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User talk:Stikkler

2022-03-28T14:33:24Z

Stikkler:

== Welcome! ==

Hi Stikkler! I noticed [[Special:Contributions/Stikkler|your contributions]] to [[:Praia do Cassino]] and wanted to welcome you to the Wikipedia community. I hope you like it here and decide to stay.

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Happy editing!  [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 14:14, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
*As for your edit summary in [[Praia do Cassino]], please tone it down some--it sounds insulting. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 14:15, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
:"...is located in the southernmost of the Brazilian coast..." is ''utter crap''. Anyone who writes such shit should not be editing English Wikipedia. But I believe that you are not even a native English speaker. You therefore have no particular investment in the concept of a high quality English-language encyclopaedia. You certainly aren't doing anything to build one. You are here because you like telling people off. And as you have no investment in the quality of this encyclopaedia, you do not tell off people who add incompetent shit; no, you decide instead to tell off people who ''point out poor quality''. You must be very proud of the cultural vandalism you are participating in. [[User:Stikkler|Stikkler]] ([[User talk:Stikkler#top|talk]]) 15:10, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
::YES I'm very proud of that! Not to mention I stopped beating my wife! You know, given that our relationship goes back maybe a decade, I thought we could speak more civilly to each other. Maybe it's time we break up, or time that you break up with Wikipedia, because frankly, what used to look like zeal by now seems more like an obsession--and [[WP:NOTTHERAPY|Wikipedia is not therapy]]. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 15:25, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
:::That really sums up your problems. You regard striving for quality as somehow unhealthy, even when "quality" is such a low bar as writing in English that is comprehensible; your zeal for tone-policing is such that you can perceive anything as uncivil; you have zero investment in actually making English Wikipedia a high-quality resource for English speakers; you actively disrupt the efforts of those who do. Keep on being proud of your great work in telling people off; keep on being proud of your efforts to diminish the quality of English Wikipedia. [[User:Stikkler|Stikkler]] ([[User talk:Stikkler#top|talk]]) 11:49, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
::::The level of mental deficiency required to make articles worse because *telling people off* is a higher priority for you than encyclopaedic quality really is off the charts. But yes, thanks to you, [[Praia do Cassino]] once more includes the garbage text "is located in the southernmost of the Brazilian coast". *Thousands* of other articles have been similarly vandalised, because of you. Readers of English Wikipedia are offered articles that are ludicrously, scandalously shit, because of you. Your pride in your long-term campaign to desecrate an English-language resource really is vile. [[User:Stikkler|Stikkler]] ([[User talk:Stikkler#top|talk]]) 14:33, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

User talk:Stikkler

2022-03-27T11:49:03Z

Stikkler: /* Welcome! */

== Welcome! ==

Hi Stikkler! I noticed [[Special:Contributions/Stikkler|your contributions]] to [[:Praia do Cassino]] and wanted to welcome you to the Wikipedia community. I hope you like it here and decide to stay.

As you get started, you may find this short tutorial helpful:

{{Clickable button 2|Help:Introduction|Learn more about editing|class=mw-ui-progressive|style=margin-left: 1.6em;}}

Alternatively, the [[Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia|contributing to Wikipedia]] page covers the same topics.

If you have any questions, we have a friendly space where experienced editors can help you here:

{{Clickable button 2|Wikipedia:Teahouse|Get help at the Teahouse|style=margin-left: 1.6em;}}

If you are not sure where to help out, you can find a task here:

{{Clickable button 2|Wikipedia:Task Center|Volunteer at the Task Center|style=margin-left: 1.6em;}}

Please remember to sign your messages on [[Help:Talk pages|talk page]]s by typing four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); this will automatically insert your username and the date.

Happy editing!  [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 14:14, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
*As for your edit summary in [[Praia do Cassino]], please tone it down some--it sounds insulting. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 14:15, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
:"...is located in the southernmost of the Brazilian coast..." is ''utter crap''. Anyone who writes such shit should not be editing English Wikipedia. But I believe that you are not even a native English speaker. You therefore have no particular investment in the concept of a high quality English-language encyclopaedia. You certainly aren't doing anything to build one. You are here because you like telling people off. And as you have no investment in the quality of this encyclopaedia, you do not tell off people who add incompetent shit; no, you decide instead to tell off people who ''point out poor quality''. You must be very proud of the cultural vandalism you are participating in. [[User:Stikkler|Stikkler]] ([[User talk:Stikkler#top|talk]]) 15:10, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
::YES I'm very proud of that! Not to mention I stopped beating my wife! You know, given that our relationship goes back maybe a decade, I thought we could speak more civilly to each other. Maybe it's time we break up, or time that you break up with Wikipedia, because frankly, what used to look like zeal by now seems more like an obsession--and [[WP:NOTTHERAPY|Wikipedia is not therapy]]. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 15:25, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
:::That really sums up your problems. You regard striving for quality as somehow unhealthy, even when "quality" is such a low bar as writing in English that is comprehensible; your zeal for tone-policing is such that you can perceive anything as uncivil; you have zero investment in actually making English Wikipedia a high-quality resource for English speakers; you actively disrupt the efforts of those who do. Keep on being proud of your great work in telling people off; keep on being proud of your efforts to diminish the quality of English Wikipedia. [[User:Stikkler|Stikkler]] ([[User talk:Stikkler#top|talk]]) 11:49, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

User talk:Stikkler

2022-03-26T15:10:03Z

Stikkler:

Praia do Cassino

2022-03-26T14:13:04Z

Stikkler: Writing in grammatically nonsensical English is tantamount to vandalism. Saying exactly the same thing twice is also extremely incompetent.

{{short description|Beach in Brazil}}
{{Infobox landform
| name = Praia do Cassino
| other_name =
| photo =
| photo_width =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption =
| map = Brazil
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| relief =
| label = Praia do Cassino
| label_position =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Brazil]]
| grid_ref =
| grid_ref_UK =
| grid_ref_Ireland =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.126080|S|52.639327|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range =
| part_of =
| water_bodies = [[South Atlantic Ocean]]
| length =212 km
| formed_by =
| type = [[Beach]]
| free_label_1 = Patrolled by
| free_data_1 =
| free_label_2 = Hazard rating
| free_data_2 =
| free_label_3 = Access
| free_data_3 =
| embedded = {{succession links|left=|right=}}
}}
[[File:Cassino - Aug11357.JPG|thumb|right|220px|A catwalk at Praia do Cassino.]]
[[File:Praia do Cassino.JPG|thumb|Bathers on the Praia do Cassino.]]
'''Praia do Cassino'''
([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for ''Casino Beach'') is a beach in [[Brazil]], on the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] in the state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. It is the longest uninterrupted sandy seashore in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-28327977|title=Brazilian artist makes sculptures from whalebones|last=Zobel|first=Gibby|date=18 July 2014|website=BBC News}}</ref> with various sources measuring it from {{convert|212|km|mi}}<ref name="guia 2007">{{cite book|last=Nogueira|first=Kiko|title=Guia Quatro Rodas Praias 2007|year=2007|publisher=[[Editora Abril]]|location=São Paulo|language=Portuguese}}</ref> to {{convert|254|km|mi}},<ref name="rankbrasil">{{cite web|title= Maior praia do Brasil|url=http://www.rankbrasil.com.br/Recordes/Materias/?Maior_praia_do_Brasil+1036&Grupo=3|publisher=Rank Brasil|access-date=18 July 2010|author=Susin, Raquel|language=Portuguese|date=February 16, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hueck|first=Karin|title=No limite do Brasil: conheça melhor as fronteiras do país|url=http://super.abril.com.br/multimidia/fronteiras-brasil-747582.shtml|work=[[Superinteressante]]|publisher=[[Grupo Abril]]|access-date=12 March 2014|author2=Miranda, Fabricio|author3=Cohen, Otavio|author4=Iria, Luiz|author5=Garcia, Marcelo|language=Portuguese|date=May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726022521/http://super.abril.com.br/multimidia/fronteiras-brasil-747582.shtml|archive-date=26 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-longest-beaches-in-the-world.html|title=The Longest Beaches In The World|website=WorldAtlas|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> stretching from the [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwaters]] at the entrance of the [[Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande]] seaport in the north to the mouth of the [[Chuí Stream]], on the border with [[Uruguay]], in the south.

==Etymology==
The word Cassino comes from the Portuguese word ''cassino'' which means casino in English.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/cassino|title=Cassino definition and meaning|website=Collins English Dictionary|language=en}}</ref> The beach is named Casino Beach as tourists used to gamble in luxury hotels situated at the beach area.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==History==
Cassino Beach is known as the oldest spa in Brazil, dating back to 1890. The beach was developed by the Suburban Mangueira Company as a tourist destination.<ref>{{cite news|last=Enke|first=Rebecca Guimarães|date=2005-04-19|title=Balneário Villa Sequeira: a invenção de um novo lazer (1890-1905) Rio Grande, RS, Brasil|url=http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/1840|language=pt-BR}}</ref> The director of the company, Antonio Condido Sequeira, and the investors of the company acquired the land in the beach area with the help of the state government and built a tourist complex on January 26, 1890. Later this tourist center became very popular and big companies started investing here. At the time, Brazilians of [[German people|German]], [[English people|English]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], and [[Italian people|Italian]] descent often came to the beach to enjoy the sea in expensive hotels. The persecution of Italians and Germans during [[World War II]] and the ban on [[roulette]] in 1948 had a devastating effect on the region's economy. However, in recent times Praia do Cassino have been able to attract tourists to the beach.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

On Nov. 12, 1966, during a total solar eclipse visible in Praia do Cassino, [[NASA]] scientists and U.S. Army have launched several rockets to study upper atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4401/ch8.htm|title=NASA SOUNDING ROCKET RESURGENGE 1965-1968|last=|first=|date=|website=history.nasa.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>

The Praia do Casino was recognized as the longest beach in the world by [[Guinness World Records]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Guinness Book of Records 1994 (Guinness World Records)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbmag.co.uk/the-largest-beach-in-the-world-praia-do-cassino-in-rio-grande-do-sul/|title=The largest beach in the world! {{!}} Praia do Cassino in Rio Grande do Sul|date=20 January 2017|website=BBMAG {{!}} International Lifestyle Magazine}}</ref>

The largest beach ultramarathon race in the world is held on this beach, the Cassino Ultra Race, a long-distance race that consists of traveling a distance of 230 km through the sand, although it can also be run in the 73K and 135K modality.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ticketagora.com.br/e/cassino-ultra-race-230k-2022-a-maior-ultra-maratona-de-praia-do-mundo-itra6-modalidades-230k-73k-135k-32793|title = Cassino Ultra Race 230km a maior ultra maratona de paraia do mundo |author = Ticktogra|date = 22 August 2021|access-date = 7 December 2021}}</ref> It begins at Barra del Chuí Beach and ends at Cassino Beach.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.tracedetrail.fr/fr/trace/trace/57788|title = Cassino Ultra Race|author = Tracedetrail|date = 29 April 2018|access-date = 7 December 2021}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Around 150,000 tourists visit Praia do Cassino every year. During the winter season, especially from December to January, the number of tourists visiting this place increases. Tourists can be seen participating in various activities including swimming and surfing. This beach is home to the largest number of seals in the world. Many tourists visit these seals by boat.<ref name = WA>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/praia-do-cassino-beach-brazil-unique-places-around-the-world.html|website=World Atlas|title=Praia Do Cassino Beach, Brazil - Unique Places Around The World|language=en}}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
===West Jetty===
[[File:Molhes da Barra, Rio Grande, RS.jpg|thumb|West jetty from above]]
At the extreme point of the beach, a [[jetty]] was built with tons of stones that invade the open sea. Its formation, along with the Molhe Leste, on the other side of the navigation channel, protects the entry and exit of ships to the Rio Grande. At Molhe Oeste it is possible to take a cart, powered by sail, which slowly slides along the tracks into the ocean until it reaches the lighthouse tower. The trip takes about 20 minutes and covers a length of 4.3 kilometers. On the way you can still be lucky enough to see [[dolphins]] and grebes.

The resort has a carnival that brings together hundreds of people, with several carnival groups brightening up this resort-neighborhood.

===Stranded ship===
[[File:Navio Altair em fev. 2016.jpg|thumb|Altair ship in February 2016|237x237px]]
Sixteen kilometers from the center of the Casino towards [[Chuí]], the ship ''Altair'' has been stranded on the edge of the beach since June 1976, after facing a strong storm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prefeitura do Rio Grande > Atrativos Turísticos - Navio Altair|url=http://www.riogrande.rs.gov.br/consulta/index.php/atrativos-turisticos/detalhes+5652,,navio-altair.html|website=www.riogrande.rs.gov.br|access-date=2020-02-19|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Navio Altair: guardiões preservam a história do cargueiro|url=http://www.grupooceano.com.br/site/index.php?n_sistema=8024&id_noticia=MTM3Mzc=|website=Grupo Oceano|access-date=2020-02-19|language=pt-br}}</ref>

===Yemanja statue===
[[File:Iemanja.JPG|thumb|Yemanja statue]]
This sculpture is located in front of the sea at the entrance to Rio Grande Avenue. The artist was Rio-Grandio Erico Gobbi who made this sculpture with cement.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |url=https://www.riogrande.rs.gov.br/consulta/index.php/atrativos-turisticos/detalhes+566f,,estatua-de-iemanja.html|title=Tourist attractions: Statue of Iemanjá. |access-date=20 October 2020 |publisher=|language=pt-br}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Riacho na praia do cassino - panoramio.jpg|Beach area
Praia do Cassino - Peregrinos.jpg|Tourists in the beach area
Praia do Cassino - Pescadores.jpg|Boat transport vehicles
Churrasco na Praia do cassino - panoramio.jpg|Barbecue at Cassino
File:Navio Altair, encalhado na Praia do Cassino.jpg|Altair ship
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.riogrande.rs.gov.br/ Website of City Hall, Rio Grande] {{in lang|pt}}
* [http://www.turismo.rs.gov.br/ Rio Grande do Sul Secretariat of Tourism] {{in lang|pt}}
{{Authority control}}
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Landforms of Rio Grande do Sul]]
[[Category:Beaches of Brazil]]
[[Category:List of longest beaches of the world|1]]

Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia

2022-03-26T10:51:03Z

Stikkler: fixed inept writing: incorrect plural, omission of definite article, repetition of "Saudi Arabia"

{{short description|Overview of the use of capital punishment in Saudi Arabia}}
[[Capital punishment]] is a legal penalty in [[Saudi Arabia]]. Death sentences are almost exclusively based on the system of judicial sentencing discretion (''[[tazir]]''), following the classical principle of avoiding ''Sharia-prescribed ([[hudud]])'' penalties when possible.<ref name="vikor">{{Cite book|first=Knut S.|last=Vikør| year=2005 | title=Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law|url=https://archive.org/details/betweengodsultan0000vikr|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/betweengodsultan0000vikr/page/266 266]–267}}</ref> In recent decades, the government and the courts have increasingly issued these sentences, reacting to a rise in violent crime during the 1970s. This paralleled similar developments in the U.S. and Mainland China in the late 20th century.<ref name="vikor" />

The country executed at least 158 people in 2015,<ref>{{cite news |date=January 2016 |title=Saudi Arabia ends 2015 with one final execution |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-ends-2015-with-one-final-execution-a6793506.html |access-date=October 20, 2017}}</ref> at least 154 in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |title=Death sentences and executions in 2016 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act50/5740/2017/en/ |access-date=August 21, 2017 |publisher=amnesty.org}}</ref> at least 146 in 2017,<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-04-12 |title=The Death Penalty in 2017: Facts and Figures |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/04/death-penalty-facts-and-figures-2017/ |access-date=2018-07-16 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> 149 in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |title=Death Penalty Worldwide |url=http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?141-9chk=on&hideinfo=on |access-date=2019-10-25 |website=deathpenaltyworldwide.org}}</ref> 184 in 2019,<ref>{{cite news |author=Sullivan, Rory |date=15 April 2020 |title=Saudi Arabia has carried out 800 executions since 2015, says rights group |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executions-death-toll-human-rights-king-salman-a9466741.html |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> and 27 in 2020. The drastic reduction in 2020 was due to a moratorium on death penalties for drug-related offenses<ref>{{cite web |title=Dramatic drop in Saudi executions after laws changed in 2020 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dramatic-drop-saudi-executions-laws-changed-2020-75317758 |access-date=2021-05-26 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> as Saudi Arabia proposed ending the death penalty for these and other nonviolent offences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Richard Spencer, Middle East |title=Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman to end death penalty for drug crimes |language=en |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/saudi-crown-prince-mohammed-bin-salman-to-end-death-penalty-for-drug-crimes-zm3xjbm0c |access-date=2021-01-13 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fahim |first=Kareem |title=Saudi Arabia, a world leader in executions, weighs ending capital punishment for drug crimes |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-arabia-executions-mbs/2020/08/26/b6488bb4-e314-11ea-82d8-5e55d47e90ca_story.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Additionally, on 26 April 2020, a royal decree ended the execution of people who were juveniles when they committed their crime.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi Arabia executes 37 people in a single day – including three juveniles |url=https://reprieve.org.uk/update/saudi-arabia-executes-37-people-in-a-single-day-including-three-juveniles/ |access-date=2019-10-25 |website=Reprieve |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news |date=2020-04-26 |title=Saudi Arabia scraps execution for those who committed crimes as minors: Commission |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-rights-execution-idUSKCN2280LI |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref> (Saudi Arabia had previously executed these people despite having signed the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]].)<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=IBAHRI welcomes Saudi Arabia's move towards total abolition of the death penalty |url=https://www.ibanet.org/Article/NewDetail.aspx?ArticleUid=0fc3dff0-7579-4ef9-a190-2965217a1f1b |access-date=4 May 2020 |work=International Bar Association}}</ref> Nonetheless, there were 67 executions in 2021, more than doubling the previous year's, according to the [[European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights]]. In January 2022, at least 43 detainees, including 12 minors, were threatened with execution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esohr.org/en/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-2021-%d8%a7%d8%b6%d8%b7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a/|title=إعدامات السعودية 2021: اضطراب القرار السياسي – المنظمة الأوروبية السعودية لحقوق الإنسان}}</ref> On March 12, 2022, Saudi Arabia executed 81 people, seven of whom were Yemenis and one of whom was a Syrian,<ref>{{cite news |date=12 March 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia executes 81 men in one day for terrorism, other offences |work=Reuters |publisher=Reuters |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executes-81-men-terrorism-other-charges-spa-2022-03-12/ |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref> in the largest known mass execution in the history of the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia executes 81 people in a single day |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/12/saudi-arabia-executes-81-people-in-a-single-day |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Method==
Saudi Arabia has a criminal justice system based on a form of [[Shari'ah]] reflecting a particular state-sanctioned interpretation of Islam.

Execution is usually carried out by beheading with a sword but may occasionally be performed by shooting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-executions/saudis-may-carry-out-executions-by-firing-squad-reports-idUSBRE92A0PK20130311|title=Saudis may carry out executions by firing squad: reports|date=March 11, 2013|newspaper=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Saudi Arabia performs public executions. Sentences are primarily given on confession. Human Rights Watch says the majority of people are [[Torture in Saudi Arabia|tortured to obtain confession]] and courts have not investigated it.{{fact|date=March 2022}} As of April 2020, minors who commit crimes will no longer face execution when they turn 18, and would instead face a maximum of 10 years in juvenile detention facility.<ref name="Reuters"/>

A 2018 report by the European Saudi Organization for Human Rights (ESOHR) asserts that the number of beheadings in the kingdom during the first quarter of 2018 rose by over 70 percent compared to the same period in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifpnews.com/wired/number-of-beheadings-in-saudi-arabia-rises-by-70/|title=Number of Beheadings in Saudi Arabia Rises by 70%|website=IFPNews.com|date=2018-04-21}}</ref>

A public beheading will typically take place around 9 a.m. The convicted person is walked to a courtyard near the courthouse and kneels in front of the executioner. A police official announces the crimes committed by the person and the beheading takes place. The executioner uses a sword known as a sulthan to remove the condemned person's head from his or her body at the neck.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/004/1993/en/|title=Saudi Arabia: An upsurge in public executions|website=Amnesty International}}</ref> After a medical examiner inspects the body and then pronounces the convict dead, a police official announces the crimes committed by the beheaded convict once again and the process is complete. Professional executioners have beheaded as many as 10 people in a single day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/justice-sword-saudi-arabias-embrace-death-penalty-780819 |title=Justice By The Sword: Saudi Arabia's Embrace Of The Death Penalty |publisher=Ibtimes.com |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2014-04-05}}</ref>

Crucifixion of the beheaded body is sometimes ordered in cases where the person was a child molester or a rapist.<ref name= Miethe>{{cite book |title=Punishment: a comparative historical perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/punishmentcompar00miet_924 |url-access=limited |last=Miethe |first=Terance D. |author2=Lu, Hong |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-60516-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/punishmentcompar00miet_924/page/n76 63]}}</ref> For example, in 2009, the ''[[Saudi Gazette]]'' reported that "an [[Abha]] court had sentenced the leader of an armed gang to death and three-day crucifixion (public displaying of the beheaded body) and six other gang members to beheading for their role in jewelry store robberies in [[Asir]]."<ref>{{cite news |title=Death, crucifixion, for jewelry gang |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009080545807 |newspaper=The Saudi Gazette |date=August 5, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218113456/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009080545807 |archive-date=February 18, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (This practice resembles [[gibbeting]], in which the entire body is displayed.)

In 2003, [[Muhammad Saad al-Beshi]], whom the [[BBC]] described as "Saudi Arabia's leading executioner", gave a rare interview to [[Arab News]].<ref name= BBCexecutioner/> He described his first execution in 1998: "The criminal was tied and blindfolded. With one stroke of the sword I severed his head. It rolled metres away... People are amazed how fast [the sword] can separate the head from the body."<ref name= BBCexecutioner>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2966790.stm |title=Saudi executioner tells all |date=5 June 2003 |work=BBC News |access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> He also said that, before an execution, he visits the victim's family to seek forgiveness for the criminal, which can lead to the criminal's life being spared.<ref name= BBCexecutioner/> Once an execution goes ahead, his only conversation with the prisoner is to tell him or her to recite the Muslim declaration of belief, the ''[[Shahada]]''.<ref name= BBCexecutioner/> "When they get to the execution area, their strength drains away. Then I read the execution order, and at a signal I cut the prisoner's head off," he said.<ref name= BBCexecutioner/>

==Capital offences==
[[File:Dira Square.JPG|thumb|right|[[Deera Square]], central Riyadh. Known locally as "Chop-chop square", it is the location of public beheadings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/06/60minutes/main615986.shtml |title=Saudi Justice? |date=5 December 2007 |work=CBS News |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>]]

Saudi law theoretically allows the death penalty for a variety of crimes:
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=McKernan|first1=Bethan|title=Man 'sentenced to death for atheism' in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-man-sentenced-death-atheism-ahmad-al-shamri-hafar-al-batin-appeal-denied-a7703161.html|publisher=Independent.co.uk}}</ref>
* [[Treason]]
* [[Homosexuality]]<ref>{{cite web|author1=Aengus Carroll|author2=Lucas Paoli Itaborahy|title=State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love|url=https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2015.pdf|website=International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex association|access-date=6 May 2016|date=May 2015}}</ref>
* [[Espionage]]<ref name="DPW Saudi">{{cite web |url=http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=saudi+arabia |title=The Death Penalty in saudi arabia |publisher=Death Penalty Worldwide |access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>
* [[Murder]]<ref name= BBCexecutioner/>
* [[Rape]]<ref name= BBCexecutioner/>
* [[Terrorism]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi Arabia executes top Shia cleric |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35213244 |website=BBC News |access-date=25 November 2018 |date=2016}}</ref>
* [[Drug smuggling]]
* [[Armed robbery]]<ref name= BBCexecutioner/>
* [[Blasphemy]]<ref name= BBCexecutioner/>
* [[Burglary]] if aggravated circumstances, including recidivism<ref name="DPW Saudi" />
* [[Adultery]] (unmarried adulterers can be sentenced to 100 lashes, married ones can be sentenced to stoning.)<ref name="penalty for adultery">Penalty for adultery:
*{{cite book |title=Saudi Arabia A Country Study |last=Federal Research Division |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4191-4621-3 |page=304}}
*{{cite book|author=IBP, Inc.|title=Saudi Arabia Criminal Laws, Regulations and Procedures Handbook - Strategic Information, Regulations, Procedures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T23dCwAAQBAJ|date=June 2015|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-5145-0792-6|page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=T23dCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91&dq=%22the%20penalty%20for%20adultery%22 91]}}{{self-published source|date=February 2021}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}
* [[Magic (paranormal)|Sorcery]] or [[witchcraft]]<ref name= Miethe/><ref name=Pleas>BBC News, "Pleas for condemned Saudi 'witch'", 14 February 2008 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7244579.stm BBC NEWS]</ref><ref name=Usher>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8598134.stm | title=Death 'looms for Saudi sorcerer' | date=2010-04-01 | work=BBC News | first=Sebastian | last=Usher}}</ref><ref name=AntiWitchcraftUnit>{{cite web|title = Saudi Arabia's 'Anti-Witchcraft Unit' breaks another spell|url = http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Saudi-Arabias-Anti-Witchcraft-Unit-breaks-another-spell|website = The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|access-date = 2015-09-14}}</ref>
* [[Hirabah|Waging war]] on [[God in Islam|God]]<ref name=PEIFFER-509>{{cite journal|last1=Peifer|first1=Elizabeth|title=The Deadth Penalty In Traditional Islamic law And As Interpreted In Saudi Arabia And Nigeria|journal=William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law|date=2005|volume=11|issue=3|page=509|url=http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1132&context=wmjowl|access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref>Safia Safwat, ''Offences and Penalties in Islamic Law'', 26 ISLAMIC Q., 1982, p.296</ref>{{div col end}}

===Murder===
Murder is punishable by death in Saudi Arabia. If a murderer pays a family of the victim [[Blood money (restitution)|blood money]], and the family approves of the choice, the murderer will not be executed. The criminal justice system waits until the family makes a decision on whether the family of the victim will accept blood money<ref name=Mackeyp270>[[Sandra Mackey|Mackey]], p. 270.</ref> or if the family of the victim will choose to have the murderer executed, or to completely forgive the perpetrator.

===Other offences===
====Sharia background====
The Saudi judiciary can impose the death penalty according to three categories of criminal offence in [[Sharia law]]:<ref name= Otto166>
{{cite book |title=Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present |url=https://archive.org/details/shariaincorporat00otto |url-access=limited |last=Otto |first=Jan Michiel |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-8728-057-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/shariaincorporat00otto/page/n166 166]}}
</ref>

*[[Hudud]]: Fixed punishments for specific crimes.<ref name= Otto166/> Hudud crimes which can result in the death penalty include apostasy, adultery, and sodomy although requirement of evidence is high and is usually based on confession.<ref>{{cite book |title=Comparative Criminal Justice Systems |last=Dammer |first=Harry R. |author2=Albanese, Jay S. |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-495-80989-0 |page=56}}</ref> Punishment for adultery and sodomy is stoning. No stoning has taken place in last decade.<ref>{{cite web|last=Foundation|first=Reuters|date=13 September 2021|title=Stoning where is it legal?|url=https://news.news.trust.org/item/20130927160132-qt52c/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Qisas]]: ''Eye-for-an-eye'' retaliatory punishments.<ref name= Otto166/> Qisas crimes include murder.<ref name= Otto166/> Families of someone murdered can choose between demanding the death penalty or granting clemency in return for a payment of [[diyya]], or blood money, by the perpetrator.<ref name= washingtonpost>{{cite news |title=Saudis Face Soaring Blood-Money Sums |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/26/AR2008072601785.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=27 July 2008 |access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> A trend has developed of exorbitant blood-money demands: a recent report mentions a sum of $11 million demanded in exchange for clemency.<ref name= washingtonpost/>
*[[Tazir]]: A general category, including crimes defined by national regulations, some of which can be punished by death, such as drug trafficking.<ref name= Otto166/>

A conviction requires proof in one of three ways:<ref name= Kritzer>{{cite book |title=Legal Systems of the World: A Political, Social, and Cultural Encyclopedia |last=Kritzer |first=Herbert M. |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-57607-231-8 |page=1415 }}</ref>

# An uncoerced confession.<ref name= Kritzer/>
# The testimony of two male witnesses can result in conviction. This excludes "hudud crimes", in which case a confession is also required.<ref name= Kritzer/>
# An affirmation or denial by oath can be required.<ref name= Kritzer/>

Giving an oath is taken particularly seriously in a religious society such as Saudi Arabia's,<ref name= Kritzer/> and a refusal to take an oath will be taken as an admission of guilt resulting in conviction.<ref>{{cite book |title=King Faisal and the modernisation of Saudi Arabia | last=Beling | first=Willard A. | year=1980 | isbn=0-7099-0137-2 | page=117}}</ref>

====Adultery====
In order for an individual to be convicted in a Saudi sharia law court of adultery, he/she must confess to the act four times in front of the court; otherwise four pious male Muslims or two pious men and two women who witnessed the actual sexual penetration must testify in front of the court. If the witnesses were spying on the defendants or intentionally watched the defendants commit adultery, their uprightness would be called into question and a conviction for adultery would not take place.{{cn|date=March 2022}} According to the Islamic sharia law, the burden of proof is on the accuser; and if only one of those witnesses retracted his/her testimony then the accused will be acquitted and the remaining witnesses will be prosecuted for perjury [http://quran.com/24 Quran 24:4].

The execution method for adultery committed by married men and women is stoning (see [[#Capital offences|Capital offences]]). If the conviction was established through confession, a retraction of the confession or the defendant leaving the pit while stoning is taking place results in the penalty being stayed. If the conviction was established through the testimony of four witnesses, the witnesses must initiate the stoning, and failure to do so results in the execution being stayed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=86838 |title=Punishment for adultery in Islam |work=islamweb.net}}</ref> [[Sandra Mackey]], author of ''The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom'', stated in 1987 that in Saudi Arabia, "unlike the tribal rights of a father to put to death a daughter who has violated her chastity, death sentences under Qur'anic law [for adultery] are extremely rare."<ref name=Mackeyp271>[[Sandra Mackey|Mackey]], p. 271.</ref> Mackey explained that "[c]harges of adultery are never made lightly. Since the penalty is so severe, women are protected from unfounded accusations of sexual misconduct".<ref name=Mackeyp271/> During a human rights dialogue with European jurists that took place several years before 1987, a Saudi delegate acknowledged that it is difficult to have a person convicted of adultery.<ref name=Mackeyp271/> According to Mackey, in a 20-year period ending in 1987, one woman "is acknowledged to" have been executed by stoning for adultery.<ref name=Mackeyp271/>

[[Princess Misha'al]] was shot several times in the head for adultery in 1977;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/fate-of-another-royal-found-guilty-of-adultery-1753012.html |title=Fate of another royal found guilty of adultery |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=20 July 2009 }}</ref> investigation revealed she never faced a trial and was executed extrajudicially; scholars have termed her execution as honor killing.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Talk With Antony Thomas {{!}} Death Of A Princess {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/princess/interviews/thomas.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>

====Witchcraft====
Muree bin Ali bin Issa al-Asiri, who was found in possession of [[Talisman|talismans]], was executed in the southern [[Najran Region|Najran province]] in June 2012. A Saudi woman, Amina bin Salem Nasser,<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia execution of 'sorcery' woman condemned|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/8952641/Saudi-Arabia-execution-of-sorcery-woman-condemned.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/8952641/Saudi-Arabia-execution-of-sorcery-woman-condemned.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=13 Dec 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=19 February 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> was executed for being convicted of practising [[Magic (paranormal)|sorcery]] and [[witchcraft]] in December 2011 in [[Al Jawf Region]], and a Sudanese man (Abdul Hamid Bin Hussain Bin Moustafa al-Fakki) was executed in a car park in [[Medina]] for the same reason in 20 September 2011.<ref name=bbc-sorcery>{{cite news|title=Saudi man executed for 'witchcraft and sorcery'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18503550|work=19 June 2012|publisher=BBC News|access-date=19 February 2014|date=2012-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Execution Central: Saudi Arabia's Bloody Chop-Chop Square|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/453240/20130403/saudi-arabia-chop-square-beheading.htm|access-date=2016-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124924/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/453240/20130403/saudi-arabia-chop-square-beheading.htm|archive-date=2013-11-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, Mohammed bin Bakr al-Alawi was beheaded on 5 August for allegedly practicing black magic and sorcery.<ref name=Independent>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia executes 19 in one half of August in disturbing surge of beheadings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executes-19-during-half-of-august-in-disturbing-surge-of-beheadings-9686063.html|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>

== Mass executions ==
{{Main|2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution|2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution|2022 Saudi Arabia mass execution}}{{Islam}}

=== 2016 ===
On 2 January 2016, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia carried out a mass execution of 47 imprisoned civilians convicted for [[terrorism]] in 12 different [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|provinces]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/04012016-saudi-arabia-carries-out-largest-mass-execution-since-1980/|title=Saudi Arabia Carries Out Largest Mass Execution Since 1980 – Eurasia Review |website=Eurasiareview.com|date=2 January 2016|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Forty-three were [[Decapitation|beheaded]] and four were [[Execution by firing squad|executed by firing squads]]. Among the 47 people killed was [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Sheikh]] [[Nimr al-Nimr]].<ref name=BBC>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-35213244 Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr: Saudi Arabia executes top Shia cleric], BBC News (2 January 2016).</ref> The execution was the largest carried out in the kingdom since 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/saudi-arabia-mass-execution-history_568c43e1e4b0cad15e625f74|title=Mass Execution Is Part Of Saudi Arabia's Long History Of Horrors|website=Huffingtonpost.com|date=6 January 2016|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>

=== 2019 ===
On 23 April 2019, the [[Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)|Saudi Interior Ministry]] stated that the Kingdom carried out a mass execution of 37 imprisoned civilians<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Saudi Arabia Has Executed 37 People For Terrorism-Related Crimes |url=http://time.com/5576102/saudi-arabia-execution-terrorism-crimes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423155747/http://time.com/5576102/saudi-arabia-execution-terrorism-crimes/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 23, 2019|magazine=Time|access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> who had been convicted, mostly on the basis of confessions obtained under torture or written by the accused's torturers,<ref name="ESOHR_2019mass_execution">{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia is carrying out a second oppressive mass slaughter in the era of King Salman, including children, protestors, and activists|publisher=European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights|date=24 April 2019|url=https://www.esohr.org/en/?p=2196|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190503010518/https://www.esohr.org/en/?p=2196|archive-date=3 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN_false_confessions">{{cite news|author1=Tamara Qiblawi|author2=Ghazi Balkiz|title= Exclusive: Saudi Arabia said they confessed. But court filings show some executed men protested their innocence|date=26 April 2019|publisher=CNN|url= https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/26/middleeast/saudi-executions-court-documents-intl/index.html|access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426055318/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/26/middleeast/saudi-executions-court-documents-intl/index.html|archive-date=26 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> for terrorism-related allegations in 6 provinces in the country.<ref name="ny">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-executions.html| title=Saudi Arabia Executes 37 in One Day for Terrorism|work=The New York Times|date=23 April 2019|access-date=24 April 2019| author=Ben Hubbard}}</ref><ref name="ind">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-death-penalty-mass-executions-terrorism-capital-punishment-human-rights-a8882891.html|title=Saudi Arabia carries out 'chilling' mass execution of 37 people for 'terrorism offences'|newspaper=The Independent|date=23 April 2019|access-date=24 April 2019|author=Richard Hall}}</ref> Fourteen of the people executed had been convicted in relation to their participation in the [[2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests|2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests in Qatif]], mostly on the basis of torture-induced confessions.<ref name="CNN_false_confessions"/><ref name="HRW_37executions">{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia: Mass Execution of 37 Men — Most from Shia Community, Convicted in Unfair Trials|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=24 April 2019|url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/24/saudi-arabia-mass-execution-37-men|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190424210523/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/24/saudi-arabia-mass-execution-37-men|archive-date= 24 April 2019|url-status=live }}</ref> The executions were carried out by [[Decapitation|beheading]],<ref name="ind"/><ref name="gua">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/23/saudi-arabia-executes-citizens-over-alleged-terrorism-offences | title=Saudi Arabia executes 37 citizens over alleged terrorism offences|newspaper=The Guardian|date=23 Apr 2019| access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> and two of the bodies were publicly [[hanging|hung]] from a [[Crux simplex|pole]].<ref name="daily">{{cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/381460/saudi-arabias-callous-disregard-for-fundamental-human-rights-of-its-citizens/|title=Saudi Arabia's callous disregard for fundamental human rights of its citizens|newspaper=Daily Times|date=April 24, 2019|access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="ind"/> According to Saudi Arabia's Interior Ministry the convicts were all Saudi nationals.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} Thirty two of those executed belonged to the country's [[Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia|Shia minority]].<ref name="midd">{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-executions-dozens-killed-included-some-arrested-juveniles|title=Saudi executions: Dozens killed included some arrested as juveniles|publisher=Middle East Eye|date=23 April 2019|access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> One of the thirty-two, Abdul Kareem Al Hawaj, was 16 years old at the time of his alleged crime; executions for crimes committed by those under 18 are violations of international law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/04/saudi-arabia-37-put-to-death-in-shocking-execution-spree/|title=Saudi Arabia: 37 put to death in shocking execution spree|date=23 April 2019|website=Amnesty International}}</ref> According to [[Reprieve (organisation)|Reprieve]], two others were also under 18 at the time of their alleged crimes, Mujtaba al-Sweikat and Salman Qureish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reprieve.org.uk/update/saudi-arabia-executes-37-people-in-a-single-day-including-three-juveniles/|title=Saudi Arabia executes 37 people in a single day – including three juveniles|website=Reprieve|language=en|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> The bodies of at least 33 out of these 37 people executed were not handed back to their respective families. The Saudi government did not publicly explain why, and had not handed back the corpses of those executed as of 8 April 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-arabia-executed-them-after-questionable-trials-now-it-wont-give-up-the-bodies-for-proper-burial/2020/04/07/d708e646-7505-11ea-ad9b-254ec99993bc_story.html|title=Saudi Arabia executed them after questionable trials. Now it won't give up the bodies for proper burial|access-date=8 April 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> It is thought that they fear it would lead to protest by their Shia minority.

=== 2022 ===
In March 2022, Saudi Arabia executed 81 people, transcending the 67 people executed in 2021. The men executed which included 37 Saudi nationals, some Yemenis and Syrians, were allegedly convicted of several criminal offenses such as the murder of innocent men, women, and children, as per the official statement issued. Rights groups accused the government of imposing restrictive laws against religious expression and political views and criticized its use of the death penalty, including those arrested as minors, and cited the execution as a violation of human rights. However, the government of Saudi Arabia denied the accusations of human rights abuse and claimed that the said laws were imposed to protect its national security.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executes-81-men-terrorism-other-charges-spa-2022-03-12/|title=Saudi Arabia executes 81 men in one day for terrorism, other offences|accessdate=12 March 2022|website=Reuters}}</ref>

==Criticism==
The use of public beheading as the method of capital punishment and the number of executions have attracted strong international criticism.<ref name="Sharia Inc175">{{cite book|title=Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present|url=https://archive.org/details/shariaincorporat00otto|url-access=limited|last=Otto|first=Jan Michiel|year=2010|isbn=978-90-8728-057-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/shariaincorporat00otto/page/n175 175]}}</ref> Several executions, particularly of [[Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia|foreign workers]], have sparked international outcries.

In June 2011, Ruyati binti Satubi, an Indonesian maid, was beheaded for killing her employer's wife, reportedly after years of abuse.<ref name="jakartapost1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/08/govt-tries-save-280-indonesians-death-row.html|date=8 July 2012|title=Hundreds of Indonesians on death row|last=Sijabat|first=Ridwan Max|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="jakartapost2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/21/indonesia-%E2%80%98feels-cheated%E2%80%99-saudi-government.html|date=21 June 2011|title=Indonesia 'feels cheated' by Saudi government|work=Jakarta Post|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011161544/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/21/indonesia-%E2%80%98feels-cheated%E2%80%99-saudi-government.html|archive-date=11 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her execution drew extensive criticism from Indonesian press, government and human rights groups.<ref name="jakartapost3">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/20/ruyati-beheading-a-blow-sby%E2%80%99s-claims.html|date=20 June 2011|title=Ruyati beheading is a blow to SBY's claims|work=Jakarta Post|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115191931/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/20/ruyati-beheading-a-blow-sby%E2%80%99s-claims.html|archive-date=2013-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 2011, a Sudanese migrant worker was beheaded for [[Magic (paranormal)|sorcery]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudanese man executed in Saudi Arabia for 'witchcraft and sorcery'|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article40213|newspaper=[[Sudan Tribune]]|date=24 September 2011|access-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> an execution which [[Amnesty International]] condemned as "appalling".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/saudi-arabia-executes-man-convicted-sorcery-2011-09-20|title=Saudi Arabia executes man convicted of "sorcery"|date=20 September 2011|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|access-date=15 January 2012}}</ref> Amnesty International said that Saudi Arabia doesn't have a formal law on Sorcery but some conservative clerics call for strictest punishment possible.

In January 2013, a [[Sri Lanka]]n maid named [[Rizana Nafeek]] was beheaded after she was convicted of murdering a child under her care, an event which she attributed to the infant's choking. The execution drew international condemnation of the government's practices,<ref name="the guardian1">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/13/saudi-arabia-treatment-foreign-workers |date=13 January 2013|title=Saudi Arabia's treatment of foreign workers under fire after beheading of Sri Lankan aid|last=Chamberlain|first=Gethin|work=The Guardian|access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref> and led Sri Lanka to [[Letter of credence|recall its ambassador]].<ref name="al jazeera1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2013/01/201311116530348352.html|date=12 January 2013| title=The plight of migrant workers in Saudi Arabia|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref>

These are not isolated cases. According to figures by Amnesty International, in 2010 at least 27 migrant workers were executed and, as of January 2013, more than 45 foreign maids were on [[death row]] awaiting execution.<ref>{{cite news|title=The beheading of a housemaid in Saudi Arabia highlights slave-like conditions|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/the-beheading-of-a-housemaid-in-saudi-arabia-highlights-slavelike-conditions-8451951.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=15 January 2013|access-date=15 January 2013}}</ref>

In practice, capital punishment has also been used to sentence political protesters. [[Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr|Ali al-Nimr]] and [[Dawoud al-Marhoon]] were both arrested at the age of 17 in 2012 during [[2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests|Arab Spring protests]] in the [[Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern Province]], tortured, forced to confess, and sentenced to decapitation in 2014 and 2015.<ref name="Huff_ArabSpring_activist"/><ref name="AI_AliNimr_exec_risk_2015"/><ref name="Reprieve_alMarhoon"/> Sheikh Nimr al Nimr, an independent sheikh critical of the Saudi government and popular among youth<ref name="08RIYADH1283"/> and Ali al Nimr's uncle, was also arrested in 2012 and sentenced to death by the [[Specialized Criminal Court (Saudi Arabia)|Specialized Criminal Court]] in 2014 for his role in encouraging political protests.<ref name="BBC20141015_alNimr_deathsentence"/> Nimr al Nimr was executed on 2 January 2016, along with 46 other people, mostly terrorists arrested in the 2000s.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Jamieson|first1=Alastair|last2=Gubash|first2=Charlene|title=Arab Spring Cleric Nimr al-Nimr Among 47 Executed by Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/reformist-cleric-sheikh-nimr-al-nimr-among-47-executed-saudi-n489116|access-date=3 January 2016|work=NBC News|date=2 January 2016}}</ref> From the available sources about the Nimr al-Nimr case it seems that Saudi officials use the term "[[terrorism]]" as cover label for "thought crimes" which in other countries would be considered normal work of an opposition politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/saudi-arabia/saudi-iran-is-last-country-to-talk-about-terrorism/|title=Saudi: 'Iran is last country to talk about terrorism' - Saudi Gazette|first=Ajaz|last=Ali|date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

On 20 October 2020, [[Human Rights Watch]] revealed that Saudi authorities were seeking the death penalty against eight men from Saudi Arabia who were charged with protest-related crimes. Some of the alleged crimes were committed when they were children, between the ages of 14 and 17. One of them, charged for a non-violent crime, allegedly committed it at the age of 9. All men who were at risk of capital punishment were in pretrial detention for nearly two years.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/20/saudi-arabia-alleged-child-offenders-face-death-sentences|title=Saudi Arabia alleged child offenders face death sentences|access-date= 20 October 2020|website= Human Rights Watch|date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

In March 2021, [[Human Rights Watch]] claimed that a Saudi man, Abdullah al-Huwaiti, could face execution for an alleged murder and robbery he committed when he was 14 years old. Disregarding the 2020 ruling abolishing the death penalty for juveniles, al-Huwaiti faces execution following an unfair trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/31/saudi-arabia-alleged-child-offender-death-row|title=Saudi Arabia: Alleged Child Offender on Death Row|date=31 March 2021|accessdate=31 March 2021|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-rights/saudi-man-arrested-as-juvenile-could-face-execution-despite-reforms-human-rights-watch-idUSKBN2BO69K|title=Saudi man arrested as juvenile could face execution despite reforms: Human Rights Watch|date=April 2021|accessdate=1 April 2021|work=Reuters}}</ref>

On 15 June 2021, the Ministry of Interior of Saudi Arabia announced that it executed [[Mustafa Hashem al-Darwish]] (26), who was allegedly charged for forming a terror cell and trying to carry out an armed revolt at the age of 17.<ref>{{cite news|date=2021-06-15|title=Mustafa al-Darwish: Saudi man executed for crimes committed as a minor|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-57492219|access-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> He was detained since May 2015 for participating in anti-government protests. For years, he was placed in [[solitary confinement]] and was brutally beaten several times. During the trial, Al-Darwish told the court that he was [[torture]]d to confess the charges against them. Despite all the facts, he was sentenced to death and was ultimately beheaded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reprieve.org/uk/2021/06/15/saudi-arabia-executes-mustafa-al-darwish-for-teenage-protests/|title=Saudi Arabia executes Mustafa al-Darwish for teenage protests|accessdate=15 June 2021|website=Reprieve|date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mustafa-hashem-al-darwish-saudi-arabia-executes-man-who-took-part-in-protests-when-under-18-bz0zlpjgc|title=Saudi Arabia executes Mustafa al-Darwish for teenage protests|accessdate=16 June 2021|website=The Times}}</ref> On 8 June 2021, [[Amnesty International]] had urged the Saudi authorities to “immediately halt all plans to execute Mustafa al-Darwish”, stating that the “death penalty is an abhorrent violation of the right to life in all circumstances”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/06/saudi-arabia-halt-imminent-execution-of-young-man/|title=Saudi Arabia: Halt imminent execution of young man|accessdate=8 June 2021|website=Amnesty International|date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

On 15 December 2013, another Saudi citizen, Aqil Al-Fararj, was arrested due to a discrepancy in the chassis number of the vehicle he was driving. After his arrest, several charges were brought against him, including participation in the formation of a terrorist cell affiliated with a secret armed organization that aims at armed revolt against the ruler, destabilizing internal security, killing security men, concealing arms, and drug dealing. On 1 June, 2021, the Court of Appeal ratified the Taazir death sentence issued against him, which means that only the approval of the Supreme Court and the signature of the King before execution remained.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esohr.org/en/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%84-%d8%b9%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%ac-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%8b |title=السعودية تهدد بقتل عقيل الفرج تعزيراً – المنظمة الأوروبية السعودية لحقوق الإنسان |publisher=Esohr.org |date= |accessdate=2022-03-16}}</ref>

==Extra judicial executions==
[[File:JamalKahshoggi.png|thumb| Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was a journalist and critic, but was murdered by the Saudi Government. <ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/jamal-khashoggi-what-the-arab-world-needs-most-is-free-expression/2018/10/17/adfc8c44-d21d-11e8-8c22-fa2ef74bd6d6_story.html |title=Opinion | Jamal Khashoggi: What the Arab world needs most is free expression |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2018-10-17 |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref>]]
Saudi Arabia does not tolerate dissidents and it can impose penalties on such people. Saudi Arabia is also responsible for executing Saudi-American journalist, Jamal Khashoggi in 2018. As he entered a Saudi embassy in Turkey, a group of Saudi assassins arrived in Turkey. He never made it out of the embassy. <ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Saudi Arabia|Law}}
* [[Crime in Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Law of Saudi Arabia]]
{{clear right}}

== References ==
=== Sources ===
* [[Sandra Mackey|Mackey, Sandra]]. ''The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom''. Updated Edition. Norton Paperback. [[W.W. Norton and Company]], New York. 2002 (first edition: 1987). {{ISBN|0-393-32417-6}} pbk.
* {{cite web |title = Top Arab Spring Cleric Among 47 Executed by Saudi Arabia |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/reformist-cleric-sheikh-nimr-al-nimr-among-47-executed-saudi-n489116 |website = NBC News |access-date = 2016-01-02}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="Huff_ArabSpring_activist">{{cite news|last1=Hartley |first1=Eve |title=Ali Mohammed Al-Nimr Sentenced To Crucifixion In Saudi Arabia For Attending Pro-Democracy Protest |date=2015-09-22 |work=[[Huffington Post]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/09/22/teenager-sentenced-to-death-by-crucifixion-in-saudi-arabia_n_8177584.html |access-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923035854/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/09/22/teenager-sentenced-to-death-by-crucifixion-in-saudi-arabia_n_8177584.html |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="AI_AliNimr_exec_risk_2015">{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia: Stop execution of Ali al-Nimr|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|year=2015|url=https://www.amnesty.ie/content/saudi-arabia-stop-execution-ali-al-nimr|access-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001220346/https://www.amnesty.ie/content/saudi-arabia-stop-execution-ali-al-nimr|archive-date=2015-10-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="Reprieve_alMarhoon">{{cite web|title=Second Saudi juvenile to face 'beheading' for protests |publisher=[[Reprieve (organisation)|Reprieve]] |date=2015-10-06 |url=http://www.reprieve.org.uk/press/second-saudi-juvenile-to-face-beheading-for-protests/ |access-date=2015-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009015924/http://www.reprieve.org.uk/press/second-saudi-juvenile-to-face-beheading-for-protests/ |archive-date=2015-10-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BBC20141015_alNimr_deathsentence">{{cite news|title=Saudi Shia cleric Nimr al-Nimr 'sentenced to death' |date=2014-10-15 |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-29627766 |access-date=2014-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015093504/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-29627766 |archive-date=2014-10-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="08RIYADH1283">{{cite journal|last=Gfoeller |first=Michael |title=Meeting with controversial Shi'a sheikh Nimr |id={{WikiLeaks cable|08RIYADH1283}} |publisher=[[WikiLeaks]] |date=2008-08-23 |url=https://wikileaks.org/cable/2008/08/08RIYADH1283.html |access-date=2012-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508063811/http://wikileaks.org/cable/2008/08/08RIYADH1283.html |archive-date=2013-05-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Death penalty in Saudi Arabia}}
{{capital punishment}}
{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Capital punishment in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Capital Punishment In Saudi Arabia}}
[[Category:Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia| ]]
[[Category:Capital punishment by country|Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Murder in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Law of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia]]

User talk:Sea Ane

2022-03-26T10:49:34Z

Stikkler:

Talk - discuss

== Mirrors ==
[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Thanks for contributing to the article [[Academy of Gondishapur]]. However, one of Wikipedia's core policies is that material must be [[WP:V|verifiable]] and attributed to [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. You have recently used citations which copied, or [[WP:MIRROR|mirrored]], material from Wikipedia. This leads to a [[WP:CIRCULAR|circular reference]] and is not acceptable. Most mirrors are clearly labeled as such, but some are in violation of our license and do not provide the correct attribution. Please help by adding alternate sources to the article you edited! If you need any help or clarification, you can look at [[Help:Contents/Editing Wikipedia]] or ask at [[Wikipedia:New contributors' help page]], or just ask me. Thank you. [[User:Kuru|Kuru]] [[User talk:Kuru|''(talk)'']] 11:28, 26 October 2021 (UTC) 

==Edit summaries==

You almost never explain your edits in an edit summary. Why not? [[User:Stikkler|Stikkler]] ([[User talk:Stikkler|talk]]) 10:49, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

Iraq–Jordan relations

2022-03-24T20:06:43Z

Stikkler:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Iraqi-Jordanian|Iraq|Jordan|map=Iraq_Jordan_Locator.svg}}
Relations between neighbours [[Iraq]] and [[Jordan]] have historically been close.<ref>http://www.meepas.com/Jordanrelationswitheu.htm</ref> Iraq and Jordan were created after [[World War I]] from former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] dominions by way of a secret [[Sykes-Picot|bilateral agreement]] between the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] and the [[French Third Republic]]. Several efforts to unify the two states have been pursued over the last century. Jordan has an embassy in [[Baghdad]] and Iraq has an embassy in [[Amman]].

== History ==
As the two original [[Hashemite]] monarchies established in [[Western Asia]] by Britain following World War I and the collapse of the [[Ottoman Empire]], Jordan and Iraq had initially maintained close relations based on family ties. This ended when the Hashemite royal family in Iraq was overthrown and killed by dissident military officers in the [[1958 Iraqi coup d'état]]. In the years that followed the two ''régimes'' became hostile to one another. But by the late 1970s, Jordan and Iraq built a bilateral alliance that lasted through the 1991 [[Persian Gulf War]].

In 1979 Iraq initiated contacts aimed at closer alignment at a time when the newly established President Saddam Hussein was seeking Arab allies, perhaps to provide for at least some level of transnational support and inter-Arab legitimacy for his ''régime''. More important for the Jordanians, however, were the economic pay-offs of such an alliance, as Iraq could provide economic support and oil supplies that the kingdom desperately needed.

As the new alliance began to solidify in 1980, [[Saddam Hussein's military forces invaded Iran]] and [[King Hussein]] immediately backed Iraq against the revolutionary [[Islamist regime in Iran]]. The Hashemite government viewed Iran as a potential threat not from military expansion, but as a supporter and living example of Islamist revolutionary militancy against conservative pro-Western monarchies. For King Hussein, Iran was a threat not just to his ''régime'''s security directly, but also indirectly in so far as it threatened the Persian Gulf Arab monarchies oil which Jordan was partially reliant for aid. Throughout the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq war, Jordan supported Iraq politically and especially economically. Indeed, Jordan's port of [[Aqaba]] and its overland trucking routes became Iraq's main supply line throughout the eight years of that war. In return, Jordan received oil from Iraq at prices far below market value.

To expand on these political-economic linkages, Jordan helped create the [[Arab Cooperation Council]] (ACC) in 1989, in the immediate aftermath of the Iran-Iraq war. The ACC alliance of Jordan, Iraq, [[Egypt]], and [[Yemen]] was meant to facilitate capital and labor flows between members while also allowing them to act as a fairly formidable lobbying bloc within inter-Arab politics in their mutual efforts to renegotiate their debt terms with the Persian Gulf Arab monarchies. Despite strenuous Jordanian efforts to prevent it, that alliance evaporated in the heat of the [[Persian Gulf War]].

The shift in Iraq–Jordan relations became apparent in August 1995, when Jordan granted political asylum to two Iraqi defectors. King Hussein of Jordan also openly criticized Iraqi policies on national television on 23 August 1995. However, majority of Jordanians supported Saddam Hussein. Western countries considered the change in Jordan's policy on Iraq as a means to further isolate Hussein and eventually weaken his leadership.

Despite periodic crises of confidence and lingering Iraqi resentment over Jordan's close ties with Saddam Hussein, the two countries forged deep ties. In the face of repeated attacks and threats, Jordan has maintained a strong diplomatic presence in [[Baghdad]].

The economic impact of the Iraq crisis in Jordan has been mixed. Jordan has benefited greatly from serving as a "gateway" to Iraq for governments, aid workers, contractors, and businesspeople, the real estate and banking sectors are booming, and it stands to reap more benefits from increased trade and transport should the situation in Iraq improve. However, with the fall of Saddam, Jordan lost the sizable oil subsidies and customary shipments it received from Iraq.<ref name=JordanAndIraq>{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr178.html |title=Jordan and Iraq: Between Cooperation and Crisis |access-date=25 August 2008 |publisher=usip.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813030431/http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr178.html |archive-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref> One of Jordan's principal economic interests in the new Iraq is securing future energy assistance.

==Current affairs==
Jordan can claim only modest influence over developments in Iraq. The kingdom does have notable intelligence capabilities vis-à-vis Iraq, and it reportedly helped the United States track down and kill [[Al-Qaeda in Iraq]] leader [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]. Although some Jordanians highlight cross-border tribal and family connections with Iraqi [[Sunni]] [[Arabs]], they pale in comparison to those of Iran, Turkey, and Syria. Jordan's most significant means of influence is its hosting of a large and ever-changing Iraqi expatriate community, mostly of Sunni Arab origin.<ref name=JordanAndIraq/>

Jordanian leaders worry that Iraq is becoming a haven for terrorist groups, a fear dramatically heightened by the November [[2005 suicide bombings in Amman]]. Jordan also has an interest in the development of Iraq and is anxious about the growing Iranian involvement in [[Iraqi politics]], and more broadly increasing Iranian and [[Shiite]] influence in the region.<ref name=JordanAndIraq/>

In 2005, the case of [[Raed Mansour al-Banna]], a Jordanian suicide bomber who [[2005 Al Hillah bombing|blew himself up in Hillah, Iraq]] strained relations between the two countries. After Banna's family gave him a heroic funeral in Jordan, thousands of Iraqi Shia protested, and the two countries recalled their respective ambassadors.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A50921-2005Mar20?language=printer Iraq-Jordan Dispute Deepens; Diplomats Recalled in Aftermath of Suicide Bombing]{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

On 24 December 2012, Iraq and Jordan agreed to extend an oil pipeline to the [[Red Sea]] city of [[Aqaba]] for the export of Iraqi crude. The new pipeline would be capable of pumping one million barrels per day. Jordanian Prime Minister Abdullah al-Nsur stated that Jordan is important for Iraq's trade and the export of its oil. Iraq also agreed to implement a 2009 agreement to establish a free trade zone between the two countries and increase the capacity of its gas pipeline to secure Jordan's Iraqi natural gas needs. Jordan relies on imports for 95 percent of its energy needs. A rise in fuel prices by up to 53 percent in November prompted violent protests in which three people were killed and more than 70 injured. Iraq, which sits on the region's third largest oil reserves after [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Iran]] at 115 billion barrels, hopes the move will increase and diversify its exports. Jordan imports 10,000 barrels of Iraqi oil per day at well below the global market value, and has agreed to increase that amount to 15,000 barrels. Iraq delivered oil to Jordan for preferential prices under the U.N. oil-for-food program during the rule of Saddam Hussein.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/24/256896.html|title=Iraq agrees to extend oil pipeline through Jordan|date=24 December 2012}}</ref><ref>http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/1244382/1/.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

Iraq's contribution to the world's oil supply will significantly increase to more than 8 million barrels a day by 2035, outstripping its current output, according to the International Energy Agency. In its “Iraq Energy Outlook” report, the IEA said the country's oil and gas reserves would be key to its own future, as well as playing an essential role in stabilizing the global energy markets. It is expected that Iraq will dominate oil supply over the coming decades and will become the world's largest oil exporter after Russia by the 2030s.<ref>https://www.cnbc.com/id/49340206/Iraq_Poised_to_Become_Worldrsquos_Largest_Oil_Exporter_IEA</ref>

In 2013, trade between Iraq and Jordan has been facilitated by [[Israel]], which allows goods to be transported by truck via the [[Jordan River Crossing]] near [[Beit She'an]]. The goods are usually taken to [[Haifa Port]] and shipped from there to Turkey and other countries, as an alternative to Syria.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4364003,00.html Iraqi goods travel to Turkey via Israel]</ref>

In 2014, the land trade route between Iraq and Jordan was severely affected by the deteriorating security situation in Anbar province linking the two countries. [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] has seized large parts of the province and imposed high taxes on the trucks passing through.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2014/09/22/isis-iraq-jordan|title = ISIS Militants Control Major Road Between Jordan And Iraq}}</ref> Before the instability in the province, 70% of the exports originating from Jordanian Free Zones went to the Iraqi market,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.iqtisadjordan.com/2014/11/how-will-campaign-against-isis-affect.html|title = How will the campaign against ISIS affect the Jordanian Economy?}}</ref> but after the sudden takeover of Mosul and other parts of Iraq in June 2014 the trade decreased by 19% for the period of June–September 2014 compared to a year before.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://alghad.com/articles/838967-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%B6-19|title = صادرات المملكة إلى العراق تنخفض 19%}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2003 Jordanian embassy bombing in Baghdad]]
* [[Agriculture in Jordan]]
* [[Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan]]
* [[Fertile Crescent Plan]]
* [[Foreign relations of Iraq]]
* [[Foreign relations of Jordan]]
* [[House of Hashim]]
* [[Iraq–Jordan border]]
* [[Iraqis in Jordan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* David Kenneth Schenker, ''Dancing with Saddam: The Strategic Tango of Jordanian-Iraqi Relations'', published by Lexington Books, 2003 {{ISBN|0-7391-0649-X}}.

== External links ==
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_3_26/ai_n13603791/pg_7?tag=artBody;col1 JORDAN'S CHANGING RELATIONS WITH IRAQ]

{{Foreign relations of Iraq}}
{{Foreign relations of Jordan}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Iraq-Jordan Relations}}
[[Category:Iraq–Jordan relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Iraq|Jordan]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Jordan]]