paintbox]] allowed captions to be created digitally. The design was altered slightly with the BBC1 legend made more textured, slightly smaller and moved to the bottom of the screen. The font was also changed to Optima, with text remaining in the same position. All this would now be located over the image rather than separate from it.<ref name=TVARK1985C>{{cite web|last=Luxton|first=Simon|title=BBC1 1985 Continuity|url=http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/bbcone/1985_continuity.html|publisher=TVARK|accessdate=19 September 2011}}</ref>

Promotions were not uniform, but were based on a seasonal scheme before being replaced. The promotions usually didn't contain any channel branding but would occasionally feature parts of the BBC1 legend in the design.<ref name=TVARK1985C/>

=== Christmas idents ===

During Christmas times, the '1' and the globe was altered into a variety of guises. One was made for each year the ident was in existence, None were used by BBC Scotland.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Air dates !! Description
|-
| ''Red Robin'' || Christmas 1985 || This ident had the new ‘BBC1’ logo in a snowy landscape with a [[European robin|robin]] sitting on it fluttering its wings, with another robin rotating around the logo. Two versions were made: one for day-time and one for night-time. This was the last mechanical ident produced for the channel. The ident was accompanied by hand animated promotional trails featuring the robins. The robins were famously detonated by [[Noel Edmonds]] on his programme, ''[[The Late, Late Breakfast Show]]'' on 4 January 1986.
|-
| ''Cartoon 1'' || Christmas 1986 || A cartoon smiling [[Christmas tree]] in a forest, with the ‘BBC1’ logo in front of it, and holly dancing around it. The ident was designed by a viewer following a [[CBBC|Children's BBC]] competition.
|-
| ''Cartoon 2'' || Christmas 1987 || A cartoon graphic reading ''BBC Christmas 1'' made up of various [[Christmas]] motifs such as various presents, a candle, holly and ribbons. The short animation was designed to tie into the end of promotions. Promotional style featured a panning view into a child's nursery, before a bag falls, pouring out streamers and ribbons. This streamer animation would be played at the end of the promotion to link into the ident. It was designed by Bernard Newnham.
|-
| ''A Partridge in a Pear Tree'' || Christmas 1988 || A partridge flies onto a mountain of pears and sits on them, with the ‘BBC1’ logo superimposed on top. Two versions were made one for day-time and one for night-time. At the end of each day the partridge would fly away again.
|-
| ''Spinning Top'' || Christmas 1989 || The globe is a spinning top, spinning at the bottom of a [[Christmas tree]] with a ribbon around with the ‘BBC1’ logo on it. Again linked in with end promotions, which would link in by means of a toy train passing in front of the screen.
|-
| ''Pop-up Book'' || Christmas 1990 || The globe appears superimposed on a face on the cover of a pop-up book about magic. The introduction sequence and promotions all featured the book opening and a wizard dancing round casting magic upon a variety of objects, often with a time feel, such as a large clock face and hour glass. This was the last Christmas ident not to have corporate branding.
|}<ref name=TVARK1991>{{cite web|last=Luxton|first=Simon|title=1991 Idents|url=http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/bbcone/1991_idents.html|publisher=TVARK|accessdate=19 September 2011}}</ref>

==BBC World Service Television==

===Components of look===
[[File:BBC_World_Service_TV_Computer_Originated_World.png|thumb|right|Computer Originated World as seen on BBC World Service Television]]

Upon the launch of [[BBC World Service Television]] in 1991 to replace [[BBC TV Europe]], the channel reused the COW symbol. Technically, the globe itself remained the same with changes made only to presentational style and the caption below the globe and the whole look being brought into line with corporate branding at the time.<ref name=YouTube1>{{cite web|title=BBC WSTV|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UX4yD7DJhMU|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=19 September 2011}} Video of BBC WSTV continuity.</ref><ref name=YouTube2>{{cite web|title=BBC WSTV Part 2|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=henrdyozbzQ&NR=1|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=19 September 2011}} Video of BBC WSTV continuity.</ref>

The ident itself was modified with the caption beneath showing a [[Logo of the BBC#1986|BBC corporate logo]], with the slanted legend 'World Service Television' beneath, in the same style as used for regional variations of the [[BBC One 'Virtual Globe' ident|BBC1 ident at the time]]. No clock accompanied the look, due to the various time zones used around the world, with serious or news programming being introduced by the globe.<ref name=YouTube1/><ref name=YouTube2/>

Presentational style mirrored by that used on BBC1 and [[BBC Two '1991-2001' idents|2]] at the time, and featured a static globe, positioned with Britain, [[Europe]] and [[Africa]] in view, with BBC logo beneath located in the top left corner of the screen. The logo was present throughout the presentation. Static captions also featured this globe symbol in the top left corner, located in a sidebar of generic lines, with programme title overlaid the image at the bottom of the screen. The station was also unusual, in the fact that it had a static, [[opacity (optics)|opaque]] permanent [[digital on-screen graphic]] (DOG) of the BBC logo in the top right corner of the screen.<ref name=YouTube1/><ref name=YouTube2/>

The look appears to have been dropped [[circa]] 1994.

===Replacement===
The look on BBC World Service Television was dropped in favour of a look consisting entirely of real and fake flags on the screen, with a single large [[Logo of the BBC#1986|BBC logo]] in centre screen. This was to emphasise the role that news played on the channel, and to associate itself more closely as a news channel, rather than BBC1. This is primarily evident, as the look was re-used for that purpose upon the channel's split into [[BBC World]], as well as the original [[BBC Arabic Television]].

==See also==
{{portal|BBC|1980s|1990s}}
* [[Noddy (camera)]]
* [[BBC One 'Virtual Globe' ident]]
* [[BBC World Service Television]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.625.uk.com/tv_logos/bbc1_85.htm A full, technical account of how the COW was brought to life]
* [http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/bbcone/1985_idents.html BBC One 'COW Globe' Ident at TV Ark]
* [http://www.bbceng.info/Designs/designs_technology/new_world.htm An extremely technical account of how the COW worked, BBC Engineering]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UX4yD7DJhMU YouTube video featuring the World Service TV variation]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=henrdyozbzQ&NR=1 YouTube video featuring WSTV continuity]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Noddy (camera)|BBC One 'Noddy' Globe idents]] |
title=[[BBC television idents]] |
years=18 February 1985 – 16 February 1991 |
after=[[BBC One 'Virtual Globe' ident]] |
}}
{{s-end}}

{{BBC}}
{{BBC Television}}
{{BBC Ident}}

[[Category:BBC Television]]
[[Category:Television presentation in the United Kingdom]]

File:BBC World Service TV Computer Originated World.png

2016-03-13T11:15:16Z

Teflon: Uploading a non-free work, as object of commentary using File Upload Wizard

==Summary==
{{Non-free use rationale 2
|Description = Part of the former ident sequence from the television channel BBC World Service TV
|Source = Screen capture from output of Computer Originated World hardware generator
|Author = BBC / Richard T Russell
|Article = Computer Originated World
|Purpose = To support encyclopedic discussion of this work in this article. The illustration is specifically needed to support the following point(s): 
BBC World Service TV version of OWL
|Replaceability = n.a.
|Minimality = Unusual variation of subject of article
|Commercial = n.a.
}}

==Licensing==
{{Non-free fair use in}}
{{Category ordered by date|Non-free files uploaded as object of commentary|2016|03|13}}

Kensal Rise railway station

2016-01-21T10:47:34Z

Teflon: adding details of lift

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{distinguish|Kensal Green station}}
{{Infobox London station
| name = Kensal Rise
| image_name = Kensal Rise railway station MMB 03.jpg
| locale = [[Kensal Green]]
| borough = [[London Borough of Brent]]
| manager = [[London Overground]]
| owner = [[Network Rail]]
| symbol = overground
| gridref = TQ235832
| railcode = KNR
| platforms = 2
| fare_zone = 2

| railexits0809 = {{decrease}} 0.767
| railexits0910 = {{decrease}} 0.731
| railexits1011 = {{increase}} 1.154
| railexits1112 = {{increase}} 1.746
| railexits1213 = {{increase}} 2.231
| railexits1314 = {{increase}} 2.771
| latitude = 51.5342
| longitude = -0.2208
| events1 = Opened
| years1 = 1873
| access = yes
| access_note = (Westbound only)<ref>{{citation step free tube map}}</ref>
| dft_category = E
}}
'''Kensal Rise''' is a [[London Overground]] station on the [[North London Line]] on Chamberlayne Road, [[Kensal Rise]] in north-west [[London]]. The station is in [[Travelcard Zone 2]].

==History==
It opened in 1873 as ''Kensal Green'', replacing [[Kensal Green & Harlesden railway station]] which opened in 1861 at the crossing of Green Lane (later Wrottesley Road), lying in between the present station and [[Willesden Junction]]. The present station was renamed Kensal Rise in 1890.<ref>{{cite book|title=London Railway Atlas|author=Joe Brown|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> It is close to the newer {{LUL stations|station=Kensal Green}} station built on the [[Watford DC Line]] in 1916. Both stations are now served by [[London Overground]] (since late 2007), though Kensal Green is managed by [[London Underground]], being additionally served by the [[Bakerloo line]].

==Services==
Kensal Rise currently has the following [[London Overground]] (North London Line) services, which is operated by [[British Rail Class 378|Class 378]] trainsets.

Off-peck:
*6tph to [[Stratford station|Stratford]]
*4tph to [[Richmond (London) station|Richmond]]<ref name=NLL/WLLtimetable>[https://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/richmond-and-clapham-junction-to-stratford-timetable-december-2014.pdf Richmond/Clapham Junction to Stratford timetable (Remove %7c from the URL if the page is said not to be found)]</ref>
*2tph to [[Clapham Junction station|Clapham Junction]]<ref name=NLL/WLLtimetable />

==Connections==
[[London Buses]] routes [[London Buses route 6|6]], [[London Buses route 28|28]], [[London Buses route 52|52]], [[London Buses route 187|187]], [[London Buses route 302|302]] and [[London Buses route 452|452]] serve the station.

==Accessibility==
'''Kensal Rise''' became fully step-free in November 2015, with the addition of a lift.<ref>[https://twitter.com/ldnoverground/status/662635250623897600|Tweet by London Overground]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kensal Green station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Kensal Rise railway station}}
* [http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/xls/station_usage_2005-06.xls Excel file displaying National Rail station usage information for 2005/06]
{{stn art lnk|KNR|NW105RT}}

{{s-start|noclear=yes}}
{{s-rail|title=LOG}}
{{s-line|system=LOG|line=North London|previous=Willesden Junction|next=Brondesbury Park}}
{{s-end}}

{{London Overground navbox|Serving=y|NLL=y}}
{{Transport in London}}
{{UK railway stations}}

[[Category:Former London and North Western Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Brent]]
[[Category:Railway stations opened in 1873]]
[[Category:Railway stations served by London Overground]]

{{London-railstation-stub}}

London Overground

2016-01-21T10:44:43Z

Teflon: /* Stations */ Kensal Rise now step free in both directions, as per https://twitter.com/ldnoverground/status/662635250623897600

{{distinguish|London Underground}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox public transit
|name = London Overground
|image = Overground roundel.svg
|imagesize = 150px
|image2 = Unit 378005 at Canonbury.jpg
|caption2 = A London Overground class 378 train at {{stn| Canonbury}}
|imagesize2 = 300px
|owner = [[Transport for London]] (TfL)
|locale = [[Greater London]]; [[Hertfordshire]], UK
|transit_type = [[Suburban rail]] & [[Commuter rail]] [[Rapid transit]]
|lines = 9 (1 owned)
|stations = 112 (10 owned)
|annual_ridership = 135 million (2014 routes)<ref>[http://www.lorol.co.uk/go/about-us]</ref>
|website = {{url|www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/london-overground/}}
|began_operation = 11 November 2007
|operator = Operated by [[London Overground Rail Operations|LOROL]] under contract to TfL, 11 November 2007–2016
|marks = LO ([[National Rail]])
|system_length = {{convert|123.6|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}
|track_gauge = 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in) [[Standard gauge|Standard]]
|el = 25 kV AC [[overhead lines]] 750 V DC [[third rail]]
|map=[[File:London Overground map sb.svg|300px]]
|map_state = show
}}

The '''London Overground''' (also known as '''the Overground''') is a [[Urban rail in the United Kingdom|suburban rail]] network in the United Kingdom. Established in 2007,<ref name="TfL">{{Cite press release|title= Introducing London Overground – a new era for London Rail |publisher= [[Transport for London]] |date =5 September 2006 |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3489.html |accessdate =10 June 2011}}</ref> it serves a large part of [[Greater London]] and parts of [[Hertfordshire]], with 112 stations  on several routes. The network is operated by [[London Overground Rail Operations]] (LOROL) under the [[Rail franchising in Great Britain|franchise]] control and branding of [[Transport for London]] (TfL). The Overground is coloured orange on the [[Tube map]].

==History==
===Background===
{{refimprove section|date=July 2015}}
[[File:London Overground as a circle.svg|float|right|thumb|250px|Unofficial London Overground circular representation]]

Rail services in [[Rail transport in Great Britain|Great Britain]] are mostly run under [[Rail franchising in Great Britain|franchises]] operated by private train operating companies, marketed together as National Rail.

The concept of developing a network of orbital services around London goes back to the independently produced Ringrail proposals in the early 1970s. Some of these were evaluated in the London Rail Study of 1974 (The Barren Report) and Barren suggested consideration of a North London Network of orbital services, based on a later suggestion by the Ringrail Group, which involved using many existing rail routes, rather than new construction suggested in earlier drafts of the Ringrail Plan.

The proposal from Barren was for several overlapping services mainly using the North London Line, generally at 20-minute intervals. The suggested routes followed the original North London Line service from Broad Street to Richmond, and new services from Barking to Clapham Junction, and a third service from Ealing Broadway to North Woolwich. However, the continuing antipathy to the railways from the third Wilson government,{{cn|date=July 2015}} along with the lack of interest in minor local train services by British Railways' management, meant that few of these initiatives were carried forward.

In 1979, the then GLC decided to sponsor an improved service from Camden Road, on the North London Line, to North Woolwich, opening up a previously freight-only line between Dalston and Stratford and linking it to an improved Stratford – North Woolwich service. This was given the marketing name 'Cross Town Link-Line', and operated with basic 2-car diesel units.

The next initiative came from the GLC in 1984, when the Thatcher Government supported the Broadgate development that would entail the demolition of Broad Street Station. The closure process was convoluted because of problems in making alternative arrangements for the North London Line, and the remaining services operating from Watford to the City. These would eventually run to and from Liverpool Street via a new section of track, the Graham Road Curve.

Nevertheless, the new Richmond to North Woolwich service quickly settled down, but the then British Rail made a serious management error replacing the existing 3-car {{brc|501}} electric trains (built 1957<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haresnape |first1=Brian |last2=Swain |first2=Alec |title=British Rail Fleet Survey 10: Third Rail DC Electric Multiple-Units |year=1989 |publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing|Ian Allan]] |location=Shepperton |isbn=0-7110-1760-3 |page=40 |ref=harv }}</ref>) with slightly newer but shorter 2-car {{brc|416}} electric trains (built 1959<ref>{{harvnb|Haresnape|Swain|1989|p=34}}</ref>), that quickly became overcrowded. In 1988, by reorganising and reducing services on the Great Northern routes from Moorgate, about 18 relatively modern {{brc|313}} dual-voltage electric trains were transferred to operate the North London and Watford services, from both Euston and Liverpool Street.

Several voluntary sector groups, the Railway Development Society (RDS), later Railfuture, Transport 2000's then London groups, and the Capital Transport Campaign, launched a series of leaflets and briefings promoting a concept called Outer Circle. This used a name once associated with a semicircular service that operated from Broad Street to Mansion House, but ceased during World War 1.

The pamphlets and briefings, first issued in 1997, initially suggested a route from Clapham Junction to the Greenwich Peninsula, intended to improve access from south London to the Millennium Dome. However, this was thwarted by architect [[Richard Rogers]]{{fact|date=July 2015}} who considered a railway route on an elevated viaduct could cause 'community severance'{{fact|date=July 2015}} and so the Victorian brick viaduct was demolished. Nothing further happened to develop this network until after the new GLA was set up in 2000. But the lobbying discreetly continued with a series of short briefings published by one RDS member based in North London. Mayoral and GLA candidates were approached to discuss the viability of the Outer Circle concept. The principle was widely supported and was adopted into the first Mayor's Transport Plan, published in 2001.

Meanwhile, a pilot scheme was launched in 2003 to bring several National Rail local services, mainly in South London and operated by [[:Category:Railway operators in London|multiple companies]], under the [[Overground Network|ON – Overground Network]] brand. TfL introduced consistent information displays, station signage and maps on the selected routes in South London. Although this pilot was primarily an exercise in branding, some service improvements were introduced, and it was the first instance of the newly created TfL having a visible influence over National Rail services. The pilot scheme was later dropped.

In January 2004 the [[Department for Transport]] announced a review of the rail industry in Great Britain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers/rail/ |title=The Future of Rail – White Paper CM 6233 |publisher=Department for Transport |accessdate=25 August 2008 |date=15 July 2004 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080517104052/http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers/rail/ |archivedate = 17 May 2008}}</ref> As part of that review, proposals were put forward by TfL for a "London Regional Rail Authority" to give TfL regulatory powers over rail services in and around Greater London.<ref name="LRRA">{{Cite press release |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/4359.html |title=Bob Kiley outlines proposals for London Regional Rail Authority |date=23 March 2004 |publisher=Transport for London |accessdate=26 June 2011}}</ref>

A result of this consultation was agreement by the then Secretary of State for Transport, Alistair Darling, to transfer part of the [[Silverlink|Silverlink Metro Group of services]] rail franchise to TfL control.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alwaystouchout.com/project/66 |title=London Rail Authority |date=7 September 2006 |publisher=AlwaysTouchOut.com|accessdate=25 August 2008}}</ref>

Silverlink had two areas of operation: Silverlink County regional services from {{Stnlnk|Euston}} to {{Stnlnk|Northampton}}, {{Stnlnk|St Albans Abbey}}, {{Stnlnk|Bletchley}} and {{Stnlnk|Bedford}}; and Silverlink Metro within the London urban area. When the franchise was split up in 2007, County services were taken over by the [[London Midland]] franchise,<ref>{{Cite press release |url= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/passenger/franchises/wmfranchise |title=New trains and more services for the Midlands |date=21 June 2007 |publisher= Department for Transport}}</ref> and the Metro services came under TfL control. TfL decided to let this franchise as a management contract, with TfL taking the revenue risk.

===Initial announcements===
On 20 February 2006, the Department for Transport announced that TfL would take over management of services then provided by [[Silverlink|Silverlink Metro]].<ref name="hansard2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo060214/wmstext/60214m11.htm#60214m11.html_spmin1|title=Silverlink Metro|last=Darling|first=Alistair |date=14 February 2006|publisher=Hansard|accessdate=25 August 2008}}</ref> Tenders were invited to operate the service under the provisional name of the [[North London Railway]]. On 5 September 2006, London Overground branding was announced, and it was confirmed that the extended East London Line would be included.

===Launch===
[[File:London Overground 2007.png|thumb|left|Initial London Overground network from November 2007 (orange) and the East London line in 2010 (light orange).<ref name="2007networkmap">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/London-Overground-Network-map.pdf |title=London Overground network map |year=2007 |publisher=Transport for London |accessdate=21 August 2008}}</ref>]]
On 11 November 2007, TfL took over the franchise for ''[[North London Railway]]'' routes, formerly Silverlink Metro.

The official launch ceremony was on 12 November 2007 at [[Hampstead Heath railway station|Hampstead Heath station]] by the [[Mayor of London]], [[Ken Livingstone]], with a later media event on the bay platform at {{LUL stations|station=Willesden Junction}}.

The launch was accompanied by a marketing campaign entitled "London's new train set", with posters and leaflets carrying an image of [[Rail transport modelling|model railway]] packaging containing new Overground trains, tracks and staff.<ref name="trainset">{{Cite web |url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/guide-to-london-overground.pdf |title = London's new train set |accessdate =11 November 2007 |publisher=Transport for London|date= January 2008 |format=leaflet | archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5tq1jQ4VF | archivedate=29 October 2010}}</ref>

At the launch, TfL undertook to revamp the routes by improving service frequencies, staffing all stations, improving station facilities, introducing new rolling stock and allowing [[Oyster card (pay as you go) on National Rail|Oyster pay as you go]] throughout the network from the outset.<ref name="buildingLO">{{Cite web |url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/creating-london-overground.pdf |title = Creating London Overground |accessdate =11 November 2007 |publisher=Transport for London |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080409100949/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/creating-london-overground.pdf | archivedate = 9 April 2008 |year= 2007|format=leaflet}}</ref>

All stations were "deep-cleaned"<ref name="all change">{{cite web |work=The Londoner |title=All Change |date=November 2007 | publisher=Greater London Authority |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/07nov/p8a.jsp?nav=around |accessdate=4 November 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071214050502/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/07nov/p8a.jsp?nav=around  |archivedate = 14 December 2007}}</ref> following the TfL takeover, and Silverlink branding removed. Station signage was replaced with Overground-branded signs using TfL's corporate [[Johnston (typeface)|New Johnston]] typeface.<ref name="buildingLO"/><ref name="all change" />

On 15 April 2009 the North London Line platforms at {{LUL stations|station=Stratford}} moved to new high-level platforms 1 & 2 from low-level platforms 1 & 2, the latter being needed for the DLR's [[Stratford International station|Stratford International]] service. Platforms 1 & 2 comprise an island platform with step-free access to platform 12 and subway links to platforms 3–11.<ref>[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/livetravelnews/realtime/rail/London-Overground-Stratford-leaflet.pdf London Overground: Stratford Platform Changes] (Information leaflet, TfL January 2009)</ref>

On 27 September 2009, [[Imperial Wharf railway station|Imperial Wharf station]] opened on the West London Line, between {{LUL stations|station=West Brompton}} and {{Stnlnk|Clapham Junction}}.

===East London Line extension===
{{Main|East London Line}}
[[File:Overground Shoreditch bridge AB2.JPG|thumb|200px|The new Overground rail bridge is lowered into place over Shoreditch High Street]]
On 27 April 2010, the East London Line became part of the London Overground network when the Phase 1 extension was completed.<ref name="ell-april2010">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8620188.stm |title=East London line officially opens |date=27 April 2010 |work=BBC News |location= London |accessdate=2 April 2010}}</ref> The former London Underground line was extended northwards, mostly along the former [[Broad Street railway station (London)|Broad Street]] viaduct of the North London Line, to the re-opened {{Stnlnk|Dalston Junction}}, and southwards to {{Stnlnk|Crystal Palace}} and [[West Croydon station|West Croydon]].

Operations began with a limited preview service between Dalston Junction and New Cross/New Cross Gate,<ref name="new_era">{{Cite press release |title=New era of rail travel as London Overground's east London route opens to the public |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/15358.aspx |accessdate=26 June 2011 |publisher=Transport for London |date=27 April 2010}}</ref> with full operation between Dalston Junction and West Croydon/Crystal Palace on 23 May.<ref name="bbc_full_service">{{Cite news |title= Full service begins on newly extended East London Line |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8699262.stm |accessdate=27 May 2010 |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2010}}</ref> On 28 February 2011, the line between Dalston Junction and Highbury & Islington was opened. In attendance were the [[Mayor of London]], [[Boris Johnson]], and [[London Underground]]'s Managing Director, Mike Brown. TfL said in November 2010 that ridership was ahead of forecast at 92,000 a day, and that patronage at Surrey Quays had "gone through the roof".<ref name="champion">{{cite news |author=Abbott, James |title=Overground champion bows out |work =Modern Railways |location =London |date=December 2010 |page=48}}</ref>

The incorporation of the East London Line into the Overground network has added substantial sections of line in tunnel, including the historic [[Thames Tunnel]], the oldest tunnel under a navigable river in the world. A peculiarity is that at {{LUL stations|station=Whitechapel}} the London Overground runs below the London Underground (though there are other parts of the network where this occurs, e.g.: the [[Watford DC Line|Watford Junction to Euston route]] between [[Kenton station|Kenton]] and [[South Kenton station|South Kenton]] – shared with the [[Bakerloo line]] – passes under the [[Metropolitan line]] between [[Northwick Park tube station|Northwick Park]] and [[Preston Road tube station|Preston Road]]).

===South London Line extension===
{{Main|South London Line}}

[[File:Denmark Hill stn high eastbound.JPG|thumb|left|Denmark Hill station on the Overground South London Line extension]]
The next addition opened on 9 December 2012, from {{stnlnk|Surrey Quays}} to {{stnlnk|Clapham Junction}} via the South London Line, calling at {{stnlnk|Queens Road Peckham}}, {{stnlnk|Peckham Rye}}, {{stnlnk|Denmark Hill}}, {{stnlnk|Clapham High Street}} and {{stnlnk|Wandsworth Road}}. The extension uses an alignment between Surrey Quays and just north of {{stnlnk|Queen's Road Peckham}} that had been disused since 1911, new track was laid following some major civil engineering works. Passive provision has also been made for a new station at {{stnlnk|New Bermondsey}}, to be constructed when funding becomes fully available. This was put on hold in 2009, although a suitable station 'foundation structure' has been built to facilitate completion in the future.

Funding for the railway rebuilding project was secured in February 2009,<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/11192.html |title=Final section of Capital's orbital railway gets the go-ahead |date=12 February 2009 |publisher=Transport for London |accessdate=26 June 2011}}</ref> including £64 million from the DfT and £15 million from TfL, with construction beginning in May 2011.

The route passes over both {{Stnlnk|Loughborough Junction}} and {{Stnlnk|Brixton}} stations without stopping, and this lack of interchange stations was criticised by local politicians during the planning phase of the project.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://icsouthlondon.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0400lambeth/tm_objectid=14173461&method=full&siteid=50100&headline=junction-joy-south-name_page.html |title=Junction joy South |work=[[South London Press]] | location = Streatham |date=24 April 2004 |accessdate=3 November 2009 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20040509165548/http://icsouthlondon.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0400lambeth/tm_objectid=14173461&method=full&siteid=50100&headline=junction-joy-south-name_page.html |archivedate = 9 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm060719/halltext/60719h0006.htm#06071968000550 |title=Parliamentary Debate: London Orbital Rail Network |author=Martin Linton MP |work=Hansard |date=4 August 2006 |accessdate=3 November 2007}}</ref> No stations are planned at these locations as the line is on high railway arches, making the cost of any station construction prohibitive.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alwaystouchout.com/project/3 |title=East London Line Extensions – Loughborough Junction |work=AlwaysTouchOut |date=9 November 2006 |accessdate=3 November 2007}}</ref>

===North-east and East London===
On 31 May 2015 the [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street]] to [[Enfield Town railway station|Enfield Town]], [[Cheshunt railway station|Cheshunt]] (via [[Seven Sisters station|Seven Sisters]]) and [[Chingford railway station|Chingford]] services, as well as the [[Romford railway station|Romford]] to [[Upminster railway station|Upminster]] service, were transferred from [[Abellio Greater Anglia]] to Transport for London to become part of the London Overground network.<ref>[http://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/london-overground-operator-appointed-run-additional-services-tfl/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+travelandtourworld-travelandtourismnews+(Travel+And+Tour+World) London Overground operator appointed to run additional services for TfL] ''Travel & Tour World'' 4 June 2013</ref><ref name=topham-may2015>{{cite news |last1=Topham |first1=Gwyn |title=Clean, reliable and integrated: all change for neglected rail services in London |url= http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/may/29/neglected-rail-services-london-tfl-overground |newspaper=The Guardian |location= London |accessdate=31 May 2015 |date=29 May 2015 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20150530102931/http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/may/29/neglected-rail-services-london-tfl-overground |archivedate=30 May 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==Network==
[[File:Penge West stn roundel.JPG|thumb|London Overground signage at Penge West]]

===Introduction===
The initial network, service levels and timetables were a continuation of Silverlink Metro services, a set of routes primarily built and electrified by the [[North London Railway|North London]] and [[LNWR|London & North Western]] railway companies in the 19th and early 20th centuries. As the Overground name implies, the majority of the network is above ground, and it mostly consists of railway lines that connect areas outside [[Central London]], with a considerable portion of the network in [[Travelcard Zone 2|Zone 2]]. The network also uses {{Stnlnk|Euston}} in central London, the southern [[terminal station|terminus]] of the Watford DC Line.

The network interchanges with the [[Bakerloo line|Bakerloo]], [[Central line|Central]], [[District line|District]], [[Hammersmith & City line|Hammersmith & City]], [[Jubilee line|Jubilee]], [[Northern line|Northern]], [[Circle line (London Underground)|Circle]], [[Metropolitan line|Metropolitan]] and [[Victoria line|Victoria]] tube lines, and also with the [[Docklands Light Railway]], [[Tramlink]] and [[TfL Rail]] networks. The Overground lines appear on [[Tube map]]s issued by TfL,<ref name="tubemap">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/standard-tube-map.pdf |title=Tube Map |publisher=Transport for London |date=December 2013 |accessdate=24 March 2014}}</ref> and a separate map of the system is available.<ref name="LOmap">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/london-overground-network-map.pdf |title=London Overground |publisher=Transport for London |date=December 2013 |accessdate=24 March 2014}}</ref>

Much of London Overground passes through less affluent areas, and is seen as contributing to their regeneration.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/businessandpartners/network-rail-rus-response.pdf |title=Response to Network Rail's Draft Cross London Route Utilisation Strategy |publisher=Transport for London |date=February 2006 |accessdate=10 January 2007}}</ref> The North London and Gospel Oak to Barking lines were previously considered by the Transport Committee of the London Assembly to be neglected and not developed to their full potential.<ref name="assembly">{{Cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/who-runs-london/the-london-assembly/publications/transport/london%E2%80%99s-forgotten-railway |title=London's Forgotten Railway: The Transport Committee's Review of the North London Railway |publisher=[[Greater London Authority]] |date=March 2006 |accessdate=9 December 2012 }}</ref>

===Services===
{{As of|2015|05}}, typical service frequencies in trains per hour are:<ref>[https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/london-overground/london-overground-timetables London Overground timetables]. Transport for London. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Current Routes & Frequencies
|-
! Routes
! Frequency (per hour)
! Depot(s)
! Fleet
|-
| East London
| 4 Dalston Junction – West Croydon 4 Highbury & Islington – Crystal Palace 4 Dalston Junction – New Cross 4 Highbury & Islington – Clapham Junction
| [[New Cross Gate TMD]]
|rowspan=3| [[British Rail Class 378|Class 378]] [[Electrostar]]
|-
| North & West London
| 4 Richmond – Stratford 2 Clapham Junction – Stratford 2 Clapham Junction – Willesden Junction (Stratford at peaks)
| rowspan=3| [[Willesden Traction Maintenance Depot|Willesden TMD]]
|-
| Watford Local
| 3 London Euston – Watford Junction
|-
| Gospel Oak – Barking
| 4 Gospel Oak – Barking
| [[British Rail Class 172|Class 172]] [[Turbostar]]
|-
| London Liverpool Street - Enfield Town/Cheshunt
| 4 (peak), 2 (off-peak) London Liverpool Street – Enfield Town 2 London Liverpool Street – Cheshunt
| rowspan=3| Ilford TMD Chingford sidings Gidea Park Sidings
| rowspan=3| {{BRC|315}}, {{BRC|317}}
|-
| London Liverpool Street - Chingford
| 4 London Liverpool Street – Chingford
|-
| Romford – Upminster
| 2 Romford – Upminster
|}

=== Stations ===
The Overground serves the following stations:
{|class="wikitable"
! [[North London Line]]
! [[West London Line]]
! [[East London Line]]
! [[South London Line]]
! [[Watford DC Line]]
! [[Gospel Oak to Barking Line]]
|-
| valign="top" width=16%|
*{{LUL stations|station=Richmond}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Kew Gardens}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{access icon}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Gunnersbury}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
*{{Stnlnk|South Acton}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Acton Central}} {{access icon}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Willesden Junction}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Kensal Rise}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Brondesbury Park}}
*{{Stnlnk|Brondesbury}}
*{{Stnlnk|West Hampstead}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}}
*{{Stnlnk|Finchley Road & Frognal}}
*{{Stnlnk|Hampstead Heath}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Gospel Oak}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Kentish Town West}}
*{{Stnlnk|Camden Road}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Caledonian Road & Barnsbury}} {{access icon}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Highbury & Islington}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Canonbury}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Dalston Kingsland}}
*{{Stnlnk|Hackney Central}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Homerton}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Hackney Wick}} {{access icon}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Stratford}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|london|crossrail}} {{rail-interchange|london|dlr}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
| valign="top" width=16%|
*{{LUL stations|station=Willesden Junction}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Shepherd's Bush}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Kensington (Olympia)}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|london|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{LUL stations|station=West Brompton}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Imperial Wharf}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}} {{rail-interchange|london|river}}
*{{Stnlnk|Clapham Junction}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}

| valign="top" width=20%|
*{{LUL stations|station=Highbury & Islington}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Canonbury}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Dalston Junction}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Haggerston}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Hoxton}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Shoreditch High Street}} {{access icon}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Whitechapel}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
*{{Stnlnk|Shadwell}} {{rail-interchange|london|dlr}}
*{{Stnlnk|Wapping}}
*{{Stnlnk|Rotherhithe}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Canada Water}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Surrey Quays}}
**{{Stnlnk|New Cross}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}^
*{{Stnlnk|New Cross Gate}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}}
*{{Stnlnk|Brockley}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Honor Oak Park}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Forest Hill}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Sydenham|London}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
**{{Stnlnk|Crystal Palace}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Penge West}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}†
*{{Stnlnk|Anerley}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Norwood Junction}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}*
*[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]] {{rail-interchange|london|tram}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
<nowiki>^ Step free access on London Overground platform, and southbound platform for Southeastern services only</nowiki> 
<nowiki>* Step free access on platform 1 for London Overground (northbound), and for Southern services (via Crystal Palace and Forest Hill) only</nowiki> 
<nowiki>† Step free access on platform 1 for London Overground (northbound), and for Southern services (via Forest Hill) only</nowiki>

| valign="top" width=16%|
* {{Stnlnk|Surrey Quays}}
* {{Stnlnk|Queens Road Peckham}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
* {{Stnlnk|Peckham Rye}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}}
* {{Stnlnk|Denmark Hill}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
* {{Stnlnk|Clapham High Street}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
* {{Stnlnk|Wandsworth Road}}
* {{Stnlnk|Clapham Junction}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
* {{Stnlnk|Battersea Park}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} *
<nowiki>* Mon-Fri, one early morning train to Highbury & Islington starts here instead of Clapham Junction and one late evening train terminates here instead of Clapham Junction</nowiki>
| valign="top" width=16%|
*[[Euston railway station|London Euston]] {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|South Hampstead}}
*{{Stnlnk|Kilburn High Road}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Queen's Park}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Kensal Green}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Willesden Junction}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{access icon}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Harlesden}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Stonebridge Park}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Wembley Central}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}}
*{{LUL stations|station=North Wembley}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
*{{LUL stations|station=South Kenton}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Kenton}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Harrow & Wealdstone}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Headstone Lane}} {{access icon}}*
*{{Stnlnk|Hatch End}} {{access icon}}*
*{{Stnlnk|Carpenders Park}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Bushey}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}}
*{{Stnlnk|Watford High Street}}
*{{Stnlnk|Watford Junction}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
<nowiki>* Step free access on northbound platform only</nowiki>
| valign="top" width=16%|
*{{Stnlnk|Gospel Oak}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Upper Holloway}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Crouch Hill}}
*{{Stnlnk|Harringay Green Lanes}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|South Tottenham}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Blackhorse Road}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}}
*{{Stnlnk|Walthamstow Queen's Road}} {{access icon}}
*{{Stnlnk|Leyton Midland Road}}
*{{Stnlnk|Leytonstone High Road}}
*{{Stnlnk|Wanstead Park}}
*{{Stnlnk|Woodgrange Park}}
*{{LUL stations|station=Barking}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}

|}
{|class="wikitable"
! colspan=3 | [[Lea Valley Lines]]
! [[Romford to Upminster Line]]
|-
| colspan=2 valign="top" |
*[[Liverpool Street station|London Liverpool Street]] {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|london|crossrail}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{rws|Bethnal Green}}
*{{rws|Cambridge Heath}}
*{{rws|London Fields}}
*{{rws|Hackney Downs}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}}
*{{rws|Rectory Road}}
*{{rws|Stoke Newington}}
*{{rws|Stamford Hill}}
*{{stn|Seven Sisters}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}}
*{{rws|Bruce Grove}}
*{{rws|White Hart Lane}}
*{{rws|Silver Street}}
*{{rws|Edmonton Green}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}

| rowspan=2 valign="top" |
*[[Liverpool Street station|London Liverpool Street]] {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|london|crossrail}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{rws|Bethnal Green}}
*{{rws|Hackney Downs}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}}
*{{rws|Clapton}}
*{{rws|St James Street}}
*{{stn|Walthamstow Central}} {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{access icon}}
*{{rws|Wood Street}}
*{{rws|Highams Park}} {{access icon}}
*{{rws|Chingford}} {{access icon}}

| rowspan=2 valign="top" |
*{{rws|Romford}} {{rail-interchange|london|crossrail}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
*{{rws|Emerson Park}} {{access icon}}
*[[Upminster station|Upminster]] {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}}
|-
| valign="top" |
*{{rws|Bush Hill Park}} {{access icon}}
*{{rws|Enfield Town}} {{access icon}}

| valign="top" |
*{{rws|Southbury}}
*{{rws|Turkey Street}}
*{{rws|Theobalds Grove}}
*{{rws|Cheshunt}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{access icon}}
|}

==Operations==
LOROL has its head office and control centre in [[Swiss Cottage]]. Rolling stock is maintained at depots at Willesden Junction and New Cross (newly built for the extended East London line). There are also sidings at Silwood Triangle (just north of New Cross depot), built in 2013–14.<ref>http://www.ianvisits.co.uk/blog/2013/12/02/a-look-around-the-london-overground-upgrade-project/</ref> Satellite locations for stabling trains include Stratford, London Euston and sidings (mainly used by London Midland), and Barking Depot in East London (a central depot for the National Express Group franchise c2c). Train crews are based at stations including Euston, Willesden Junction, Watford Junction, New Cross, Stratford and Gospel Oak. Until recently London Overground operated with a [[Conductor (transportation)|Conductor or Guard]] on its North London, West London and Gospel Oak services. With the other 60% of Overground services already operated by only a [[one-man operation|driver]], it was decided in 2013 to convert these remaining two person operated trains to [[One-man operation|driver only]].<ref>[http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/wfnews/10559761.Warning_over_passenger_safety_as_union_vows_to_fight_driver_only_trains_plan/]</ref>

===Operator===
The Overground is operated by a private company, [[London Overground Rail Operations]] Ltd (LOROL). Following a model similar to that used for the [[Docklands Light Railway]], TfL invited tenders for operation of the Overground. Unlike [[National Rail]] operators under the franchise control of the [[Department for Transport]], TfL would set fares, procure rolling stock and decide service levels. The operator would take an element of revenue risk: TfL takes 90% of the revenue and 10% is retained by the operator, responsible for revenue collection.

[[MTR Laing]], a 50:50 joint venture between the [[MTR Corporation]] of Hong Kong and [[Laing Rail]] was chosen by TfL on 19 June 2007.<ref>{{Cite press release |title= Milestone reached in transformation of London's overland rail network as operator is announced |publisher=[[Greater London Authority]] |date =19 June 2007 |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/milestone-reached-transformation-londons-overland-rail-network-operator |accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref> The contract was signed on 2 July 2007 for seven years with the option of a two-year extension.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTR Laing beats Go-Ahead unit Govia to win North London rail franchise |work=London South East |agency=Thomson Financial |date=19 June 2007 |url= http://www.lse.co.uk/FinanceNews.asp?ArticleCode=zzud2jpycp8digt&ArticleHeadline=MTR_Laing_beats_GoAhead_unit_Govia_to_win_North_London_rail_franchise_UPDATE}}</ref> In preparation for the launch of the Overground, MTR Laing renamed itself London Overground Rail Operations Ltd. In February 2013, it was awarded a concession extension until 14 November 2016.

In April 2015, Transport for London placed a notice in the [[Official Journal of the European Union]], inviting expressions of interest in operating the next concession.<ref>[http://maintenance.tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2015/april/tfl-starts-search-for-next-operator-to-run-overground TfL starts search for next operator to run Overground] Transport for London 9 April 2015</ref>

===Ticketing===
Ticketing is a mix of paper, [[Oyster card]] electronic smart card and [[contactless payment]] cards for "pay-as-you-go" travel. As with all National Rail and TfL services in London, passengers can use a [[Travelcard]] (daily, seven-day, monthly or annual); as on other National Rail services in London, paper single, return and cheap day return tickets priced under the zonal fare scheme are also available.

As part of an effort to improve safety and protect revenue, TfL has announced that it will introduce [[turnstile|ticket barriers]] at a number of stations. The stations that did not have barriers when TfL took over have been fitted with standalone Oyster card readers similar to those at ungated Underground and DLR stations. The validators at {{LUL stations|station=Blackhorse Road}} which were needed to enter/exit the Oyster card system when changing to and from the [[Victoria line]] were replaced with route validators, coloured pink to signify this. Route validators are used to show that a traveller using Oyster PAYG changed lines at that station, showing which of the possible routes was used. Typically, this avoids paying for zone 1 when the passenger did not travel into it.

Ticket stock is common National Rail stock as Overground services remain part of the National Rail network, but sometimes with a large TfL roundel in the centre and the repeated legend "[[Rail Settlement Plan]]" or on newer visions "National Rail" on a light green background. This ticket stock, coded "TFL" on the reverse, was introduced in November 2007.<ref name="Jnl-527p450">{{cite journal|date=December 2007|title=National Rail News|journal=Journal of the Transport Ticket Society|issue=527|page=450|location=Kemsing|publisher=Transport Ticket Society|issn=0144-347X}}</ref>

===Ticket pricing===
Oyster PAYG is charged on the same [[Oyster Card#Pricing|zone-based rules]] as for the [[London Underground|Underground]] and the [[Docklands Light Railway]]. Stations outside Greater London (except Watford Junction) are included in the new [[Travelcard Zones 7-9]]. On 2 January 2008 Acton Central was rezoned from zone 2 to 3, Hampstead Heath from 3 to 2 and Willesden Junction from 3 to 2 and 3.<ref name=fares_2008>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/guide-to-fares-and-tickets-08-01-02.pdf |title=Your guide to fares and tickets (2 January 2008 until further notice) |date=November 2007 |publisher=Transport for London |accessdate=10 July 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080409100948/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/guide-to-fares-and-tickets-08-01-02.pdf |archivedate = 9 April 2008}}</ref>

Paper tickets are charged on the same zone-based rules as for Underground and DLR paper tickets, which were expanded to take in the extra zones covered. Watford Junction has its own fare scale. Paper tickets are significantly more expensive than using Oyster PAYG.

===Performance===
Although a TfL service, the Overground is part of the National Rail network, unlike the [[London Underground|Underground]]. The most recent figures released by [[Network Rail]] (NR), for period 7 (2013/2014), showed that it had achieved 96.6% of the [[Public Performance Measure]] (PPM) target for punctuality and reliability set by the ORR – down 0.9 percentage points on the period last year. The moving annual average (MAA) of the PPM for the 12 months to 12 October 2013 was 96.5%.<ref name="PerfP7">{{cite web| title = Rail performance results period 7 | url = http://www.networkrail.co.uk/about/performance/ | publisher = Network Rail}}</ref> TfL, in conjunction with the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], has investigated the use of data from the [[Oyster card|Oyster smartcard]] ticketing system to measure the performance of the Overground explicitly from the passenger perspective.<ref>{{Cite web
|first=Michael
|last=Frumin
|title=Oyster-Based Performance Metrics for the London Overground
|year=2008
|url=http://frumin.net/ation/2008/11/what_i_did_last_summer.html
}}</ref>

In the autumn 2011 National Passenger Survey, conducted by [[Passenger Focus]], London Overground received an overall satisfaction rating of 92%, a 7% improvement on the previous survey.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.passengerfocus.org.uk/research/publications/national-passenger-survey-autumn-2011-main-report |date=26 January 2012 |accessdate=9 December 2012 |publisher=Passenger Focus |format=PDF |title=National Passenger Survey Autumn 2011 Main Report}}</ref> However, a survey in February 2014 by the consumer group ''[[Which?]]'' found that customer satisfaction of London Overground was at 6th place (out of 20 train operators) with a satisfaction percentage of 58%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.which.co.uk/home-and-garden/leisure/reviews-ns/best-and-worst-uk-train-companies/best-train-companies-overall/ |date=17 February 2014 |accessdate=21 February 2014 |publisher=Which? |title=Best and worst UK train companies}}</ref>

===Branding===
[[File:Shadwell station (East London Line) south entrance April2010.jpg|thumb|The London Overground roundel and 3D lettering at Shadwell station]]
Public presentation is visually associated with TfL design standards, using similar graphic design elements to those used on the Underground, drawing on the design heritage of [[Frank Pick]]. These design standards have been applied to London Overground stations, signage, [[#Livery|rolling stock]] and publicity.<ref name="design-standards">{{cite web|title=Design standards|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/suppliers-and-contractors/design-standards|publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=25 October 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150423045735/http://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/suppliers-and-contractors/design-standards|archivedate=23 April 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref>

As part of the Transport for London [[Umbrella brand|branding family]], London Overground is branded with a variant of the [[London Underground#Roundel|roundel]]. TfL denotes its different transport modes such as London Underground or London Buses with variants of the roundel device using a range of colours, and the London Overground version consists of an orange ring with a blue bar.<ref name=design-basic>{{cite web|title=Lonodn Overground Basic Elements Standard – Issue 2|url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/overground-basic-elements-standard1.pdf|publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=25 October 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150502130246/http://tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/overground-basic-elements-standard1.pdf|archivedate=2 May 2015|page=8|date=January 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref> The roundel has its origins in a 1933 design by the [[London Passenger Transport Board]] and has spawned many variations.<ref name="roundel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.designmuseum.org/design/london-transport|accessdate=25 August 2008|title=Designing Modern Britain – London Transport|publisher=Design Museum |location =London}}</ref> Unlike other National Rail networks, London Overground stations which are not served by another National Rail operator now omit the red National Rail "double arrow" logo from signage outside the stations, using only the Overground roundel instead.<ref name=design-signs>{{cite web|title=London Overground Signs Standard – Issue 3|url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/overground-signs-standard.pdf|publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=25 October 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150502140514/http://tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/overground-signs-standard.pdf|archivedate=2 May 2015|page=18|date=3 August 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref>

In common with other TfL services, the Overground is denoted by its own colour, a vivid orange ([[Pantone]] 158C).<ref name="design-standards"/> The use of an orange colour was inherited from the former East London line prior to its transfer from Underground to Overground. Like the DLR, the Overground is shown on Tube maps as a double stripe rather than a solid line, to show that it is not an Underground line.<ref name="tubemap"/>
Some journalists have humorously nicknamed the Overground "the ginger line" in reference to its orange colour on the Tube map.<ref name=McGhie2014>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/cities/10695162/London-property-the-rise-of-the-Overgrounders.html |title=London property: the rise of the Overgrounders |work=The Daily Telegraph |location= London |date=14 March 2014 |author= McGhie, Caroline |quote= Areas around the London Overground (dubbed the "Ginger Line" because of its colour on London Underground's map) [...] are being colonised as gentrification spreads to the capital's outer fringe.}}</ref>

London Overground also uses the TfL corporate typeface, [[Johnston (typeface)|New Johnston]], on its signage, publicity, stationery and on its fleet of trains, consistent with other TfL transport modes.<ref name="design-standards"/> A few refurbished or new stations on the reopened East London line display the station name in large orange three-dimensional uppercase letters.

==Rolling stock==
[[File:Gospel Oak railway station MMB 13 378216.jpg|thumb|[[British Rail Class 378|Class 378 "Capitalstar"]] unit 378216 departs Gospel Oak with a North London Line service to Stratford. Class 313 and Class 508 units were gradually phased out of London Overground services in favour of these units.]]
[[File:London Overground Train Interior.JPG|thumb|right|The interior of a Class 378, showing the longitudinal tube-style seating.]]
Since the Overground took over from Silverlink, TfL has pursued a programme of rolling-stock replacement in order to remove from service the ageing [[List of British Rail electric multiple unit classes#Second generation|second-generation]] EMUs and [[British Rail Class 150|Class 150]] DMUs it inherited from Silverlink. In 2009, [[British Rail Class 378|Class 378 Capitalstars]] built by [[Bombardier Transportation]] were introduced on the electrified lines to replace the [[British Rail Class 313|Class 313]] and [[British Rail Class 508|Class 508]] units used previously, while the Class 150s were replaced by new [[British Rail Class 172|Class 172 Turbostar]] units on the non-electrified [[Gospel Oak to Barking Line]]. By October 2010 the new rolling stock had completely replaced the units previously operated by Silverlink.<ref>{{cite news |title=LOROL Class 150s all with FGW |author=Miles, Tony |work=Modern Railways |location =London |date=December 2010 |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icrs.org.uk/site/features/Focus%20on%20313s.htm |title= Focus on 313s| publisher=Inter City Railway Society |accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.railfaneurope.net/list/uk/uk_br_del2.html |title= BR withdrawn dc electric train sets| publisher=Railfaneurope.net |accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref> The Class 313 EMUs and Class 150 DMUs units have been cascaded to other train operating companies such as [[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]], [[First Capital Connect]] and [[First Great Western]]. The Class 508 units were stored at [[Eastleigh Works]] but were subsequently scrapped in 2013 after being deemed unfit.

The Class 378 trains were officially unveiled at {{LUL stations|station=Willesden Junction}} on 13 July 2009. They include a number of tube-style features, including longitudinal seating and increased standing room to provide a high-capacity metro service. They also benefit from walk-through carriage interiors and [[air conditioning]].<ref name="newtrains1">{{Cite web |url=http://londonist.com/2009/07/in_pictures_mayor_unveils_new_londo.php?gallery0Pic=2 |title= In Pictures: Mayor Unveils New London Overground Train|date=13 July 2009 |publisher=The Londonist |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="newtrains2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.transportbriefing.co.uk/news/story?id=6056 |title=London Overground introduces Class 378 train fleet |date=13 July 2009 |work=Transport Briefing |accessdate=14 July 2009}}</ref> The North London Line has a base fleet of 24 four-car units, Class 378/2. However, these were delivered as three-car units (378/0), with the extended trains being introduced from September 2010, following platform extension works and delivery of the first 20 four-car units (378/1) for the East London Line.<ref>{{cite press release |title= trains extended London Overground's electric train fleet |publisher= Transport for London |date=15 September 2010 |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/16672.html |accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref> A further 13 dual-voltage units were delivered to expand services, taking the total fleet to 57 four-car units. These trains are to be extended to five-car sets towards the end of 2014, starting with the East London Line sets.

The trains are leased from newly formed [[rolling stock operating company]] (ROSCO) [[QW Rail Leasing]] until 2027. TfL planned initially to buy the new fleet outright, but in February 2008 announced that it would lease the trains in order to free up the £250 million capital cost of purchase, combined with reducing the risk of making a loss through any future sell-on of the fleet.<ref>{{Cite press release |title= Transport for London signs new train leasing contract |publisher= Transport for London |date=20 February 2008 |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7525.aspx |accessdate =26 June 2011}}</ref>

Eight two-car Class 172/0 units, to be leased from [[Angel Trains]], were ordered on behalf of TfL in November 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.therailwaycentre.com/New%20DMU%20Tech%20Data%20/DMU_172.html |title=Class 172 Turbostar |publisher=The Railway Centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date = September 2007 |title= The Underground Roundel moves Overground| work=Today's Railways (UK) | location = Sheffield |issue= 70|pages= 24–30 |accessdate=17 September 2007 }}</ref> and entered service in 2010.<ref name="mrjul10">{{Cite news |work=Modern Railways | location = London |issue=741 |date=July 2010}}</ref> These were originally restricted to a top speed of {{convert|40|mph|km/h}} as opposed to their intended design speed of {{convert|100|mph|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite news |work=Modern Railways |page=75 |issue=743 |date=August 2010 |first=Tony |last=Miles |title=Class 172 ready for introduction |location=London}}</ref> as it was thought there was a fault with the exhaust system requiring modifications to the original design and the already procured units. However, it transpired that the exhaust emission testing had been flawed and that there were no major problems with the units or the original design. [[Railway electrification system|Electrification]] of the Gospel Oak to Barking line was advocated by TfL, local boroughs and passenger groups, but had not been included as part of [[Network Rail|Network Rail's]] Route Utilisation Strategy.<ref name="assembly"/> Electrification has now been approved, but there is serious concern that this will not be finished until 2017.

Before its closure to become part of the Overground, services on the East London line were operated with [[London Underground A60 and A62 Stock]].

===Current fleet===
{|class="wikitable"
|----- bgcolor=#f9f9f9
! rowspan="2" | Class 
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |Type
! colspan="2" | Top speed 
! rowspan="2" | Number 
! rowspan="2" | Train Numbers 
! rowspan="2" | Cars per set 
! rowspan="2" | Seat layout 
! rowspan="2" | Routes operated 
! rowspan="2" | Built 
! rowspan="2" | Years operated 
|----- bgcolor=#f9f9f9
! mph 
! km/h 
|-
|[[British Rail Class 172|Class 172/0]] [[Turbostar]]
|[[File:Overground-Class172-Gospel-Oak.jpg|100px]]
|[[diesel multiple unit|DMU]]
|100
|160
|8
|172001–172008
|2
|2+2
|[[Gospel Oak to Barking Line]]
|2010
|2010–present
|-
|[[British Rail Class 315|Class 315]]
|[[File:Unit 315817 at Chingford 2015.JPG|100px]]
|[[electric multiple unit|EMU]]
|75
|121
|17
|315801–315817
|4
|2+3
|rowspan=3|[[Lea Valley Lines]] [[Romford to Upminster Line]]
|1980–1981
|May 2015–present
|-
|[[British Rail Class 317|Class 317/7]]
|[[File:317708 at Seven Sisters.jpg|100px]]
|[[electric multiple unit|EMU]]
|100
|161
|8
|{{nowrap|317708, 317709, 317710, 317714,}} {{nowrap|317719, 317723, 317729, 317732}}
|4
|2+2
|1981–1982
|May 2015–present
|-
|[[British Rail Class 317|Class 317/8]]
|[[File:Unit 317890 at Upminster.JPG|100px]]
|[[electric multiple unit|EMU]]
|100
|161
|6
|317887–317892
|4
|2+3
|1981–1982
|May 2015–present
|-
|[[British Rail Class 321|Class 321]]
|[[File:321411_Watford_Junction_E.JPG|100px]]
|[[electric multiple unit|EMU]]
|100
|160
|2
|321413–321414
|4
|2+3
|[[Romford to Upminster Line]]
|1988–1990
|October 2015–present
|-
|[[British Rail Class 378|Class 378/1 ''Capitalstar'']]
|[[File:West Croydon station MMB 12 378136.jpg|100px]]
|[[electric multiple unit|EMU]]
|75
|120
|20
|378135–378154
|5
|Longitudinal
|[[East London Line|East London]] [[South London Line|South London]]
|2008–2011
|2009–present
|-
|[[British Rail Class 378|Class 378/2 ''Capitalstar'']]
|[[File:Unit 378005 at Canonbury.jpg|100px]]
|[[electric multiple unit|EMU]]
|75
|120
|37
|378201–378234 378255–378257
|5
|Longitudinal
|[[North London Line|North London]] [[West London Line|West London]] [[Watford DC Line|Watford]] [[East London Line|East London]] [[South London Line|South London]]
|2008–2011
|2009–present
|-
|}

===Past fleet===
{|class="wikitable"
|----- bgcolor=#f9f9f9
! rowspan="2" | Class 
! rowspan="2" | Image 
! rowspan="2" | Type 
! colspan="2" | Top speed 
! rowspan="2" | Number 
! rowspan="2" | Cars per set 
! rowspan="2" | Routes operated 
! rowspan="2" | Built 
! rowspan="2" | Years operated 
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|----- bgcolor=#f9f9f9
! mph 
! km/h 
|-
|[[British Rail Class 150|Class 150/1]] ''[[Sprinter (train)|Sprinter]]''
|[[File:Leytonstone High Road railway station MMB 04A 150130.jpg|100px]]
|[[diesel multiple unit|DMU]]
|75
|120
|6
|2
|[[Gospel Oak to Barking Line|Gospel Oak-Barking]]
|1984–1987
|2007–2010
|Replaced by Class 172 Transferred to [[First Great Western]]
|-
|[[British Rail Class 313|Class 313/1]]
|[[File:Hackney Central railway station MMB 05 313123.jpg|100px]]
|[[electric multiple unit|EMU]]
|75
|120
|23
|3
|[[North London Line|North London]] [[Watford DC Line|Watford DC]] [[West London Line|West London]]
|1976–1977 (Refurbishment 1997–2001 by Silverlink)
|2007–2010
|Replaced by Class 378 Transferred to [[First Capital Connect]] ([[Govia Thameslink Railway|Great Northern]]), [[Network Rail]] and [[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]]
|-
|[[British Rail Class 508|Class 508/3]]
|[[File:Willesden Junction station MMB 03 508303.jpg|100px]]
|[[electric multiple unit|EMU]]
|75
|120
|3
|3
|[[Watford DC Line]]
|1979–1980 (Refurbished 2003 by Silverlink)
|2007–2010
|Replaced by Class 378 Stored at [[Eastleigh Works]] until scrapping in 2013.
|}

===Future fleet===
In 2012, TfL announced its intention to procure a fleet of new, longer DMUs, as the Class 172s were unable to handle the passenger demand, causing overcrowding throughout the day. TfL issued a tender for manufacturers to supply eight three- or four-car trains.<ref>{{cite news |work=Rail |location=Peterborough |issue=697 |date=30 May 2012 |title=TfL seeks new Barking line trains as two-car '172s' struggle}}</ref> However, this proposal was subsequently shelved when the Government announced that the Gospel Oak to Barking line would be electrified, with proposals instead to purchase a fleet of new EMUs.

TfL invited expressions of interest for a total of 39 four-car EMUs in April 2014, with 30 required for the Cheshunt and Chingford routes, 8 for the Gospel Oak to Barking, and 1 for the Romford to Upminster.<ref name="chingford trains">{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/more-emus-for-london-overground.html |title=More EMUs for London Overground |author= |date=9 April 2014 |website= Railway Gazette|publisher= |accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref> Since then the planned procurement has been increased to 45 four-car EMUs, with the additional 6 units intended for the Watford DC Line. The intention is that the five-car Class 378 trains used on the Watford route will be cascaded back to the North London and East London Lines to allow for strengthened services. In June 2015, TfL announced that Bombardier had been awarded the contract to build the new trains.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/bombardier-wins-london-overground-emu-contract.html|title=Bombardier wins London Overground EMU contract|author= |date=19 June 2015 |website= Railway Gazette|publisher= |accessdate=19 June 2015}}</ref>

To increase capacity, Class 378 trains are being lengthened from four coaches to five (the first lengthened train entered service on the East London Line in November 2014, and started to be introduced on the North London Line in April 2015). Some station platforms will need to be lengthened to accommodate the longer trains. TfL's Business Plan provides for the introduction of five-car services on the East London line first, followed on the rest of the electrified Overground network by the end of 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title= London Overground goes for five cars |author=Turvill, Bill |page=88 |work=Modern Railways |date=March 2013 |location =Tunbridge Wells}}</ref>

In July 2015 TfL announced that it had placed a £260m order for 45 4-car Bombardier [[Aventra]] EMUs, with an option for 24 more, (to be known as [[British Rail Class 710|Class 710]]) similar to those that will be used by [[Crossrail]], for use on the West Anglia Routes and the Watford DC, GOBLIN and Romford to Upminster lines, from 2018.<ref>Rail Magazine, Issue 778, Page 14</ref>

===Livery===
[[File:Watford Junction railway station MMB 27 378210.jpg|thumb|Wallace Sewell moquette upholstery]]
All Electrostar and Turbostar stock in service now carries Overground livery. It is similar to [[London Underground|Underground]] livery, and consists of white coaches, a longitudinal thick blue stripe and a thin orange stripe along the bottom, London Overground roundels at midpoints along the coaches, black window-surrounds and orange doors. The ends of each unit are painted yellow to comply with National Rail standards.<ref name=design-livery>{{cite web|title=London Overground Train Graphics Standard – Issue 2|url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/overground-train-graphics-standard.pdf|publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=25 October 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150502143905/http://tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/overground-train-graphics-standard.pdf|archivedate=2 May 2015|page=89|date=January 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref> The seat upholstery features a moquette by fabric designers [[Wallace Sewell]].<ref name="transport-museum-moquette-range">{{Cite news |title= London Transport Museum – our moquette range |work=London Transport Museum |url= http://www.ltmuseumshop.co.uk/ltm/furniture-collection/our-moquette-range.html |accessdate=10 July 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110717175851/http://www.ltmuseumshop.co.uk/LTM/Furniture-collection/Our-moquette-range.html|archivedate=17 July 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref>

As railway lines have been transferred to London Overground operation, services are sometimes operated using rolling stock inherited from the previous train operating company, and for a temporary period these trains have been branded with transitional livery until they are replaced with newer rolling stock. When the first London Overground services began, they were operated using Silverlink rolling stock which retained Silverlink's purple and lime green livery with yellow doors. The Silverlink logos were removed and Overground banners were added. This rolling stock was eventually completely replaced with new, Overground-branded trains.

Similarly, since the takeover of the Lea Valley Lines, Overground services are being run with trains inherited from Abellio Greater Anglia which are mostly in a plain white livery with red doors. Rather than replace this rolling stock, the trains are to be repainted with full Overground livery and the interiors refurbished with Wallace Sewell upholstery and TfL standard signage and route maps.<ref>{{Cite web|title= It Looks Like 315817 Is The Prototype Overground Class 315 Train|work=The Anonymous Widower|url=https://anonw.wordpress.com/2015/06/02/it-looks-like-315817-is-the-prototype-overground-class-315-train/}}</ref>

==Planned developments==

[[File:London Underground Overground DLR Crossrail map.svg|thumb|Tube map showing the planned extension to Barking Riverside and acquisition of the Greenford Branch Line, along with the future addition of [[Crossrail]] ]]
===24 hour services===
London Overground will run 24 hour trains on Friday and Saturday nights between Highbury & Islington and New Cross Gate from 2017.<ref name="LO 24hr">{{cite news|title=Travel boost for Londoners as Chancellor and Mayor confirm expansion of night time services & new WiFi for the Tube|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/travel-boost-for-londoners-as-chancellor-and-mayor-confirm-expansion-of-night-time-services-new-wifi-for-the-tube|accessdate=20 February 2015|publisher=Department for Transport|date=20 February 2015}}</ref>

===Gospel Oak to Barking Line===

There is a proposal to extend the [[Gospel Oak to Barking Line]] to Barking Riverside.<ref>https://consultations.tfl.gov.uk/london-overground/gobe</ref> Also, after a great deal of campaigning the electrification (at 25kV overhead) of the diesel operated Gospel Oak to Barking services has been announced.<ref name="chingford trains" /> These changes are due to happen in 2019.

==Proposed developments==

===Watford DC Line move to Bakerloo===
[[File:Overground second.png|thumb|200px|How the London Overground network would look if the Watford DC line transferred to the Bakerloo line and the Primrose Hill link were reinstated.]]
In 2007 TfL proposed re-extending the Bakerloo line to {{Stnlnk|Watford Junction}}.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Scenario Testing for the Further Alterations to the London Plan | publisher=[[Greater London Authority]] |date=March 2006 | url = http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/strategies/sds/further-alts/docs/scenarios.pdf | accessdate =19 June 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070930205224/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/strategies/sds/further-alts/docs/scenarios.pdf |archivedate = 30 September 2007 |page=16}}</ref> It was suggested that most or all of the line from {{LUL stations|station=Queen's Park}} to Watford Junction would be used exclusively by the [[London Underground]], and London Overground services would be withdrawn.


As part of this change, Overground services would have been diverted at Primrose Hill Junction via {{Stnlnk|Primrose Hill}} (closed to passengers since 1992) to {{Stnlnk|Camden Road}}, providing a new service between Queen's Park and Stratford.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alwaystouchout.com/project/3 |title=East London Line Extensions |date=9 November 2006 |publisher=alwaystouchout.com |accessdate=4 February 2011}}
</ref> Had this change taken place, {{Stnlnk|Kilburn High Road}} and {{Stnlnk|South Hampstead}} would no longer have had direct services to Euston station, hindering access to central London.

===Croxley Link===
Funding has since been confirmed for the [[Croxley Rail Link]], diverting the Watford branch of the Metropolitan line to Watford Junction via {{Stnlnk|Watford High Street}}, where it will share tracks with the Overground.<ref>{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Binnie |title=Croxley Rail Link plan approved by Government |url=http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/9417151.Croxley_Rail_Link_plan_approved_by_Government/ |work=Watford Observer |date=13 December 2011}}</ref>

===Old Oak Common interchange===
[[File:Crossrail interchange.png|thumb|left|200px|Map of the proposed Old Oak Common station]]
A long-term plan exists to create interchange with [[High Speed 2]] at the proposed [[Old Oak Common railway station|Old Oak Common station]]. Planning documents issued by the [[Department for Transport]] suggest that the new station, on a site just south of {{LUL stations|station=Willesden Junction}}, could open by 2025 and offer connections with the Overground on both the [[North London Line|North London]] and West London Lines.

The station would also be served by [[Crossrail]], [[Great Western Main Line]] services and [[Heathrow Express]], and the proposals indicate the possibility of interchange with the [[Bakerloo line|Bakerloo]] and [[Central line]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/Item04-High-Speed-2-Update.pdf |title=Update on High Speed 2 |publisher=[[Transport for London]] |accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref> The plans are supported by the [[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Oak Common: The Transport and Regeneration Case for a HS2 Interchange|url=http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/Images/Old_Oak_Common_FINAL_tcm21-135272.pdf |publisher=London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham |accessdate=28 May 2010 |date=December 2009}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

In June 2013, the Mayor of London and the London Boroughs of Brent, Ealing and Hammersmith & Fulham released 'vision' consultation documents<ref>[http://london.gov.uk/oldoak Vision for Old Oak Consultation]</ref> about the [[Old Oak Common]] area.

The vision mentions various connections to the London Overground system, linking Old Oak to the North London Line, West London Line, and to two new London Overground branches, to Hounslow, and – via the [[Dudding Hill Line]] – to [[Thameslink]] stations on the [[Midland Main Line]].

===Thamesmead extension===
In addition to the plan to extend the Gospel Oak to Barking Line to Barking Riverside, there are also proposals to extend it further under the river to a station in Thamesmead, and then on Abbey Wood to connect with the future Crossrail line.<ref>{{cite news |title=Call to bring London Overground to Thamesmead – south east London's largest town with no trains |url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/11488390.display/ |work=This is London Local |date=22 September 2014}}</ref>

===Future acquisitions===
Following the completion of the first phase of the London Overground network in December 2012, TfL has expressed its intention to take over the operation of other suburban lines in the London area. As with the original London Overground system, this would involve devolving National Rail services from [[Rail franchising in Great Britain|the DfT's franchising system]] to a TfL-managed concession.

====South East London====
In 2012–13 TfL and the Greater London Authority publicised a proposal for further expansion, identifying a number of services in North-East and South-East London as suitable candidates.<ref name=mayor-vision>{{cite web |title=The Mayor's Rail Vision |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/mayors-rail-vision-2012-final.pdf |publisher=Greater London Authority |accessdate=23 May 2013 |date=February 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130926224030/http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/mayors-rail-vision-2012-final.pdf|archivedate=26 September 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=tfl-expanding>{{cite web |title=Expanding TfL's rail network |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/27147.aspx |publisher=TfL |accessdate=23 May 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140122184603/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/27147.aspx|archivedate=22 January 2014|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="cityam231213">{{cite news |last=Waterson |first=James |title=TfL hopes to push Overground onto key suburban rail routes |url= http://www.cityam.com/latest-news/tfl-hopes-push-overground-key-suburban-rail-routes |accessdate=23 December 2012 |newspaper=[[City A.M.]] |date=29 November 2012 |location= London}}</ref> Part of this proposal was fulfilled in May 2015 with the transfer of the Lea Valley and Romford-Upminster Lines out of {{stnlnk|Liverpool Street}} to the London Overground network, but TfL's aim of acquiring [[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]] metro services currently remains at the proposal stage. Under this scheme, TfL would take over rail services out of {{stnlnk|London Victoria}}, {{stnlnk|Charing Cross}} and {{stnlnk|Cannon Street}} to {{stnlnk|Dartford}}, {{stnlnk|Sevenoaks}}, {{stnlnk|Orpington}} and {{stnlnk|Hayes}}, but this was rejected following spending cuts imposed by the [[2013 United Kingdom budget]].<ref>{{cite news |title= London's major transport projects spared axe but City Hall faces big cuts |url= http://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/londons-major-transport-projects-spared-axe-but-city-hall-faces-big-cuts-8674994.html |accessdate=26 June 2013 |newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=26 June 2013}}</ref> The possibility of TfL acquiring routes out of [[London Bridge station|London Bridge]] has also been discussed.<ref name="cityam231213" />

In October 2015 the prospect of London Overground expansion was raised again when the [[London Assembly]] Transport Committee published a report which advocated the devolution of a number of commuter rail services and the creation of a "South London Metro". In particular, the report identified four rail franchises due for renewal which could be taken over by TfL:<ref name=devolve-report>{{cite web|title=Devolving Rail Services to London: Towards a South London Metro|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Devolving%20rail%20services%20to%20London_0.pdf|publisher=London Assembly Transport Committee|accessdate=24 October 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20151024153152/https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Devolving%20rail%20services%20to%20London_0.pdf|archivedate=24 October 2015|date=October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bull|first1=John|title=Devocalypse Now: Taking Control of South London’s Railways|url=http://www.londonreconnections.com/2015/devocalypse-now-taking-control-of-south-londons-railways/|website=London Reconnections|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*the [[South Western franchise]] from {{stn|London Waterloo}} to South West London suburbs
*the [[Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern]] franchise ([[Thameslink and Great Northern|Great Northern]] and [[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]] metro services) out of {{stn|Moorgate}} to North London and out of London Bridge/Victoria to South London suburbs
*the [[Integrated Kent]] franchise ([[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]] metro services) out of Victoria/Charing Cross/Cannon Street/London Bridge to South East London suburbs

[[Kent County Council]] had initially expressed opposition to the Dartford route plans on account of limited capacity for Kent express trains being lost to expanded TfL services,<ref name=kent-opposed>{{cite news |title=TfL's takeover proposal for Kent trains 'unacceptable' |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-22218388 |accessdate=23 May 2013 |newspaper=BBC News}}</ref> but after negotiations with the London Assembly, reached an agreement to support the proposals.<ref>{{cite news|title=TfL could take over some Kent rail lines|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-33131954|accessdate=26 June 2015|publisher=BBC News Online|date=15 June 2015}}</ref>

====Greenford Branch====
The Department for Transport have proposed that Transport for London should take over the [[Greenford Branch Line|Greenford to West Ealing Line]] in West London. This would bring [[Greenford station|Greenford]], {{rws|South Greenford}}, {{rws|Castle Bar Park}}, {{rws|Drayton Green}} and {{rws|West Ealing}} into the Overground network. Trains on this branch would no longer run directly to Paddington, but would terminate at West Ealing in order to free up line capacity for the forthcoming Crossrail services, and West Ealing station would be reconstructed to allow Greenford branch trains to terminate there. If this proposal were to go ahead, it would happen when the [[Greater Western franchise]] ends in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonreconnections.com/2013/price-oranges-dft-ask-tfl-take-greenford-upminster/|title=The Price of Oranges: DfT ask TfL to take on Greenford and Upminster |publisher=London Reconnections |accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|London Transport}}
{{Commons category}}
* [[London Underground]]
* [[Overground Network]]
* [[Orbirail]]
* [[Crossrail]]
* [[Docklands Light Railway]]
* [[Tramlink]]
* [[London Buses]]
* [[East London Transit]]
* [[Cycling in London]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Wayne Asher. 2015. A Very Political Railway – the rescue of the North London Line. ISBN 978-1-85414-378-5
* John Glover. 2013. London's Overground. ISBN 978-0-7110-3524-9

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wiktionary|Underground|aboveground|underground|overground}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/london-overground/|title=London Overground|publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=24 March 2014}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/livetravelnews/realtime/rail/default.html|title=Live travel news|publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=11 July 2008}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.journeycheck.com/londonoverground|title=London Overground|publisher=JourneyCheck|accessdate=11 July 2008}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.lorol.co.uk|title=Home Page|publisher=London Overground Rail Operations Ltd|accessdate=11 July 2008}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/standard-tube-map.gif|title=Tube Map|publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=11 July 2008}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/05_09_06_tubemap.pdf |title=Tube Map 2010 |publisher=Transport for London |accessdate=19 May 2011}}
* {{alwaystouchout|43}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[London Underground]]''' [[East London line]] operator before 2007}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=Operator of London Overground
|years=2007 – present (East London Line from 2010)}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Silverlink]]''' North London Railways franchise before 2007}}
{{end}}

{{London Overground navbox|NLL=y|ELL=y|GOBLIN=y|Watford=y|Chingford=y|SevenSisters=y|Emerson=y}}
{{Transport in London}}
{{Current UK TOCs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}

[[Category:London Overground| ]]
[[Category:London Rail]]
[[Category:2007 in London]]
[[Category:Croydon 2020]]
[[Category:Railway operators in London]]
[[Category:Rail infrastructure in London]]
[[Category:Modes of transport in London|Overground]]
[[Category:Electric railways in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Urban ring railways]]

Heritage Orchestra

2015-08-04T23:41:40Z

Teflon: /* Noted performances */

'''Heritage Orchestra''' is a 30 to 60-piece orchestra that collaborates with present-day artists from the mainstream and experimental worlds of music and art. It is one-of the best known young orchestras in the UK and is currently resident at the [[De La Warr Pavilion]] in [[East Sussex]].
In 2010, The Heritage Orchestra was nominated in the 9th [[Independent Music Awards]] and won the Contemporary Classical Album award for their performance of G. [[Prokofiev]] Concerto for Turntables along with [[DJ Yoda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independentmusicawards.com/imanominee/9th/Album/Contemporary-Classical|title=Album Nominees : 9th Annual Independent Music Awards|publisher=Independentmusicawards.com|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref>

==Directors==
Heritage Orchestra was founded in June 2004 by Producer/Manager Christopher Wheeler and Conductor/Composer Jules Buckley.
Chris was profiled in 2011 as one of the "cultural engineers" of Honda's Dream Factory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/honda-dream-factory/chris-wheeler-heritage-orchestra-music-cultural-engineer?newsfeed=true|title=Heritage orchestra: No ordinary orchestra|work=Guardian.co.uk|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref>

==Ethos==
The ensemble rejects orchestral stereotypes. It is influenced by current art and music, gets inspiration from contemporary culture, is inspired by issues germane to quotidian topics, creates cultural critiques of the curious and constant and takes on sub-cultural trends and the latest technologies. By absorbing what the creative world offers now, the Heritage Orchestra relies not on the historical significance of ‘repertoire’, but on the potential of discovering new experiences for artists and the public. The orchestra has always aimed to work with people that may not have necessarily worked with an orchestra before. When devising programmes they look towards unlikely cohorts that stretch from electronica, dance-music, folk, rock, dubstep, hip-hop, jazz and contemporary classical.{{cn|date=December 2014}}

==Sound and production==
The orchestra performs using amplification, sound design, and other creative technologies that provide more layers to consider amidst the existing strings, brass, woodwind, percussion, and rhythm section. The ensemble nearly always performs using sound reinforcement, allowing for more flexibility and combinations of sounds. The ensemble also works closely with visual artists and light designers to creative immersive multi-sensory shows. Described as cinematic jazz/funk by outlar.com,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlar.com/artist.php?id=804|title=Name: The Heritage Orchestra - Nu-Jazz, Funk, Acoustic|publisher=Outlar.com|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref> they have also been classified as Nu-jazz and Acoustic in nature.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

==Noted performances==
* 2005 - [[Montreux Jazz Festival]] appearance for an evening organized by [[Gilles Peterson]] in July 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montreuxjazzlive.com/heritage-orchestra-images|title=The Heritage Orchestra|publisher=Montreuxjazzlive.com|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref>
* 2008 - [[Vangelis]]’s ''[[Blade Runner]]'' soundtrack for [[Massive Attack]]’s Meltdown Festival at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in June 2008.<ref>[http://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/assets/press/releases/MASSIVE_ATTACKS_MELTDOWN_PROGAMNME_PRUpdate.pdf] {{dead link|date=December 2014}}</ref>
* 2010 - [[John Cale]] performance of [[Paris 1919 (album)|''Paris 1919'']] at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in March 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/live-music-reviews/7398532/John-Cale-and-the-Heritage-Orchestra-at-the-Royal-Festival-Hall-review.html|title=John Cale and the Heritage Orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall, review|author=Tim Burrows|date=8 March 2010|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref> and the [[Theatre Royal, Norwich]] in May 2010.
* 2010 - [[Jamie Cullum]] performance in the [[Royal Albert Hall]] during the Proms 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/aug/27/jamie-cullum-heritage-orchestra-proms-review|title=Jamie Cullum/Heritage Orchestra|author=John Fordham|work=the Guardian|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref>
* 2010 - [[Tim Minchin]] Tour 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-entertainment/echo-reviews/2011/05/12/review-tim-minchin-and-the-heritage-orchestra-at-the-echo-arena-100252-28679555/|title=REVIEW: Tim Minchin and the Heritage Orchestra at the ECHO arena|author=Catherine Jones|work=liverpoolecho|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref> In addition they also appeared on his live DVD and CD, Tim Minchin and the Heritage Orchestra,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timminchin.com/2011/10/28/a-big-juicy-tim-minchin-and-the-heritage-orchestra-dvd-announcement/|title=Tim Minchin · A Big, Juicy Tim Minchin and The Heritage Orchestra DVD Announcement!|work=Tim Minchin|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref> released in November 2011
* 2015 - Radio 1 Ibiza Prom on 29th July as part of the [[BBC Proms]] season<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/events/egm4fx|title=Prom 16: Late Night With BBC Radio 1|work=BBC|accessdate=5 August 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.theheritageorchestra.com/index.php The Heritage Orchestra]
* {{myspace|heritage_orchestra|The Heritage Orchestra}}
* [http://hub.honda.co.uk/dreamfactory/ Honda's Dream Factory]
* [http://www.serious.org.uk/artists/jules-buckley/ Jules Buckley]

[[Category:English youth orchestras]]
[[Category:Independent Music Awards winners]]

Squarial

2015-05-18T10:58:13Z

Teflon: adding image

{{Infobox product
| title = The Squarial
| image = [[File:Minidish and Squarial.jpg|250px]]
| caption = a Squarial (right), adjacent to a Sky [[Minidish]]
| inventor =
| launch year =
| company = British Satellite Broadcasting
| available = Obsolete
| last production =
| notes = The Squarial became obsolete when the Marco Polo satellites were shut down (and sold) upon BSB's merger with Sky
}}

The '''Squarial''' (a [[portmanteau]] of the words ''[[square (geometry)|square]]'' and ''[[antenna (radio)|aerial]]'') was a satellite antenna used for reception of the now defunct [[British Satellite Broadcasting]] television service. The Squarial was a flat plate satellite antenna, built to be unobtrusive and unique. BSB were counting on the form factor of the antenna to clearly differentiate themselves from their competitors at the time. At the time of development, satellite installations usually required an 80 cm dish in order to receive a clear signal from the transmitting satellite. The smaller antenna was BSB's unique selling point and was heavily advertised in order to attract customers to their service.

== History ==

The Squarial was launched at a high profile event in MarcoPolo house, BSB's headquarters. The media were invited to a demonstration to see how much better [[Multiplexed Analogue Components|MAC]] pictures could be than [[Phase Alternating Line|PAL]]. But MAC took a back seat when BSB unveiled the mock up Squarial, to replace the dish aerials usually needed for satellite reception. The Squarial was a surprise to everyone, including the four companies which had signed to manufacture the receivers which would have to work with the new aerial. The Squarial deal, with British company Fortel, had been struck only hours before the London event.
BSB was itself surprised at the press reaction.

Press and TV crews were in such palaver to report the news that they forgot to ask if it worked; and it did not. All that existed was a wood-and-plastic dummy. Believing that someone would be able to make the Squarial work as well as a much larger dish, BSB built a whole advertising campaign on the Squarial. STC in Paignton was the first company to make a British Squarial. These were a little bigger, 38 cm across, to provide adequate reception throughout the UK, and more expensive than a dish.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Due to production delays and limited availability of the STC squarial and to save face at launch, BSB sourced already available Squarials from Matsushita in Japan who were producing them in quantity for the Japanese market, industry rumours at the time of launch suggested that BSB were buying in the squarials from Matsushita for several hundred pounds each and heavily subsidising the cost to the 4 manufacturers of DMAC receiver. The Matsushita squarial was of a slightly better build quality compared to the STC design and was used by Ferguson, Philips and Tatung while ITT-Nokia supplied the STC squarial. However all offered the 30 cm traditional mini dish for a slightly lower price (several dish manufacturers were used including Lenson Heath and Channel Master)

The Squarial became obsolete in 1993, when the Marcopolo satellites, which the Squarial received, stopped broadcasting signals from [[BSkyB]], which had carried the Sky channels over the D-Mac system for a period.

== Technology ==

Technology-wise, the Squarial pioneered a system of layered circuitry, effectively thin sheets of plastic embedded with the conductive reception nodes. Three of these sheets were stacked upon each other, padded with polystyrene layers to add rigidity to the unit. This is now commonly known as a '[[phased array]]' setup. All this was engineered into a 38 cm wide plastic body, presented in white and adorned with the BSB logo at the bottom. The [[low-noise block converter]] (LNB) was based in the center, behind the layers, and contained a simple reception unit in line with other satellite antennae of the time. It was manufactured by Matsushita and rated as a 10 GHz standard unit.

The Squarial's small size was possible thanks to the high power of the two Marcopolo DBS satellites, which simulcast the same channels on the same frequencies. The broadcast power was 59dBW, with a 0.05 degree accuracy.<ref>{{cite web|title=BSB - the satellites|url=http://www.selkirkshire.demon.co.uk/analoguesat/bsb.html|date=May 2003|accessdate=2009-02-19}}</ref>

Manufacturers of the DMAC receivers used with the Squarial included, Ferguson, Phillips, Nokia and Tatung.

== Modification ==

The Squarial was a highly specified unit, designed specifically for operation on the Marco Polo satellites' frequency range. As such the LNB can only tune a limited range of frequencies, and when utilised in modern circumstances the frequency is subsequently out of phase by around 100 MHz.

Some owners modified the squarial to operate with the Thor satellite system (formerly BSB's own satellites, Marcopolo) after the decline of BSB. This was due in large part to the highly discounted price of the unit during the final months of BSB's existence. D2MAC programmes could be picked up from the Scandinavian satellites during the early 1990s and viewed using modified receivers. Once transmissions ceased from these satellites, Squarials could be used to receive broadcasts from the French terrestrial relay satellites at 5.0°W.

BSB's alternative dishes have also been used successfully to tune into modern broadcast transmissions, whilst testing has been limited, analogue transmissions from the Astra and Hotbird satellites are reported to have been tuned.

== Design and brand ==

BSB placed the Squarial at the heart of its advertising campaign, using the diamond shape throughout all of its channel logos and on screen presentation. This square/diamond image extended down to BSB's corporate logo and even printed and televisual advertising mediums. This led to the company's slogan (used throughout the company's existence) "It's smart to be square".<ref>{{cite web|title=TellyAds: BSB Television Advert|url=http://www.tellyads.com/show_movie_vintage.php?filename=VA0604|date=2007-01-19|accessdate=2009-02-19}}</ref>

The unique appearance was a design first for satellite antennae, its flat plate measured only a few millimetres thick and the LNB unit protruded another 3 cm from the rear. It was built to a very high standard, featuring good quality plastics, weather resistant coatings and stainless steel mounting arm. Compared with the amstrad setups offered by SKY — made from cheap metal — the Squarial offered a much more attractive setup.

== Alternatives ==

BSB offered two alternatives to the squarial, the cheaper more conventional looking mini-dish format and the rounded-rectangle format dish.

The first revision was in the shape of a vertical ellipse of roughly 30 cm in diameter. The design employed a short LNB arm with a 'spike' design LNB operating at a frequency of 10 GHz. Essentially this design could be considered the forerunner to BSkyB's minidish. The second revision took on the appearance of a perfectly circular dish (around 25 cm in diameter), using a standard LNB at 10 GHz. In essence both function like a normal satellite dish, only scaled down.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

{{refbegin}}
* Peter Chippindale, Suzanne Franks and Roma Felstein, ''Dished!: Rise and Fall of British Satellite Broadcasting'', (London: Simon & Schuster Ltd, 1991).
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.colin99.co.uk/bsb.html |title=BSB and Squarials|accessdate=2009-02-08}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.orbitalzone.com/videoclips.htm |title=BSB Promo Video clip — Orbitalzone.Com|accessdate=2009-02-10}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/skytv/bsb.html|title=TVARK — British Satellite Broadcasting|accessdate=2009-02-09}}

{{British Satellite Broadcasting}}
{{BSkyB}}

[[Category:Satellite television]]

Police Camera Action!

2015-04-19T22:53:52Z

Teflon: Fixing link to BBC News article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name = Police, Camera, Action!
| image = [[Image:PCAtitle.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Logo from the current series
| presenter = [[Alastair Stewart]] {{Small|(1994–2009)}} [[Adrian Simpson]] {{Small|(2007–2009)}} [[Gethin Jones]] {{Small|(2010)}}
| network = [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]], [[STV (TV channel)|STV]], [[UTV (TV channel)|UTV]]
| country = United Kingdom
| first_aired = {{Start date|1994|9|7|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2010|8|18|df=y}}
| num_series = 6
| num_episodes = 95
| list_episodes = List of Police Camera Action! episodes
| producer = Optomen Television (all series) [[Carlton Television]] (1994–2002) 
| related = ''[[Police Stop!]]''
}}
'''''Police, Camera, Action!''''' is a police video programme made by [[Optomen|Optomen Television]], originally broadcast on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] with repeats airing on [[ITV4]]. It was originally commissioned through [[Carlton Television]].

It was presented by [[Alastair Stewart]] from 1994 until 2002, until his second [[drink-driving]] conviction led to a temporary suspension, before he resumed his role with [[Adrian Simpson]] from 2007. In 2010, the programme was presented by [[Gethin Jones]].

==About the show==
Each episode has a subtitle relating to the type of police video footage such as "Safety Last" or "Driven to Distraction". It typically features police footage and occasional media footage relating to bad driving and road crime. However, this has not always been so, with special episodes "The Liver Run" (featuring the [[Metropolitan Police]] undertaking an [[organ transplant]] escort)<ref>[http://www.ukemergency.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1275&Itemid=162 UK Emergency Vehicles > Information > The Liver Run] UK Emergency Vehicles Created 8 May 2007, Accessed 6 June 2011</ref> and "The Man Who Shot OJ", focusing on the work of helicopter [[cameraman]] and [[Aviator|pilot]] [[Bob Tur]] in Los Angeles. This episode also looked at the controversies behind the [[O.J. Simpson]] [[O.J. Simpson murder case|trial]]. In later series of the show, footage from Bob Tur and the [[Los Angeles News Service]] would feature more prominently in certain episodes.

==History==
The first episode broadcast on 7 September 1994 was known as '''''Police Stop!''''', which was also the name of [[Police Stop!|a similar police programme]] available initially on VHS video and later on [[Sky1]]. To this date, it is the only episode not to be repeated on [[Men & Motors]] or [[ITV4]]. A spin-off book of the series was released in 1996 by [[Ebury Press]], which was written by Peter Gillbe with a foreword by Alastair Stewart and which featured police footage of bad driving. The book had some footage [[still]]s which were not shown on the TV episodes.

In 2003, the programme was suspended due to Stewart's second drink-driving conviction when he was found to have crashed into a telegraph pole whilst three times over the legal limit.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/dorset/3034856.stm "Drink-driving TV host dropped", BBC News 2003-07-01]</ref> This delayed transmission of some unaired episodes until 17 January 2006. The programme resumed with Stewart introducing the series from a studio on 24 September 2007, joined by Adrian Simpson, who reported from location and provided voice-overs to the clips. A week before the new series began, there was a special 'Ultimate Pursuits/Best of Police Camera Action!' edition, presented by Stewart. 
[[Image:PCA-1994.JPG|thumb|180px|right|Logo from the Original 1994 Series.]]

A new series was aired from 29 July – 18 August 2010, presented by [[Gethin Jones]].

== Episodes ==
{{Main|List of Police Camera Action! episodes}}

==Edited versions==
Repeats on [[ITV4]] were highly edited (presumably to remove material unsuitable for daytime transmission). It seems highly unlikely that ''Police Camera Action'' will be aired in its original, unedited form. The episodes affected were:
* Danger! Drivers Ahead (although the original ''Police Stop!'' version is never aired, but both edited ones are, the second version of Danger! Drivers Ahead being edited)
* Road to Nowhere (end music changed)
* A Lorry Load of Trouble (highly edited from original)
* On the Buses (footage removed for unknown reason)
* Crash Test Racers ([[title sequence]] cut off)
* Getting Their Man (end music replaced)

This was similar to [[Shoestring (TV series)|Shoestring]], which was shown in edited form in 2002 on [[BBC One|BBC1]].

==See also==
*[[Police Stop!]] ''- programme released on VHS and later broadcast on [[Sky1]] with a similar format.''
*[[Road Wars (TV series)|Road Wars]] ''- seen as the replacement to Police Stop! and runs to a similar format to the more recent Police, Camera, Action! episodes.''
*[[Street Wars (TV series)|Street Law]] ''- also known as Street Wars. Broadcast on [[Sky1]], [[Sky2]], and [[Pick TV]].
*[[Police Interceptors]] ''- programme following traffic police in Essex and South Yorkshire. Broadcast on [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]].
*[[Traffic Cops]] ''- sometimes broadcast as Motorway Cops or Car Wars. [[BBC]] programme with similar format.
*[[Brit Cops]] ''- a police show broadcast on [[BSkyB|Sky]] (originally on [[Bravo (UK TV channel)|Bravo]] and then Virgin1).
*[[Street Crime UK]] ''- a similar show broadcast on [[Bravo (UK TV channel)|Bravo]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0397819}}
*{{tv.com show|police-camera-action|Police Camera Action!}}

{{EngvarB|date=May 2013}}

[[Category:1994 British television programme debuts]]
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[[Category:2010s British television series]]
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NI Railways

2015-03-01T20:17:18Z

Teflon: removing reference to East Coast being state owned.

{{See also|Rail transport in Ireland}}
{{Infobox Rail companies
|name=NI Railways
|map=
|bgcolor=
|logo_filename=Ni railways logo.svg
|image_filename=Helen's Bay station (6) - geograph.org.uk - 1503708.jpg
|widthpx=300px
|franchise=Government-owned subsidiary Not subject to franchising
|nameforarea=Region
|regions= [[Northern Ireland]]
|secregions=
|abbr=N/A: Not part of National Rail
|fleet= 48
|stations=54
|parent_company=[[Northern Ireland Transport Holding Company|NITHCo]] ([[Translink (Northern Ireland)|Translink]])
|website=www.translink.co.uk/NI-Railways/
}}
'''NI Railways,''' also known as '''Northern Ireland Railways''' ('''NIR''') and for a brief period '''Ulster Transport Railways''' ('''UTR'''), is the [[railway]] operator in [[Northern Ireland]]. NIR is a subsidiary of [[Translink (Northern Ireland)|Translink]], whose parent company is the [[Northern Ireland Transport Holding Company]] (NITHCo), and is one of two state-owned train operators in the [[United Kingdom]], the other being [[Eurostar]]. It has a common Board of Management with the other two companies in the group, [[Ulsterbus]] and [[Metro (Belfast)|Metro]] (formerly Citybus). The rail network in Northern Ireland is not part of the [[National Rail]] network of [[Great Britain]], being part of the [[Irish Gauge]] network covering the island of [[Ireland]]. Also, NIR is the only commercial non-heritage passenger operator in the United Kingdom to operate a [[vertical integration]] model, with responsibility of all aspects of the network including running trains, maintaining rolling stock and infrastructure, and pricing.
[[File:Northern Ireland rail network sb.svg|350px|thumb|NI Railways network]]
NIR jointly runs the [[Enterprise (train)|Enterprise]] train service between Belfast and Dublin with [[Iarnród Éireann]]. There is no link to the [[Rail transport in Great Britain|rail system in Great Britain]], [[Irish Sea fixed crossing|although proposals have been made]], though allowances would have to be made for the different rail gauge ([[standard gauge]]) in use in Britain and the rest of [[Europe]].

==History==
NIR was formed in 1968 when it took over from the [[Ulster Transport Authority]] (UTA), which had operated the province's railways since 1948. Much of the network closed during the 1950s and 1960s, declining from 900 miles (1,500 km) to 206.61 miles (330.58 km) at present.

Suffering frequent disruption and damage to infrastructure caused by the [[Troubles]] and starved of investment by successive political administrations, the NIR network had become badly run down by the 1960s, with old rolling stock and poorly maintained track. NIR's last steam locomotives were withdrawn in 1970.

In 1970, NIR re-launched the once-popular ''[[Enterprise (train)|Enterprise]]'' between Dublin and Belfast with three new [[NIR Class 101]] diesel locomotives built by Hunslet in England and [[British Rail Mark 2|Mark 2B]] carriages built by [[BREL]]. Despite frequent interruptions due to bomb scares, the service has remained a more or less constant feature of the NIR network.

As older trains became obsolete in the 1970s, the [[NIR 80 Class|Class 80]] slam-door [[diesel-electric multiple unit]] was introduced. [[BREL]] built these units between 1974 and 1977 to [[British Rail]]'s [[British Rail Mark 2|Mk 2B]] design with some trailer cars rebuilt from hauled stock. The power cars are powered by an [[English Electric]] 4SRKT engine, nicknamed 'Thumpers' due to their characteristic sound, and have two English Electric 538 traction motors. These entered service on the suburban lines around [[Belfast]], becoming a stalwart on the whole network. They remained in service until 2012, latterly primarily on the Larne-Belfast line and the Coleraine-Portrush Line. In the early 1980s, NIR purchased one of the prototype [[British Rail Railbuses|LEV Railbuses]] built to test the [[railbus]] concept. This was intended for the [[Coleraine-Portrush railway line|Coleraine-Portrush branch]], but was withdrawn due to the capacity constraints of a single car. A plan was mooted to utilise it on the [[Lisburn-Antrim railway line|Lisburn-Antrim line]] to prevent it from being closed. This proposal failed, again because of the limited capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.downrail.co.uk/railbus.htm |title=Railbus to Drive out of Retirement in Downpatrick |publisher=Downrail.co.uk |date=2001-03-30 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref>

[[Image:Northern Ireland Railways.png|thumb|left|180px|Logo used from 1987 to 1996]]
NIR has three [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] [[NIR Class 111|class 111]] locomotives, 111–113, for freight and passenger use, built in 1980 (111–112) and 1984 (113).

During the eighties it was apparent that additional trains would be needed. BREL built nine [[NIR 450 Class|450 Class]] sets on former [[British Railways Mark 1|Mk 1]] underframes between 1985 and 1987. The power cars have an English Electric 4SRKT engine recovered from former 70 Class units (except 457, which uses the engine recovered from 80 Class power car 88) and have two English Electric 538 traction motors. The sets are three-car [[diesel-electric multiple unit]]s, based on a more modern British design, with air-operated sliding doors. Now in the process of a mid-life refurbishment, they continue in service.

In 1994, NIR bought two EMD [[IE 201 Class|208 Class locomotives]] identical to [[Iarnród Éireann]]'s [[IE 201 Class|201 Class]]. These haul the cross-border ''[[Enterprise (train)|Enterprise]]'' dedicated trains of modern carriages.

In 2004/2005, NIR received 23 [[NIR 3000 Class|3000 class]] [[diesel multiple unit]]s from [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]] of Spain in an £80m order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4038729.stm |title=New trains make first journey |publisher=BBC News |date=2004-11-24 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> The final unit, 3023, arrived in Belfast Harbour on 18 July 2005.<ref>[http://www.translink.co.uk/050721LastNewTrainLandsAtBelfastHarbour.asp Translink Press Release: Last New Train lands at Belfast Harbour]{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref> All units had entered service by 24 September 2005. They operate principally between Bangor, Portadown and Londonderry and Belfast.

==Performance==

The latest performance figures for NIR according to Translink are 99% of trains arriving at the final destination within 5 minutes and 100% within 10 minutes of the scheduled time. Among other accolades, NIR won the UK Rail Business of the Year Award for 2008<ref>[http://www.nirailways.co.uk/nirmonitor_fourtable03.asp Monitoring Results]</ref>

== Rolling stock ==

=== Current fleet ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f9f9f9;"
! rowspan="2" |Class
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |Type
! colspan="2" |Top speed
! rowspan="2" |Number
! rowspan="2" |Routes operated
! rowspan="2" |Built
|- style="background:#f9f9f9;"
! mph 
! km/h 
|-
|[[CIE 071 Class|Class 111]]
|[[File:Dunmurry station (1996) - geograph.org.uk - 636208.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel Locomotive]]
|90
|145
|3
|Infrastructure duties
|1980 - 1984
|-
|[[NIR 3000 Class|Class 3000]]
|[[File:Lisburn railway station in 2007.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel Multiple Unit]]
|90
|145
|23
|[[Great Victoria Street railway station|Belfast]] - [[Londonderry railway station|Londonderry]] [[Belfast Central railway station|Belfast]] - [[Newry railway station|Newry]] [[Belfast Central railway station|Belfast]] - [[Bangor railway station, Northern Ireland|Bangor]] [[Belfast Central railway station|Belfast]] - [[Larne Harbour railway station|Larne]]
|2002 - 2004
|-
|[[NIR Class 4000|Class 4000]]
|[[File:Geograph-2739196-by-Albert-Bridge.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel Multiple Unit]]
|90
|145
|20
|[[Belfast Central railway station|Belfast]] - [[Larne Harbour railway station|Larne]] [[Great Victoria Street railway station|Belfast]] - [[Londonderry railway station|Londonderry]] [[Belfast Central railway station|Belfast]] - [[Newry railway station|Newry]] [[Belfast Central railway station|Belfast]] - [[Bangor railway station, Northern Ireland|Bangor]]
|2010 - 2012
|}

NIR also owns two [[IE 201 Class|201 Class]] diesel locomotives, which operate as part of a pool with [[Iarnród Éireann]]'s fleet, and half of the 28 [[Coaching Stock of Ireland#De Dietrich Stock|De Dietrich stock]] coaches used by the [[Enterprise (train service)|Enterprise]] [[Belfast-Dublin railway line|Belfast-Dublin]] service. These units have their own unique livery, and do not operate under NIR branding or on any other services in Northern Ireland or the Republic. In 2005, NIR investigated obtaining seven [[British Rail Class 222|Class 222]] DEMUs built for the [[Rail transport in Great Britain|British network]]to use for Enterprise, but these entered service with their intended operator [[Midland Mainline]]. They would have required significant modification to enable NIR to use them, including conversion from [[standard gauge]] to [[Rail gauge#Dominant gauges|Irish gauge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irrs.ie/Journal%20157/157%20News%20NIR.htm |title=NIR News 157 |publisher=Irrs.ie |date=2005-08-23 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref>

In 2007, NIR announced plans to purchase up to 20 trains under its "New Trains 2010" proposal following the confirmation of its expected budget. This fleet replaced the remaining Class 80 and Class 450 trains by March 2012. Renamed as "New Trains Two", this project went out to tender in late 2007, with the supplier due to be appointed in early 2009. Work on the new trains would begin shortly thereafter with the units entering service from 2011 onwards.<ref name="New Trains" /> In March 2009 it was announced that [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]] had been selected to build the new fleet, named [[NIR Class 4000|Class 4000]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7963296.stm |title=Contract signed on trains for NI |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-03-25 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> The first units were delivered in March 2011, with entry into service in September 2011<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/c4ks-start-running-to-larne.html C4Ks start running to Larne] - Railway Gazette, 04/10/11</ref>

NIR has retained one [[NIR Class 80|Class 80]] unit (three power cars and two driving trailers) as its [[sandite]] train during the 2012 and 2013 leaf fall seasons. It is planned that a pair of [[NIR Class 450|Class 450]] units will take on this role.

===Past fleet===

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#f9f9f9;"
|''' Class '''
|''' Image '''
|''' Type '''
|''' Built '''
|''' Withdrawn '''
|''' Notes '''
|-
|[[UTA MED|MED]]
|[[File:Delayed train, Lisburn - geograph.org.uk - 1087236.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel Multiple Unit]]
|1952-1954
|1973-1978
|Intended for local services around [[Belfast]]
|-
|[[UTA MPD|MPD]]
|[[File:Railcar at Crumlin - geograph.org.uk - 1087272.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel Multiple Unit]]
|1957-1962
|1981-1984
|Intended for longer distance former [[Northern Counties Committee|NCC]] routes and [[Enterprise (train)|Enterprise]]
|-
|[[UTA 70 Class|70 Class]]
|[[File:Permanent way train, Larne - geograph.org.uk - 1088463.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel Multiple Unit]]
|1966-1968
|1985-1986
|Passenger DMU. Engines recovered for use in 450 Class units.
|-
|[[NIR 80 Class|80 Class]]
|[[File:Derriaghy railway station in 2004.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel Multiple Unit]]
|1974-1978
|2005-2012
|Passenger DMU. Also used for [[Sandite]] duties, until 2012.
|-
|[[NIR 101 Class|101 Class]]
|[[Image:101 NIR enterprise service - dublin - 15-09-1980.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel locomotive]]
|1970
|1989
|Intended for loco hauled [[Enterprise (train)|Enterprise]] services
|-
|[[CIE 201 Class|104 Class]]
|[[File:Ballast train, Whitehead - geograph.org.uk - 1630002.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel locomotive]]
|1956-1957
|1993
|Originally built for [[Córas Iompair Éireann|CIÉ]]; six transferred to NIR in 1986
|-
|[[NIR 450 Class|450 Class]]
|[[Image:A Passing train - geograph.org.uk - 395636.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel Multiple Unit]]
|1985-1987
|2011-2012
|Passenger DMU.
|-
|[[British Rail Railbuses|RB3]]
|[[File:Geograph-2333183-by-Albert-Bridge.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel Multiple Unit]]
|1981
|1989
|Prototype built for [[Rail transport in Great Britain|British network]]; transferred to NIR in 1983
|-
|[[NIR 1 Class|Class 1]]
|[[File:Broken-down train at Ballyrobert - geograph.org.uk - 1021197.jpg|100px]]
|[[Diesel locomotive]]
|1969
|1989
|Shunter
|}

== Routes ==
[[Image:Approaching Seahill station - geograph.org.uk - 243422.jpg|thumb|right|A [[NIR Class 3000|Class 3000]] approaching {{stnlnk|Seahill}} on the [[Belfast–Bangor railway line|Bangor line]]]]
[[File:Sydenham station, Belfast (2012-1) - geograph.org.uk - 2894012.jpg|thumb| A [[NIR Class 4000|Class 4000]] departing [[Sydenham railway station, Northern Ireland|Sydenham]] on the Bangor line]]
NIR maintains the following lines:

* [[Dublin-Belfast railway line|Belfast-Dublin, from Belfast to the border]]
* [[Belfast-Bangor railway line|Belfast-Bangor]] - the northern route of the former [[Belfast and County Down Railway]]
* [[Belfast-Larne railway line|Belfast-Larne]]
* [[Belfast-Derry railway line|Belfast-Derry]]
* [[Coleraine-Portrush railway line|Coleraine-Portrush]]
* [[Lisburn-Antrim railway line|Lisburn-Antrim]]

NIR operates regular passenger trains along the following routes (only major stations are listed):

* [[Portadown railway station|Portadown]], [[Lisburn railway station|Lisburn]], Belfast Great Victoria Street, Belfast Central, Holywood and [[Bangor railway station, Northern Ireland|Bangor]].
* [[Belfast Great Victoria Street railway station|Belfast Great Victoria Street]], {{stnlnk|Belfast Central}}, {{stnlink|Carrickfergus}}, [[Larne Harbour railway station|Larne Harbour]]
* [[Belfast Great Victoria Street railway station|Belfast Great Victoria Street]], [[Belfast Central railway station|Belfast Central]], Antrim, Ballymena, [[Coleraine railway station|Coleraine]], [[Londonderry railway station|Derry~Londonderry]]
* [[Coleraine]] and [[Portrush]]

Signalling is controlled from Coleraine (Coleraine to Portrush), Portadown (the border to Great Victoria Street), and Belfast Central (Great Victoria Street and the rest of the network)

On the cross-border route between Belfast and Dublin, NIR operates the ''[[Enterprise (train)|Enterprise]]'' in conjunction with [[Iarnród Éireann]].

=== Suspended routes ===
Following the re-opening of the {{convert|15|mi|km|sing=on}} Antrim - Bleach Green line in June 2001,<ref>[http://www.nirailways.co.uk/antrimbleachgreen.asp Antrim - Bleach Green: Rebirth of a Railway Line]</ref> which had been closed since 1978, NIR ceased passenger operations between Lisburn and Antrim on 29 June 2003. Combined with the new Dargan Bridge across the River Lagan in Belfast, the Bleach Green route offered faster journeys between [[Derry]], Coleraine, [[Ballymena]], Antrim and Belfast.

The [[Lisburn-Antrim railway line]] is still maintained, and occasional crew training operations are performed. While it is also available as a diversionary route, Ballinderry, Glenavy and Crumlin stations have closed.

== Future ==
The development of railways in Northern Ireland has been linked to the future economic growth of the region, and as a way of reducing road congestion.<ref>[http://railwatch.org.uk/backtrack/rw85/rw085p13.pdf Ulster rail expansion needed] - Railwatch, 08/2000</ref> One of the major challenges that NIR has faced is the limited number of trains available for service at peak times. The limited fleet size has led to services being cancelled due to failures or delays. This can lead to widespread disruption across the network and potentially a huge loss in revenue. Upon its establishment in 1998, the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] put in place an investment programme costing £100 million to bring about major improvements. This saw projects including the purchase of the 3000 Class trains, the complete relaying of the [[Belfast-Larne railway line|Belfast-Larne line]] and the construction of a new maintenance depot.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-154460103.html An 'enterprising' future for Northern Ireland]{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref> Following completion of this, as part of its long-term investment programme for NIR Translink conducted a "Strategic Rail Review" in 2004, an independent review of rail services to determine its funding request under the [[Comprehensive Spending Review]]. This report determined that so-called "lesser used lines" were an important and economically viable part of the total network, and that investment should be consistent rather than in the "stop-go" manner of previous years.<ref name="Core Programme: Better Rail Services">[http://www.nirailways.co.uk/coreprogbetterrailservices.asp Core Programme: Better Rail Services]</ref>

A debate in the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] on 14 May 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2007-05-14.3.60 |title=Northern Ireland Assembly: Development of the Rail Network |publisher=Theyworkforyou.com |date=2007-05-14 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> raised several proposals as to how the railway network could be improved:
*Reopening of existing but closed infrastructure, notably the [[Lisburn-Antrim railway line|Lisburn-Antrim line]]
*Improvement of the infrastructure on the Belfast-Londonderry line through, at the very least, the installation of [[passing loop]]s to allow service frequency to be increased, and upgrading the track to allow higher speeds.

Pressure groups have advocated the protection of former routes, where the track has been lifted but the [[trackbed]] remains intact, to enable these to be reinstated for commuter traffic as an alternative to increased road building.<ref>[http://www.pacni.gov.uk/bmapstage2/objector/BMAP%202917-1.pdf Rail21: Protection of the Former Railway Trackbed from Kingsbog to Ballyclare]{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref>

In October 2007, following the CSR that provided funding allocation to the [[Northern Ireland Executive]], the [[Department for Regional Development]] announced its draft budget. [[Conor Murphy]], the Regional Development Minister, stated that approximately £137 million could be allocated from for investment in the railways for the period 2008-2011.<ref name="Draft Budget"/>

In June 2008, Brian Guckian, an independent transport researcher from [[Dublin]], presented a wide-ranging proposal to Translink for a £460 million expansion of the network called '''Northern Ireland Network Enhancement''' (NINE). This proposes the return of the network to several towns that have not had access to rail services for many years; the main part of the proposal would see the Londonderry-Portadown line re-opened, which would link [[Omagh]], [[Strabane]] and [[Dungannon]], with branches to [[Enniskillen]] and [[Armagh]]. However none of these enhancements are programmed to go to planning over the course of the next decade as of early 2013.

=== Infrastructure ===
[[File:Belfast Great Victoria Street.jpg|thumb|Class 3000 units at Great Victoria Street. Proposals have been made to increase capacity by building an additional platform, and make this Enterprise's northern terminus]]
The rail network is focused on [[Greater Belfast]]. Both the [[Belfast-Bangor railway line|Bangor]] and [[Belfast-Larne railway line|Larne]] lines have been re-laid in recent years, enabling timetable improvements to be delivered.<ref name="Northern Corridor Railways Group">{{cite web|url=http://www.colerainebc.gov.uk/content_gfx/other/NCRG%20Final%20Report%20A4.pdf |title=Northern Corridor Railways Group: Northern Corridor Railway Renaissance |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> The only significant "inter-city" routes are the [[Dublin-Belfast railway line|main line]] between Belfast and [[Dublin]], which covers services to [[Newry]]; and the [[Belfast-Derry railway line|Belfast-Derry line]]. This line is [[Single track (rail)|single track]] with crossing loops north of [[Mossley West railway station|Mossley West]] and single track only west of {{stnlink|Castlerock}}, which limits the service in both frequency and speed; in the current timetable the train takes 2hr 20 m<ref>[http://www.nirailways.co.uk/present/nir/belfast-londonderrymf1.pdf NIR Belfast-Londonderry]</ref> while the bus takes an hour less.<ref>[http://www.nirailways.co.uk/present/GLE_212_O.asp Goldlink Belfast-Londonderry]</ref> The pressure group '''Into the West''', which campaigns for improved rail links to the North West region, has stated that the need for a quality rail service, as part of a larger integrated transport policy, is vital to the economic development not just for the city of Derry but for the wider cross-border region.<ref>{{cite web|author=Published on Friday 15 June 2007 14:00 |url=http://www.derryjournal.com/gerry-murray/Ships-and-boats-and-trains.2958531.jp |title=Ships and boats and trains |publisher=Derryjournal.com |date=2007-06-15 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref>

On 21 November 2007, the Regional Development Minister announced that the investment strategy being considered by the NI Executive included the relaying of the Belfast-Londonderry line north of [[Coleraine]], planned to include new signalling and a new crossing loop, allowing more trains. The cost has been estimated at £64 million, and has been projected to begin in 2011, lasting two years. Prior to the major relaying of the Coleraine-Londonderry section, £12 million will be spent on improving the section between [[Ballymena]] and Coleraine,<ref>[http://www.railnews.co.uk/2008/01/news/international/200801_intercity.html New Intercity train fleet starts on fastest-growing route]{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref> on which work has already begun. This will see the stretch between Ballymena and Coleraine close completely for four months, with a replacement bus service. Trains will continue to run between Londonderry, Coleraine and [[Portrush]], with a small fleet stabled at Coleraine<ref>{{cite web|last=McKimm |first=Mike |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7900379.stm |title=Downsized rail network 'speedier' |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-02-19 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> - four trains have been stabled instead of the three previously reported. Once the project has been completed, there is a further proposal to add two trains per day, enabling journey times between Belfast and Londonderry to be reduced by up to 30 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-drd-211107-open-letter-to |title=Open letter to media from Conor Murphy on Londonderry railway line |publisher=Northernireland.gov.uk |date=2007-11-21 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> As part of this plan, Translink envisages an hourly service to Londonderry, half-hourly to Ballymena. There have been proposals to improve the Belfast-Dublin line between [[Knockmore]] and [[Lurgan]], enabling journey times to be reduced and frequency increased.<ref name="Draft Budget"/> This will improve NIR's services and allow an hourly [[Enterprise (train)|Enterprise]] service to Dublin.<ref name="Northern Corridor Railways Group"/>

In May 2008, the Regional Development Minister announced that his department would commission a study, in conjunction with Donegal County Council, to investigate the effects a resurrection of railway services in the north-west of Ireland with a long-term projection of building a railway line connecting Londonderry with [[Sligo]] through [[County Donegal]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Published on Monday 26 May 2008 12:16 |url=http://www.derryjournal.com/journal/North-West-railway-study-announced.4120652.jp |title=North West railway study announced |publisher=Derryjournal.com |date=2008-05-26 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref>

As part of NIR's plans for its new rolling stock, it is constructing a new traincare depot next to [[Adelaide railway station, Northern Ireland|Adelaide station]] on the site of the old freight yard. As a means of improving timings of its services, [[Great Victoria Street railway station|Belfast Great Victoria Street]] is planned to undergo a major refurbishment that will see the platforms lengthened and the curves reduced, together with the addition of a new fifth platform, all planned to bring about the transfer of [[Enterprise (train service)|Enterprise]] services from {{stnlnk|Belfast Central}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Ferris|first1= Cyril|last2= |first2= |year= 2009|title= Enterprise moving to Great Victoria Street?|journal= Today's Railways|volume= |issue= 97|page= 37|url= |doi= }}</ref>

Further plans are afoot to double the track from Monkstown to Templepatrick, to further increase capacity on the Londonderry line. This is due to be completed by January 2015.

====Portadown to Armagh====
In 2013, the Minister for [[Department for Regional Development|Regional Development]], [[Danny Kennedy]], indicated that a restoration of the route between {{stnlnk|Portadown}} and {{stnlnk|Armagh}} was under active consideration in the long term, pointing out the commercial opportunities for the city of [[Armagh]] and its [[hinterland]] to be reconnected to the railway network.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.portadowntimes.co.uk/news/local/kennedy-has-rail-hopes-for-armagh-line-restoration-1-5364856|title = Kennedy has hopes for Armagh line restoration - Portadown Times|accessdate = 2013-08-21}}</ref>

==== Airport links ====
[[File:Ballinderry Railway Station.jpg|thumb|{{stnlnk|Ballinderry}} on the disused [[Lisburn-Antrim railway line|Lisburn-Antrim line]]]]
Speculation remains that the [[Lisburn-Antrim railway line|Lisburn-Antrim]] route could re-open, potentially to offer an alternative Antrim - Lisburn - Belfast service. The line is maintained both for crew training and as a diversionary route, and passes close to [[Belfast International Airport]] at Aldergrove. For a number of years there have been suggestions for a [[Aldergrove railway station|station]] to serve the airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6947326.stm |title=Fresh call for airport rail link |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-08-15 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> The airport has marked the building of a new station in its list of future plans,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belfastairport.com/en/content.asp?area=5&id=238 |title=Belfast International Airport Master Plan |publisher=Belfastairport.com |date=2012-08-17 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> while [[EasyJet]], which is the largest operator into Belfast International, have been strong in advocating an airport rail link.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith |first=Colletta |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7252638.stm |title=Disused track {{convert|1|mi|km|sing=on}}} from airport |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-02-19 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> The reopening of the Lisburn-Antrim line is seen not simply in terms of provision of a link to the airport - it would also allow for the further economic development of the area, which has seen increases in population as people use the towns in South Antrim as dormitory settlements for Belfast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2007-07-02.5.1 |title=Northern Ireland Assembly: Antrim to Knockmore Railway Line |publisher=Theyworkforyou.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> In May 2009, the Minister for Regional Development stated that a proposal had been received from a private developer, the Kilbride Group, to restore the Knockmore line, indicating that he would be prepared to part fund a study into this if the local authorities provided the rest of the funding. The route is also included in a wider study of the development of the Northern Rail Corridor due at the end of 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irrs.ie/Journal%20170/170%20News%20NIR.htm |title=NIR News 170 |publisher=Irrs.ie |date= |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref>

The Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan 2015 identifies the need to improve transport links to [[George Best Belfast City Airport]] from the city centre. The BMAP proposed a [[CITI Belfast|light rail]] line from the city centre that would have interchanged with a [[Tillysburn railway station|new railway station]] at Tillysburn, serving both the airport and the [[Holywood Exchange]] retail development.<ref>[http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Plans/BMA/draft_plan/02Part4/volume2/Harbour/Transportation_pfv.htm BMAP Transport Proposals]</ref> However, in April 2008 the decision was taken not to proceed with the light rail project, with the DRD choosing to implement a new bus-based network.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cassidy |first=Martin |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7335313.stm |title=City to get rapid transit network |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-04-08 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7336238.stm |title='No light rail system for city' |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-04-08 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> The pressure group ''Rail 21'' has stated that the Tillysburn proposal is insufficient for what the new station is expected to provide - a link to the airport, transport provision for Holywood Exchange and a [[park and ride]] facility. Instead it proposes a dedicated airport station, similar to {{stnlnk|Glasgow Prestwick Airport}}, connected directly to the terminal, with Tillysburn half a mile away serving Holywood Exchange, instead of Tillysburn providing the link to the airport.<ref>[http://www.pacni.gov.uk/areaplan/document.asp?docID=227&filetype=Objector Rail 21: New Railway Station at Tillysburn]{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref>

There have also been calls, as part of the wider upgrade of the rail route to [[Derry]], for a railway station connecting to [[City of Derry Airport]], which is close to the railway line. However, the Government has determined that the number of passengers using the airport is not sufficient to justify a station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2008-10-13.6.19 |title=Northern Ireland Assembly: Derry/Londonderry to Belfast Rail Service |publisher=Theyworkforyou.com |date=2008-10-13 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref>

=== Rolling stock ===
Although the introduction of the [[NIR 3000 Class|Class 3000]] trains has been a success, they were a like-for-like replacement for the Class 80 units rather than an expansion of the fleet. Due to the limited number of new units, some of NIR's older rolling stock has had to be retained, notably the entire [[NIR 450 Class|Class 450]] on the [[Belfast-Larne railway line|Belfast-Larne]] route. To enable NIR to maintain its levels of service, it has set about upgrading some of its older rolling stock. In 2005, the Class 450 fleet was refurbished to a standard close to that of the Class 3000 units, which is intended to see them through to a withdrawal date of around 2012. There will be refurbishment of up to three four-car Class 80 units, and the conversion of the locomotives and coaches to push-pull operation with the addition of the DBSO obtained from [[National Express East Anglia|'one']], to ensure that passenger rolling stock levels can be maintained up to the introduction of new rolling stock.<ref name="NIR News 164">{{cite web|url=http://www.irrs.ie/Journal%20164/164%20News%20NIR.htm |title=NIR News 164 |publisher=Irrs.ie |date= |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref>

One of the major projects instigated by Translink is "New Trains Two" (formerly "New Trains 2010"), which will see the purchase of a new batch of rolling stock. At minimum, this was to be like-for-like replacement of the [[NIR 450 Class|Class 450]] trains, which were withdrawn in 2012. However, it has been determined that in order to deliver improved frequency of service on the network the size of NIR's fleet must be increased, and with that must come associated infrastructure improvements.<ref name="Core Programme: Better Rail Services"/> The announcement of the investment programme confirmed "New Trains 2010", which will procure at least 20 new trains to both replace the remaining [[NIR 80 Class|Class 80]] and Class 450 units and provide additional capacity.<ref name="Draft Budget">{{cite web|url=http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news-drd-251007-regional-development-minister |title=Regional Development Minister welcomes draft Budget allocations |publisher=Northernireland.gov.uk |date=2007-10-25 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> The specification given by the DRD states that the new trains are to be used to provide both inner and outer suburban commuter services and express services between Belfast and Dublin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irrs.ie/Journal%20165/165%20News%20NIR.htm |title=NIR News 165 |publisher=Irrs.ie |date=2008-03-31 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> The [[NIR Class 4000|Class 4000]] fleet entered service on 29 September 2011.<ref name="New Trains">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7230078.stm |title=Railway line to get new trains |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-02-06 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> Twenty three-car units have been specified with an option to purchase an additional 20 vehicles, allowing the units to be lengthened to four cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ted.europa.eu/Exec?DataFlow=N_one_doc_access.dfl&Template=TED/N_one_result_detail_curr.htm&docnumber=93141-2009&docId=93141-2009&StatLang=EN |title=Tender Details for NIR Class 4000 |publisher=Ted.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Network Rail]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.translink.co.uk/NI-Railways/ Official site]

{{commons category|Northern Ireland Railways}}
{{Translink (Northern Ireland)}}
{{Irish train operators}}
{{Current UK TOCs}}
{{National railway companies of Europe}}
{{Rail transport in Europe}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Passenger rail transport in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Train operating companies]]
[[Category:Railway companies of Ireland]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Economy of Northern Ireland]]

Ibrox Stadium

2015-01-21T19:35:36Z

Teflon: /* Ibrox Stadium */

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{good article}}
{{infobox stadium
| image = [[File:Ibrox Inside.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Inside Ibrox looking towards the Broomloan Stand
| location = 150 Edmiston Drive, [[Ibrox, Glasgow|Ibrox]], [[Glasgow]]
| coordinates =
| pushpin_map = Scotland Glasgow
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Glasgow
| pushpin_label_position = lefth
| latd = 55|latm = 51|lats = 11.54 |latNS = N
| longd = 4|longm = 18|longs = 33.33 |longEW = W
| broke_ground = 1899
| opened = 30 December 1899
| renovated = 1928 (Main Stand) 1978–81 (Copland Stand, Broomloan Stand and Govan Stand) 1990–91 (Main Stand club deck)
| owner = [[Rangers F.C.]]
| operator =
| surface = [[Lawn|Grass]]
| architect = [[Archibald Leitch]] (1928) The Miller Partnership (1978–81) Gareth Hutchison (1990–91)
| former_names = Ibrox Park (1899–1997)
| tenants = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers FC]] (1899-present)
| capacity = {{SPFL-stadiums|rangers}} (all-seated)<ref name = "capacity"/>
| record_attendance = 118,567 (v [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]], 1939)
| dimensions = 115 × 75 yards (105 × 69 metres)
}}
'''Ibrox Stadium''' is a [[Soccer-specific stadium|football stadium]] located on the south side of the [[River Clyde]] in the [[Ibrox, Glasgow|Ibrox]] district of [[Glasgow]]. The home of [[Rangers F.C.]], Ibrox is the third largest [[List of football stadiums in Scotland|football stadium in Scotland]], having an all-seated capacity of 50,987.

It was opened as '''Ibrox Park''' in 1899, but suffered a [[1902 Ibrox disaster|disaster in 1902]] when a wooden terrace collapsed. Vast earthen terraces were built in its place, while a main stand, which is now a [[listed building]], was built in 1928. A British record crowd of 118,567 gathered in January 1939 for a league match with [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]. After the [[1971 Ibrox disaster|Ibrox disaster of 1971]], the stadium was largely rebuilt. The vast bowl-shaped terracing was removed and replaced by three rectangular, all-seated stands by 1981. After renovations were completed in 1997, the ground was renamed Ibrox Stadium.

Ibrox has also hosted the [[Scotland national football team]], particularly when the national stadium [[Hampden Park]] was redeveloped in the 1990s. Ibrox also hosted three Scottish domestic cup finals in the same period. It has also been the venue for concerts by major performers, including [[Frank Sinatra]].

==History==

{{see also|History of Rangers F.C.}}
Rangers played its first match in 1872, on [[Glasgow Green]].<ref name = "Inglis466">{{harvnb|Inglis|1996|p=466}}</ref><ref name = "rangers">{{cite news|url=http://www.rangers.co.uk/page/Ibrox/0,,5,00.html|title=A Stadium To Be Proud Of|publisher=Rangers F.C.|work=Rangers.co.uk|accessdate=16 November 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111231015004/http://www.rangers.co.uk/page/Ibrox/0,,5,00.html |archivedate=31 December 2011}}</ref> The club then played home matches on public pitches across Glasgow, first moving to a regular home ground at [[Burnbank]] in 1875.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "rangers"/> A year later, Rangers played at the [[Clydesdale Cricket Club|Clydesdale]] cricket ground in [[Kinning Park]].<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "rangers"/> This ground was improved to give a capacity of 7,000, but it was not owned by Rangers.<ref name = "rangers"/> After hints by the landlords that they wished to develop the site, Rangers left in February 1887.<ref name = "rangers"/> The club shared [[First Cathkin Park|Cathkin Park]] with [[Third Lanark A.C.|Third Lanark]] for the remainder of the 1886–87 season.<ref name = "rangers"/>

Rangers first moved to the Ibrox area later in 1887, playing on a site immediately to the east of the current stadium.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "rangers"/> The first match at this stadium was an 8–1 defeat to English side [[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End]] on 20 August 1887, watched by a capacity crowd of over 15,000.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "rangers"/> This inaugural match had to be abandoned after 70 minutes due to a pitch invasion.<ref name = "rangers"/><ref name = "crampsey">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/imperious-ibrox-is-a-ground-for-celebration-one-hundred-years-on-the-change-has-been-total-but-memories-remain-as-clear-as-the-day-1.256410|title=Imperious Ibrox is a ground for celebration|first=Bob|last=Crampsey|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=22 December 1999|accessdate=18 November 2011}}</ref> The first Ibrox Park was a success in the short term, as three [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] international matches and the [[1890 Scottish Cup Final]] were played at the ground.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish_cup_fixture_details.cfm?page=1283&matchID=91667|title=The Scottish Cup|work=Scottishfa.co.uk|publisher=[[Scottish Football Association]]|accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref> [[Celtic Park]], built in 1892, was more advanced, however.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> Rangers opted to construct a new stadium, raising funds by forming a limited company.<ref name = "rangers"/> The last match at the old ground was played on 9 December 1899.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> The new Ibrox Park was formally opened with a 3–1 victory over [[Heart of Midlothian F.C.|Hearts]] on 30 December.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "rangers"/>

===Ibrox Park===
{{see also|1902 Ibrox disaster|1971 Ibrox disaster}}
[[File:Second_Ibrox_Park_Pavilion_1900.jpg|thumb|left|200px|<center>The pavilion of the second Ibrox Park. Built 1899, demolished 1928</center>]]
Ibrox Park, as it was known between 1899 and 1997,<ref name = "story"/> is almost completely different from the Ibrox Stadium of today.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> It followed the model of most Scottish stadiums of the time, comprising an oval track around the pitch, with a pavilion and one stand along one side.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> The ground had a capacity of 40,000.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> Celtic Park, Ibrox and [[Hampden Park]] all competed with each other to host [[Scottish Cup Final]]s and Scotland matches, one of which could generate up to £1,000 in revenue for the host club.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> To aid their chances of gaining that revenue, Rangers constructed a large terracing, holding 36,000 people, behind the western goalmouth.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> The terracing, designed by [[Archibald Leitch]], was formed by wooden planks bolted onto a framework made of iron.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> A similar wooden terracing was constructed at the eastern end, giving a total capacity of 75,000.<ref name = "rangers"/>

The structure was passed by the Govan Burgh Surveyor in March 1902, but there were newspaper reports that it was unstable.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> A crowd of 68,114 assembled for a Scotland v [[England national football team|England]] match on 5 April 1902, but shortly after the kick-off one section of the terracing "collapsed like a [[trap door]]".<ref name = "Inglis466"/> A gap of 20 square yards appeared, causing about 125 people to fall to the ground 50 feet below the terracing.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> Most survived due to the fact they fell on top of other bodies, but 25 people were killed.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "journal"/><ref name = "bricks"/> 517 people were injured, some due to being crushed in the panic caused by the collapse.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "journal">{{cite journal | title =The fatalities at the Ibrox disaster of 1902 |journal =The Sports Historian | volume =18 | issue =2 | pages =148–155 | publisher =British Society of Sports History | year =1998 | url =http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/1998/sh182k.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate =17 May 2007 | doi =10.1080/17460269809445801|first=Robert |last=Sheils}}</ref>

Strangely, most people in the stadium were unaware that the (first) Ibrox disaster had happened.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> People even re-occupied the damaged area, despite the danger of further collapse.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> A definite reason for the disaster was not agreed upon, partly because there was no [[public inquiry]] held.<ref name = "bricks"/> Some experts blamed the quality of wood<ref name = "Inglis466"/> and the supplier was tried for [[culpable homicide]], but was acquitted.<ref name = "bricks"/> The design was also cited as a possible cause.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "bricks"/> Generally, wooden structures of that size were not trusted.<ref name = "Inglis466"/> Rangers removed the wooden terraces, reducing capacity to 25,000.<ref name = "rangers"/> The criticism of the design did not deter Rangers from hiring Leitch in the future.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "bricks"/> He designed an expansion of Ibrox to a 63,000 capacity by 1910, using slopes made of earth.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "rangers"/> By this point, the city of Glasgow had the three largest purpose-built football grounds in the world.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "bricks"/>

[[File:Second_Ibrox_Park_1910.jpg|thumb|right|300px|<center>Rangers play [[Motherwell F.C.|Motherwell]] at Ibrox Park in 1920. The pavilion and grandstand that can be seen on the right of the pitch, were replaced by the Bill Struth stand in 1928. The 'Bovril Stand' (North Stand) can be seen on the left</center>]]
The next major redevelopment occurred in 1928, after Rangers had won their first [[double (association football)|double]].<ref name = "Inglis466"/> A new Main Stand, to the south side of the ground, was opened on 1 January 1929.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "rangers"/> The Main Stand, which has the familiar Leitch style criss-cross balcony and a red-brick facade, seated 10,000 people and provided standing accommodation in an enclosure.<ref name = "Inglis466"/><ref name = "rangers"/> [[Simon Inglis]], a writer on football stadia, commented in 2005 that the Main Stand is Leitch's "greatest work" and is "still resplendent today in its red brick glory under a modern mantle of glass and steel".<ref name = "bricks">{{cite news|last=Inglis|first=Simon|url=http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/sport.cfm?id=325042005 |title=Archie's in with bricks|work=[[Scotland on Sunday]]|date=27 March 2005|accessdate=15 November 2011}}</ref> The architectural significance of the Main Stand was reflected when it became a Category B [[listed building]] in 1987.<ref name = "rangers"/><ref name = "story"/><ref name = "70k">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rangers/7173756.stm |title=Rangers consider Ibrox expansion |publisher=BBC|work=BBC Sport |date= 6 January 2008 |accessdate=15 November 2011}}</ref> Original seats in the Main Stand were made of cast iron and oak.<ref name = "1080 seat"/> When one was auctioned in 2011, it raised a sale price of £1,080.<ref name = "1080 seat">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/fan-spends-1080-on-rare-ibrox-seat-1.1113425|title=Fan spends £1080 on rare Ibrox seat|first=Helen|last=McArdle|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=22 July 2011|accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref>

The banking of the terracing continued to increase in the 1930s.<ref name = "Inglis467">{{harvnb|Inglis|1996|p=467}}</ref> On 2 January 1939, the [[Old Firm]] game against Celtic attracted a crowd of 118,567, the record attendance for any league match played in Britain.<ref name = "rangers"/><ref name = "Inglis467"/> At this point, Ibrox was the second-largest stadium in Britain.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> Floodlights were first used at Ibrox in December 1953, for a friendly match against [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]].<ref name = "Inglis467"/> The first floodlit Scottish league match was played at Ibrox, in March 1956.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> Covers were built over the north and east terracing during the 1960s.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> No structural changes were made to Ibrox, but capacity was cut to approximately 80,000 by safety legislation.<ref name = "rangers"/>

Ibrox Park had the worst safety record in Britain.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> Two fans died in September 1961 when a barrier collapsed on Stairway 13.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> After this incident, Rangers installed safety measures, but further injuries were sustained in both 1967 and 1969.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> On 23 October 1968, the main stand at Ibrox was hit by fire.<ref>http://gersfamily.com/post/54190244436/1968-ibrox-fire</ref> Just seven months later there was another fire, which destroyed more than 200 seats behind the directors box.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rangers.co.uk/news/on-this-day/item/3985-on-this-day-may-21 |title=On This Day: May 21 |date=21 May 2013 |accessdate=27 January 2014 |work=www.rangers.co.uk |publisher=Rangers FC}}</ref> The worst disaster to yet affect football in Britain happened after the Old Firm game on 2 January 1971.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> Sixty-six people died of [[asphyxiation]] due to a crush on Stairway 13.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> The game itself ended in a 1–1 draw, with [[Colin Stein]] scoring a late equalising goal for Rangers.<ref name = "Inglis467"/><ref name = "bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/2/newsid_2478000/2478305.stm |title=1971: Sixty-six die in Scottish football disaster|work=BBC: On This Day|publisher=BBC|accessdate=16 November 2011|date=2 January 1971}}</ref> This led to a persistent myth that the crush had been caused by fans who had left the game early, but had turned back when they heard the roar that greeted the Rangers goal.<ref name = "Inglis467"/><ref name = "bbc"/> A public inquiry discounted this initial story.<ref name = "Inglis467"/><ref name = "bbc"/> It established that the crowd had been travelling in the same direction when the crush happened, with it perhaps being precipitated by some bending over to pick up items that had been discarded during the goal celebrations.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> The downward force of the crowd leaving the stadium meant that when people started to fall there was no means of preventing a crush.<ref name = "Inglis467"/><ref name = "bbc"/>

The inquiry and subsequent compensation cases found that Rangers had been inept in their administration and complacent after the incidents in the 1960s.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> The disaster also highlighted, however, the fact that there were no established safety standards that should be adhered to, let alone any means of enforcing such standards.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> This had been first recommended nearly 50 years earlier, after the [[1923 FA Cup Final]].<ref name = "Inglis467"/> The Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds was published in 1973, and legislation was enacted with the [[Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975]].<ref name = "Inglis467"/> This law cut the capacity of Ibrox to 65,000.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> In the short term, Rangers took the stopgap measure of installing benches in the North Stand, which was renamed the Centenary Stand.<ref name = "rangers"/><ref name = "crampsey"/><ref name = "Inglis467"/>

===Ibrox Stadium===
[[File:Signal Iduna Park before the match (4th july 2006).jpg|thumb|right|Plans for the redevelopment of Ibrox were modelled on the [[Westfalenstadion]].]]
[[File:Ibrox, 1994.jpg|thumb|left|A view of the Broomloan and Govan Stands in 1994.]]
[[File:Ibrox Stadium - geograph.org.uk - 21482.jpg|thumb|right|A view of the Main Stand in 2005. The Club Deck (white) was constructed above the 1928 Main Stand in the early 1990s. The brick and glass construction in front is an enclosed stairwell to the upper deck.]]
[[File:Ibrox.jpg|thumb|left|A view of the Broomloan and Govan Stands in 2006. The corner between the two stands was filled in during the late 1990s.]]
The [[1971 Ibrox disaster]] led to the club developing a modern, safe stadium.<ref name = "rangers"/> [[Willie Waddell]] visited modern grounds in West Germany during the [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974 World Cup]] and believed that steep terracing and exits, such as Stairway 13, had to be replaced.<ref name = "rangers"/><ref name = "inspiration">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/rangers/8232393/Waddell-accepted-the-need-for-urgent-change-and-drew-inspiration-from-the-grounds-at-the-1974-World-Cup-finals.html|title='Waddell accepted the need for urgent change and drew inspiration from the grounds at the 1974 World Cup finals’|work=Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|first=Roddy|last=Forsyth|date=31 December 2010|accessdate=17 November 2011}}</ref> The cut in capacity and boardroom changes led to radical plans by architects [[The Miller Partnership]], which were published in November 1977.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> The plans were modelled on the [[Westfalenstadion]], home ground of [[Borussia Dortmund]].<ref name = "crampsey"/><ref name = "inspiration"/> They involved a radical reshaping of the stadium, with the old bowl-shaped terracing to be replaced by three new all-seated structures.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> Only the old Main Stand would remain, with its enclosure providing the only standing room in the ground.<ref name = "Inglis467"/>

Although later events, such as the [[Hillsborough disaster]] and the subsequent [[Taylor Report]], vindicated this plan, Rangers were taking a significant risk.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> The whole plan was estimated to cost £6 million, which no other club could have afforded in a short space of time.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> The development was funded by the Rangers [[football pool]]s operation, which was the largest club-based scheme in Britain.<ref name = "Inglis467"/><ref name = "inspiration"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/rangers-and-celtic-pools-1.806557|title=Rangers and Celtic pools |date=2 January 1992|accessdate=17 November 2011|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|publisher=Herald & Times Group|first=Hugh|last=Adam}}</ref> The first phase of the plan, which began in 1978, was the removal of the east terracing and its replacement with the Copland Road stand.<ref name = "Inglis467"/> The same process was repeated on the west side of the ground a year later, with the two identical stands each holding 7,500 seats.<ref name = "Inglis468">{{harvnb|Inglis|1996|p=468}}</ref> The redevelopment was completed in 1981 with the replacement of the Centenary Stand by the 10,300 capacity Govan Stand.<ref name = "Inglis468"/>

The new Ibrox had a capacity of 44,000 and was opened with an Old Firm game played on 19 September 1981.<ref name = "Inglis468"/> By this time, however, the development cost had risen to £10 million, which depleted the club financially.<ref name = "Inglis468"/> This resulted in a difficult period in the history of Rangers, as the average attendance fell to 17,500 in the 1981–82 season, including a crowd of only 4,500 for a game against [[St. Mirren F.C.|St. Mirren]].<ref name = "Inglis468"/><ref group = "note">Rangers: The Complete Record (Breedon Books, 2005) states the attendance for the match against St. Mirren was 6,000.</ref> The redeveloped stadium was partly blamed for this, as some fans felt that the new ground lacked atmosphere due to the spaces between the stands.<ref name = "Inglis468"/> This was during a period of low attendances in Scottish football in general. Despite the relatively low attendance at Ibrox, Rangers had the highest average home attendances in the [[Scottish Football League Premier Division|Premier Division]] in both [[1983–84 in Scottish football|1983–84]] and [[1984–85 in Scottish football|1984–85]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ross|2005|p= }}</ref>

This all changed when a new regime, chaired by [[David Holmes (businessman)|David Holmes]], took control of Rangers in 1986.<ref name = "Inglis468"/><ref name = "lawrence"/> [[Graeme Souness]] was appointed player–[[manager (football)|manager]], while several English stars, including [[Terry Butcher]] and [[Chris Woods]], were signed.<ref name = "inspiration"/><ref name = "Inglis468"/><ref name = "lawrence"/> Season ticket sales rose from 7,000 in 1986 to over 30,000 in the 1990s,<ref name = "Inglis469"/> while commercial income increased from £239,000 in 1986 to over £2 million in 1989.<ref name = "Inglis468"/> The introduction of computerised ticketing, zonal [[public address]] systems and [[closed-circuit television]] for monitoring turnstile areas meant that Ibrox was at the forefront of stadium management.<ref name = "Inglis468"/> Rangers also adopted the American technique of analysing the types of fans in each area of the stadium and adjusted their food stalls accordingly.<ref name = "Inglis468"/> Greater success on the pitch meant that Ibrox demonstrated that seated stadiums would be welcomed by most fans, if designed and fitted well.<ref name = "Inglis468"/>

[[David Murray (Scottish businessman)|David Murray]] acquired control of Rangers in November 1988.<ref name = "lawrence">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/builder-who-laid-foundations-of-ibrox-revolution-lawrence-dynasty-grew-from-humble-beginnings-to-sow-seeds-of-rangers-success-1.413576|title=Builder who laid foundations of Ibrox revolution. Lawrence dynasty grew from humble beginnings to sow seeds of Rangers' success|first=Keith|last=Sinclair |work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=8 February 1997|accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref><ref name = "Inglis469">{{harvnb|Inglis|1996|p=469}}</ref> Argyle House, a £4 million extension behind the Govan Stand, was opened in 1990.<ref name = "argyle">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/4m-complex-opened-by-rangers-1.588613|title=£4m complex opened by Rangers |first=David|last=Steele |work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=28 February 1990|accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref><ref name = "luxury"/> This added executive boxes, office space and hospitality suites.<ref name = "argyle"/> A further series of developments was started in the early 1990s to increase capacity to over 50,000.<ref name = "luxury">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/luxury-2-25m-facelift-for-ibrox-1.641511|first=John|last=Easton|title=Luxury £2.25m facelift for Ibrox |work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=3 February 1989|accessdate=18 November 2011}}</ref> Murray commissioned architect Gareth Hutchison to find a way of adding a third tier to the Main Stand.<ref name = "Inglis469"/> This was a highly complex process, as the Main Stand facade had become a listed building and Murray wanted the existing structure to remain open during construction.<ref name = "Inglis469"/> The contractors removed the original roof and added a temporary cover while the work carried on above.<ref name = "Inglis469"/> The Club Deck, which cost approximately £20 million, was opened with a league match against [[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]] in December 1991.<ref name = "blue heaven"/><ref name = "heights"/> The redevelopment of the Main Stand was partially financed by a [[Football Trust]] grant of £2 million and a debenture issue that raised £8.5 million.<ref name = "Inglis469"/><ref name = "blue heaven">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/fans-unhappy-in-cramped-blue-heaven-1.807194|first=John|last=Easton|title=Fans unhappy in cramped blue heaven |work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=27 December 1991|accessdate=18 November 2011}}</ref><ref name = "heights">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/rangers-fans-scale-the-heights-1.807809|first=Ian|last=Paul|title=Rangers' fans scale the heights|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=20 December 1991|accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/rangers-ask-fans-for-8-5m-to-refurbish-main-stand-at-ibrox-1.574756|title=Rangers ask fans for £8.5m to refurbish main stand at Ibrox |first=Bill|last=Caven|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|accessdate=18 November 2011|date=31 May 1990}}</ref> Ordinary fans bought debentures for between £1,000 and £1,650 each, which guaranteed the right to buy season tickets for at least 30 years, along with some other minor benefits.<ref name = "Inglis469"/><ref name = "heights"/>

Four columns were built through the existing Main Stand to support the Club Deck, which resulted in approximately 1,000 seats having a restricted view.<ref name = "Inglis470">{{harvnb|Inglis|1996|p=470}}</ref> After opening the Club Deck, Ibrox had a capacity of 44,500.<ref name = "Inglis470"/> When a new playing surface was installed in 1992, Rangers were able to add a further 1,300 seats to the front of three stands by lowering the pitch slightly.<ref name = "Inglis470"/> The only standing area of the ground, the enclosure of the Main Stand, was seated in 1994 to comply with the [[Taylor Report]] and [[UEFA]] regulations.<ref name = "Inglis470"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/fans-voice-fears-over-enclosure-plans-1.594381|title=Fans voice fears over enclosure plans |first=Jim|last=Traynor|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|accessdate=18 November 2011|date=19 January 1990}}</ref> The multi-coloured seats were replaced in 1995 with uniform blue seats.<ref name = "Inglis470"/> A further 1,200 seats was added in this process by reconfiguring passageways, giving a total capacity of 47,998.<ref name = "Inglis470"/>

The two spaces between the Govan, Copland and Broomloan Stands were filled in with seats and [[JumboTron]] screens.<ref name = "Inglis470"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/rangers-spread-into-the-shopping-market-1.392396|title=Rangers spread into the shopping market|first=Paul|last=Sinclair|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|accessdate=18 November 2011|date=23 June 1997}}</ref> The ground was officially renamed Ibrox Stadium after renovations were completed in 1997,<ref name = "story">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/2008/01/06/story-of-the-blues-78057-20276294/|title=Story of the Blues |work=[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]]|publisher=Trinity Mirror|accessdate=17 November 2011|date=6 January 2008}}</ref> when Ibrox had a capacity of just over 50,000.<ref name = "Inglis470"/> Three rows of seating were added to the front of the Govan Stand upper tier in 2006, linked to a new 'Bar [[1972 European Cup Winners' Cup Final|72]]' area, increasing the capacity to its present figure of {{SPFL-stadiums|rangers}}.<ref name="capacity">{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/rangers/ |title=Rangers Football Club |work=www.spfl.co.uk |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |date= |accessdate=18 January 2014}}</ref><ref name = "rangers"/><ref name = "bar 72">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/the-bain-event-exclusive-europe-molde-v-rangers-martin-bain-takes-natasha-woods-on-a-tour-of-ibrox-and-outlines-his-hopes-for-the-club-on-and-off-the-pitch-1.10978|title=The Bain Event|first=Natasha|last=Woods|work=[[Sunday Herald]]|publisher=Herald & Times Group|accessdate=19 November 2011|date=10 September 2006}}</ref> The Main Stand was renamed the [[Bill Struth]] Main Stand in September 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/rangers-look-to-the-past-and-the-future-le-guen-ready-to-be-put-to-the-test-as-struth-s-legacy-is-recognised-1.10811|title=Rangers look to the past . . . and the future|first=Mark|last=Wilson|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|accessdate=19 November 2011|date=11 September 2006}}</ref> The JumboTron screens were replaced in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rangers.co.uk/articles/20111117/new-screens-on-the-way-_2254024_2518888|title=New Screens on the Way |work=Rangers.co.uk|publisher=Rangers F.C.|date=17 November 2011|accessdate=19 November 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111221113127/http://www.rangers.co.uk/articles/20111117/new-screens-on-the-way-_2254024_2518888? |archivedate=21 December 2011}}</ref>

[[Administration and liquidation of The Rangers Football Club Plc|Rangers became insolvent]] in February 2012 and was unable to reach a [[company voluntary arrangement]] with its creditors, principally [[HM Revenue and Customs]].<ref name = "the rangers"/> Ibrox Stadium, along with the business and other assets of Rangers, was sold in June 2012 to a new company run by [[Charles Green (businessman)|Charles Green]].<ref name = "sevco scotland">{{cite news|url=http://local.stv.tv/glasgow/108240-rangers-crisis-ibrox-and-murray-park-hived-off-to-separate-newco/|title=Rangers crisis: Ibrox and Murray Park hived off to 'separate' newco|work=STV|publisher=STV Group|first= Mike|last=Farrell|date=27 June 2012|accessdate=27 June 2012}}</ref><ref name = "the rangers">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-18447530|title=Charles Green completes Rangers purchase despite Walter Smith bid|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=14 June 2012|accessdate=16 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/162959.html|title=Rangers confirm name change|work=ESPN|publisher= ESPN EMEA Ltd|date=31 July 2012|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref> The new company obtained the SFA membership of the old Rangers FC company and gained entry to the [[Scottish Football League Third Division]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/19120224|title=Rangers' SFA membership rubber-stamped|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=3 August 2012|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref>

On 16 July 2014 Rangers announced that the club will pay a lasting tribute to the late, great [[Sandy Jardine]] by re-naming the Govan Stand in his honour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rangers.co.uk/news/headlines/item/7227-rangers-to-honour-sandy-jardine|title=Rangers To Honour Sandy Jardine|work=Rangers.co.uk|publisher=Rangers F.C.|date=16 July 2014|accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref>

==Structure and facilities==
[[File:Ibrox Plan-en.svg|thumb|300px|right|<center>A plan of the layout of Ibrox Stadium</center>]]
The Ibrox pitch is surrounded by four covered all-seater stands, officially known as the Bill Struth Main (south), Broomloan (west), [[Sandy Jardine]] (north) and Copland Road (east) Stands.<ref name = "plan">{{cite web |url=http://www.rangers.co.uk/page/stadiumplan/0,,5,00.html|title=Stadium Plan |accessdate=19 November 2011 |work=Rangers.co.uk |publisher=Rangers F.C. |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111231015551/http://www.rangers.co.uk/page/stadiumplan/0,,5,00.html |archivedate=31 December 2011}}</ref> Each stand has two tiers, with the exception of the Bill Struth Main Stand, which has had three tiers since the Club Deck was added in 1991.<ref name = "rangers"/><ref name = "plan"/> The two corner areas, known as the West and East areas of the Sandy Jardine Stand, have one tier of seating below a JumboTron screen.<ref name = "rangers"/><ref name = "plan"/>

[[File:Ibrox Stadium façade.jpg|thumb|left|The facade of the Bill Struth Main Stand.]]
The Bill Struth Main Stand, formerly known as the Main Stand, faces onto Edmiston Drive ([[A8 road (Scotland)|A8 road]]).<ref name = "Inglis470"/> The red-brick facade, designed by [[Archibald Leitch]], is a Category B listed building. [[Simon Inglis]], writing in 1996, described it as an "imposing red-brick facade, with its mock [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-classical]] arched, square and pedimented windows, exudes prestige and power."<ref name = "Inglis470"/> On each end wall the club crest is depicted in a blue and gold mosaic.<ref name = "Inglis470"/> Stairtowers leading to the Club Deck (third tier) stand at each end of the Main Stand.<ref name = "Inglis470"/> These towers are also framed in red-brick, but deliberately contrast with the main body of the stand.<ref name = "Inglis470"/> The two stairtowers also support a {{convert|146|m|adj=on}} long and {{convert|540|t|adj=on}} truss, which claimed to be the longest and heaviest clear span girder in the world.<ref name = "Inglis468"/>

Through the main doors of the Main Stand is a wood-panelled hallway.<ref name = "Inglis471">{{harvnb|Inglis|1996|p=471}}</ref> A staircase leads to the boardroom and trophy room.<ref name = "Inglis471"/> Inglis compared Ibrox to [[Arsenal Stadium|Highbury]], in that it combined corporate power with a sense of tradition and solidity.<ref name = "Inglis471"/> It was originally constructed as a 10,000-seat stand above a standing enclosure. It was redeveloped in the early 1990s with the addition of the Club Deck and seating in the enclosure. It is now a three-tier all-seated structure, accommodating approximately 21,000 spectators. The front wall of the middle tier is one of the last surviving examples of the Leitch style of criss-cross detailing.<ref name = "Inglis471"/> The middle tier is split into front and rear sections, while the enclosure is split into east and west sections, either side of the retractable tunnel cover.<ref name = "plan"/><ref name = "Inglis471"/>

Opposite the Bill Struth Main Stand is the Sandy Jardine Stand formerly known as the Govan Stand.<ref name = "plan"/> It is a two-tier stand, similar in style to the two end stands, which was completed in 1981.<ref name = "Inglis468"/> To the rear of the Govan Stand is the Argyle House extension, completed in 1990, which provides executive boxes, hospitality areas and office space.<ref name = "Inglis469"/> The Bar 72 area was added to the rear section of the Govan Stand in 2006. The Copland Road Stand, at the east end of the stadium, was completed in 1979 and now accommodates just over 8,000 fans.<ref name = "Inglis471"/> It is traditionally the 'Rangers end' of the ground and the team normally chooses to attack that end in the second half of matches. The western Broomloan Road Stand, which was completed in 1980, is identical to the opposite end.<ref name = "Inglis471"/> Although constructed as separate structures, the three stands have been linked since the mid-1990s, when two additional areas of seating were added to the corner areas.<ref name = "Inglis471"/> All of the stands are designed using the 'goalpost' structure, in which a large portal frame supports perpendicular beams on which roof cladding is secured.<ref>{{cite web | title =The goal post frame | work =Corus in the construction industry | publisher =Corus plc | url =http://www.corusconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/design/stadia/the_goal_post_frame/
| accessdate =18 May 2007 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928122136/http://www.corusconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/design/stadia/the_goal_post_frame/| archivedate = 28 September 2007}}</ref> A Rangers Megastore is located in the corner between the Copland Road and Govan Stands.

Away fans are normally accommodated in the corner of the ground between the Broomloan and Govan Stands.<ref name = "sfgg"/> For bigger games, such as the [[Old Firm]] derbies, the whole of the Broomloan Stand can be used by the away support.<ref name = "sfgg"/> Ibrox is seen as being an intimidating ground for visiting supporters.<ref name = "sfgg"/> Rangers banned [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] fans in 1994 from attending games at Ibrox, citing the damage caused to the Broomloan Stand by the visitors in previous derbies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/ibrox-ban-on-celtic-s-fans-is-ill-advised-so-is-macari-move-for-fleck-1.722474|title=Ibrox ban on Celtic's fans is ill advised. So is Macari move for Fleck|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=27 January 1994|accessdate=18 November 2011|first=Jim|last=Traynor}}</ref><ref name = "worse for wear"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/ibrox-ban-on-celtic-hits-youth-match-1.711508|title=Ibrox ban on Celtic hits youth match |work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=12 April 1994|accessdate=18 November 2011|first=Jim|last=Traynor}}</ref> The ban was lifted after one game, as the [[Scottish Football League]] passed a resolution preventing clubs from taking that action.<ref name = "worse for wear">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/tense-times-for-treble-chasers-ibrox-men-look-worse-for-wear-1.708341|title=Tense times for treble chasers Ibrox men look worse for wear |work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=2 May 1994|accessdate=18 November 2011|first=Jim|last=Traynor}}</ref> Before the corners were filled in, away fans were accommodated in the lower tier of the Broomloan Stand.<ref name = "trouble"/> Rangers had to take action in 1996 to prevent their fans in the upper deck from throwing items at visitors.<ref name = "trouble">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/rangers-will-root-out-troublemakers-1.461227|title=Rangers will root out troublemakers |work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=20 March 1996|accessdate=18 November 2011}}</ref>

{{Panorama
|image = File:Ibrox Stadium Panorama 2012.jpg
|height = 290
|caption = <center>A panorama of Ibrox Stadium taken from the Bill Struth Main Stand, showing from left to right the Broomloan Road Stand, the Sandy Jardine Stand and the Copland Road Stand</center>
|alt = A panorama of Ibrox Stadium taken from the Bill Struth Main Stand, showing from left to right the Broomloan Road Stand, the Sandy Jardine Stand and the Copland Road Stand
}}

==Future developments==

Since the redevelopments to Celtic Park and Hampden Park were completed in the late 1990s, Ibrox has had the smallest capacity of the three major stadiums in Glasgow.<ref name = "70k"/><ref name = "Inglis471"/> Rangers have since explored options to increase capacity.<ref name = "70k"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rangers/4331668.stm|title=Rangers ponder Ibrox development |work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date= 11 October 2005|accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref> After opening the Bar 72 area in 2006, chief executive [[Martin Bain]] said that the scheme could be replicated in the Copland Stand.<ref name = "bar 72"/> A report in the ''[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]'' in April 2007 claimed that Rangers were planning to increase capacity to 57,000, principally by removing the [[JumboTron]] screens and lowering the pitch to accommodate more seating.<ref name = "dream"/> These plans were said to be dependent for finance upon improved performance by the team.<ref name = "dream">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Football%3A+IF+WALTER+GIVES+ME+A...+DREAM+TEAM+I%27LL+GIVE+RANGERS+A......-a0162656132|date=27 April 2007|accessdate=19 November 2011|first=Keith|last=Jackson|work=Daily Record|publisher=Trinity Mirror|title=If Walter Gives Me A Dream Team I'll Give Rangers A Dream Home}}</ref> In January 2008, Rangers announced that they were investigating three options to further develop Ibrox.<ref name = "70k"/> One of the proposals would have resulted in a capacity of 70,000, by replacing three of the stands with a bowl-type structure.<ref name = "70k"/> These plans were shelved by October 2008, however, due to the [[late-2000s financial crisis]].<ref name = "approval"/>

Alongside changes to the stadium itself, Rangers have also sought to develop land around Ibrox. In partnership with the [[Las Vegas Sands]] corporation, the club received outline planning permission from Glasgow City Council for the development of land adjoining Ibrox as the home of a [[super casino]].<ref name = "70k"/><ref name = "casino"/> The casino was planned to be accompanied by a Rangers-themed leisure complex.<ref name = "casino">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4264114.stm |title=Rangers F.C. score with casino plan |publisher=BBC |work=BBC News |date=20 September 2005 |accessdate=17 November 2011}}</ref> Britain's Casino Advisory Panel reviewed bids from eight short-listed cities, including Glasgow, and in 2007 awarded the first license to [[Manchester]].<ref name = "70k"/> There is no immediate prospect of the Ibrox proposal being resurrected, as [[Gordon Brown]] dropped the plans for super casinos soon after becoming [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/6292630.stm|title=Anger at super-casino plan review |work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=11 July 2007|accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7264143.stm|title=Super-casino proposal is ditched |work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=26 February 2008|accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref> Rangers were given approval by Glasgow City Council in October 2008 to purchase land around Ibrox and redevelop the area with hotel and retail outlets.<ref name = "approval">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rangers/7661988.stm |title=Ibrox development gains approval |publisher=BBC |work=BBC Sport |date=10 October 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2011}}</ref> This scheme stalled, however, as regulations constrained what could be built in the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/ambitious-ibrox-plan-was-never-realistic-1.1014441|title=Ambitious Ibrox plan was never realistic|first=Gerry|last=Braiden|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=19 March 2010|accessdate=18 November 2011}}</ref>

==Other uses==
[[File:IbroxComGames.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The exterior of Ibrox, showing its "livery" for the [[Rugby sevens at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games rugby sevens]]]]

===Football===
Ibrox has been a [[Scotland national football team home stadium|home venue]] for the [[Scotland national football team]] 18 times, the third most of any ground.<ref name ="venue">{{cite news|url=http://londonhearts.com/scotland/misc/venues.html|title=Scotland Home Record by Venue|work=londonhearts.com|publisher=London Hearts Supporters' Club|year=2004|accessdate=12 November 2011}}</ref><ref group = "note" name = "abandonment"/> The first Ibrox Park (1887–99) hosted three internationals, giving an overall Ibrox total of 21.<ref name ="venue"/><ref group = "note" name = "abandonment">This includes the game abandoned due to the [[1902 Ibrox disaster]].</ref> The ground most recently hosted a Scotland game in October 2014, when [[Hampden Park]] was unavailable due to its temporary conversion to hold athletics in the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27802276 |title=Ibrox to host Scots' Euro 2016 qualifier against Georgia |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |date=11 June 2014 |accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref> Ibrox hosted several internationals during the 1990s, particularly when Hampden was being redeveloped.<ref name="Inglis470"/> Hampden was redeveloped in two phases. Ibrox hosted four Scotland games in the first phase, starting with a [[1994 FIFA World Cup qualification|1994 World Cup qualifier]] against [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] in October 1992.<ref name = "Inglis470"/> It was not a happy interlude for Scotland fans, however, as the team failed to qualify for the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] for the first time since [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]].<ref name = "Inglis470"/> Although the attendances at Ibrox were higher than at Hampden, some fans resented the fact that they were helping the finances of Rangers.<ref name = "Inglis470"/> Fans also complained that the ticket prices were too high.<ref name = "Inglis470"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/sfa-stands-firm-on-prices-for-italy-match-1.787658|title=SFA stands firm on prices for Italy match|first=Keith|last=Sinclair|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=27 October 1992|accessdate=18 November 2011}}</ref> During the second period of redevelopment, however, Scotland won an important [[1998 FIFA World Cup qualification|1998 World Cup qualifier]] against [[Sweden national football team|Sweden]] at Ibrox.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/dead-jammy-now-bring-on-the-elusive-estonians-1.427223|title=Dead jammy, now bring on the elusive Estonians|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|accessdate=19 November 2011 |date=11 November 1996|first=Brian|last=Meek}}</ref>

During these periods of redevelopment to Hampden, Ibrox also hosted the [[1997 Scottish Cup Final]] and the [[1994 Scottish League Cup Final|1994]]<ref name = "Inglis471"/> and [[1997 Scottish League Cup Final|1997]] [[Scottish League Cup]] Finals. Ibrox was on the approved [[UEFA]] list to host major European finals in the 1990s,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/european-final-set-for-ibrox-1.647670|title=European final set for Ibrox|date=8 December 1995|accessdate=19 November 2011 |work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group}}</ref> but it lost out in a bid to host the [[1996 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final]] because a convention threatened a shortage of hotel rooms in Glasgow.<ref name = "Inglis471"/> Ibrox continues to hold the top UEFA rating, but the [[Scottish Football Association]] put forward the redeveloped Hampden for European finals in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/time-for-more-hampden-magic-1.857915|title=Time for more Hampden magic|date=15 May 2007|accessdate=19 November 2011|work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group}}</ref>

===Non-football===
King [[George V]] visited Ibrox Park in 1917, to thank Rangers for its efforts in the [[First World War]].<ref name = "story"/> His son, King [[George VI]], opened the [[Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938|1938 Empire Exhibition]] with a speech at Ibrox.<ref name = "1938 empire"/> This was used as source material by [[Colin Firth]] for his performance in ''[[The King's Speech]]'' movie.<ref name = "1938 empire">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12020794|title=The King's Speech: Royal broadcasts in the BBC archives|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=17 December 2010 |accessdate=19 November 2011|first=Stephen|last=Mulvey}}</ref> Ibrox has been used for concerts, including performances by [[Simple Minds]] (1986 x2), [[Frank Sinatra]] (1990),<ref name = "story"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/music-features/king-of-the-swingers-1.1040751|title=King of the swingers|work=The Herald |publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=12 July 2010|first=Alison|last=Kerr|accessdate=18 November 2011}}</ref> [[Rod Stewart]] (1995),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/rod-stewart-ibrox-stadium-glasgow-1.676120?63163|title=Rod Stewart, Ibrox Stadium, Glasgow |work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=12 June 1995|first=John|last=Williamson|accessdate=18 November 2011}}</ref> [[Elton John]] and [[Billy Joel]] (1998).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/ibrox-rolls-to-a-double-whammy-of-rock-1.341255|title=Ibrox rolls to a double whammy of rock |work=The Herald|publisher=Herald & Times Group|date=3 June 1998 |first=Allan |last=Laing|accessdate=18 November 2011}}</ref>

Ibrox hosted the [[rugby sevens]] event at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.glasgow2014.com/the_games/athletes_village_and_venues/venues/ibrox_stadium.aspx|title=Ibrox Stadium|work=|publisher=Glasgow 2014|accessdate=17 November 2011}}</ref> won by [[South Africa national rugby union team (sevens)|South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/commonwealth-games/28519547 |title=Glasgow 2014: South Africa beat New Zealand to rugby sevens gold |first=Ben |last=Dirs |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |date=28 July 2014 |accessdate=28 July 2014}}</ref> There was a total attendance of 171,000 for the four sessions of play, which set a new record for a rugby sevens tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/14/07/27/scots-miss-out-medal-capacity-ibrox |title=Scots miss out on medal at capacity Ibrox |work=Scottish Rugby |publisher=Scottish Rugby Union |date=27 July 2014 |accessdate=28 July 2014}}</ref>

==Transport==

The main railway stations in Glasgow, [[Glasgow Central railway station|Central]] and [[Glasgow Queen Street railway station|Queen Street]], are both approximately two miles from Ibrox.<ref name = "sfgg">{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishgrounds.co.uk/rangers.htm |accessdate=16 November 2011 |title=Rangers|publisher=Duncan Adams|work=Scottish Football Ground Guide}}</ref> The [[Ibrox subway station|Ibrox]] and [[Cessnock subway station|Cessnock]] stations on the [[Glasgow Subway]] both serve Ibrox.<ref name = "sfgg"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/transport/parkhead_and_ibrox_should_get_their_own_rail_stations_1_1957090|title=Parkhead and Ibrox ‘should get their own rail stations’ |first=Alastair|last=Dalton |date=10 November 2011|accessdate=10 November 2011|work=[[The Scotsman]]|publisher=Johnston Press}}</ref> It is also served by [[First Glasgow]] buses on Paisley Road West.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greater Glasgow Network Map |url=http://www.firstgroup.com/ukbus/glasgow/assets/pdfs/maps/Glasgow_Network_Map.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=[[First Glasgow]]|accessdate=16 July 2011 }}</ref> Ibrox sits near to the [[M8 motorway (Scotland)|M8]] motorway, with junction 23 being the closest exit, but the roads around Ibrox become congested on matchdays.<ref name = "sfgg"/>

{{portal|Scotland}}

==Notes==
<references group="note" />

==References==
{{Commons category|Ibrox Stadium}}
{{Reflist|33em}}

; Sources
*{{cite book| ref = harv | first = Simon | last = Inglis | title = Football Grounds of Britain | year = 1996 | publisher = Collins Willow | isbn = 0-00-218426-5 }}
*{{cite book| ref = harv | first = David | last = Ross | title = The Roar of the Crowd | year = 2005 | publisher = Argyll Publishing | isbn = 1-902831-83-7 }}

{{Rangers F.C.}}
{{Football venues in Scotland}}
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1899]]
[[Category:Category B listed buildings in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Football venues in Scotland]]
[[Category:Rugby union stadiums in Scotland]]
[[Category:Govan]]
[[Category:Listed sports venues in Scotland]]
[[Category:Rangers F.C.]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Glasgow]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:2014 Commonwealth Games venues]]
[[Category:Scottish Premier League venues]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League venues]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League venues]]
[[Category:Scotland national football team venues]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games rugby union venues]]

High Above

2014-12-14T13:40:37Z

Teflon:

{{Advert|article}}

{{Infobox Book
| name = High Above
| image =
| author = Geoff Bains, Julian Clover, Chris Forrester, Jörn Krieger and Serge Siritzky
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| subject = The story of the creation and development of [[SES S.A.|SES]]
| genre = Technology/History [[Non-fiction]]
| publisher = Broadgate Publications
| media type = Print (Hardback)
| release_date = April 2010
| pages= 239
| isbn = 3-00-030624-2
| oclc=
}}
''' ''High Above - The untold story of Astra, Europe’s leading satellite company'' ''' is a book describing the development of the European satellite provider [[SES S.A.|SES]], published in 2010 on the occasion of the company’s 25th anniversary by Broadgate Publications in Richmond, UK.

It is a large “coffee table” style book (32 x 24cm) of 239 pages with hundreds of photographs.

[[File: High_Above_book.jpg|thumb|right| Front cover of ''High Above'']]
== Outline ==
''High Above'' tells the story of SES, and how brave pioneers managed to overcome technical, political and commercial obstacles to become the world's leading satellite operator. It is the story of the Luxembourg-based satellite provider and the growth of European [[satellite TV]], the history of recent developments of the European TV and media industry, and their context in the wider development of TV and space technology.

The story of ''High Above'' is of interest to anyone who watches TV. It covers a period that has seen the emergence of television as the dominant information and entertainment medium. The account shows how Astra was a main driver of European TV development, without which we would not have the necessary base ingredients to make the great leap forward into [[digital TV]], [[HDTV]], [[3D television]], and future revolutionary prospects for home entertainment.

But the story of satellite TV is more than a story of rockets and technology; it is the story of the birth of a whole array of new industries and the creation of hundreds of thousands of jobs. ''High Above'' is also a reflection of politics, 20th Century history, the [[Cold War]] and the collapse of Communism, the creation of Europe, economic growth and wealth, big brands, the Internet age and of technological convergence.<ref>SES ASTRA [http://www.ses-astra.com/resources/pdf/en-shared/press/0-high-above-book-summary.pdf ''HIGH ABOVE''] (April, 2010). Executive Summary</ref>

Space journalist, Gerhard Kowalski described ''High Above'' as “not only a eulogy to the TV pioneer … also a fact-rich and fascinating history of satellite television in general”<ref> Kowalski, G. [http://www.gerhardkowalski.com/?p=1366 "High Above – Buch von Chris Forrester zeichnet Erfolgsgeschichte von SES ASTRA nach"] ''www.gerhardkowalski.com'' (May 18, 2010) [[German language|German]]) “Das sehr aufwändig gestaltete Werk ist aber nicht nur eine Eloge auf den TV-Pionier… Es ist zugleich eine faktenreiche und spannende Chronik des Satellitenfernsehens überhaupt”</ref> while consumer technology website Tech Radar said the book “delivers a fascinating reminder of television’s early days as well as the technology behind the development of satellite TV”.<ref> Lane, Alex. [http://wotsat.techradar.com/news/ses-astra-full-25-year-story-now-available-read-more-ses-astra-full-25-year-story-now-available "SES Astra: the full, 25-year story now available"] ''www.techradar.com'' (June 6, 2010)</ref>

==Content==
Using a series of interviews with key figures from the European satellite TV industry, as well as straightforward story-telling, ''High Above'' tells the inside account of how the tiny country of [[Luxembourg]] produced the company that established and then led the DTH satellite industry in Europe. With the commercial, technical and regulatory hurdles to overcome, it was a rough ride, both for Astra and for the broadcasters that now dominate the industry ([[BSkyB]], [[Canal Plus]], Premiere - now [[Sky Deutschland]], etc.) – and the whole tale is told, the defeats as well as the victories.

The book also chronicles the development of television itself and of satellites, with the early experiments and the story of rocketry from the first trials of [[Robert Goddard]], through [[Wernher Von Braun]]’s [[V-2]] to the US and Soviet space programmes, and the European [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]] launchers that have carried many of the Astra satellites into orbit.

''High Above'' explains the technology behind, and within, satellite television: why satellites are used for TV broadcasting, how the [[geostationary orbit]] makes it work, how the tiny signals are received and decoded by domestic equipment, and how [[digital TV]] gives a choice of thousands of channels to every home.

==Authors==
''High Above'' is edited by Chris Forrester and written by Chris Forrester with Geoff Bains, Julian Clover, Jörn Krieger, and Serge Siritzky.

Chris Forrester is a well known broadcasting journalist and industry consultant. He reports on all aspects of broadcasting with special emphasis on satellite, the business of television and emerging broadcast applications. This very much includes interactive multi-media and the growing importance of [[Streaming media|web-streamed]] and digitised content over all delivery platforms including satellite, [[Cable television|cable]] and [[Terrestrial television|digital terrestrial TV]] as well as cellular and [[3G]] mobile. Indeed, he has been investigating, researching and reporting on the so-called “broadband explosion” for more than 25 years. He has been a freelance journalist since 1988.

Geoff Bains has worked in technology journalism since 1983, investigating, reporting, and explaining the technological advances of the time, as they affect consumers – both in their homes and in the High Street. Author of several books on computing and electronics, Geoff began to follow the emerging satellite TV industry in 1986, and served as Editor of several specialist satellite TV publications, including a 13-year tenure at Europe’s leading consumer magazine, [[What Satellite and Digital TV|What Satellite]]. Freelance since 2003, Geoff continues to inform and guide satellite TV viewers and enthusiasts both in print and online.

Julian Clover is a Media and Technology journalist. He has two decades of combined experience in online and printed media. Julian is an editor of Broadband TV News and New Television Insider. An accomplished conference moderator, Julian is a regular chairman at the annual IBC congress in Amsterdam, as well as Anga Cable in Cologne and the Broadband TV News Business Breakfasts. Television appearances include the BBC’s technology magazine [[Click (TV series)|Click]] and the popular consumer programme [[Watchdog (TV series) |Watchdog]]. He is a committee member of the [[Broadcasting Press Guild]].

Dr. Jörn Krieger has specialised in media journalism since 1990. He has contributed to a wide range of German and English-language trade publications, including Inside Satellite TV, Rapid TV News, Inside Digital TV and Interspace, in addition to providing consultancy and analysis. His emphasis is on satellite television, cable networks, digital television, pay-TV and new markets such as [[IPTV]], HDTV and [[mobile TV]].

Serge Siritzky studied at [[École nationale d'administration|ENA]], one of France’s [[Grandes Écoles]]. He has dual French and American nationality, and has a long career in the cinema and television industries. He is currently Editorial Director of Ecran Total, the highly regarded French magazine devoted to the audio-visual business.<ref>''High Above'' Broadgate Publications (April, 2010). </ref>

==See also==
*[[SES S.A.|SES]]
*[[Astra (satellites)|Astra]]
*[[Astra 1A]]
*[[Astra 19.2°E]]
*[[Satellite television]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ses.com/ses/siteSections/ExperienceSES/historical-timeline/index.php Timeline of SES history]
*[http://www.onastra.com OnAstra] - Official Astra consumers/viewers' site
*[http://www.ses.com/ SES] - Official SES trade/industry site

[[Category:Satellite television]]
[[Category:Television technology]]
[[Category:Satellite operators]]

Knoydart

2014-10-04T19:27:01Z

Teflon:

{{about|the Scottish peninsula|the community in Nova Scotia|Knoydart, Nova Scotia}}
{{Infobox UK place

| official_name = Knoydart
| local_name =
| country = Scotland

| static_image_name = Inverie Knoydart.jpg
| static_image_caption = Inverie on the Knoydart peninsula
| static_image_alt = Inverie on the Knoydart peninsula

| area_footnotes=
| area_total_sq_mi = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| population = 98
| population_ref = <ref>{{cite web| url=http://wwwold.highland.gov.uk/plintra/iandr/cen/sz/knoydart.htm| title=2001 Census Profile for; Knoydart| publisher=Highland Council| accessdate=4 October 2009}}</ref>


| population_density = 



| os_grid_reference =
| map_type = 
| map_alt =
| latitude = 57.07
| longitude = -5.66
| scale = 200000
| post_town = MALLAIG
| postcode_area = PH
| postcode_district = PH41
| dial_code = 01687

| constituency_westminster =
| civil_parish =


| edinburgh_distance_mi = 
| edinburgh_distance_km =
| edinburgh_distance =

| gaelic_name = Cnòideart
| scots_name =
| unitary_scotland = [[Highland (council area)|Highland]]
| lieutenancy_scotland = [[Inverness (lieutenancy)|Inverness]]
| constituency_westminster = [[Ross, Skye and Lochaber (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross, Skye and Lochaber]]
| constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Inverness East, Nairn & Lochaber]]
| language = 
| website = 
| hide_services = Yes
}}
'''Knoydart'''{{Pronunciation-needed}} ([[Scottish Gaelic]]: '''Cnòideart''') is a [[peninsula]] in [[Lochaber]], [[Highland (council area)|Highland]], on the west coast of [[Scotland]].

==Natural environment==
Knoydart is sandwiched between Lochs [[Loch Nevis|Nevis]] and [[Loch Hourn|Hourn]] — often translated as ''Loch Heaven'' and ''Loch Hell'' respectively.

[[File:Ladhar Beinn from Eileann Choinneach.jpg|thumb| left|Ladhar Beinn from Eileann Choinneach]]
The northern part of what is traditionally known as ''na Garbh-Chrìochan'' or "the [[The Rough Bounds|Rough Bounds]]", because of its harsh terrain and remoteness, Knoydart is also referred to as "Britain's last wilderness". Only accessible by boat, or by a 16-mile (26 km) walk through rough country, its seven miles (11 km) of tarred road are not connected to the UK road system.

Designated as a [[National Scenic Area (Scotland)|National Scenic Area]],<ref>[http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protected-areas/national-designations/nsa/ "National Scenic Areas"]. SNH. Retrieved 30 Mar 2011.</ref> Knoydart is popular with hill walkers, mountaineers, sailors and wildlife enthusiasts. It includes the [[Munro]]s of [[Ladhar Bheinn]] (1020 m), [[Luinne Bheinn]] (939 m), [[Meall Buidhe, Knoydart|Meall Buidhe]] (946 m) and [[Sgurr na Cìche]] (1040 m).
{{clear left}}

==History==
In the 12th century, Knoydart formed part of the kingdom of [[Somerled]] (died 1164), before passing to the Macruari branch of his descendants - the eventual heiress of whom married [[John of Islay]] (died circa 1386). The Macdonald family that held Knoydart from the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century is generally believed to have descended from Allan Macdonald, 2nd of [[Clan Macdonald of Clanranald|Clanranald]] (died circa 1429). However, in the early 17th century, [[Clan MacDonell of Glengarry|Macdonell of Glengarry]] succeeded in wresting control of Knoydart from Clanranald, receiving official confirmation of his ownership from the [[James VI of Scotland|king]] in 1613.<ref>Dennis Rixson, ''Knoydart: a history'' (Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh, 1999)</ref> Prior to the 1745 [[Jacobite Rebellion]] the population numbered nearly a thousand and in spite of much emigration, mainly to [[Canada]], remained at that level in 1841.
[[File:Men of Knoydart memorial.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial commemorating the Seven Men at [[Inverie]]]]
In 1852 four hundred of the inhabitants were given notice of eviction for the following year and offered passages overseas, originally to [[Australia]], but later their destination was changed to Canada. On 9 August 1853 three hundred and thirty inhabitants from the west coast of the peninsula went on board the ''Sillery'' and left for Canada. However, 11 families comprising over 60 people refused to go and the story of their eviction became notorious as part of the infamous [[Highland clearances|Highland Clearances]]. Knoydart was finally sold by the MacDonell family in 1856, passing into the hands of an Ayrshire ironmaster, [[James Baird (industrialist)|James Baird of Cambusdoon]].

In 1948 an unsuccessful land raid was undertaken by the 'Seven Men of Knoydart' who attempted to claim land in the ownership of the estate for their own use. Their claims were contested by the estate owner, the [[Ronald Nall-Cain, 2nd Baron Brocket|Second Baron Brocket]] who took the case to the [[Court of Session]] which ruled against the land-raiders. An appeal to the [[Secretary of State for Scotland]] was rejected and the Seven Men gave up their fight to obtain crofts on Knoydart. A cairn commemorating the Land Raid was unveiled at Inverie in 1981.<ref>{{cite book| author=MacDougall, A.| year=1993| title=Knoydart: the Last scottish Land Raid| location=Billingham, Cleveland| publisher=Lindhurst Publications}}</ref>

==Present day==
[[Inverie]] is the main settlement on the peninsula, with a resident population of roughly 60 adults. There is a post office, a primary school, and a variety of accommodation for visitors, including [[Bed and breakfast|B&B]]s, [[bunkhouse]]s and self-catering accommodation. The Old Forge Inn, Knoydart's only [[pub]], is the remotest on mainland Britain.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.theoldforge.co.uk/| title=Old Forge| accessdate=22 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author=Hutchison, Colin| date=12 November 2006| title=Remote patrol| location=Glasgow| work=Sunday Herald}}</ref>

A vehicle track runs from Inverie to the smaller settlement of Airor, on the west side of the peninsula, a little over 8 miles. On it's way to Airor, the track passes the settlements of Sandaig, and Doune (the location of the peninsula's only restaurant). The track is a designated public highway and is maintained by the [[Highland Council]] - however in common with the [[Small Isles]], a resident or visitors permit is required to drive on the road. <ref>{{cite web|last=Knoydart Permits|url=http://www.highland.gov.uk/info/20005/roads_and_pavements/204/road_permit_for_eigg_muck_and_knoydart/|publisher=Highland Council| title=Knoydart Permits|accessdate=18 August 2014}}</ref>

Access by boat is provided by several operators. The Highland Council subsidised ferry is operated by Knoydart Sea Bridge<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.knoydartferry.com| title=Knoydart Ferry Service| accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref> who operate several frequently-running small boats. Additional passenger, equipment and mail services are operated from Mallaig to Inverie by Western Isles Cruises,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://westernislescruises.co.uk/| title=Knoydart Ferry Service| accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> previously known as Bruce Watt Cruises.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.knoydart-ferry.co.uk| title=Knoydart Ferry Service| accessdate=22 April 2007}}</ref> Various passenger and equipment services are offered by private boat operators.<ref>{{cite web|last=Getting Here|url=http://www.knoydart-foundation.com/visit-knoydart/getting-here/|publisher=Knoydart Foundation| title=Getting Here|accessdate=12 November 2011}}</ref>

The Knoydart Foundation was established in 1997 to take ownership of the {{convert|17500|acre|km2|adj=on}} Knoydart Estate which makes up much of the peninsula.<ref name=web>{{cite web| url=http://www.knoydart-foundation.com/| title=Knoydart Foundation| accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> The Foundation bought the estate in 1999.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/289092.stm| title=Residents' buy-out victory| publisher=[[BBC News]]| date=2 March 1999| accessdate=22 April 2007}}</ref> It is a partnership of local residents, the [[Highland Council]], the [[Chris Brasher]] Trust, Kilchoan estate and the [[John Muir Trust]]. Their aim is to preserve, enhance and develop Knoydart for the well-being of the environment and the people. The Foundation operates a micro [[hydro-electric]] scheme which provides power to the estate. In 2009 the Knoydart Foundation celebrated 10 years of community ownership with an extensive timetable of events including a music festival, ceilidhs, volunteer weeks, talks, an art display and a book reading by the author [[Ian McEwan]].<ref name=web>{{cite web| url=http://www.knoydart-foundation.com/10th-anniversary/event-timetable/| title=Knoydart Foundation| accessdate=14 May 2009}}</ref>

In May 2005 the [[Highlands and Islands Community Energy Company]] hosted its first conference in Inverie, during which the company was officially launched.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hie.co.uk/Default.aspx.LocID-0finewkve.RefLocID-0fihiesv1009prk004.Lang-EN.htm| title=Community Energy: Leading from the Edge| author=HIE News| date=2006-04-18| accessdate=22 April 2007}}</ref> A new pier at Inverie was officially opened on 24 August 2006 by [[Tavish Scott]] [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|MSP]].<ref name=web/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{mmukscaled|NG766000|100|Map sources for Inverie}}
*[http://www.knoydart-foundation.com/ Knoydart Foundation]
*[http://www.jmt.org/li-coire-dhorrcail-estate.asp Li & Coire Dhorrcail]
*[http://www.barisdale.com/ Barisdale Estate]
*[http://www.panoramio.com/user/74349/tags/Knoydart Photographs of Knoydart]
*[http://www.mudandroutes.com/archives/17369 Knoydart Walking Routes and Photographs]

{{Scottish provinces|minor}}

[[Category:Community buyouts in Scotland]]
[[Category:National Scenic Areas in Scotland]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Scotland]]
[[Category:Lochaber]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Highland Estates]]

Empire biscuit

2014-09-23T12:56:20Z

Teflon: correcting typo

{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Empire biscuit
| image = [[File:German biscuit.png|250px]]
| caption =
| alternate_name = Imperial biscuit, double biscuit, German biscuit, Linzer biscuit, Deutsch biscuit, Belgian biscuit
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| region = [[Scotland]]
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Cake]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = Biscuits, [[jam]] in between two biscuits. The top is covered with white water [[Icing (food)|icing]], usually decorated with a [[glace cherry]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

An '''Empire biscuit''' ('''Imperial biscuit''', '''Double biscuit''', '''German biscuit''' or '''Double Shortbread''') is a sweet biscuit popular in the [[United Kingdom]], particularly [[Scotland]], and other [[Commonwealth]] countries. It is typically considered a traditional Scottish snack.<ref>http://www.rampantscotland.com/recipes/blrecipe_empire.htm</ref>

==History==
The biscuit was originally known as the "Linzer Biscuit", and later the "Deutsch Biscuit". With the outbreak of [[World War I]] it was renamed to ''Empire biscuit'', except in [[Northern Ireland]] where it remains known as the German Biscuit. In Northern Ireland it is commonly found with a jam and coconut topping. It is also known as the "Belgian biscuit", due to being topped in a similar way to a [[Belgian bun]] made of pastry or dough. The term "Prussian biscuit" was revived in Hamishes' Hoose bar/diner Paisley Scotland where a group were discussing the merits of the biscuit during a networking event.

==Ingredients==
The typical Empire Biscuit has a layer of [[jam]] in between two biscuits, typically Shortbread. The top is covered with white water [[Icing (food)|icing]], usually decorated with a [[glace cherry]] in the centre, but [[Jelly Tots]] are common too. They are derived from the [[Austria]]n [[Linzer Torte]].<ref>''Edmonds Classics'' Hachette Livre, 2005. pg. 25</ref> The biscuit is smaller than the Linzer Torte and does not have a cut-out section on the top.

==Similar Products==
Empire biscuits are similar to [[Viennese Whirls]].<ref>http://www.tomharris.org.uk/2009/04/25/end-of-empire/ {{dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Liberty cabbage]]
*[[Freedom fries]]

==References==
<references />

<div class="references-small">
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.nicecupofteaandasitdown.com/biscuits/reviews.php3?item=22 Review] of biscuit on [[Nice Cup of Tea and a Sit Down]]

[[Category:Biscuits (British style)]]
[[Category:Scottish desserts]]

{{dessert-stub}}

Picturehouse Cinemas

2014-07-22T08:04:12Z

Teflon: cleaning up & adding references to industrial action

[[File:Picturehouseuklogo.png|thumb]]
{{Distinguish|Picturehouse (company)}}
{{Other uses|Picturehouse (disambiguation)}}

'''Picturehouse Cinemas''' is a network of [[art film|art house]] [[movie theater|cinemas]] in the [[United Kingdom]], operated by '''Picturehouse Cinemas Ltd'''<ref>[http://corporate.picturehouses.co.uk Picture House Corporate site] Linked 2013-08-23</ref> and owned by [[Cineworld]].<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20622581| date = 6 December 2012 | accessdate = 6 December 2012 | publisher= BBC| title = Cineworld buys Picturehouse in cinema chain takeover}}</ref> The company also runs its own film distribution company, '''Picturehouse Entertainment'''.<ref>[http://www.picturehouseentertainment.co.uk/component/content/article/9-uncategorised/134-about-picturehouse.html Picturehouse Entertainment: ''About Picturehouse Entertainment''] Linked 2013-08-23</ref>

The first cinema, [[Phoenix Picturehouse]], opened in [[Oxford]] in 1989, but many of the others in the chain operated independently before then:<ref name="oxford-times">{{cite news|title=Jericho cinema to mark centenary | first=Debbie | last=White |newspaper=[[The Oxford Times]] | page=29 | date=January 24, 2013 }}</ref> the [[Duke of York's Picture House]] in [[Brighton]], for example, opened in 1910 and is Britain's longest continually operating cinema.

In 2014 Cineworld was subject to [[industrial action]] owing to its refusal to pay the London Living Wage to its staff<ref>{{cite news|title=Cinema staff go on strike over London Living Wage|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-27955898|accessdate=22 July 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 June 2014}}</ref>. The workforce attracted the support of [[Eric Cantona]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rucki|first1=Alexandra|title=Eric Cantona lends support to Ritzy Living Wage campaign|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/eric-cantona-lends-support-to-ritzy-living-wage-campaign-9521381.html|accessdate=22 July 2014|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=10 June 2014}}</ref> and [[Terry Jones]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lusher|first1=Adam|title=Nudge, nudge: Python supports ushers striking for the living wage|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/nudge-nudge-python-supports-ushers-striking-for-the-living-wage-9617566.html|accessdate=22 July 2014|work=[[The Independent]]|date=20 July 2014}}</ref>.

==Locations==
===Current===
[[File:Phoenix Picturehouse.jpg|right|thumb|The original [[Phoenix Picturehouse]] in Oxford.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|title=Cine-files: The Phoenix Picturehouse, Oxford |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/oct/23/cine-files-phoenix-oxford |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=October 23, 2012 }}</ref>]]
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! Location
! Name
! Screens
! Notes
|-
|[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] || The Little Theatre Cinema || 3 ||
|-
|[[Brighton]] || [[Duke of York's Picture House, Brighton|Duke of York's Picturehouse]] || 1 ||
|-
|Brighton || Duke's at Komedia || 2 ||
|-
|[[Cambridge]] || Arts Picturehouse || 3 ||
|-
|[[Edinburgh]] || [[The Cameo, Edinburgh|The Cameo]] || 3 ||
|-
|[[Exeter]] || Exeter Picturehouse || 2 ||
|-
|[[Henley-on-Thames]] || Regal Picturehouse || 3 ||
|-
|[[Liverpool]] || Picturehouse at FACT || 4 ||
|-
|[[London]] || Clapham Picturehouse || 4 ||
|-
|London || The Gate || 1 ||
|-
|London || Greenwich Picturehouse || 5 ||
|-
|London || Hackney Picturehouse || 4 ||
|-
|London || The Ritzy || 5 ||
|-
|London || Stratford East Picturehouse || 4 ||
|-
|[[Norwich]] || Cinema City || 3 ||
|-
|[[Oxford]] || [[Phoenix Picturehouse]] || 2 ||
|-
|[[Southampton]] || Harbour Lights Picturehouse || 3 ||
|-
|[[Stratford-Upon-Avon]] || Stratford-Upon-Avon Picturehouse || 2 ||
|-
|[[York]] || City Screen || 3 ||
|}

===Former===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! Location
! Name
! Screens
! Notes
|-
|[[Aberdeen]] || [[Belmont Filmhouse, Aberdeen|The Belmont Picturehouse]] || 3 || Sold in 2014 to the [[Centre for the Moving Image]]
|-
|[[Bury St Edmunds]] || The Abbeygate Picturehouse || 2 || Sold June 2014 to Abbeygate Cinemas<ref>{{cite web|title=Bury St Edmunds Picturehouse Cinema sold after competition ruling|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-27792256|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref>
|}

{{Major UK Cinema Chains}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.picturehouses.co.uk/}}

[[Category:1989 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Cinema chains in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1989]]

Dundee Airport

2014-02-03T13:53:43Z

Teflon: /* History */ correcting spelling of Stansted

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Dundee Airport
| nativename = Port-adhair Dhùn Dèagh
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image = HIAL Dundee Airport Terminal.jpg
| image-width = 250
| caption = Main Terminal of the airport
| IATA = DND
| ICAO = EGPN
| type = Public
| owner = [[HIAL|Highlands and Islands Airports Limited]]
| operator = Dundee Airport Ltd.
| city-served = [[Dundee]]
| location = 
| elevation-f = 17
| elevation-m = 5
| latd = 56 | latm = 27 | lats = 09 | latNS = N
| longd= 003 | longm= 01 | longs= 03 | longEW= W
| coordinates_type = airport
| coordinates_region = GB-DND
| pushpin_map = Scotland Dundee
| pushpin_label = EGPN
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Dundee
| website = [http://www.hial.co.uk/dundee-airport.html HIAL: Dundee Airport]
| metric-rwy = Y
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-f = 4,593
| r1-length-m = 1,400
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| stat-year = 2008/9
| stat1-header = Movements Commercial Flights
| stat1-data = 3,910
| stat2-header = Movements Training Flights
| stat2-data = 34,908
| stat3-header = Passengers
| stat3-data = 67,269
| footnotes = Sources: UK [[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]] and [[NOTAM]] file at [[National Air Traffic Services|NATS]]<ref name="aip">[http://www.nats-uk.ead-it.com/public/index.php%3Foption=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=54&Itemid=103.html Dundee - EGPN]</ref><ref>[http://www.nats-uk.ead-it.com/fwf-natsuk/restricted/user/ino/brief_aerodrome.faces NOTAM L2028/09 for EGPN]</ref> Statistics from the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|UK Civil Aviation Authority]]<ref name="stats">[http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?catid=80&pagetype=88&sglid=3&fld=2007Annual UK Airport Statistics: 2007 - annual]</ref>
and [[HIAL]]<ref name="HIAL">[http://www.hial.co.uk/]</ref>
A flight movement is one take-off or one landing, passengers are the total of inward and outward bound, passengers paying fees to Dundee Airport are approximately half those shown.}}

'''Dundee Airport''' ({{lang-gd|Port-adhair Dhùn Dèagh}}) {{airport codes|DND|EGPN}} is located {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} from the centre of [[Dundee]], [[Scotland]] or, for navigation purposes, {{convert|0.5|NM|abbr=on|lk=in}}<ref name="aip"/> south of the city. It lies on the shore of the [[Firth of Tay]] and overlooks the [[Tay Rail Bridge]].

==History==
The [[airport]] was opened in 1963 on land reclaimed from the Firth of Tay. Originally it had a {{convert|900|m|abbr=on|0}} grass [[runway]]. The first scheduled air service began on 5 July 1966, with a service to [[Glasgow International Airport|Glasgow]]. A fortnight later a feeder service was added for [[Edinburgh Airport|Turnhouse]] and [[Glasgow Prestwick International Airport|Prestwick]].<ref>{{cite journal| author=CJP |date=5 July 1966| title=First Dundee air service begins| journal=The Courier}}</ref> The service was stopped on 31 October 1967 after British Eagle reported substantial £10,000 losses. Around this time the control of Dundee City Council changed from Labour to Conservative and the airport was closed and land used by Dundee University as playing fields. When control of the Council changed back again to Labour the airport was reopened.<ref>[General Aviation October 2005, p3, Aopa Corporate member Profile of Tayside Aviation,]</ref>

The grass runway was replaced by a {{convert|1100|m|abbr=on|0}} long [[tarmac]] runway in the 1970s and extended to the current length of {{convert|1400|m|abbr=on|0}} in the 1990s. The airport was granted "customs airport" status on 16 April 1982<ref>{{cite journal| month=17 April | year=1981| title=Dundee airport granted customs status | journal=The Courier and Advertiser}}</ref> and [[Runway Edge Lights|runway edge lights]] were added in 1983.<ref>{{cite journal| month=8 June | year=1983 | title=£91,000 spent on Dundee airport | journal=The Courier and Advertiser| pages=9}}</ref> The current [[airport terminal|terminal]] was opened in 1997 by the then [[European Commission|EU transport commissioner]] [[Neil Kinnock]].

Ramsay World Travel from Dundee also operate a weekly charter to Jersey in the Summer months in association with Lewis's Holidays, and in 1996 they ran a series of weekly flights to Majorca using [[BAe 146]] aircraft which had to land in Bournemouth/Southend to re-fuel.

[[Business Air]] and later [[British Midland]] Regional operated flights from Dundee to [[Manchester Airport]] in the 90's, a route that was brought back by [[Eastern Airways]] for only a few months, in 2002.

After the departure of Business Air, the airport was left without any scheduled services for almost a year until April 1999, when [[ScotAirways]] introduced flights to [[London City Airport]]. ScotAirways operated under the [[CityJet]] for Air France banner from 2007 to September 2009. In September 2009 [[CityJet]] became a commercial brand within the AFKL Group. Flights are now announced as CityJet and not Air France. The Dundee to London City route was flown by [[Dornier 328]] aircraft leased from ScotAirways, until January 2011 when ScotAirways' near 12 year association with the route came to an end, as CityJet announced the route would be operated on a reduced frequency by its own [[Fokker 50]] aircraft.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tL-UH2bjgZY City Jet Promo Video]</ref> This change has caused concern within the business community for the continued viability of the route.<ref>[http://www.thecourier.co.uk/News/Dundee/article/6636/chance-to-air-concerns-over-london-flight-changes.html Dundee Courier]</ref> Following the purchase of [[ScotAirways]] by [[Loganair]] in July 2011, the [[Dornier 328]] has since been reinstated on the route.

On 29 May 2007, services to [[Birmingham Airport]] and [[George Best Belfast City Airport]] operated by [[FlyWhoosh]], using [[ATR 42]] aircraft started. The company which was effectively only a ticket agent, used the services of a Polish airline [[White Eagle Aviation]] (WEA) which based an aircraft at Dundee Airport.<ref>[http://www.flywhoosh.com/dest_belfast.aspx FlyWhoosh Flights to Belfast City]</ref> In December 2007 these services ceased, amid some confusion as to what exactly caused the termination of services.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/2008/01/11/airline-chief-s-amazing-rant-at-complaining-passenger-86908-20281554 FlyWhoosh Collapse]</ref>

On 3 March 2008, [[Loganair]] announced that it would recommence the routes which were operated by [[FlyWhoosh]] in May 2008 under the new [[Flybe]] franchise. Three weekday return flights have since been introduced between Dundee and Birmingham, with one return flight on Sundays and a daily weekday return flight between Dundee and Belfast City Airport, with one return flight also operating on Sundays.<ref>[http://www.loganair.co.uk/press56.htm news]</ref> The company uses [[Saab 340]] aircraft on these routes.

[[Tayside Aviation]] operates a training facility and engineering workshop at the airport. This was supplemented by a maintenance hangar built in 1982. Their operations form the substantial part of the [[light aircraft]] movements at the airport, being, among other things, sole contractor to the [[Air Cadet Organisation]] to provide Light Aircraft Flying Scholarships to [[RAF]] cadets.

Dundee Airport has been operating at a loss of over £2 million per year from 2004 to 2007<ref>http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/</ref> and in the first full financial year of operation under HIAL, 2008/9, the airport's loss was £2.6 million.<ref>Dundee Airport Limited Director's Report and Financial Statements 2008/2009</ref>

On 12 February 2007 it was announced that, from September 2007, the City Council would handover the running of the airport to [[Highlands and Islands Airports Limited]] (HIAL).<ref name="hial">{{cite web
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.uk-airport-news.info/dundee-airport-news-280206.htm
| title = Dundee Airport transfer 'not cut and dried'
| accessdate = 28 February 2006
}}</ref> The takeover took place on 1 December 2007.

Any additional scheduled flights at the airport would be limited by runway length to [[Regional airliner|regional aircraft]]. Larger aircraft used by [[List of low-cost airlines#United Kingdom|low-cost airlines]], such as [[Boeing 737]]s, require longer runways. The largest aircraft that can land at the airport are the [[BAe 146]] and the [[Airbus A318]].<ref name="eveningtelegraph.co.uk">http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2008/10/21/story12131462t0.shtm</ref>

On 8 August 2008, [[HIAL]] and airport bosses announced that they were considering a direct air link to Amsterdam. A survey was conducted to gauge demand but no route announcement has yet been made. In late October 2008, an article was placed in the [[Evening Telegraph (Dundee)|Evening Telegraph]] concerning the possibility of flights to and from [[Spain]]. The airport operator had also stated that the A318 is fully compatible for Dundee Airport and could be used to operate these flights.<ref name="eveningtelegraph.co.uk"/>

In October 2012, Loganair announced the closure of flights to Belfast City and Birmingham on behalf of [[Flybe]] citing poor load factors and high fuel costs as the reason for closure leaving [[CityJet]] with its route to [[London City Airport|London-City]] as the only scheduled carrier in Dundee. Loganair continue to operate a [[Saab 340]] maintenance base.

In December 2013, [[CityJet]] announced it would be dropping the last remaining scheduled route from Dundee to [[London City Airport]] in March 2014, putting the airport's future in doubt.

However, on the 22nd of January 2014, [[HIAL]] announced that [[Loganair]] would take over from [[City Jet]] and commence twice-daily flights to [[Stansted_Airport|Stansted]] once the London City route was withdrawn in March of the same year.

Dundee Airport is the closest commercial airport to Gleneagles Hotel, the host course of the [[2014 Ryder Cup]].

==Airlines and destinations==
{{airport-dest-list
|[[CityJet]] {{nowrap|operated by [[Suckling Airways]]}} | [[London City Airport|London-City]] (ends 29 March 2014)<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-25492948</ref>
|[[Blue Islands]] | '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Jersey Airport|Jersey]]<ref>http://www.hial.co.uk/dundee-airport/destinations/</ref>
| [[Flybe]] {{nowrap|operated by [[Loganair]]}} | [[London Stansted Airport|London-Stansted]] (begins 30 March 2014)<ref>http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/new-london-link-for-dundee-airport-1.181758</ref>
}}

==Ground transportation==
===Road===
The airport lies on the main [[A85 road|A85]] Riverside Drive, which links the city centre to the Kingsway and the [[A90 road|A90]], with the airport barely a couple of kilometers from the city centre itself. Taxis are available from outside the airport.

===Bus===
Dundee Airport is served by [[National Express Dundee]] bus direct to the city centre, Broughty Ferry and Ninewells Hospital. Dundee Airport is a short taxi ride from the main Dundee bus station. Direct buses to many other major destinations are available from the station. Chartered buses can also be booked with local operators.

===Rail===
The airport is also a short taxi ride from the [[Dundee railway station]]. The station is situated on the [[East Coast Main Line|East Coast line]] to [[Edinburgh]] and is also on the cross-country line serving [[Glasgow]] and further afield. Dundee Station is served by [[First ScotRail]], [[East Coast (train operating company)|East Coast]] and [[CrossCountry]].

==Accidents and Incidents==
* On Friday, 24 October 2003, a US registered six-seater [[TBM 700]] came down 200 meters short of the runway in the Tay Estuary. The [[hovercraft]] was deployed and they were rescued from the aircraft in around 15 minutes. The four people on board received only minor injuries.

* On Monday, 6 June 2005, an instructor and trainee escaped uninjured when a [[Grob Aerospace|Grob]] 115 crashed through a fence at Dundee Airport after the novice got into difficulties. The plane was extensively damaged in the accident.

* In September/October 2012 a small 20-30 seater aircraft was made to go around several times after a laser was pointed into the cockpit of the aircraft. Police investigated the matter and arrested a man in his late teens.

==External links==
* [http://www.hial.co.uk/dundee-airport.html Dundee Airport Official Site]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Airports in Scotland}}
{{Airports in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:1963 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Airports in Scotland]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Dundee]]
[[Category:Transport in Dundee]]
[[Category:Highlands and Islands Airports Limited]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1963]]

Children in Need

2013-11-16T02:00:31Z

Teflon: /* Overview */

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox Television
| show_name = BBC Children in Need
| image = [[File:BBC Children in Need.svg|250px]]
| caption = Children in Need logo featuring Pudsey Bear 2007–present
| genre = [[Charitable organization|Charity]] [[Telethon]]
| camera = Multiple
| runtime = Various
| presenter = [[Sir Terry Wogan]] [[Fearne Cotton]] [[Tess Daly]] [[Nick Grimshaw]] [[Zoë Ball]]
| narrated = [[Alan Dedicoat]]
| country = United Kingdom
| location = [[BBC TV Centre]] (1980–2012) [[Elstree Studios]] (2013–)
| language = English
| network = [[BBC One]] [[BBC Two]]
| first_aired = November 1980
| last_aired = present
| status = Ongoing
| related = ''[[Comic Relief]] (since 1985)''
| website = http://www.bbc.co.uk/pudsey
}}
'''''BBC Children in Need''''' (also promoted as '''''{{lang|cy|Plant Mewn Angen}}''''' in Wales<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/cymru/gwybodaeth/safle/elusennau/pages/pma.shtml BBC - Nations - Wales - Elusennau]</ref>) is the BBC's UK [[charitable organization|charity]]. Since 1980 it has raised over £600 million<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008dk4b/features/history BBC – BBC Children in Need – History]</ref> to change the lives of disabled children and young people in the UK. One of the highlights is an annual [[telethon]], held in November and televised on BBC One and BBC One HD from 7:30pm until 2am. "[[Children in Need#Logo|Pudsey Bear]]" is BBC Children in Need's mascot, whilst [[Terry Wogan]] is a long-standing host. BBC Children in Need is one of three high-profile British telethons, although the only charity belonging to the BBC, the other telethons being [[Red Nose Day]] and [[Sport Relief]], both supporting the [[Comic Relief]] charity. The [[Children in Need 2013|2013 appeal]] will take place on Friday 15 November.

== History ==

=== Earlier BBC appeals ===
The BBC's first broadcast charity appeal took place in 1927, in the form of a five-minute radio broadcast on [[Christmas]] Day. It raised about £1,143, which equates to about £27,150 by today's standards, and was donated to four children's charities. The first televised appeal took place in 1955 and was called the [[Children's Hour]] Christmas Appeal, with the yellow [[glove puppet]] [[Sooty]] Bear and [[Harry Corbett]] fronting it. The Christmas Day Appeals continued on TV and radio until 1979. During that time a total of £625,836 was raised. Terry Wogan first appeared during this five-minute appeal in 1978, and again in 1979. Sometimes cartoon characters such as Peter Pan were used.

=== BBC Children in Need ===
[[File:BBC Television Centre.jpg|thumb|right|[[BBC Television Centre]] on the night of the 2008 telethon.]]
[[File:BBC pudsey bear in sheffield children in need-2009.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Pudsey Bear raising funds for BBC Children in Need 2009.]]

In 1980, the first Children In Need [[telethon]], a single programme lasting a whole evening, devoted to raising money exclusively destined for charities working with children in the United Kingdom, was broadcast. The new format, presented by [[Terry Wogan]], [[Sue Lawley]] and [[Esther Rantzen]], saw a dramatic increase in public donations: £1 million was raised that year. The telethon format has been retained each year since and grown in scope to incorporate further events broadcast on radio and online. As a regular presenter, Wogan has become firmly associated with the annual event, continuing to front the event through into 2013 after scaling down his other BBC commitments.

In 1988, BBC Children in Need became a registered charity (number 802052) in [[England and Wales]], followed by registration in Scotland (SC039557) in 2008.

== Telethon ==

=== Acts ===
The telethon features performances from many top singers and groups, with many by celebrities also appearing on the seven-hour long programme performing various activities such as sketches or musical numbers. Featured celebrities often include those from programmes on rival network [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]], including some appearing in-character, and/or from the sets of their own programmes. A performance by BBC newsreaders has become an annual fixture. Stars of newly opened West End musicals regularly perform a number from their show later in the evening after "curtain call" in their respective theatres.

=== Broadcast ===
The BBC devotes the entire night's programming on its flagship channel [[BBC One]] to the Children in Need telethon, with the exception of 35 minutes at 10 o'clock while [[BBC News at Ten]], Weather and Regional News airs, and activity continues on [[BBC Two]] with special programming, such as ''[[Mastermind (TV series)|Mastermind]] Children in Need'', which is a form of ''[[Celebrity Mastermind]]'', with four celebrities answering questions on a chosen subject and on general knowledge. In recent years, before the telethon itself the BBC has broadcast Children in Need specials of ''[[The One Show]]'', in which hosts [[Matt Baker (television presenter)|Matt Baker]] and [[Alex Jones (presenter)|Alex Jones]] did a rickshaw challenge and a celebrity version of ''[[Pointless (game show)|Pointless]]'' in which Pudsey assists hosts [[Alexander Armstrong (comedian)|Alexander Armstrong]] and [[Richard Osman]].

Unlike the other BBC charity telethon Comic Relief, Children in Need relies a lot on the BBC regions for input into the telethon night. The BBC English regions all have around 5–8 minute round-ups every hour during the telethon. This does not interrupt the schedule of items shown from BBC Television Centre as the host Terry Wogan usually hands over to the regions, giving those in the main network studio a short break. However BBC Scotland, BBC Wales and BBC Northern Ireland do opt out of the network schedule with a lot of local fundraising news and activities from their broadcast area. Usually they will go over to the network broadcast at various times of the night, and usually they will show some network items later than when the English regions will see them. This is to give the BBC nations of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland a much larger slot than the BBC English regions because the "nations" comprise a distinct audience of the BBC. Usually BBC Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland hand back to network coverage from around 1:00 am in the telethon night. For the 2010 appeal this changed, with Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales deciding not to have their usual opt-outs and instead following the English regions' pattern of having updates every hour.

===Overview===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Broadcast date
! scope="col" | Broadcast total
! scope="col" | Total Raised
! scope="col" | Main presenter
! scope="col" | Co-presenters
! scope="col" | BBC One Rating (millions)
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| {{nowrap|November 1980}}
| £1,000,000
| £1,000,587
| rowspan="34"| [[Sir Terry Wogan]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Sue Lawley]] [[Esther Rantzen]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| {{nowrap|November 1981}}
| {{n/a}}
|
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| {{nowrap|November 1982}}
| {{n/a}}
|
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| 25 November 1983
| {{n/a}}
| £1,158,737
| rowspan="3"| Esther Rantzen [[Joanna Lumley]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| 23 November 1984
| {{n/a}}
|
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| 22 November 1985
| {{n/a}}
| £4,470,000
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| 21 November 1986
| £5,264,665
| £8,600,000
| rowspan="2"| Esther Rantzen Joanna Lumley Sue Cook
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| 27 November 1987
| {{n/a}}
| £14,000,000
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| 18 November 1988
| {{n/a}}
| £17,500,000
| Joanna Lumley Sue Cook
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| 17 November 1989
| {{n/a}}
|
| Sue Cook
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| 23 November 1990
| {{n/a}}
|
| Sue Cook [[Dave Benson-Phillips]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| 22 November 1991
| £17,182,724
|
| rowspan="4"| Sue Cook [[Andi Peters]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| 20 November 1992
| {{n/a}}
|
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 14
| 26 November 1993
| {{n/a}}
|
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 15
| 25 November 1994
| £12,012,524
|
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 16
| 24 November 1995
| {{n/a}}
|
| Sue Cook [[Gaby Roslin]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 17
| 22 November 1996
| £12,000,000
| £18,700,000 <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/97452.stm</ref>
| rowspan="9"| Gaby Roslin
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| 21 November 1997
| £12,034,235
| £20,900,000<ref name="fundraising.co.uk">[http://www.fundraising.co.uk/news/1998/11/23/children-need fundraising.co.uk]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/218346.stm news.bbc.co.uk]</ref>
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| 20 November 1998
| £11,380,888
| £17,900,000
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | 20
| 26 November 1999
| £11,639,053
| £16,700,000
| 6.61
|-
! scope="row" | 21
| 17 November 2000
| £12,244,764
| £20,000,000
| 6.8 <ref>http://www.theguardian.com/media/2000/nov/20/broadcasting.overnights</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 22
| 16 November 2001
| £12,895,853
| £25,900,000
| 7.12
|-
! scope="row" | 23
| 15 November 2002
| £13,500,000
| £26,200,000
| 7.56
|-
! scope="row" | 24
| 21 November 2003
| £15,305,212
| £31,400,000
| 10.49
|-
! scope="row" | [[Children in Need 2004|25]]
| 19 November 2004
| £17,156,175
| £34,200,000<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6157986.stm BBC.co.uk]</ref>
| 8.48
|-
! scope="row" | [[Children in Need 2005|26]]
| 18 November 2005
| £17,235,256
| £33,200,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.charity-commission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends52/0000802052_AC_20060930_E_C.PDF |title=Report and Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended 30 September 2006 |date=25 January 2007 |publisher=The BBC Children in Need Appeal |accessdate=19 November 2011 |page=9}}</ref>
| [[Natasha Kaplinsky]] [[Fearne Cotton]] [[Matt Allwright]]
| 9.07
|-
! scope="row" | [[Children in Need 2006|27]]
| 17 November 2006
| £18,300,392
| £33,600,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.charity-commission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends52/0000802052_AC_20070930_E_C.PDF |title=Annual Report and Accounts – Year Ended 30 September 2007 |date=7 February 2008 |publisher=The BBC Children in Need Appeal |accessdate=19 November 2011 |page=21}}</ref>
| [[Natasha Kaplinsky]] [[Fearne Cotton]]
| 7.72
|-
! scope="row" | [[Children in Need 2007|28]]
| 16 November 2007
| £19,089,771
| £37,500,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.charity-commission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends52/0000802052_AC_20080930_E_C.PDF |title=Annual Report and Accounts – 30 September 2008 |date=18 February 2009 |publisher=The BBC Children in Need Appeal |accessdate=19 November 2011 |page=25}}</ref>
| [[Fearne Cotton]]
| 9.56
|-
! scope="row" | [[Children in Need 2008|29]]
| 14 November 2008
| £20,991,216
| £38,500,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.charity-commission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends52/0000802052_AC_20090930_E_C.PDF |title=Annual Report and Accounts – 30 September 2009 |date=11 February 2010 |publisher=The BBC Children in Need Appeal |accessdate=19 November 2011 |page=22}}</ref>
| rowspan="4"| Fearne Cotton [[Tess Daly]] [[Alesha Dixon]]
| 9.83
|-
! scope="row" | [[Children in Need 2009|30]]
| 20 November 2009
| £20,309,747
| £40,200,000<ref name="2009-10-report">{{cite web |url=http://apps.charity-commission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends52/0000802052_ac_20100930_e_c.pdf |title=Annual Report and Accounts – 30 September 2010 |date=8 February 2011 |publisher=The BBC Children in Need Appeal |accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref>
| 10.08
|-
! scope="row" | [[Children in Need 2010|31]]
| 19 November 2010
| £18,098,199
| £36,600,000<ref name="2010-11-report">{{cite web |url=http://apps.charity-commission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends52%5C0000802052_ac_20110930_e_c.pdf|title=Annual Report and Accounts – 30 September 2011 |date=8 February 2012 |publisher=The BBC Children in Need Appeal |accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref>
| 9.36
|-
! scope="row" | [[Children in Need 2011|32]]
| 18 November 2011
| £26,332,334
| £46,100,000<ref name="2011-12-report">{{cite web |url=http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends52/0000802052_AC_20120630_E_C.pdf|title=Annual Report and Accounts Nine Months to 30 June 2012 |date=30 Jun 2012 |publisher=The BBC Children in Need Appeal |accessdate=22 July 2013}}</ref>
| 10.26
|-
! scope="row" | [[Children in Need 2012|33]]
| 16 November 2012
| £26,757,446
|
| Fearne Cotton Tess Daly [[Nick Grimshaw]]
| 8.22
|-
! scope="row" | [[Children in Need 2013|34]]
| 15 November 2013
| £31,124,896
|
| Fearne Cotton Tess Daly Nick Grimshaw [[Zoë Ball]] [[One Direction]]
|
|-
|}

== Pudsey Bear ==
[[File:Children in need 1980 logo.jpg|left|250px|thumb|The original logo, used from 1980 to 1984]]
[[File:CiNbbc.png|Right|frame|The old Pudsey bear and logo, used from 1985 to 2006]]
The mascot that fronts the Children in Need appeal is called "Pudsey Bear", created and named in 1985 by BBC graphic designer [http://www.about.me/joannalane Joanna Ball]. The bear was named after her hometown of [[Pudsey]], [[West Yorkshire]], where her grandfather was mayor.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008dk4b/features/history History on BBC pudsey page]</ref> A reproduction of the bear mascot (made of vegetation) is in Pudsey park, near the town centre. Originally introduced for the 1985 appeal, Pudsey Bear was created as a triangular shaped logo, depicting a yellow-orange teddy bear with a circular head, semi-circular ears and a triangular bandana tied over one eye. The bandana was red, spotted with small black triangles. The mouth of the bear was an inverted semi-circle, depicting a sad expression. The lettering "BBC" appeared as 3 circular black buttons running vertically down the front of the bear, one capital letter on each, in white. Perpendicular to the buttons, the words "children-in-need" appeared in all lower case letters along the base of the trianglar outline. Accessibility for young readers, and people with disabilities including speech and reading challenges, were factors weighed by the designer Joanna Ball, specifically the "P" sound in "Pudsey" name, and the choice of all lower case sans serif letters for the logotype. The original design was adapted for various applications for use in the 1985 appeal, both 2D graphics and 3 dimensional objects. Items using the original 1985 design included a filmed opening title sequence, using cartoon cell animation, a postage stamp, and a prototype soft toy, commissioned from a film and TV prop maker (citation). The original prototype soft toy was orange and reflected the circular shaped head and inverted mouth, which was then adapted for approximately 12 identical bears, one for each regional BBC Television Studio. These bears were numbered and tagged with the official logo and auctioned off as part of the appeal. The number 1 Pudsey Bear was allocated to the Leeds region. Joanna Lumley appeared with one of the soft toys during the opening of Blackpool Illuminations and named Pudsey Bear as the official mascot of the BBC Children In Need appeal.

In 1986, the logo was redesigned. Whilst retaining the concept of a teddy bear with a bandana over one eye, all other elements were changed. Specifically, the triangular elements of the underlying design were abandoned, as well as the corporate identity colour scheme was changed. The new bandana design was white with red spots, one of the buttons was removed and the logotype now appeared as building bricks, which spelled out "BBC CHILDREN IN NEED" in capital letters.

In 1997 Pudsey and the logo were redesigned again. This time Pudsey's bandana had multicoloured spots, and all of the buttons were removed.
By 2009, Pudsey had been joined by another bear, a brown female bear named "Blush". She has a spotty bow with the pattern similar to Pudsey's bandana pattern, continuing into 2010.
In 2013 [[Moshi Monsters]] introduced Pudsey as an In-Game item for 100 rox.

== Official singles ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Artist(s)
! Song(s)
! Chart
|-
|1985 || [[Clannad (musical group)|Clannad]]|| [[Almost Seems (Too Late to Turn)]] || 80
|-
|1986 || The County Line || [[Heroes (David Bowie song)|Heroes]] || DNC
|-
|1988 || Spirit of Play with [[Paul McCartney]] || Children in Need || DNC
|-
|1989 || BBC Children In Need Choir || If You Want To Help || 78
|-
|1995 || [[Patsy Palmer]] and [[Sid Owen]] || You Better Believe It (Children in Need) || 60
|-
|1997 || [[Lou Reed]] and Various Artists || [[Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)|Perfect Day]] || 1
|-
|1998 || [[Denise Van Outen]] and [[Johnny Vaughan]] featuring [[Steps (group)|Steps]] || [[Especially for You]] || 3
|-
|1999 || [[Martine McCutcheon]] || [[Love Me (Bee Gees song)#Martine McCutcheon version|Love Me]] || 6
|-
|2000 || [[S Club|S Club 7]] || [[Never Had a Dream Come True]] || 1
|-
|2001 || [[S Club|S Club 7]] || [[Have You Ever (S Club 7 song)|Have You Ever]] || 1
|-
|2002 || [[Will Young]] || [[Don't Let Me Down (Will Young song)|Don't Let Me Down]] / [[You and I (Will Young song)|You and I]] || 2
|-
|2003 || [[Shane Richie]] || [[I'm Your Man (Wham! song)#Shane_Richie_Version|I'm Your Man]] || 2
|-
|2004 || [[Girls Aloud]] || [[I'll Stand by You#Girls Aloud version|I'll Stand by You]] || 1
|-
|2005 || [[Liberty X]] || [[A Night to Remember (Shalamar song)|A Night to Remember]] || 6
|-
|2006 || [[Emma Bunton]] || [[Downtown (Petula Clark song)#Emma Bunton version|Downtown]] || 3
|-
|2007 || [[Spice Girls]] || [[Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)]] || 11
|-
|2008 || [[McFly]] || [[Do Ya/Stay with Me]]<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a134183/mcfly-to-record-for-children-in-need.html Digitalspy.co.uk]</ref> || 18
|-
|2009 || [[Peter Kay|Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band]] || [[The Official BBC Children in Need Medley]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pudsey/news/news201109.shtml BBC.co.uk]</ref>|| 1
|-
|2010 || [[JLS]] || [[Love You More (JLS song)|Love You More]] || 1
|-
|2011 || The Collective <ref name="thesun.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3808503/Its-Gary-Barlow-The-Collective.html | title = It's Gary Barlow & The Collective | location=London | work=The Sun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=X Factor judges to record Children in Need charity song|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/14667496|publisher=BBC.co.uk|date=25 August 2011}}</ref>|| [[Teardrop (Massive Attack song)|Teardrop]] || 24
|-
|2012 || [[Girls Aloud]] || [[Something New (song)|Something New]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2012/bbc-cin-2012.html BBC - Media Center - BBC Children in Need 2012 - the stars of Appeal Night revealed]</ref> || 2
|-
|2013 || [[Ellie Goulding]] || [[How Long Will I Love You]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2013/ellie-goulding-cin.html BBC - Media Center - BBC Ellie Goulding releases official single for BBC Children in Need]</ref> || TBD
|-
|}

*The Collective includes [[Gary Barlow]],<ref name="thesun.co.uk"/> [[Tulisa Contostavlos]], [[Wretch 32]], [[Ed Sheeran]], [[Ms. Dynamite]], [[Chipmunk (rapper)|Chipmunk]], [[Mz Bratt]], [[Dot Rotten]], [[Labrinth]], [[Rizzle Kicks]] and [[Tinchy Stryder]].

== Criticism ==
Although Children in Need is welcomed by a large proportion of the British public, there are some who offer an alternative view, that the portrayal of children, particularly disabled children, as victims is unfortunate and counter-productive. It is argued that a change in social attitudes will benefit the disadvantaged more than money and public sympathy.

In November 2006, [[Intelligent Giving]] published an article about Children in Need, which attracted wide attention across the British media. The article, titled "Four things wrong with Pudsey", described donations to Children in Need as a "lazy and inefficient way of giving" and pointed out that, as a grant-giving charity, Children in Need would use donations to pay two sets of administration costs. It also described the quality of some of its public reporting as "shambolic".<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/nov/29/voluntarysector.guardiansocietysupplement | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Pudsey's worst nightmare | first=Annie | last=Kelly | date=29 November 2006 | accessdate=28 April 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-416666/BBCs-Children-Need-slammed-lazy-way-to-charity.html Dailymail.co.uk]</ref>

In 2007, it was reported that [[Terry Wogan]], as the show's host, had been receiving an annual honorarium since 1980 (amounting to £9,065 in 2005). This made him the only celebrity paid for his participation in Children in Need. Wogan, however, stated that he would "quite happily do it for nothing" and had "never asked for a fee". The BBC stated that the amount, which was paid from BBC resources and not from the Children in Need charity fund, had "never been negotiated", having instead increased in line with inflation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wogan charity fee defended by BBC |work=BBC |date=4 March 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6417329.stm |accessdate= 2 June 2007 }}</ref> Two days before the 2007 event, it was reported that Wogan had waived his compensation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Terry Wogan waives his £9,000 fee for Children in Need |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-494270/Terry-Wogan-waives-9-000-fee-Children-Need.html |newspaper=Daily Mail |date=15 November 2007 |accessdate=19 November 2011 |location=London}}</ref>

There has also been concern about the type of groups receiving funding from Children in Need. Writing in ''[[The Spectator]]'', Ross Clark noted how funding goes towards controversial groups such as Women in Prison, which campaigns against jailing female [[criminals]]. Another charity highlighted was the Children’s Legal Centre, which provided funding for [[Shabina Begum]] to sue her school as she wanted to wear the [[jilbab]]. Clark pondered whether donors seeing [[cancer]] victims on screen would appreciate "that a slice of their donation would be going into the pockets of [[Cherie Blair]] to help a teenage girl sue her school over her refusal to wear a [[school uniform]]".<ref>[http://www.spectator.co.uk/spectator/thisweek/28675/part_4/read-the-small-print-before-you-donate.thtml Spectator.co.uk]</ref>

== See also ==
*[[ITV Telethon]]
*[[Text Santa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{BBC programme|b008dk4b}}
*{{IMDb title|id=0126739|title=Children in Need}}

{{Children in Need}}

[[Category:Children in Need| ]]
[[Category:British telethons]]
[[Category:1980 in British television]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in the United Kingdom]]

British Rail corporate liveries

2013-08-25T02:26:35Z

Teflon:

[[File:40128 LLG 070882.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The classic Rail Blue colours - [[British Rail Class 40|Class 40]] locomotive No.40128 with blue and grey coaching stock at [[Llandudno railway station|Llandudno]] in 1982]]

The history of '''[[British Rail]]'s corporate liveries''' is quite complex. Although from the mid-1960s to the 1980s the organisation was associated with "Rail Blue", a number of other schemes were also used, especially when it was split into operating units or "sectors" in the mid-1980s.

At the formation of [[British Railways]] on 1 January 1948, early diesel and electric locos and the gas turbine locomotives [[British Rail 18000|18000]] and [[British Rail 18100|18100]] were already painted black with aluminium trim, but by the late 1950s this had been superseded by the same shade of green that was used on express passenger steam locomotives, although some locomotives were painted in a two-tone Brunswick and Sherwood green livery, and Southern Region electric locomotives were painted a light shade of malachite green. [[Multiple unit]]s were also generally green, although this tended to be a lighter and bluer shade compared to the colour used on steam and diesel locomotives.

Corridor coaching stock was originally painted in two-tone crimson and cream livery across the network and non-corridor stock was painted plain crimson.

In 1956 an all-over darker maroon, which more closely resembled the pre-nationalisation LMS livery, was re-introduced, except for the [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]], where stock was generally painted dark malachite green, and a small number of express carriages on the [[Western Region of British Railways|Western Region]] which were in traditional GWR-style chocolate and cream.

With the reorganisation of British Railways in the mid-1960s, a complete break with the past was signalled by the introduction of a blue and grey livery which dominated all passenger rolling stock until the mid-1980s, when a new Intercity livery (dark grey and beige with a red and white waistband) was introduced along with a number of regional colour schemes.

==Early liveries==

[[File:E3035 at Doncaster Works.JPG|thumb|right|[[British Rail Class 83|Class 83]] electric locomotive No.D3035 in Electric Blue livery]]

The standard livery for most British Railways steam locomotives was black, often with a thin red, cream and grey "lining" (trim), while express passenger locomotives were painted Brunswick Green, with orange and black lining. This had been the livery of the old Great Western Railway, and the Western Region, which now covered the same area, managed to paint far more of their locomotives in these traditional colours than elsewhere.All [[British Rail Class 42|Class 42 "Warship" class]] diesels were delivered in green but some Class 52s were delivered in maroon to match the then-standard coaching stock livery. This livery suited these diesel hydraulic classes, and allowed the [[Western Region of British Railways|Western Region]] to once again show a degree of independence; it was not applied to any other diesel or electric classes.
The 25kV electric locomotives were painted from new in a striking shade of bright blue which was known as "Electric Blue". They retained this livery for some years, before being painted in Rail Blue when that became the norm.

In 1964, as part of a plan to develop a new corporate image for British Railways, a number of experiments were tried;

*Two [[British Rail Class 31|Class 31]] diesels were painted in trial liveries. No.D5578 was painted in an unlined 'Light Electric blue',<ref name=class31>{{cite book | last = Oakley | first = Michael | title = BR Class 31 diesels | publisher = Bradford Barton | year = 1981 | location = Truro | isbn = 0-85153-417-1 }}</ref> and No.D5579 was painted in a colour variously described as 'Bronze Gold'<ref name=class31/> and 'Golden Ochre'.<ref name=railblue/>
* The first [[British Rail Class 52|Class 52 "Western" class]], No.D1000 ''Western Enterprise'' was painted in a pale brown livery known as 'Desert Sand' livery<ref name=westerns>{{cite book | last = Judge | first = Colin | title = The Power of the Westerns | publisher = OPC | year = 1977 | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-902888-98-6}}</ref> when first delivered in 1961.
* Another Class 52, No.D1015 Western Champion was delivered in another, darker yellow/brown colour described as 'Golden Ochre', though somewhat different from that applied to D5579.<ref name=westerns/> These non-standard liveried "Western" diesel hydraulics were also fitted with the cast aluminium lion and wheel emblem that was standard issue on the 25kV electric locomotives.

=== Coaching stock from 1948 ===
[[File:BR MK1 SO.jpg|thumb|left|British Railways coaches in the crimson and cream livery used from 1949]]

Discussions on the livery for British Railways coaching stock in 1948 eventually settled on a network-wide two-tone livery of crimson and cream for [[corridor coach]]es, with all-over crimson being used for local, non-corridor stock. The colours were chosen to be different to those of any of the "Big Four" pre-nationalisation railway companies while retaining a traditional aspect. However many people were not happy with the loss of the traditional "historic" regional colour schemes as used by the former private companies.

=== The second phase ===
[[File:British Rail Mark 1 RBR M1848.jpg|thumb|right|British Railways Mark 1 coaches in early 1960s maroon livery]]

From 1956 there was a move toward the return of regional colour schemes. Most regions adopted a maroon livery which strongly resembled that of the former [[London Midland and Scottish Railway]]. The Western Region started to repaint some coaches in a [[Great Western Railway|GWR]] chocolate and cream livery, while Southern Region reverted to dark malachite green for all vehicles. For cost reasons, liveries were usually changed piecemeal, when coaches came in for scheduled maintenance. Coaches from different regions could also often find themselves coupled together. Due to the consequent muddle of liveries, many trains began to get an untidy if not tatty appearance which added to the run-down image of the railway. The rebranding of '''British Railways''' to '''British Rail''' on 1 January 1965 was coupled with the introduction of an entirely new national livery.

=== XP64 ===
[[File:47853 1H39 WOV 120602.jpg|thumb|left|No.47853 (D1733) in a re-creation of the XP64 livery]]

The predecessor of the Rail Blue livery was an experimental train referred to as XP64. This
prototype train was used to test technology and carriage arrangements for the planned [[British Rail Mark 2|BR Mark 2]] coaches. The coaches for the XP64 train were painted in a slightly lighter version of what would eventually become Rail Blue, with a {{convert|44|in|mm|adj=mid|-wide}} Pale Ivory stripe centred on the passenger windows, and brown underframe.<ref name=mark1>{{cite book | last = Parkin | first = Keith | title = British Railways Mark 1 coaches | publisher = The Historical Model Railway Society | year = 2006 | edition= Revised | pages= pp67–73 |isbn = 0-902835-22-X}}</ref> One locomotive, [[British Rail Class 47|Class 47]] No.D1733, was painted to match the coaching stock. In 2001, as passenger work for diesel locomotives came to an end on the rail system, a number of [[Virgin Trains]] Class 47s were painted in "heritage" liveries that they had carried in the past, including the former D1733, now 47853, which once again carried a near-correct version of the XP64 livery.
{{-}}

== Rail Blue ==
[[File:31018 at National Railway Museum.JPG|thumb|right|[[British Rail Class 31|Class 31]] No.31018 in the standard Rail Blue colour scheme]]

Eventually, it was decided to standardise on a colour which became known as Rail Blue. Introduced in 1965, and also known as "[[Monastral blue|Monastral Blue]]", the colour was defined by [[British Standard]]s BR28/6001 (Airless spray finish) and BR28/5321 (Brush finish).<ref name=railblue>{{cite web | last = Turner | first = Graham | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Rail Blue - The Story | url = http://www.railblue.com/rail_blue_history.htm | doi = | accessdate = 2008-03-25}}</ref> It was a dark, greyish blue tone which hid the effects of dirt well. The colour often appears inaccurately in photographs, generally appearing brighter and bluer than the real colour. In the early years the colour faded quite badly, becoming lighter and paler with time although this problem had been overcome by the late 1970s. [[United Kingdom]] paint code RAL5020 ("Ocean Blue") is a good match to Rail Blue. There is also a British Standard paint colour BS381C 114 called Rail Blue which was introduced in 1964. The new British Rail "double arrow" symbol on locomotives (or leading vehicle as was the case on multiple unit stock) and the vehicle number and other ancillary markings written in the [[Rail Alphabet]] typeface were other integral parts of the livery.

=== Locomotives ===
This colour was applied to all diesel and electric locomotives, with the exception of the ends, which were painted yellow to improve visibility, and the underframes and buffer beams which were painted black; the paints being to BSS 2660-0.003 and BSS 2660-9.103 respectively.<ref name="mainline">{{cite book | last = Stevens-Stratten | first = S.W. | coauthors = Carter, R.S. | title = British Rail Main-Line Diesels | publisher = Ian Allan Ltd | year = 1978 | location = Shepperton | isbn = 0-7110-0617-2}}</ref> As Rail Blue was introduced, the last locomotive recorded as being outshopped in a previous livery was [[British Rail Class 43 (Warship Class)|Class 43]] D838 ''Rapid'' which left Swindon Works in August 1968 in maroon.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web | last = Turner | first = Graham | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Rail Blue - timeline | url = http://www.railblue.com/timeline.htm | doi = | accessdate = 2008-04-03}}</ref>

The Vale of Rheidol Railway remained steam operated past the general end of steam traction in 1968, and accordingly the three remaining [[Vale of Rheidol Railway locomotives]] received the Rail Blue colour scheme, being all blue with black smokebox and red bufferbeam, and no yellow warning panel.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Streeter | first = Tony | title = BR Blue Steam! The Rheidol in '69 | journal = Steam Railway | issue = 292 | pages = pp48–49 | publisher = EMAP Active Ltd | location = Leicester | month = January | year = 2004 }}</ref>

=== Coaches and multiple units ===
[[File:Class-501-train-B1-headcode.jpg|thumb|right|Class 501 train in Rail Blue calls at Harrow and Wealdstone]]
[[File:416 at Dalton Kingsland1.jpg|thumb|right|Class 416 train in British Rail blue/grey livery calls at Dalston Kingsland station]]

Coaching stock was to be painted in Rail Blue with a 44-inch Pearl Grey (BS 2660-9-095) horizontal panel centred vertically on the main windows, this being outlined by a narrow white line. This grey panel finished just short of the end of the coach leaving a small amount of Rail Blue which then continued round onto the end of the coach. Roofs were Dark Grey and underframes originally brown, but later black.

Originally, multiple units were also painted in all over Rail Blue, however the blue and grey coaching stock livery was eventually also applied to all gangwayed [[Diesel multiple unit|DMUs]], [[Electric multiple unit|EMUs]] and [[DEMU]]s from about 1980 onwards until the introduction of the new Sector liveries in the mid-1980s. Non-gangwayed coaches and some other vehicles such as vans dedicated to newspaper traffic remained in all-over Rail Blue livery without the Pearl Grey band.

From 1974, some DMU sets, after being refurbished, were painted white with a wide blue band under the windows and full yellow ends.

From 1966 until withdrawal, [[Pullman train (UK)|Pullman Coaches]] were also painted in the reversal of the normal coach livery, with the blue and grey areas transposed. The [[Blue Pullman]] sets retained their livery of Nanking Blue (albeit with full yellow ends) until 1969 when they were repainted in the reversed grey and blue livery.<ref name=modelrailapril08>{{cite journal | last = Leigh | first = Chris | title = Pullman Multiple Units | journal = Model Rail | issue = 116 | pages = pp49–51 | publisher = emap | location = Peterborough | month = April | year = 2008 }}</ref>

=== Local variations ===
[[File:47100 Blue SF roof.jpg|thumb|left|Diesel [[British Rail Class 47|Class 47]] loco No.47100 with the trademark Stratford T.M.D. grey roof]]

In 1977 two [[British Rail Class 47|Class 47]] locomotives, 47163 and 47164, were painted by [[Stratford TMD]] with silver roofs and other decorations including a full body height [[Union Flag]] on each side, in celebration of [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II's silver jubilee]].<ref name="class47">{{cite book | last = Morrison | first = Brian | title = The Power of the 47s | publisher = OPC | year = 1980 | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-86093-034-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.class47.co.uk/c47_zoom_v2.php?img=0720050070210|title= Image of No.47163 with Silver Jubilee Union Jack|accessdate=2008-05-27 |publisher= www.class47.com}}</ref> Several other Class 47 locomotives, some [[British Rail Class 31|Class 31s]], and even some DMU cabs, were subsequently also painted by Stratford with grey roofs, the variation becoming something of a trademark for the depot.

After this time small variations in the Rail Blue livery became much more common. Several Class 31 locomotives received white waist stripes, these being
particularly associated with the depots at [[Old Oak Common TMD|Old Oak Common]] and
[[Finsbury Park TMD|Finsbury Park]]. Also on the [[Eastern Region of British Railways|Eastern Region]], [[British Rail Class 55|Class 55 Deltic]] locomotives based as [[Finsbury Park TMD|Finsbury Park]] acquired white surrounds to their cab windows.
Eastfield TMD staff near Glasgow also embellished a few examples of the class 37/0's allocated to the depot with a lower bodyside white stripe in the mid-80s but were told to stop doing it and repaint the ones they'd already done back to the standard blue livery by the BR hierarchy.
{{-}}

== Moving away from Rail Blue ==
[[File:British Rail Class 43 at Chesterfield.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A BR HST set in original [[InterCity 125]] 'Yellow and Blue' livery]]
[[File:50035 'Ark Royal' at Doncaster Works.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The "Large Logo" livery on [[British Rail Class 50|Class 50]] No.50035]]

The first break in the uniformity of Rail Blue came in 1976 with the introduction of the first [[InterCity 125]] (HST). The distinctive angular shape of the [[British Rail Class 43 (HST)|HST power cars]] did not lend itself to applying yellow on the leading face, so the yellow was wrapped around and extended along the side of each power car, although the coaches retained the usual Rail Blue coaching stock livery.

In 1978 the [[British Railways Board]] began planning a new livery for the future, and in that August [[British Rail Class 56|Class 56]] diesel locomotive 56036 was painted to test a modified livery<ref name=class56>{{cite book | last = Baylis | first = Alan Brooke | title = BR Class 56 diesels | publisher = Bradford Barton | year = 1982 | location = Truro | isbn = 0-85153-448-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Judge | first = Colin | title = Diesels Nationwide volume 2 | publisher = Oxford Publishing Co | year = 1979 | pages= plate 26 | location = Oxford | isbn =978-0-86093-068-6 }}</ref> of all-over Rail Blue with the entire loco front in bright yellow to improve visibility, this extending down the sides of the loco to the rear of the cab windows which were, in turn, outlined in black. This livery was known as ''Large Logo'' livery as each side of the locomotive was dominated by a full body height BR double arrow symbol, and had the loco number prominently displayed at twice the previous size. This livery was well received by enthusiasts but as the Class 56s only hauled freight, it was decided to extend the experiment to a passenger loco. Thus [[British Rail Class 47|Class 47]] 47170 ''County of Norfolk'', allocated to [[Stratford TMD|Stratford]] and a regular performer on trains between Liverpool Street and Norwich, was painted in Large Logo livery.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Stratford Traction Maintenance Depot Open Day souvenir Brochure | year = 1981 | pages = p3 | postscript = }}</ref> Initially new locos were still painted in the traditional Rail Blue livery, but starting with [[British Rail Class 56|Class 56]] number 56084 the new Large Logo version was standard on new locos delivered to BR.<ref name=profile5>{{cite journal | last = Marsden | first = Colin | title = Class 56 design and construction | journal = Modern Railways Pictorial Profile :5 - Class 56s/58s | issue = 5 | pages = pp6–8 | publisher = Ian Allan Ltd | location = Shepperton | month = April | year = 1984 | issn = 0264-3642 }}</ref> After this date, the passenger versions of Class 37 and 47, as well as Class 50, were routinely outshopped in this livery.

 

==Jaffa Cake livery==
[[File:BR Class 411 4 4-CEP EMU no. 1525, Hastings, 24 September 1986.jpg|thumb|A [[British Rail Class 411|4 CEP]] electric multiple unit in [[Jaffa Cake]] livery on the 1066 electric service to [[Hastings]] in 1986.]]
Used on the [[Hastings Line]] along with the other South Eastern Division, fast and semi fast services of the [[Southern Region of British Rail|Southern Region]], the Jaffa Cake livery derived its nickname from a perceived resemblance to the internal appearance of a [[Jaffa Cakes|type of cake]].

The new livery was used mainly with the introduction of the [[Hastings line]] electrification in 1986. The anniversary of the [[Battle of Hastings]] which took place in 1066 was also used in publicity for the line.

== Sectorisation ==

=== InterCity ===
[[File:47553 STF 1988.jpg|thumb|right|Locomotive 47553 in InterCity livery, contrasting with the Rail Blue of leading locomotive 86402]]
{{main|InterCity (British Rail)}}

Following the introduction of the [[British Rail Class 370|Advanced Passenger Train]] in 1983, a similar livery to the APT's (dark grey on the upper body, and light beige on the lower, with two stripes of red and white separating them) was experimentally applied to two [[InterCity 125|HST]] sets and the coaches operating the [[Gatwick Express]] service between [[London Victoria Station|London Victoria]] and [[Gatwick Airport]].<ref name=mark1/> This was referred to as the ''InterCity Executive'' livery as the sets used were dedicated to operating morning/evening services operated for businessmen. Despite the [[InterCity (British Rail)|InterCity]] brand having been introduced in 1966, in 1985 the word 'Executive' was dropped and the livery was applied to all coaches and many locomotives used on InterCity services.
{{-}}

=== Network SouthEast ===
[[File:1586 at London Victoria.jpg|thumb|right|Faded Network SouthEast livery]]
{{main|Network SouthEast}}
On 10 June 1986, British Rail launched Network SouthEast, an organisation designed to cut across the traditional regional boundaries and deliver a co-ordinated train service for [[London]] and the surrounding region. For this new venture a new livery - a paler shade of blue than Rail Blue, with three stripes of white, red and grey - was created with [[British Rail Class 47|Class 47]] No.47573 ''The London Standard'' painted in the new livery specifically for the launch ceremony.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jones | first = Ben | title = Network SouthEast | journal = Model Rail | issue = 93 | pages = pp22–30 | publisher = EMAP | location = Peterborough | month = July | year = 2006 }}</ref> As well as rolling stock and multiple units, a number of Class 47 and Class 50 locomotives dedicated to Network SouthEast passenger services were painted in this livery. A later version made minor changes to the livery, the main one of which was to darken the main shade of blue used.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.class47.co.uk/c47_liveries.php?s_liv=9|title= Revised Network SouthEast livery|accessdate=2008-05-27 |publisher= www.class47.com}}</ref> This livery is also often known unofficially as 'toothpaste livery' due to the multicolored stripes resembling many toothpastes.
{{-}}

=== ScotRail ===
[[File:47702 Scotrail livery.jpg|thumb|ScotRail livery displayed on No.47702]]
{{main|ScotRail}}

ScotRail was the brand name under which British Rail operated InterCity passenger rail services in Scotland and cross border services to Northern England and London. A corporate livery was created for major express services in Scotland, which effectively consisted of the InterCity livery with the red stripe replaced by a saltire blue one.
{{-}}

=== Regional Railways ===
[[File:Regional Railways logo 122100.JPG|thumb|right|Close-up of Regional Railways livery and logo]]
{{main|Regional Railways}}

Upon sectorisation, most secondary passenger routes which did not fall under the InterCity or Network SouthEast banner were re-designated as Regional Railways (originally Provincial). A livery, similar to ScotRail but with the upper dark grey bodyside replaced with a dark blue, was created. A number of sets of coaching stock and a handful of locomotives received the livery, as well as all new multiple units and some existing ones.

Scottish rolling stock not covered by the ScotRail livery (generally those on secondary services) received the Regional Railways livery, but with "ScotRail" branding.
{{-}}

=== Rail Express Systems ===
[[File:47757 Stafford 2002.jpg|thumb|No.47757 carrying Rail Express System livery]]
{{main|Rail Express Systems}}

Rail Express Systems was the sector of British Rail responsible for transport of mail and parcels traffic. Its rolling stock carried the standard Rail Blue (or blue and grey) livery but in 1992, it introduced a new livery of red and grey, with pale blue and grey flashes.

The livery was carried on the rolling stock, but also on a number of locomotives which were dedicated to mail and parcels traffic, mainly of Classes 47 and 90.
{{-}}

=== Railfreight and associated liveries ===
[[File:58001 at Doncaster Works.JPG|thumb|right|58001 displaying the original Railfreight livery]]

Railfreight livery, a colour scheme specifically for freight locomotives, was unveiled when [[British Rail Class 58|Class 58]] 58001 drove through a plastic screen at [[Doncaster Works]] on 9 December 1982.<ref name=profile5/> While this livery had much in common with the "Large Logo" version of Rail Blue livery, including the yellow cabs and larger logo and numbers on the bodyside, the main colour was grey rather than blue. A later version added a red stripe along the lower edge of the locomotive bodyside.

When British Rail operations were divided into sectors in the mid-1980s, prior to privatisation, a new version of the Railfreight livery emerged [[Trainload Freight|giving the sectors individual identities]]. Consisting of three shades of grey and thus known as "triple grey Railfreight", the livery included logos on the sides and cabs of locomotives indicating which sector they belonged to. For locomotives used on internal British Rail duties, a separate livery of a plain darker grey was created. This was later modified for locomotives allocated to the Civil Engineer's department to include a yellow stripe on the upper bodyside, the resulting livery being known as "Dutch" due to its similarity to the corporate colours of the [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.class47.co.uk/c47_liveries.php?s_liv=32|title= "Dutch" Grey and yellow livery|accessdate=2008-05-27 |publisher= www.class47.com}}</ref>
{{-}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>

File:WSR 7017 79-08.JPG|[[British Rail Class 35]] 'Hymek' D7017 in original green livery.

Image:Western Hydraulic D1015.jpg|Class 52 No.D1015 in 1960s maroon livery.

File:Penzance. - geograph.org.uk - 102199.jpg| A High Speed Train power car (loco) and coach in InterCity swallow livery.

Image:47373 Skegness.jpg|No.47373 in revised Railfreight "red stripe" livery.

Image:31271 'Stratford 1840-2001' at York Railfest.JPG|No.31271 in Railfreight "triple grey" livery with Construction sector markings.

Image:90021 at York.JPG|No.90021 in revised Railfreight "triple grey" livery, with [[Railfreight Distribution]] sector markings.

File:Class_156_Manchester_1st_North_Western.png|[[British Rail Class 156|Class 156]] in 'Network North Western' Regional Railways livery.

File:The "Antrim Princess" at Larne - geograph.org.uk - 565895.jpg|The Antrim Princess, [[Sealink]] ferry berthed in [[Larne]] with Sealink letters.

</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.igg.org.uk/gansg/00-app3-4/ap4-livy.htm Information on Freight Locomotive Liveries & logos]

[[Category:British Rail brands]]
[[Category:Rail liveries]]

TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

2013-08-19T10:53:54Z

Teflon: Substituting PNG logo for SVG.

{{About|TSB Bank plc in the United Kingdom|TSB Banks in other parts of the world|TSB Bank (disambiguation){{!}}TSB Bank}}
{{Infobox company
| name = TSB Bank plc
| logo = [[File:TSB logo 2013.svg|168px]]
| type = [[Public limited company]]
| genre =
| predecessor = [[Lloyds TSB]]
| foundation = 2013
| founder =
| location_city =
| location_country = [[United Kingdom]]
| location = Henry Duncan House, 120 George Street, [[Edinburgh]] EH2 4LH
| locations = 631 branches 5 operations centres 2 telephony centres
| area_served =
| key_people = Paul Pester (Chief executive)
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| products = [[Bank]]ing
| services =
| market cap =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| fate =
| successor =
| parent = [[Lloyds Banking Group]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|tsb.co.uk}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''TSB Bank plc''' is a United Kingdom bank that is due to begin operations in September 2013.<ref name="heraldscotland">{{cite web|last=Sharp |first=Tim |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/business/company-news/economic-woes-hit-co-op-verde-buyout.20580335 |title=Economic woes hit Co-op Verde buyout |publisher=Herald Scotland |date=2013-03-22 |accessdate=2013-04-24}}</ref> The company will be formed from a number of branches of [[Lloyds TSB]] in England and Wales, and the businesses of Lloyds TSB Scotland and [[Cheltenham & Gloucester]]. These will transfer to Lloyds TSB Scotland plc,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lloydstsbtransfer.com/documents/ltsbcommercial_thelegalmove_samplemailingpack.pdf |title=Sample letter |date=November 2012 |publisher=Lloyds TSB |accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref> which will be renamed as TSB Bank plc. The company will operate under the TSB brand, which was previously used by the [[Trustee Savings Bank]] prior to its merger with Lloyds Bank in 1995.

==History==
Lloyds TSB Group bought [[HBOS]] in January 2009 and renamed itself Lloyds Banking Group.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lloyds HBOS merger gets go-ahead |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7823521.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=12 January 2009 |accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref> In 2009, following the [[2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package|UK bank rescue package]], [[Government of the United Kingdom|HM Government]] took a 43.4% stake in Lloyds Banking Group, which later announced that it would sell a standalone retail banking business of 632 branches and most accounts held at those branches in order to comply with [[European Union]] state aid requirements.<ref>[http://webcasts.lloydsbankinggroup.com/capitalraising/files/FINAL_-_Analyst_Presentation.pdf Rights Issue and Capital Enhancement Proposals] Presentations and Webcasts, Lloyds Banking Group, 3 November 2009</ref>

Codenamed "Verde", the group's divestment plan identified 632 branches which would be transferred to a new business. Customers with accounts held by the branches, and staff employed within them will be transferred. A number of Lloyds TSB branches in England and Wales, together with all branches of Lloyds TSB Scotland plc and Cheltenham & Gloucester plc will be brought together to form the new business, which will operate under the TSB brand as TSB Bank plc.<ref>{{cite news |title=Millions of Lloyds customers told banking details to change |author=Emma Simon |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/consumertips/banking/9703432/Millions-of-Lloyds-customers-told-banking-details-to-change.html |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |date=26 November 2012 |accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref> The remainder of the Lloyds TSB business will be rebranded as Lloyds Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/1028017/ |title=Lloyds TSB to rebrand as Lloyds Bank |author=Mark Banham |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Marketing |accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref>

Lloyds Banking Group reached a Heads of Terms agreement in July 2012 to sell the Verde branches to [[The Co-operative Bank]] for £750 million.<ref>{{cite news |title='Proud to make banking boring again': Co-op buys 632 branches from Lloyds and aims to restore faith in the industry |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/money/city-news/co-operative-bank-buys-632-lloyds-1150437 |author=Graham Hiscott |newspaper=Daily Mirror |date=19 July 2012 |accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lloyds bigs up the Co-op |author=Robert Peston |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18899185 |newspaper=BBC News |date=19 July 2012 |accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref> The final transfer of TSB Bank plc to the new owner was planned to be completed by late 2013. In February 2013, it was reported that Lloyds Banking Group were considering a stock market flotation of the TSB business as an alternative, should the transfer not be completed and would make a final decision by the end of July. Co-operative Banking Group had blamed current economic conditions for delays in completing the deal and had sold their life insurance assets for £200 million in an effort to secure £1 billion needed to complete the deal.<ref name="heraldscotland"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.coop/article/end-era-co-operative-group-set-sell-general-insurance |title=End of an era: Co-operative Group set to sell-off General Insurance |publisher=Co-operative News |date=2013-03-21 |accessdate=2013-04-24}}</ref>

In April 2013 The Co-operative Bank announced that they would not proceed with the transaction, citing the economic environment and increasing regulatory requirements in the financial sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22276082 |title=Lloyds' branch sale to Co-op falls through |publisher=BBC News |date=24 April 2013 |accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref> Lloyds Banking Group will now transfer the business to new ownership through an [[initial public offering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lloydstsbtransfer.com/update-on-24th-april-2013/ |title=Update on 24th April 2013 |publisher=Lloyds TSB |date=24 April 2013 |accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref>

Branches are due to be rebranded under the TSB brand on 9 September 2013. TSB Bank plc will begin operating as a separate business within Lloyds Banking Group from that date.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lloyd's TSB relaunch is a real brainwave |author=Peter Cunliffe |url=http://www.express.co.uk/finance/city/414433/Lloyd-s-TSB-relaunch-is-a-real-brainwave |newspaper=Daily Express |date=13 July 2013 |accessdate=14 July 2013}}</ref>

==Operations==
When fully operational, TSB Bank plc will have:

*631 branches of which:
**282 are former Lloyds TSB branches in [[England]] and [[Wales]]
**164 are former [[Cheltenham and Gloucester]] branches
**185 are former Lloyds TSB Scotland branches <ref>{{cite web|last=Boyce |first=Lee |url=http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/saving/article-2314021/Will-able-buy-shares-TSB-Lloyds-set-launch-share-listing-632-branches-failed-sell-Co-op.html |title=Will you be able to buy shares in TSB? Lloyds set to launch share-listing of 632 branches it failed to sell to Co-op |publisher=This is Money |date=2013-04-24 |accessdate=2013-06-03}}</ref>
*Administration centres in [[Edinburgh]] (head office), [[Bristol]], [[Gloucester]], [[Birmingham]] and [[London]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tsbcareers.co.uk/what-does-it-mean-for-my-career/locations |title=Locations |publisher=TSB Careers |date= |accessdate=2013-06-03}}</ref>
*Telephony centres in [[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]] and [[Swansea]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://tsb.co.uk/}}
*[http://www.tsbcareers.co.uk/ TSB Careers]
*[http://www.lloydstsbtransfer.com/ Lloyds TSB transfer]
*[http://www.lloydstsbtransfer.com/documents/transferring_branches.pdf Branches to form part of TSB Bank plc]

{{Lloyds Banking Group}}
{{Commercial and retail banks in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Banks of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in the United Kingdom]]

File:TSB logo 2013.svg

2013-08-19T10:49:33Z

Teflon: Teflon uploaded a new version of "File:TSB logo 2013.svg"

==Summary==
{{Non-free use rationale 2
|Description = Logo of TSB bank, as of September 2013
|Source = http://tsb.co.uk/media/TSB%20core%20brand%20mark%20_CMYK.ai
|Article = TSB Bank (United Kingdom)
|Purpose = to serve as the primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the entity in question.
|Replaceability = n.a.
|Minimality = Only for use of describing the company in question.
|Commercial = n.a.
|Other information = {{Non-free promotional}}
}}

==Licensing==
{{Non-free logo}}

File:TSB logo 2013.svg

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Teflon: Uploading a non-free logo using File Upload Wizard

ARD (broadcaster)

2013-06-12T21:04:27Z

Teflon: removing stray apostrophe

{{Refimprove|article|date=January 2011}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| network_name = Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
| network_logo = [[Image:ARD logo.svg|200px]]
| country = Germany
|headquarters =
| network_type = [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast]] [[radio]], [[television]] and [[Website|online]]
| available = National International
| owner =
| key_people =
| launch_date = 5 June 1950
| founder =
| motto = Wir sind eins.''We are one.''
| past_names =
| website = [http://www.ard.de/ www.ard.de]
}}

'''ARD''' (full name: '''A'''rbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen '''R'''undfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik '''D'''eutschland – "Consortium of public-law broadcasting institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany") is a joint organization of [[Germany]]'s regional [[Public broadcasting|public-service broadcasters]]. It was founded in 1950 in [[West Germany]] to represent the common interests of the new, decentralized, post-war [[broadcasting]] services — in particular the introduction of a joint television network.

The ARD is the world's second largest public broadcaster after the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]], with a budget of €6.3 billion and 23,000 employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ard.de/intern/organisation/-/id=8036/rnvfb8/index.html |title=Organisation |publisher=Ard.de |language=German|accessdate=2010-09-17| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100905201840/http://www.ard.de/intern/organisation/-/id=8036/rnvfb8/index.html| archivedate= 5 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The budget comes primarily from the [[licence fee]]s every household, every company and even every public institution like city governments are required to pay. For an ordinary household the fee is currently €17.98 per month. Households living on welfare don't have to pay the fee. The fees are not collected directly by the ARD, but by the [[Gebühreneinzugszentrale|Beitragsservice]] GEZ, a common organization of the ARD member broadcasters, the second public TV broadcaster [[ZDF]], and [[Deutschlandradio]].

ARD maintains and operates a national [[television network]], called ''[[Das Erste]]'' ("The First") to differentiate it from [[ZDF]], a.k.a. "das Zweite" ("The Second"), which was founded in 1961. The ARD network began broadcasting on 31 October 1954 under the name of ''Deutsches Fernsehen'' ("German Television"), becoming ''Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen'' ("First German Television") with a corporate redesign in 1984; it adopted its current name (''Das Erste'') in 1994. ARD's programs are aired over its own terrestrial broadcast network, as well as via cable, satellite and IPTV.

ARD also produces three [[free-to-air]] digital channels ([[EinsFestival]], [[EinsPlus]] and [[Tagesschau24]]) and participates in the production of cable/satellite channels [[Phoenix (German TV station)|Phoenix]] (current events, news and documentaries), [[KI.KA]] (children's programmes), [[3sat]] (cultural/traditional programming) and [[arte]] (Franco-German cultural programming).

ARD's constituent broadcasting institutions operate 54 regional and local radio stations and seven regional TV networks, some of which split further during certain parts of the day. Its regional members (see also [[#Institutions and member organizations|Institutions and member organizations]]) are [[Bayerischer Rundfunk|Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR)]], [[Hessischer Rundfunk|Hessischer Rundfunk (HR)]], [[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk|Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR)]], [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR)]], [[Radio Bremen]], [[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg|Rundfunk Berlin–Brandenburg (RBB)]], [[Saarländischer Rundfunk|Saarländischer Rundfunk (SR)]], [[Südwestrundfunk|Südwestrundfunk (SWR)]] and [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk|Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR)]]. International broadcaster [[Deutsche Welle]] is also a member of ARD.

== History ==
===1940s and 1950s===

The winning [[Allies of World War II]] determined that German radio after the [[World War II|war]] would not [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] the same [[propaganda]] as the pre-war ''[[Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft|Reichs-Rundfunk]]'' ("Imperial Broadcasting"). A [[Federation|federal]] structure, the renunciation of state influence and the avoidance of economic dependence were to be the key of the radio and TV institutions under [[public law]] (''{{lang|de|öffentlich-rechtliche Rundfunk- und Fernsehanstalten}}'', public radio and television organizations). The legal form of the new entity was ''Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts'', a nongovernment and nonprofit organization with its own administration under the control of two commissions, the ''Rundfunkrat'' and the ''Verwaltungsrat'', in which different stakeholders from German public life were represented. ARD's founding members were six German broadcasting stations, the successors to the Allied Forces radio stations:

*[[Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk]] (NWDR), the broadcasting station in the former British zone
*[[Südwestfunk]] (SWF), the station in the French zone

and four stations located in the former part of Germany which was occupied by the Americans:

*[[Bayerischer Rundfunk]] (BR)
*[[Süddeutscher Rundfunk]] (SDR)
*[[Hessischer Rundfunk]] (HR)
*[[Radio Bremen]] (RB)

The new entity was financed by an obligatory fee which every German household with at least one radio receiver paid. Each station received the money collected in its state. Larger ARD members subsidized smaller ones up to a certain extent.

In 1947, the [[US military]] [[governor]] [[Lucius D. Clay]] declared diversity of [[public opinion]] as the main aim of post-war [[Mass media|media]] [[policy]]. Individuals aligned with the post-war Allied forces in their respective sectors of Germany had a local influence on local regional broadcasters. [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]] cites the influence of [[Hugh Greene]] on the early years of their organization.

[[File:West german tv penetration.svg|thumb|right|Reception area of the West German TV channel [[Das Erste]] (grey) within East Germany. Main transmitters appear in red. Areas with no reception (black) were jokingly referred to as "Valley of the Clueless" (''{{lang|de|Tal der Ahnungslosen}}''), while ARD was said to stand for ''{{lang|de|Außer}} ("except for") [[Rügen]] and [[Dresden]]''.]]

After the creation of individual broadcasting agencies for most German federal states these principles were further consolidated by ''[[States of Germany|Länder]]'' broadcasting laws, decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court (''[[Bundesverfassungsgericht]]'') and state treaties between the ''Länder''. ARD members are thus (at least nominally) free of government influence and rely for only a small part of their income on [[advertising]] (1995: ten percent). They are financed mainly from [[television licence|licence fees]] from radio and TV owners, which are set through a complex political process. The mandated aim of the ARD corporations is not only to [[information|inform]] and to [[entertainment|entertain]], but also to encourage the integration of various parts of [[society]] and allow [[minority group|minorities]] a say in programming.

In the 1950s the ARD radio services became the major factor of the mass media system in West Germany. As early as 1952 the ARD radio stations had ten million listeners. However, the radio stations operated on a regional level, and it was only the development of a television umbrella that helped the ARD to establish itself nationwide. The broadcasting of a countrywide TV broadcast service was the goal of the ARD from the outset and the go-ahead for this was given at the end of 1952. The same year ARD was admitted as a full active member of the [[European Broadcasting Union]] and the "German sound archive", now [[German Broadcasting Archive]] (DRA), was established as a joint facility of the ARD.

In 1955 the founding member ''NWDR'' ("Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk", English: "North-West German Broadcasting") split into today's NDR and WDR. The year before (1954) the smaller SFB was split off. The first daily [[news]] feature, the ''[[Tagesschau (Germany)|Tagesschau]]'', went on the air from [[Hamburg]] in 1952. The famous 8:00 pm chime and announcement ''"{{lang|de|Hier ist das Erste Deutsche Fernsehen mit der Tagesschau}}"'' ("This is the first German television channel with the Tagesschau") remains an ARD hallmark today. The broadcast attracts an average of 8 million viewers.

===1960s–1980s===
After starting with a schedule of a mere two-hours-per-night, television became more widespread in the 1960s. Color broadcasts were introduced in 1967. Without [[competition]] from private broadcasters (other than the francophone [[Europe 1]]), the ARD stations made considerable progress in becoming modern and respected broadcasters. [[ZDF]], a second public television broadcaster, began its programming in 1963, but ARD would encounter no private competition in German until 1984. The ARD stations have also been a significant force in [[German politics]]; such [[investigative journalism|investigative news]] magazines as "Monitor" and "Panorama" still reach millions of viewers every week. The [[environmental movement]] increased in popularity during the 1980s largely as a result of the disclosures made by ARD.

When private German-language broadcasters were licensed in Germany in the mid-1980s, ARD television made subtle changes, adapting somewhat by producing more accessible programming for their national networks and shifting cultural and news programs to the regional networks and newly created niche channels.

Informational television programs and the orientation of "[[Deutschlandfunk]]" (Germanys national public radio station, associated with, but not a member of the ARD) programs towards the GDR were of importance to the eventual collapse of the GDR. Established in 1974, the ARD bureau in [[East Berlin]] made ARD television the most important source of information for GDR citizens, eighty per cent of whom could watch what they referred to as "Westfernsehen". Notwithstanding obstruction on the part of GDR authorities and the repeated expulsion of their correspondents, the ARD-Tagesschau and Deutschlandfunk transmitted reports about the [[Leipzig]] [[Monday demonstrations in East Germany|Monday Demonstrations]] as early as September 1989.

===1990s===
After unification and the closure of the [[Deutscher Fernsehfunk|GDR television service]], two new regional broadcasters were established in the East, becoming ARD members in 1992. These were originally the [[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] (MDR, English: "Central German Broadcasting"), and Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB, English: "East German Broadcasting Brandenburg"). The existing NDR service expanded into the north-east, where it also covers [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]. The ORB service has since merged with the former Sender Freies Berlin (SFB, English "Radio Free Berlin") to become Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB, English: "Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting").

Another merger took place between two member organizations of the ARD in 1998. The former Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR, English: "Southern German Broadcasting") and Südwestfunk (SWF, English: "Southwestcast") became [[Südwestrundfunk]] (SWR, English: "Southwest Broadcasting") on 1 October 1998.

==ARD programming==
===Radio===
Today, ARD member stations usually regulate their own radio programming. Some ARD member stations usually collaborate for common radio services (an example being Nordwestradio, a culture-oriented radio station co-produced by Radio Bremen and NDR). Most ARD stations, however, will have at least a news-oriented radio station, a classical-music station, a youth-oriented station, and a cultural station. At night some stations will relay common night programming produced on a rota system by the ARD stations themselves. There are three common night programming services: Nachtexpress/Radiowecker (light music), Nachtkonzert (classical music), and Popnacht (pop music). Most services are on the [[FM broadcast band]], though some services are also available on [[Digital audio broadcasting|DAB]].

A similar network intended for national coverage is called [[Deutschlandradio]], however Deutschlandradio is not an ARD member – instead Deutschlandradio is controlled by both ARD and ZDF. Deutschlandradio provides two terrestrial radio services: Deutschlandfunk (DLF), a news-oriented service, and [[Deutschlandradio Kultur]], a music-oriented service. It also provides a science-orientated internet channel: "DRadio Wissen".

ARD's best known radio station outside Germany is [[Deutsche Welle]], which broadcasts its radio services around the world in many languages, mostly on analogue shortwave radio (but also by satellite, cable, Internet and [[Digital Radio Mondiale]]). Deutsche Welle has no FM distribution in Germany.

"Archivradio"<ref>[http://www.archivradio.de Archivradio's website]</ref> is an ARD internet radio station which streams raw audio material from German sound archives, mainly the ARD radio archives and the DRA. The program is accompanied by a web portal run by the ARD-member SWR, with background information of the original sounds aired.

===Television===
The main television channels of the ARD are the nationwide [[Das Erste]] and seven regional channels operated by the different regional broadcasting institutions. These channels were available on the analogue terrestrial transmitters until the shutdown of the analogue transmitters started in 2003. Das Erste and the third programmes, like the radio stations, are principally funded by licence fees, with a very limited amount of on-air advertising.

Das Erste broadcasts nationwide 24 hours a day, although the schedule does include four and a half hours of joint programming with ZDF each weekday, in the form of the news programmes ''[[Morgenmagazin]]'' (on air 5.30–9.00) and ''[[Mittagsmagazin]]'' (13.00–14.00), which the two organizations take weekly turns to produce.
Audience share (March 2008):12.5%, from 14–49 years 6.9%.

The regional members of ARD all, jointly (NDR/rb and SWR/SR) or separately, operate their own regional channels, known collectively as ''[[die Dritten]]'' ("the Third Programmes") – before recent rebrandings, most of these stations had names like West 3 and Hessen 3. The schedules of these regional channels also include sub-regional opt-outs at certain times, in particular for local news.
*[[Bayerisches Fernsehen]] from [[Bayerischer Rundfunk]] (sub-regional opt-outs: Altbaiern, [[Franconia|Franken]])
*[[Hr-fernsehen]] from [[Hessischer Rundfunk]]
*[[MDR Fernsehen]] from [[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] (opt-outs: state programmes for [[Saxony]], [[Sachsen-Anhalt]], [[Thuringia]])
*[[NDR Fernsehen]] from [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]](opt-outs: state programmes for [[Lower Saxony]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Hamburg]], [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] and [[rb.tv]] from [[Radio Bremen]])
*[[RBB Fernsehen]] from [[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg]] (opt-outs: separate state programmes)
*[[SWR Fernsehen]] from [[Südwestrundfunk]] – in collaboration with [[SR Fernsehen]] (opt-outs: state programmes for [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] and [[SR Fernsehen]] from [[Saarländischer Rundfunk]])
*[[WDR Fernsehen]] from [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]]. (11 local opt-outs within [[North Rhine-Westphalia]])

ARD has started three additional channels as part of their [[ARD Digital]] package:
*[[EinsPlus]]
*[[Tagesschau24]]
*[[EinsFestival]]

ARD is also involved in several [[joint venture]] channels:
*[[3sat]] with [[ZDF]], [[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] and [[SRG SSR idée suisse|SRG]]: a cultural channel
*[[KI.KA]] with ZDF: a children's channel
*[[Arte]] with ZDF and [[France Télévisions]]: a Franco-German cultural channel
*[[Phoenix (German TV station)|Phoenix]] with ZDF: a news and documentary channel, focussed on showing press conferences and political debates in the German parliament live, in addition to historical and political features.

The international broadcaster [[Deutsche Welle]] also produces television services; however these services are mostly available via satellite.

== Institutions and member organizations ==
[[Image:ARD Karte.svg|right|280px|thumb|ARD member broadcaster map.]]
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! Regional broadcaster (translation)
! Abbreviation
! Main office location(s)
! Income 2004 (Millions of Euro)
! Year of establishment
! Region of coverage
|-
| [[Bayerischer Rundfunk]] (Bavarian Broadcasting)
| BR
| [[Munich]]
| 806
| align=middle | 1949
| [[Bavaria]]
|-
| [[Deutsche Welle]] ("German Wave")
| DW
| [[Bonn]]
| Financed through taxes
| align=middle | 1953
| International
|-
|[[Hessischer Rundfunk]] (Hessian Broadcasting)
| HR
| [[Frankfurt]]
| 383
| align=middle | 1948
| [[Hesse]]
|-
| [[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] (Central German Broadcasting)
| MDR
| [[Leipzig]]
| 561
| align=middle | 1991
| [[Free State of Saxony|Saxony]], [[Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Thuringia]]
|-
| [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] (North German Broadcasting)
| NDR
| [[Hamburg]]
| 892
| align=middle | 1956
| Hamburg, [[Lower Saxony]] and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] since 1955; [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] since 1991.
|-
| [[Radio Bremen]]
| RB
| [[Bremen]]
| 41
| align=middle | 1945
| [[Bremen (state)|Free Hanseatic City of Bremen]]
|-
| [[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg]] (Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting)
| RBB
| [[Berlin]], [[Potsdam]]
| 340
| align=middle | 2003
| Berlin, [[Brandenburg]]
|-
| [[Saarländischer Rundfunk]] (Saarlandic Broadcasting)
| SR
| [[Saarbrücken]]
| 64
| align=middle | 1957
| [[Saarland]]
|-
| [[Südwestrundfunk]] (Southwest Broadcasting)
| SWR
| [[Stuttgart]], [[Mainz]], [[Baden-Baden]]
| 922
| align=middle | 1998
| [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]
|-
| [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]] (West German Broadcasting)
| WDR
| [[Cologne]]
| 1067
| align=middle | 1956
| [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]
|}

ARD operates many correspondents' offices in foreign cities, second only to [[BBC News]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} ARD and its regional broadcasters are also represented on the [[World Wide Web]].

ARD operates several other companies and institutions, sometimes jointly with ZDF: Degeto Film, a television rights trader and production company; the [[German Broadcasting Archive]] (DRA – Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv); the Institute for Broadcasting Technology (IRT – Institut für Rundfunktechnik), responsible for research and development; the Fee Collection Center (GEZ), and others.

ARD is a supporter of the [[Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV]] (HbbTV) innitiative (a consortium of broadcasting and Internet industry companies including [[SES S.A.|SES]], [[OpenTV]] and [[Institut für Rundfunktechnik]]) that is promoting and establishing an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface.

==See also==
* [[Television in Germany]]
* [[ZDF|Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen]] (Second German TV channel)
* [[List of German-language television channels]]

==References==
* ARD: ARD Jahrbuch 2005. Hans-Bredow-Institut, 2005 ISBN 3-8329-1730-6 ([http://www.ard.de/intern/publikationen/-/id=8080/nid=8080/did=217816/1r8a0fy/index.html Online Excerpts], in German)

== External links ==
* [http://www.ard.de Official Site] {{de icon}}
* [http://www.ard.de/-/id=161952/property=download/kvilfq/index.pdf Official information about ARD in English] (PDF document)

=== Podcasts ===
The ''Tagesschau'', produced by the ARD on a nightly basis, is available on the ARD website as a podcast (available as audio-only or as audio and video). Other audio programs from the ARD's members (e.g., [[Bayerischer Rundfunk|BR]], [[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk|MDR]]) and [[Deutsche Welle]] are available as podcasts, through their respective websites.

==References==
{{Commons category|ARD}}
{{Reflist}}

{{ARD/ZDF}}
{{ARDMembers}}
{{European Broadcasting Union Members}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ard (Broadcaster)}}
[[Category:Publicly funded broadcasters]]
[[Category:German television networks]]
[[Category:German-language television networks]]
[[Category:Television stations in Germany]]
[[Category:European Broadcasting Union members]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in West Germany]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1950]]

List of airline codes (L)

2013-01-13T14:31:00Z

Teflon: Correcting Logan Air to Loganair.

<noinclude>{{Airline codes/Page top}}</noinclude>
|-
|
|LAH
|[[L A Helicopter]]
|STAR SHIP
|United States
|
|-
|
|LJY
|[[L J Aviation]]
|ELJAY
|United States
|
|-
|
|LRB
|[[L R Airlines]]
|LADY RACINE
|Czech Republic
|
|-
|
|PHO
|[[L&L Flygbildteknik]]
|PHOTOFLIGHT
|Sweden
|
|-
|
|LEX
|[[L'Express Airlines]]
|LEX
|United States
|
|-
|
|FNT
|[[L-3 Communications Flight Internation Aviation]]
|FLIGHT INTERNATIONAL
|United States
|
|-
|JF
|LAB
|[[L.A.B. Flying Service]]
|LAB
|United States
|
|-
|LR
|LRC
|[[LACSA]]
|LACSA
|Costa Rica
|
|-
|
|LDE
|[[LADE - Líneas Aéreas Del Estado]]
|LADE
|Argentina
|
|-
|KG
|BNX
|[[LAI - Línea Aérea IAACA]]
|AIR BARINAS
|Venezuela
|
|-
|LA
|LAN
|[[LAN Airlines]]
|LAN
|Chile
|
|-
|4M
|DSM
|[[LAN Argentina|Aero 2000]]
|LAN AR
|Argentina
|
|-
|
|LCO
|[[LAN Cargo]]
|LAN CARGO
|Chile
|
|-
|
|LNC
|[[LAN Dominica]]
|LANCANA
|Dominican Republic
|
|-
|LU
|LXP
|[[LAN Express]]
|LANEX
|Chile
|
|-
|LP
|LPE
|[[LAN Peru]]
|LANPERU
|Peru
|
|-
|
|LSA
|[[Líneas Aéreas Nacionales S. A. (Peru)|LANSA]]
|INTERNACIONAL
|Dominican Republic
|
|-
|
|APT
|[[LAP Colombia - Líneas Aéreas Petroleras, S.A.]]
|LAP
|Colombia
|
|-
|
|OTN
|[[LASTP]]
|LASTP
|São Tomé and Príncipe
|
|-
|
|LCB
|[[LC Busre]]
|BUSRE
|Peru
|
|-
|LO
|LOT
|[[LOT Polish Airlines]]
|POLLOT
|Poland
|
|-
|XO
|LTE
|[[LTE International Airways]]
|FUN JET
|Spain
|
|-
|L3
|LTO
|[[LTU Austria]]
|BILLA TRANSPORT
|Austria
|
|-
|LT
|LTU
|[[LTU International]]
|LTU
|Germany
|
|-
|
|JFC
|[[LTV Jet Fleet Corporation]]
|JET-FLEET
|United States
|
|-
|
|LUK
|[[LUKoil-Avia]]
|LUKOIL
|Russia
|
|-
|
|ASK
|[[La Ronge Aviation Services]]
|AIR SASK
|Canada
|
|-
|
|LVT
|[[La Valenciana Taxi Aéreo]]
|TAXIVALENCIANA
|Mexico
|
|-
|
|SKQ
|[[Labcorp]]
|SKYLAB
|United States
|
|-
|
|LAL
|[[Labrador Airways]]
|LAB AIR
|Canada
|
|-
|N6
|JEV
|[[Lagun Air]]
|
|Spain
|
|-
|
|HCA
|[[Lake Havasu Air Service]]
|HAVASU
|United States
|
|-
|
|LKL
|[[Lakeland Aviation]]
|LAKELAND
|United States
|
|-
|
|LKR
|[[Laker Airways]]
|LAKER
|United States
|
|-
|
|LBH
|[[Laker Airways (Bahamas)]]
|LAKER BAHAMAS
|United States
|
|-
|
|LMR
|[[Lamra]]
|LAMAIR
|Sudan
|
|-
|
|TCR
|[[Lanaes Aereas Trans Costa Rica]]
|TICOS
|Costa Rica
|
|-
|
|ISL
|[[Landsflug]]
|ISLANDIA
|Iceland
|
|-
|
|PAP
|[[Langtry Flying Group]]
|PROFLIGHT
|United Kingdom
|
|-
|IK
|LKN
|[[Lankair]]
|Lankair
|Sri Lanka
|
|-
|
|LZA
|[[Lanza Air]]
|AEROLANZA
|Spain
|
|-
|
|LZT
|[[Lanzarote Aerocargo]]
|BARAKA
|Spain
|
|-
|
|LLL
|[[Lao Air Company]]
|LAVIE
|Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
|
|-
|QV
|LAO
|[[Lao Airlines]]
|LAO
|Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
|
|-
|
|LKA
|[[Lao Capricorn Air]]
|NAKLOA
|Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
|
|-
|L7
|LPN
|[[Laoag International Airlines]]
|LAOAG AIR
|Philippines
|
|-
|
|LRD
|[[Laredo Air]]
|LAREDO AIR
|United States
|
|-
|
|LTC
|[[LatCharter]]
|LATCHARTER
|Latvia
|defunct
|-
|
|LAF
|[[Latvian Air Force]]
|LATVIAN AIRFORCE
|Latvia
|
|-
|NG
|LDA
|[[Lauda Air]]
|LAUDA AIR
|Austria
|
|-
|
|LDI
|[[Lauda Air Italy]]
|LAUDA ITALY
|Italy
|
|-
|
|LEP
|[[Laughlin Express]]
|LAUGHLIN EXPRESS
|United States
|
|-
|
|LSU
|[[Laus (airline)|Laus]]
|LAUS AIR
|Croatia
|
|-
|
|LAR
|[[Lawrence Aviation]]
|LAWRENCE
|United States
|
|-
|
|LAY
|[[Layang-Layang Aerospace]]
|LAYANG
|Malaysia
|
|-
|
|LPL
|[[Lease-a-Plane International]]
|LEASE-A-PLANE
|United States
|
|-
|LQ
|LAQ
|[[Lebanese Air Transport]]
|LAT
|Lebanon
|
|-
|
|LAT
|[[Lebanese Air Transport]] (charter)
|LEBANESE AIR
|Lebanon
|
|-
|
|LAD
|[[Lebanon Airport Development Corporation]]
|LADCO-AIR
|United States
|
|-
|
|LEB
|[[Lebap]]
|LEBAP
|Turkmenistan
|
|-
|
|LCA
|[[Leconte Airlines]]
|LECONTE
|United States
|
|-
|LI
|LIA
|[[Leeward Islands Air Transport]]
|LIAT
|Antigua and Barbuda
|
|-
|
|LGD
|[[Legend Airlines]]
|LEGENDARY
|United States
|
|-
|
|LWD
|[[Leisure Air]]
|LEISURE WORLD
|United States
|
|-
|
|LEN
|[[Lentini Aviation]]
|LENTINI
|United States
|
|-
|
|LOR
|[[Leo-Air]]
|LEO CHARTER
|South Africa
|
|-
|
|LEL
|[[Leonsa De Aviación]]
|LEONAVIA
|Spain
|
|-
|
|LYW
|[[Libyan Airlines]]
|LIBYAN AIRWAYS
|Libya
|
|-
|LN
|LAA
|[[Libyan Arab Airlines]]
|LIBAIR
|Libya
|
|-
|
|LCR
|[[Libyan Arab Air Cargo]]
|LIBAC
|Libya
|
|-
|
|LIQ
|[[Lid Air]]
|
|Sweden
|
|-
|
|LCG
|[[Lignes Aeriennes Congolaises]]
|CONGOLAISE
|Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
|-
|
|LKD
|[[Lignes Aeriennes Du Tchad]]
|LATCHAD
|Chad
|
|-
|
|LME
|[[Lignes Mauritaniennes Air Express]]
|LIMAIR EXPRESS
|Mauritania
|
|-
|
|GCB
|[[Linacongo|Lignes Nationales Aeriennes - Linacongo]]
|LINACONGO
|Republic of the Congo
|
|-
|
|GDQ
|[[Lincoln Air National Guard]]
|
|United States
|
|-
|
|LRT
|[[Lincoln Airlines]]
|
|Australia
|
|-
|
|LSY
|[[Lindsay Aviation]]
|LINDSAY AIR
|United States
|
|-
|
|NOT
|[[Línea Aérea Costa Norte]]
|COSTA NORTE
|Chile
|
|-
|
|LMC
|[[Línea Aérea Mexicana de Carga]]
|LINEAS DECARGA
|Mexico
|
|-
|L7
|LNP
|[[Línea Aérea SAPSA]]
|SAPSA
|Chile
|
|-
|
|NEG
|[[Línea Aérea de Fumig Aguas Negras]]
|AGUAS NEGRAS
|Chile
|
|-
|QL
|LER
|[[Línea Aérea de Servicio Ejecutivo Regional]]
|LASER
|Venezuela
|
|-
|
|LSE
|[[Línea De Aeroservicios]]
|
|Chile
|
|-
|LD
|TUY
|[[Línea Turística Aereotuy]]
|AEREOTUY
|Venezuela
|
|-
|
|ALR
|[[Líneas Aéreas Alaire S.L.]]
|AEROLAIRE
|Spain
|
|-
|ZE
|LCD
|[[Líneas Aéreas Azteca]]
|LINEAS AZTECA
|Mexico
|defunct
|-
|
|LCN
|[[Líneas Aéreas Canedo]] LAC
|CANEDO
|Bolivia
|
|-
|
|LCM
|[[Líneas Aéreas Comerciales]]
|LINEAS COMERCIALES
|Mexico
|
|-
|
|EDD
|[[Líneas Aéreas Ejectuivas De Durango]]
|LINEAS DURANGO
|Mexico
|
|-
|
|EDR
|[[Líneas Aéreas Eldorado]]
|ELDORADRO
|Colombia
|
|-
|
|FED
|[[Líneas Aéreas Federales]]
|FEDERALES
|Argentina
|
|-
|
|LMN
|[[Líneas Aéreas Monarca]]
|LINEAS MONARCA
|Mexico
|
|-
|
|LIJ
|[[Líneas Aéreas San Jose]]
|LINEAS JOSE
|Mexico
|
|-
|
|UMA
|[[Líneas Aéreas del Humaya]]
|HUMAYA
|Mexico
|
|-
|
|LEC
|[[Linex]]
|LECA
|Central African Republic
|
|-
|
|SMS
|[[Linhas Aéreas Santomenses]]
|SANTOMENSES
|São Tomé and Príncipe
|
|-
|TM
|LAM
|[[Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique]]
|MOZAMBIQUE
|Mozambique
|
|-
|
|LAW
|[[Link Airways of Australia]]
|
|Australia
|
|-
|
|WGT
|[[Lion Air Services]]
|WORLDGATE
|United Kingdom
|
|-
|JT
|LNI
|[[Lion Air|Lion Mentari Airlines]]
|LION INTER
|Indonesia
|
|-
|
|LEU
|[[Lions-Air]]
|LIONSAIR
|Switzerland
|
|-
|
|LYF
|[[Lithuanian Air Force]]
|LITHUANIAN AIRFORCE
|Lithuania
|Safety Department
|-
|
|LRA
|[[Little Red Air Service]]
|LITTLE RED
|Canada
|
|-
|LM
|LVG
|[[Livingston (airline)|Livingston]]
|LIVINGSTON
|Italy
|
|-
|LB
|LLB
|[[Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano]]
|LLOYDAEREO
|Bolivia
|
|-
|
|LNA
|[[Lnair Air Services]]
|ELNAIR
|Spain
|
|-
|
|XLG
|[[Lockheed Air Terminal]]
|
|United States
|
|-
|
|LAC
|[[Lockheed Corporation|Lockeed Aircraft Corporation]]
|LOCKHEED
|United States
|
|-
|
|XDD
|[[Lockheed DUATS]]
|
|United States
|
|-
|
|CBD
|[[Lockheed Martin Aeronautics]]
|CATBIRD
|United States
|
|-
|
|LNG
|[[Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company]]
|LIGHTNING
|United States
|
|-
|LC
|LOG
|[[Loganair]]
|LOGAN
|United Kingdom
|
|-
|
|CLV
|[[Lom Praha Flying School]]
|AEROTRAINING
|Czech Republic
|
|-
|
|LMS
|[[Lomas Helicopters]]
|LOMAS
|United Kingdom
|
|-
|
|LCY
|[[London City Airport Jet Centre]]
|LONDON CITY
|United Kingdom
|
|-
|
|LNX
|[[London Executive Aviation]]
|LONEX
|United Kingdom
|
|-
|
|LOV
|[[London Flight Centre (Stansted)]]
|LOVEAIR
|United Kingdom
|
|-
|
|LHC
|[[London Helicopter Centres]]
|MUSTANG
|United Kingdom
|
|-
|
|LSS
|[[Lone Star Airlines]]
|LONE STAR
|United States
|
|-
|
|ORA
|[[Long Island Airlines]]
|LONG ISLAND
|United States
|
|-
|
|LGT
|[[Longtail Aviation]]
|LONGTAIL
|Bermuda
|
|-
|
|LRR
|[[Lorraine Aviation]]
|LORRAINE
|France
|
|-
|
|LSC
|[[Los Cedros Aviación]]
|CEDROS
|Chile
|
|-
|
|TAS
|[[Lotus Air]]
|LOTUS FLOWER
|Egypt
|
|-
|
|LTW
|[[Luchtvaartmaatschappij Twente]]
|TWENTAIR
|Netherlands
|
|-
|
|LKE
|[[Lucky Air]]
|LUCKY AIR
|China
|
|-
|
|LUT
|[[Luft Carago]]
|LUGO
|South Africa
|
|-
|
|LVD
|[[Luftfahrt-Vermietungs-Dienst]]
|AIR SANTE
|Austria
|
|-
|HE
|LGW
|[[Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter]]
|WALTER
|Germany
|
|-
|LH
|DLH
|[[Lufthansa]]
|LUFTHANSA
|Germany
|
|-
|LH
|GEC
|[[Lufthansa Cargo]]
|LUFTHANSA CARGO
|Germany
|
|-
|CL
|CLH
|[[Lufthansa CityLine]]
|HANSALINE
|Germany
|
|-
|L1
|
|[[Lufthansa Systems]]
|
|Germany
|
|-
|
|LHT
|[[Lufthansa]] Technik
|LUFTHANSA TECHNIK
|Germany
|
|-
|DV
|LTF
|[[Lufttaxi Fluggesellschaft]]
|Garfield
|Germany
|
|-
|L5
|LTR
|[[Lufttransport]]
|LUFT TRANSPORT
|Norway
|
|-
|
|LHS
|[[Luhansk]]
|ENTERPRISE LUHANSK
|Ukraine
|
|-
|
|UNY
|[[Lund University School of Aviation]]
|UNIVERSITY
|Sweden
|
|-
|LG
|LGL
|[[Luxair]]
|LUXAIR
|Luxembourg
|
|-
|
|LXA
|[[Luxaviation]]
|RED LION
|Luxembourg
|
|-
|
|LUV
|[[Luxembourg Air Rescue]]
|LUX RESCUE
|Luxembourg
|
|-
|
|LFE
|[[Luxflight Executive]]
|LUX EXPRESS
|Luxembourg
|
|-
|
|LXO
|[[Luxor Air]]
|
|Egypt
|
|-
|
|LUZ
|[[Luzair]]
|LISBON JET
|Portugal
|
|-
|5V
|UKW
|[[Lviv Airlines]]
|UKRAINE WEST
|Ukraine
|
|-
|
|LYD
|[[Lydd Air]]
|LYDDAIR
|United Kingdom
|
|-
|
|LCH
|[[Lynch Flying Service]]
|LYNCH AIR
|United States
|
|-
|L2
|LYC
|[[Lynden Air Cargo]]
|LYNDEN
|United States
|
|-
|
|LXF
|[[Lynx Air International]]
|LYNX FLIGHT
|United States
|
|-
|
|LYX
|[[Lynx Aviation (Pakistan)|Lynx Aviation]]
|LYNX AIR
|Pakistan
|
|-
|L4
|SSX
|[[Lynx Aviation (United States)|Lynx Aviation]]
|SHASTA
|United States
|Part of [[Frontier Airlines]]
|-
|MJ
|LPR
|[[Líneas Aéreas Privadas Argentinas]]
|LAPA
|Argentina
|defunct
|-
|
|LAU
|[[Líneas Aéreas Suramericanas]]
|SURAMERICANO
|Colombia
|

<noinclude>{{Airline codes/Page bottom}}</noinclude>

[[kk:Airline codes-L]]