Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Atikamekw

2017-08-10T19:53:08Z

Remux:

{{for|the language|Atikamekw language}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Atikamekw
|image=Clan_Etcakwan_et_Nepinatcac_debut_1900.jpg
|poptime=7,747 (2016)<ref>{{cite web|title=Population inscrite (Les Atikamekw de Manawan) |publisher=[[Affaires autochtones et du Nord Canada]]|url=http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=78&lang=fra|access-date=2017-08-10}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population inscrite (Atikamekw d'Opitciwan)|publisher=[[Affaires autochtones et du Nord Canada]] |url=http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=79&lang=fra |access-date=2017-08-10}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population inscrite (Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci) |publisher=[[Affaires autochtones et du Nord Canada]]|url=http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=77&lang=fra|access-date=2017-08-10}}.</ref>
|popplace=[[Canada]] – [[Quebec]]
|langs=[[Atikamekw language|Atikamekw]], [[French language|French]]
|rels=[[Catholic Church]], Other, None
|related=[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] 
*North American natives
**northeast [[Algonquian peoples]]
}}

The '''Atikamekw''' are the indigenous inhabitants of the area they refer to as ''[[Nitaskinan]]'' ("Our Land"), in the upper [[Saint-Maurice River]] valley of [[Quebec]] (about {{convert|300|km|mi}} north of [[Montreal]]), Canada. Their population currently stands at around 7,000. One of the main communities is [[Manawan]], about {{convert|160|km|mi}} northeast of Montreal. They have a tradition of agriculture as well as fishing, hunting and gathering. They have close traditional ties with the [[Innu]] people, who were their historical allies against the [[Inuit]].

The [[Atikamekw language]], a variety of the [[Cree language]] in the [[Algic languages|Algic family]], is still in everyday use, making it therefore among the indigenous languages least threatened with extinction.<ref name="CeT">{{cite web|url=http://www.opitciwan.ca/index.php/menutourisme |title=Cultures et traditions |publisher=Conseil des Atikamekw d'Opitciwan |language=French |accessdate=2010-03-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040828/http://www.opitciwan.ca/index.php/menutourisme |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref> But their home land has largely been appropriated by logging companies and their ancient way of life is almost extinct. Their name, which literally means "[[lake whitefish]]", is sometimes also spelt "Atihkamekw", "Attikamekw", "Attikamek", or "Atikamek". The French colonists referred to them as ''Têtes-de-Boules'', meaning "Ball-Heads" or "Round-Heads".

A small number of families still make their living making traditional birch bark baskets and canoes.

==Population==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Atikamekw Population of Quebec as of September 2012 <ref>{{cite web|title=Tribal Council Detail |url=http://pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1064&lang=eng |work=First Nation Profiles |publisher=Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada |accessdate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518042315/http://pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1064&lang=eng |archivedate=18 May 2014 |df= }}</ref>
|-
!Communities
!First Nation official name
!Total Registered Population
!Residents
!Non-residents
|-
|[[Manawan, Quebec|Manawan]]
| Les Atikamekw de Manawan
| align="right" |2,576
| align="right" |2,197
| align="right" |379
|-
|[[Obedjiwan, Quebec|Obedjiwan]]
| Atikamekw d'Opitciwan
| align="right" |2,683
| align="right" |2,225
| align="right" |458
|-
|[[Wemotaci, Quebec|Wemotaci]]
| Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci
| align="right" |1,730
| align="right" |1,358
| align="right" |372
|-
!Atikamekw (Total)
! Attikamekw Sipi - Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw
! align="right" |6,989
! align="right" |5,780
! align="right" |1,209
|-
|}

==History==
[[File:Autochtones de la Manouane vers 1900.jpg|thumb|right|220px|"Royal Family" group, Manowan, circa 1900]]
The early documents begin to mention the Atikamekw at beginning of the 17th century, when they lived in the boreal forest of the upper [[Mauricie]]. They had formed themselves into a group of 500 to 600 people, thus present themselves as "one of the nations more considerable of the north". In these early documents, the Atikamekw were recorded as "Atikamegouékhi".

For food, they fished, hunted, and trapped, supplementing their diet with agricultural products such as corn and maple syrup that the Atikamekw made by boiling the sap extracted from maple trees. Implements would be made of wood and clothing of animal hides, and obtaining other necessities through trade with tribes in nearby areas. In summer, the Atikamekw would gather at places like [[Wemotaci, Quebec|Wemotaci]]. Then in the fall, they would pack up and disperse through the boreal forest for the winter.<ref name="hisAti">{{cite web |url=http://www.wemotaci.com/histoire.html |title=L'histoire des Atikamekw |accessdate=2010-03-12 |publisher=Laurianne Petiquay C.A.W. Éducation |language=French}}</ref>

When the French arrived in the region, the Atikamekw became increasingly dependent on externally controlled trade, particularly the [[fur trade]]. They were considered a peaceful people, sharing the region with the [[Innu]] (Montagnais) in the east, the [[Cree]] in the north, and [[Algonquin people|Algonquin]] to the south. But they had conflicts with the Mohawks. Through their Innu allies, the Atikamekw caught devastating diseases that were brought over by the Europeans. Around 1670-1680, a [[smallpox]] epidemic devastated the Atikamekw tribe.<ref name="hisAti"/>

The French pulled the Atikamekw into a [[trade war]] between the Montagnais (Innu) and the [[Iroquois]] in which the Atikamekw and Innu did not fare well. Those Atikamekw who had survived the smallpox were slaughtered by the Iroquois.<ref name="hisAti"/>

However, at the start of the 18th century, a group called "Tête-de-Boule" reappeared in the region. While there exists no certainty as to the origin of this group, they may have been a regrouping of the few Atikamekw survivors and who were possibly associated with other indigenous nomadic tribes. But they are considered to be unrelated to the former Atikamekw even though they lived in the same area and took on the same name.<ref name="hisAti"/>

Today, the Atikamekw, like their historical allies the Innu, suffer from [[mercury poisoning]] due to the central electric power companies that had contaminated the water supply. Despite all these events, the Atikamekw were not moved off their traditional grounds.

==Culture==
The Atikamekw have their own traditional culture, language and rituals, though they had strong influences from the neighboring peoples. From this grouping, three prominent communities developed, where each of the three communities spoke the same language but with unique dialects reflecting each of the three. Members of the tribe as a whole generally speak the [[Atikamekw language]], but the majority do not write it.<ref name="CeT"/>

Traditionally, the Atikamekw lived in dome-shaped homes, covered with bark called "piskokan". The floor was carpeted with spruce boughs and furs were used as beds and blankets. The Atikamekw had developed a technique for preserving meat by smoking and drying, a process still practiced by some families. Collected berries were processed into a paste that could be preserved for several weeks.<ref name="CeT"/>

===Crafts===

The making of hunting equipment (bows, snowshoes, sled dog) as well as clothing and blankets, was in former times a task necessary for survival. Like all First Nations, the Atikamekw stood apart by a special way to decorate their clothing. One distinguishing feature were the bells covering their ceremonial robes that were made of bones emptied of the marrow.<ref name="CeT"/>

The atikamekw have been recognized for their skill in crafting [[birch bark]] items such as [[basket]]s and [[canoe]]s, decorated with beautiful designs. These skills were always transmitted from generation to generation so that even today they are still practiced, giving them the nickname "people of the bark". Interestingly, handicrafts made from birch bark is less practiced in [[Obedjiwan, Quebec|Obedjiwan]] than in other communities, since it is located in the boreal forest where conifer trees dominate.<ref name="CeT"/>

===The seasons and the division of the year===

Among Atikamekw, the year is divided into six seasons. In every season, there is a principal activity. The seasons begin with ''Sîkon'', a pre-Spring in which the Atikamekw used to manufacture bark baskets, which can contain maple-sap gathered in this time of year. After ''Sîkon'' is ''Mirôskamin'', Spring proper. In this season, the Atikamekw would go fishing and [[partridge]] hunting. These activities continue through ''Nîpin'' (Summer). During ''Takwâkin'' (autumn), the Atikamekw would go [[moose]] hunting. A successful hunt required the careful removal of the skin of the moose, offerings are made, and then the meat is jerkied for preservation. Women would continue to remove the hairs from the moose hide, then soak, deflesh and tan the hide, then make thin strips of leather for snowshoe netting. During the onset of winter, or ''Pîtcipipôn'', the men would go trap for [[beaver]]s. During the winter, or ''Pipôn'', the men would make nets to fish under the ice, while others produce [[snowshoe]]s.<ref name="CeT"/>

In conjunction with the seasons, the Atikamekw divides the year into 12 months. The month names are based on the primary activity the Atikamekw society engaged themselves in. The months are:

* ''Kenôsitc Pisimw'' – January: Longest [Winter] Moon
* ''Akokatcic Pisimw'' – February: [[Groundhog]] Emerges Moon
* ''Nikikw Pisimw'' – March: [[Otter]] Moon
* ''Kâ Wâsikatotc Pisimw'' – April: Reflects on the Ice Moon
* ''Wâpikon Pisimw'' – May: [[Flower]] Moon
* ''Otehimin Pisimw'' – June: [[Strawberry]] Moon
* ''Mikomin Pisimw'' – July: [[Raspberry]] Moon
* ''Otâtokon Pisimw'' – August: [Bird] Fledges Moon
* ''Kâkône Pisimw'' – September: [[Porcupine]] Mates Moon
* ''Namekosi Pisimw'' – October: [[Trout]] [Spawns] Moon
* ''Atikamekw Pisimw'' – November: [[Coregonus clupeaformis|Whitefish]] [Spawns] Moon
* ''Pîtcipipôn Pisimw'' – December: Winter Arrives Moon

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=atj|Atikamekw Nehiromowin}}
* [http://www.atikamekwsipi.com/ Council of the Atikamekw Nation]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10128 Historica’s Heritage Minute video docudrama about “Maple Syrup.”] (Adobe Flash Player.)
*[http://www.nationalia.info/en/news/1953 Declaration of sovereignty]
*[http://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/417966/les-attikameks-s-attaquent-a-l-indifference-de-quebec Declaration of sovereignty] (in French)

[[Category:Algonquian peoples]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic]]
[[Category:First Nations in Quebec]]
[[Category:Algonquian ethnonyms]]

Purplish-mantled tanager

2016-11-17T04:17:51Z

Remux: Better picture

{{Taxobox
| name = Purplish-mantled tanager
| image = Purplish-mantled Tanager - Colombia S4E9634 (22856163507).jpg
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22722659 |title=''Iridosornis porphyrocephalus'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Thraupidae]]
| genus = ''[[Iridosornis]]''
| species = '''''I. porphyrocephalus'''''
| binomial = ''Iridosornis porphyrocephalus''
| binomial_authority = (Sclater, 1856)
| synonyms =
}}
The '''purplish-mantled tanager''' (''Iridosornis porphyrocephalus'') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Thraupidae]].
It is found in [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]].
Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical moist [[montane forest]]s and heavily degraded former forest.
It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Iridosornis porphyrocephalus}}

[[Category:Iridosornis]]

{{Thraupidae-stub}}

Wikipedia:Translating Ibero-America/list 2016

2016-05-02T19:49:34Z

Remux: Colombia

__NOTOC__
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'''Translating Ibero-America''' 
1st edition. May 1 - May 31, 2016
|-
| style="padding:10px 0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align:top;" |


<center>
'''List of Articles to improve and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?campaign=contributionsmenu&to=en translate]'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country|| Name !! Wikidata
|-
| [[Argentina]] || [[Estela Barnes de Carlotto]] || [[:d:Q299652]]
|-
| [[Argentina]] || [[Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo]] || [[:d:Q335746]]
|-
| [[Argentina]] || [[Julieta Lanteri]] || [[:d:Q3811139]]
|-
| [[Argentina]] || [[Elvira Rawson de Dellepiane]] || [[:d:Q5368127]]
|-
| [[Argentina]] || [[Virginia Bolten]] || [[:d:Q7934155]]
|-
| [[Argentina]] || [[Herminia Brumana]] || [[:d:Q5895863]]
|-
| [[Bolivia]] || [[Leco Language]] || [[:d:Q2625398]]
|-
| [[Bolivia]] || [[Ese Ejja language]] || [[:d:Q2980381]]
|-
| [[Bolivia]] || [[Wichí Lhamtés Nocten]] || [[:d:Q5908756]]
|-
| [[Bolivia]] || [[Yuracaré language]] || [[:d:Q2640646]]
|-
| [[Bolivia]] || [[Araona language]] || [[:d:Q958414]]
|-
| [[Bolivia]] || [[Baure language]] || [[:d:Q2839722]]
|-
| [[Brasil]] || [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil]] || [[:d:Q1363781]]
|-
| [[Brasil]] || [[Machado de Assis]] || [[:d:Q234495]]
|-
| [[Brasil]] || [[Maurren Maggi]] || [[:d:Q234495]]
|-
| [[Brasil]] || [[Pedro Américo]] || [[:d:Q540219]]
|-
| [[Brasil]] || [[Mount Roraima]] || [[:d:Q4777]]
|-
| [[Brasil]] || [[Maria Quitéria]] || [[:d:Q2618916]]
|-
| [[Chile]] || [[Pedro Lemebel]] || [[:d:Q432239]]
|-
| [[Chile]] || [[Adelina Gutiérrez]] || [[:d:Q19803039]]
|-
| [[Chile]] || [[Rebeca Matte Bello]] || [[:d:Q3338913]]
|-
| [[Chile]] || [[Cecilia Hidalgo Tapia]] || [[:d:Q8343300]]
|-
| [[Chile]] || [[María Teresa Ruiz]] || [[:d:Q5847384]]
|-
| [[Chile]] || [[Marta Colvin]] || [[:d:Q578443]]
|-
| [[Colombia]] || [[Jaime Garzón]] || [[:d:Q3118313]]
|-
| [[Colombia]] || [[María (novel)]] || [[:d:Q1474079]]
|-
| [[Colombia]] || [[Las Lajas Sanctuary]] || [[:d:Q2227269]]
|-
| [[Colombia]] || [[Mosque of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab]] || [[:d:Q3091562]]
|-
| [[Colombia]] || [[Tejo (sport)|Tejo]] || [[:d:Q939785]]
|-
| [[Colombia]] || [[Carnaval de Barranquilla]] || [[:d:Q1122008]]
|-
| [[Ecuador]] || [[Pre-Columbian Ecuador]] || [[:d:Q5764484]]
|-
| [[Ecuador]] || [[Malaspina Expedition]] || [[:d:Q1227138]]
|-
| [[Ecuador]] || [[Attempted Spanish reconquest of Ecuador]] || [[:d:Q19814496]]
|-
| [[Ecuador]] || [[Paquisha War]] || [[:d:Q1760930]]
|-
| [[Ecuador]] || [[1797 Riobamba earthquake]] || [[:d:Q4553468]]
|-
| [[Ecuador]] || [[Operation Auca]] || [[:d:Q2683146]]
|-
| [[España]] || [[María de Zayas]] || [[:d:Q2905689]]
|-
| [[España]] || [[Clara Campoamor]] || [[:d:Q3321142]]
|-
| [[España]] || [[Rosa Chacel]] || [[:d:Q468852]]
|-
| [[España]] || [[Josefa de Óbidos]] || [[:d:Q269338]]
|-
| [[España]] || [[Matilde Ucelay]] || [[:d:Q9030535]]
|-
| [[España]] || [[Carmen de Burgos]] || [[:d:Q5752699]]
|-
| [[Venezuela]] || [[María Teresa Castillo]] || [[:d:Q546662]]
|-
| [[Venezuela]] || [[Teresa de la Parra]] || [[:d:Q3518359]]
|-
| [[Venezuela]] || [[Humberto Fernández Morán]] || [[:d:Q1379844]]
|-
| [[Venezuela]] || [[Juan Germán Roscio]] || [[:d:Q3624511]]
|-
| [[Venezuela]] || [[Sofia Imber]] || [[:d:Q6131286]]
|-
| [[Venezuela]] || [[Laureano Vallenilla Lanz]] || [[:d:Q6499694]]
|-
|}
</center>

|}
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|width="250"|'''[[Wikipedia:Translating Ibero - America/Participants 2016|Participants 2016]]'''
|[[File:Nuvola apps kuser.svg|60px|right|link=|alt=Participants]]
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{|
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|width="250"|'''[[Wikipedia talk:Translating Ibero - America|Help Desk]]'''
|[[File:Lifebelt and man icon.svg|right|60px|link=|alt=If you have any questions about this writing challenge, please add them to our talk page]]
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[[Category:Wikipedia Ibero - American contest|list of articles]]

¡Que viva la música!

2015-11-22T06:31:25Z

Remux:

{{Infobox Book | 
| name = Liveforever<ref name=Liveforever-Penguin>{{cite book|last1=Wynne|first1=Andres Caicedo ; translated by Frank|title=Liveforever|date=2014|isbn=9780141196688|pages=208|url=http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/books/liveforever/9780141196688/|accessdate=22 November 2015}}</ref>
| title_orig = ¡Que viva la música!
| translator = Frank Wynne
| image = Caliwood - 03.jpg
| image_caption = First edition of the book in the museum of cinema "Caliwood"
| author = [[Andrés Caicedo]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Colombia]]
| language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| series = Penguin Modern Classics
| genre =
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
| release_date = 1977
| english_release_date = 2014
| media_type = Paperback
| pages = 208
| isbn = 9789875455085
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''¡Que viva la música!''''' (Published in english as: '''Liveforever'''<ref name=Liveforever-Penguin />) is a [[novel]] by the [[Colombia]]n writer [[Andrés Caicedo]], one of his most important works and considered by many observers as a masterpiece of modern Colombian literature. He started to write it on a trip to [[Los Angeles]] trying to get in touch with [[Roger Corman]] in order to sell to the famous [[Hollywood]] director four of his play scripts, but he was not welcomed. Caicedo devoted his time in the USA to seeing movies, studying blues and rock and writing this novel.<ref>Corporación Otraparte: "[http://www.otraparte.org/actividades/teatro/atravesado.html El Atravesado, de Andrés Caicedo]", Teatro Frastricida, Envigado, June 8, 2007. Link retraived on June 14, 2008.</ref> The book was finally published in [[Cali]] on March 4, 1977. That same afternoon, its author committed suicide.<ref>CAREAGA, Roberto, [http://www.quepasa.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,3255_5700_336764988,00.html Fuguet prepara antología de Andrés Caicedo, el primer enemigo de Macondo], La Tercera, Santiago de Chile, February 22, 2008. Link retrieved on June 14, 2008.</ref>

Caicedo described his book as a result of an "ephemeral curiosity", but there is a small but dedicated core of readers who believe it to be one of the greatest novels among [[Colombian literature]] of the second half of the 20th century.

== Context ==

The novel is set in the city of [[Cali]], known also as the "World Capital of [[Salsa music|Salsa]]".<ref>Salsa.ch: [http://www.salsa.ch/news_view.php?idnews=178 Cali, Capital Mundial de la Salsa], link retrieved on June 14, 2008.</ref> It is also the native city of Caicedo, who reflects its barrios and streets and its people of the 1970s.

== Plot summary ==

The [[novel]] has been seen as an invitation to a party without end, where the main character comes to see the world as a bottomless pit of debauchery, which she relishes. There is a secret pact with death itself involving the ever more frantic dance of María del Carmen Huerta, the blonde protagonist of the book.

The novel also offers an affectionate view of the Colombian city of Cali as unique, magic, and different. Our introduction starts in the privileged north, with its Sixth Avenue ("la Sexta"), Parque Versalles, and its magical places, continuing to the ghetto in the South with its Caseta Panamericana (built especially for the [[1971 Pan American Games]]), the Pance River, the neighborhoods beyond upper-class Miraflores, the winged [[Andes]] mountain range, and the hideouts of sex and [[Salsa (dance)|salsa]] in the final stretches of 15th Street ("la Quince").

== María del Carmen Huerta ==

She is a girl of good family, the daughter of a photographer of the Calean high society. But living in a high class comes to be for her boring and then she decided to explore the streets of the city. Through the eyes of Maria del Carmen, Caicedo shows the different social groups of the 1970s Cali, that reflects also the Colombian society and in a wider way Latin America. As a kind of [[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]] of [[Hermann Hesse]], Maria del Carmen goes from group to group looking for a sense for her life.

The first group she found is of [[Marxist]]s who used to go by the streets of Cali or [[Bogotá]] with backpacks, untidy hair and ''[[Das Kapital]]'' to read anywhere to anyone who dare to listen to them as a kind of preachers. She got bored of this first team and abandoned them soon to look more pure emotions

She came to the [[Rock music|rock]] world imported to the city by the children of parents who were able to study in the USA and return to Cali wearing gang clothes. Maria del Carmen became a part of a gang to prove any kind of drugs while listening to the [[Rolling Stones]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* HERNÁNDEZ, Adriana, [http://www.smav2.com.ar/auditoriovirtual/ensayos/hernandez_caicedo.htm ¡Qué viva la música! La escritura desde abajo]. Primeras Jornadas Virtuales de Esquizoanalisis - 2004.
* LEEB, Linda, [http://www.amazon.com/Long-Live-Music-ebook/dp/B0070DTLH8]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Que Viva La Musica}}
[[Category:Colombian novels]]
[[Category:Literature not translated into English]]
[[Category:Novels set in Colombia]]
[[Category:1977 novels]]

¡Que viva la música!

2015-11-22T06:31:05Z

Remux:

{{Infobox Book | 
| name = Liveforever<ref name=Liveforever-Penguin>{{cite book|last1=Wynne|first1=Andres Caicedo ; translated by Frank|title=Liveforever|date=2014|isbn=9780141196688|pages=208|url=http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/books/liveforever/9780141196688/|accessdate=22 November 2015}}</ref>
| title_orig = ¡Que viva la música!
| translator = Frank Wynne
| image = Caliwood - 03.jpg
| image_caption = First edition of the book in the museum of cinema "Caliwood"
| author = [[Andrés Caicedo]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Colombia]]
| language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| series = Penguin Modern Classics
| genre =
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
| release_date = 1977
| english_release_date = 2014
| media_type = Paperback
| pages = 208
| isbn = 9789875455085
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''¡Que viva la música!''''' (Published in english as: Liveforever<ref name=Liveforever-Penguin />) is a [[novel]] by the [[Colombia]]n writer [[Andrés Caicedo]], one of his most important works and considered by many observers as a masterpiece of modern Colombian literature. He started to write it on a trip to [[Los Angeles]] trying to get in touch with [[Roger Corman]] in order to sell to the famous [[Hollywood]] director four of his play scripts, but he was not welcomed. Caicedo devoted his time in the USA to seeing movies, studying blues and rock and writing this novel.<ref>Corporación Otraparte: "[http://www.otraparte.org/actividades/teatro/atravesado.html El Atravesado, de Andrés Caicedo]", Teatro Frastricida, Envigado, June 8, 2007. Link retraived on June 14, 2008.</ref> The book was finally published in [[Cali]] on March 4, 1977. That same afternoon, its author committed suicide.<ref>CAREAGA, Roberto, [http://www.quepasa.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,3255_5700_336764988,00.html Fuguet prepara antología de Andrés Caicedo, el primer enemigo de Macondo], La Tercera, Santiago de Chile, February 22, 2008. Link retrieved on June 14, 2008.</ref>

Caicedo described his book as a result of an "ephemeral curiosity", but there is a small but dedicated core of readers who believe it to be one of the greatest novels among [[Colombian literature]] of the second half of the 20th century.

== Context ==

The novel is set in the city of [[Cali]], known also as the "World Capital of [[Salsa music|Salsa]]".<ref>Salsa.ch: [http://www.salsa.ch/news_view.php?idnews=178 Cali, Capital Mundial de la Salsa], link retrieved on June 14, 2008.</ref> It is also the native city of Caicedo, who reflects its barrios and streets and its people of the 1970s.

== Plot summary ==

The [[novel]] has been seen as an invitation to a party without end, where the main character comes to see the world as a bottomless pit of debauchery, which she relishes. There is a secret pact with death itself involving the ever more frantic dance of María del Carmen Huerta, the blonde protagonist of the book.

The novel also offers an affectionate view of the Colombian city of Cali as unique, magic, and different. Our introduction starts in the privileged north, with its Sixth Avenue ("la Sexta"), Parque Versalles, and its magical places, continuing to the ghetto in the South with its Caseta Panamericana (built especially for the [[1971 Pan American Games]]), the Pance River, the neighborhoods beyond upper-class Miraflores, the winged [[Andes]] mountain range, and the hideouts of sex and [[Salsa (dance)|salsa]] in the final stretches of 15th Street ("la Quince").

== María del Carmen Huerta ==

She is a girl of good family, the daughter of a photographer of the Calean high society. But living in a high class comes to be for her boring and then she decided to explore the streets of the city. Through the eyes of Maria del Carmen, Caicedo shows the different social groups of the 1970s Cali, that reflects also the Colombian society and in a wider way Latin America. As a kind of [[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]] of [[Hermann Hesse]], Maria del Carmen goes from group to group looking for a sense for her life.

The first group she found is of [[Marxist]]s who used to go by the streets of Cali or [[Bogotá]] with backpacks, untidy hair and ''[[Das Kapital]]'' to read anywhere to anyone who dare to listen to them as a kind of preachers. She got bored of this first team and abandoned them soon to look more pure emotions

She came to the [[Rock music|rock]] world imported to the city by the children of parents who were able to study in the USA and return to Cali wearing gang clothes. Maria del Carmen became a part of a gang to prove any kind of drugs while listening to the [[Rolling Stones]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* HERNÁNDEZ, Adriana, [http://www.smav2.com.ar/auditoriovirtual/ensayos/hernandez_caicedo.htm ¡Qué viva la música! La escritura desde abajo]. Primeras Jornadas Virtuales de Esquizoanalisis - 2004.
* LEEB, Linda, [http://www.amazon.com/Long-Live-Music-ebook/dp/B0070DTLH8]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Que Viva La Musica}}
[[Category:Colombian novels]]
[[Category:Literature not translated into English]]
[[Category:Novels set in Colombia]]
[[Category:1977 novels]]

Deportivo Cali

2015-06-10T03:58:38Z

Remux:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Deportivo Cali
| image = [[File:Deportivo Cali Blazono.svg|200px]]
| fullname = Asociación Deportivo Cali
| nickname = ''Los Verdiblancos'' (the White and Greens) ''Los Azucareros'' (the Sugarmakers) ''La Amenaza Verde'' (the Green Menace) ''La Tromba Verde'' (the Green Whirlwind)
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1912|11|23}}
| ground = [[Estadio Deportivo Cali]], Colombia
| capacity = 52,000<ref>http://www.worldofstadiums.com/south-america/colombia/estadio-deportivo-cali/</ref>
| chairman = Álvaro Martínez
| manager = Fernando Castro
| league = [[Categoría Primera A]]
| season = [[2015 Categoría Primera A season|2015]]
| position = 1 (aggregate table)
| website = http://www.deportivocali.co/
|pattern_la1=_deportivocali14h|pattern_b1=_deportivocali14h|pattern_ra1=_deportivocali14h|pattern_so1=_deportivocali14h|leftarm1=008000|body1=008000|rightarm1=008000|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=FFFFFF
|pattern_la2=_deportivocali14a|pattern_b2=_deportivocali14a|pattern_ra2=_deportivocali14a|pattern_so2=_deportivocali14a|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=008000|socks2=008000
}}

'''Asociación Deportivo Cali''' is a Colombian sport club based in [[Cali]], most notable for its [[Association football|football]] team, also has teams in basketball, volleyball and swimming.

Deportivo Cali is one of the most successful football teams in Colombia, winning nine national championships (1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, 2005, and 2015).

The new stadium, [[Estadio Deportivo Cali]], with a capacity for 55,000, is the largest football stadium in Colombia and was officially inaugurated on 19 November 2008. Deportivo Cali's old home stadium was [[Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero]], with capacity for 33.130.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.archive.org/web/20101016005513/http://es.fifa.com/u20worldcup/destination/cities/city=2068/index.html|title= Cali|accessdate= 2 August 2011|editor= [http://es.fifa.com/index.html FIFA.com] recovered}}</ref>

==History==

===Amateur era===
Cali Foot-ball Club was formed in 1908, by students who came back from Europe bringing football to the city of Cali, but in 1912 the students organized the team and renamed it as Deportivo Cali beginning practice under their first coach, [[Catalan people|Catalan]] born [[Francisco Villa Bisa]]. Their first match was between CFC "A" and CFC "B" in the [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]] pitch, the attendance was 300 spectators. By 1928 the name was changed to "Deportivo Cali A" and the club represented the [[Valle del Cauca]] [[Department (country subdivision)|Department]] in the National Olympics, earning the titles between 1928–30.

In 1945 several clubs decided to become part of the club adding new sports to the institution like [[athletics (track and field)|athletics]], basketball and swimming. During the next several years the club played against different teams from the country and by 1948 the team was ready to play its first professional season in the first division (Division Mayor de Football: Primera A). The first game was a defeat against [[Junior Barranquilla|Junior]] 2–0. Their first victory was against [[Atletico Nacional]] (then Atletico Municipal) 4–1. They would end the season in 8th place with a record of 6 victories, 4 draws and 8 defeats.<ref name="season">{{cite web |title=RSSSF statistics |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/col48.html |accessdate=19 August 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Historia">{{cite web |title=Historia del Deportivo Cali |url=http://www.deporcali.com/deporcali/notas/Julio162003/resena.php |accessdate=20 August 2008 }}</ref>
[[Image:CFC.svg|thumb|Cali's first logo]]

===Golden years===
Between 1965–74 Deportivo Cali saw its golden age era. During this period, Deportivo Cali achieved 11 finals, from which they won 5 of their 8 Colombian championship titles in the [[Copa Mustang]]. It was then that Deportivo Cali was one of the top teams from the national league in Colombia. In 1978 Deportivo Cali reached the [[Copa Libertadores de America]] final losing against Boca Juniors from Argentina. During the 1980s Deportivo Cali began to fall behind in championship titles and lost three finals against its home rival América de Cali. Among the key players in Deportivo Cali were [[Carlos Valderrama (footballer)|Carlos "El Pibe" Valderrama]] and [[Bernardo Redín]]. In 1996, twenty two years after Deportivo Cali won its last championship title (1974), The Green Ones raised another star under the guidance of coach [[Fernando "El Pecoso" Castro]], and famous goal keeper [[Miguel Calero|Miguel "El Show" Calero]]. Two years later, during the 1998–99 season Deportivo Cali won Copa Mustang in 1998 and reached the 1999 [[Copa Toyota Libertadores]] final for the second time in its history. Unfortunately, luck wasn't on their side and they lost to [[Palmeiras]] of Brazil during PK's (Deportivo Cali Shot Takers: [[Rafael Dudamel]], [[Hernan Gaviria]], [[Mario Yepes]], [[Gerardo Bedoya]] (missed), [[Martín Zapata]] (Missed). Palmeiras 4, Dep. Cali 3, 4–3 Final Penalty Score, over a 2–2 aggregate score. It was during this time period that Deportivo Cali had many of the best players to come across the Colombian soccer league. This team included: [[Jose Rosendo Toledo]], "El Moño" Muñoz, [[Miguel Escobar]], [[Oscar Lopez]], [[Mario Sanclemente]], [[German "El Burrito" Gonzalez]], [[Jose Yudica]], [[Miguel Angel "El Mago" Loayza]], [[Jairo "El Maestrico" Arboleda]], [[Oscar Mario "Tranvia" Desiderio]], [[Diego Edison Umaña]], [[Henry "La Mosca" Caicedo]], [[Iroldo Rodriguez de Oliveira]], [[Jorge Ramirez Gallego]], [[Roberto Alvarez]], [[Quarentinha]], [[Bernardo "El Cunda" Valencia]], and [[Ricardo Pegnoty]]. Unfortunately, most of these players did not receive international fame, yet [[Jairo Arboleda]] could have been one of the best players Colombia has had in midfield along with [[Carlos Valderrama]]. Similar to Valderrama, Arboleda used a variety of skill and "magic" that left opponents lost and beaten, which gave rise to his nickname "El Maestrico". He is mostly recognized in Cali as one of Colombia's best players ever. This is true in most parts of Colombia except for Antioquia, where their pride dominates and mislead people to believe the best players come from Antioquia, especially Medellín. [[Jairo Arboleda]] was unfortunate to be called to the Colombian National team at a time when the team was not fully developed and organized, fading away his skill at an international level.

===Recent years===
In recent years (2000–07), the club has seen a major downfall in quality of players, quality of team and general managers, and overall result in both [[Copa Mustang]], and [[Copa Toyota Libertadores]]. During this time frame, Cali won 1 more championships (2005), but lost finals to the underdog teams such as [[Deportes Tolima]], and [[Deportivo Pasto]]. Not only this, but during this time, Deportivo Cali, for the first time in Copa Mustang history, did not make it to what the [[DIMAYOR]] calls the "Cuadrangulares", or the "semi-finals" of the cup. In the recent 2007 Finalization season, Deportivo for the second time in club history, failed to make it to the cuadrangulares. Spectators say that the down fall of the 2007 season way a result of the major injury of [[Sergio Herrera]], and the departure of [[Martin Cardetti]]. During the time frame of 2006–07, the club from [[Santiago de Cali]] have seen over 3 different coaches, and 2 different ones in the 2007 Finalization season alone. Some of the coaches which served Deportivo Cali during this time are: Omar Labruna, Nestor Otero, and Pedro Sarmiento. Deportivo Cali fans and the board of directors of Club Asociación Deportivo Cali hoped that the newly elected coach, Uruguayan Jose Daniel Carreño, would have changed the face of the club, and re-enter them back to their glory days, he failed and was replaced by Ricardo Martinez before the end of the "Cuadrangulares" during the Copa Mustang I 2008. With new a stadium and having [[Adidas]] as a sponsor, Deportivo Cali made it to the 2010–11 quarter-finals even when people were saying that they were already eliminated since they had the worst start in Deportivo Cali's history by losing the first 4th games. In the quarter-finals they were eliminated in a penalty shoot-out by [[Atlético Nacional]], in a match that could've gone either way. Deportivo Cali is also going to be present in the [[2011 Copa Sudamericana]] which is holding the draw on 28 June 2011.

===Daniel Carreño era===
Deportivo Cali, during the management of Daniel Jose Carreño, had an above average Apertura season in the [[Copa Mustang]], coming in 6th place which qualified them for the semi-finals of the Copa Mustang. In the [[Copa Colombia]], they finished 3rd place, not qualifying for further play, which was a real embarrassment, as Deportivo Cali was the favorite to win the group. During the semi-finals of the Copa Mustang, Cali failed to win the first 4 matches, losing 2, and drawing 2, and winning the fifth one, 2–1 against [[Independiente Medellín]]. After the failing to win the fourth game, it was ultimately decided by the official council of Deportivo Cali for him to be sacked, and be replaced. The successor of Daniel Carreño is [[Ricardo Martínez]].

===Start of the Ricardo Martínez era===
On 10 July 2008, the successor of Daniel Carreño was ultimately decided to be [[Ricardo Martínez]]. He was the assistant manager of the club under the management of Daniel Carreño. His first game with the club will be on 28 July, when the [[Copa Mustang]] begins. His main focus right now is to bring in players from both the national squads, and other foreign players. The other candidate for the position, Santiago Escobar, was chosen as the new manager for [[Independiente Medellín]]. On December 2009, the executives decided to re-hire José Eugenio "Cheché" Hernández as the new coach. This is the second time "Cheché" takes the team, last time he guided the team to the Championship of 1998 and to the runners-up of the Copa Toyota Libertadores of 1999 that lost against Palmeiras from Brazil after penalty kicks shoot-out.

===The Beginning of a New Era===
After the disappointing close to the season, Deportivo Cali decided to look for a new coach. On December 13, 2012, they signed a new head coach named Leonel Alvarez. Over the past few years this man has led his past teams to victories, and World Cup appearances. He was the Colombian coach from 1985–95, taking them to the United States World Cup. In addition, he has led Deportivo Cali to the play-offs for the last 2 years. In fact, this year he helped us reach the final, but it ended in disappointment. The first game was played in our home field resulting in a draw. But, the second game we lost 2–0. After this loss he knew that he was on the hot spot for losing his job. After a week of long discussion, the team finally offered him a new contract of 1,600,000 U.S dollars, which led him to stay.

In addition, he helped them build a new defense and acquire the new offseason acquisitions such as Mauricio Cassiera, Cristian Marrugo, Gustavo Bolivar, and Robin Ramirez.

===International competitions===
Deportivo Cali was the first Colombian side to dispute a [[Copa Libertadores]] final in 1978. Under coach [[Carlos Bilardo]] Deportivo Cali played against [[Boca Juniors]]. The first match in Cali ended 0–0. The second match in [[Buenos Aires]] resulted in a 4–0 victory for the Argentines.
In 1999 they also disputed the final, this time it was against Brazilian side [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]]. The first match in Cali was a victory for the home side 1–0. The second match was a 2–1 defeat. The cup was decided on penalty kicks where Deportivo Cali lost 4–3. Beside [[Copa Libertadores]] the club has also disputed the [[Copa Merconorte]] final and participated in the [[Copa Sudamericana]]. Deportivo Cali is currently ranked 3rd on the Colombian club ranking by the [[CONMEBOL]][http://www.conmebol.com/ranking_pais_index.jsp?pais=col&slangab=S].

==Super Classic==
Deportivo Cali's longtime rival is [[América de Cali|América]]. The derby is known either as the "Clasico de San Fernando" because of the location of the [[Pascual Guerrero]] stadium or the [[Valle del Cauca]] Derby. The first derby was played in 1931 when the final of the Valle del Cauca league was disputed by the two teams. The result was a victory for América de Cali 1–0.<ref name="Historia2">{{cite web |title=Primer Clasico (Español) |url=http://www.nuevoestadio.com/docu/equipos1.htm |accessdate=20 August 2008 }}</ref> The first derby in the professional era was played in 1948. The first leg was a victory for América 1–0 while on the second leg of the tournament it was a Cali victory 4–3. On 10 October 2010 Deportivo Cali, for the first time in the history of its new stadium, won against América de Cali, with a final score of 6–3 which including a hat trick from Argentine player [[Martin Morel|Martin Gerardo Morel]], and three of the most highlighted goals of the tournament.<ref name="season"/> The "Super Classic" is not longer played because its rival went to the second division due to bad performance, and has been in that division since 2011.
* '''Total matches played:''' 266 <ref name="Clasico de San Fernando">{{cite web |title=El Pais – Clasico Caleño |url=http://www.elpais.com.co/paisonline/deportes2003/notas/Marzo232008/clasico.html |accessdate=19 August 2008 }}</ref>
**'''Deportivo Cali Victories:''' 101
**'''América Victories:''' 86
**'''Draws:''' 81

==Honours==
*'''[[Categoría Primera A|Primera A]]: (9)'''
::1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, 2005-II, 2015
*'''[[Copa Colombia]]: (1)'''
::2010
*'''[[Colombian Superliga]]: (1)'''
::2014

==Players==
===Current squad===
{{updated|26 February 2015}}

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=COL|pos=GK|name=[[Luis Hurtado (footballer)|Luis Hurtado]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Danilo Arboleda]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Juan Sebastián Quintero]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=[[Cristian Nasuti]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Andrés Eduardo Pérez|Andrés Pérez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Juan David Cabezas]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Harold Preciado]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Juan Carlos Guazá]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Pablo Sabbag]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=PAR|pos=MF|name=[[David Ariel Mendieta Chávez|David Mendieta]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Harrison Mojica]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=URU|pos=GK|name=[[Ernesto Hernández]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Helibelton Palacios]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Luis Fernando Mosquera]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Estefano Arango]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Germán Mera]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Harrison Canchimbo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Frank Fabra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Yerson Candelo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Alveiro Sánchez]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Víctor Giraldo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=COL|pos=GK|name=[[Jaiber Cardona]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[José Mondragón]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Luis Calderón]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Andrés Felipe Roa]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Jeison Angulo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Víctor Arboleda]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Luis Orejuela]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Miguel Ángel Murillo|Miguel Murillo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Mateo Casierra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Alí Rodolfo Reyes]]}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=COL|pos=GK|name=[[Manuel Loaiza]]}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Carlos Rentería]]}}
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Rafael Santos Borré]]}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Kevin Balanta]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Jhon Alexander Ramirez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Jhojan Valencia]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Juan Andres Balanta]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Julian Quintero]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Richard Renteria]]}}
{{Fs end}}

===Out on loan===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=GK|name=[[José Johan Silva]]|other=at [[Depor F.C.|Depor]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=GK|name=[[Johan Wallens]]|other=at [[Real Santander]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Alexander Amut]]|other=at [[Real Santander]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Víctor Asprilla]]|other=at [[Real Santander]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Andrés Bonilla]]|other=at [[Real Santander]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Eduar Caicedo]]|other=at [[Cúcuta Deportivo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Jesús Daniel Martínez]]|other=at [[Llaneros F.C.|Llaneros]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[José Mondragón]]|other=at [[Jaguares de Córdoba]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[José Moya]]|other=at [[Leones F.C.|Leones]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Luis Payares]]|other=at [[Atlético Bucaramanga]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[José Quiñónes]]|other=at [[Jaguares de Córdoba]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Estéfano Arango]]|other=at [[Patriotas F.C.|Patriotas]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Yeison Carabalí]]|other=at [[Universitario Popayán]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Gustavo Cuellar]]|other=at [[Junior F.C.|Junior]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Juan David González]]|other=at [[Real Santander]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Brian Loaiza]]|other=at [[Depor F.C.|Depor]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Brayan Lucumí]]|other=at [[Llaneros F.C.|Llaneros]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Jefferson Murillo]]|other=at [[Club Atlético Nueva Chicago|Nueva Chicago]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Kelvin Osorio]]|other=at [[Universitario Popayán]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[John Alexander Ramírez]]|other=at [[Depor F.C.|Depor]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Rodolfo Reyes]]|other=at [[Depor F.C.|Depor]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Jonathan Velásquez]]|other=at [[Jaguares de Córdoba]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[César Zuluaga]]|other=at [[Real Santander]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[César Amaya]]|other=at [[Atlético Bucaramanga]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Jown Cardona]]|other=at [[Real Santander]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Bayron Garcés]]|other=at [[Jaguares de Córdoba]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[José Lloreda]]|other=at [[Cúcuta Deportivo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Harold Reina]]|other=at [[Cortuluá]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Gerson Vidal]]|other=at [[Real Santander]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Didier Viveros]]|other=at [[Bogotá F.C.|Bogotá]]}}
{{Fs end}}

===Notable players===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Alberto de Jesús Benítez]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Angel Antonio Landucci]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Martin Morel]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Rubén Ponce de León]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Néstor Scotta]]
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Jorge Orlando Aravena Plaza|Jorge Aravena]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Abel Aguilar]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Adolfo Andrade]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jairo Arboleda]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Víctor Bonilla]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Henry Caicedo]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Miguel Calero]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Pedro Antonio Zape]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Mayer Candelo]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Martin Zapata]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fernando Castro Lozada|Fernando Castro]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Oscar Cordoba]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Álvaro Domínguez|Álvaro "Caracho" Domínguez]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Miguel Escobar]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Andrés Estrada]]
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Hermán Gaviria]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Arley Betancourt]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Giovanni Hernández]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Carlos Mario Hoyos]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jhon Kennedy Hurtado]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Edison Mafla]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Faryd Mondragon]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fredy Montero]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Tressor Moreno]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Luis Muriel]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Elkin Murillo]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jámison Olave]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Willington Ortiz]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Armando Osma]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Ever Palacios]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Oscar Pareja]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Andrés Eduardo Pérez|Andrés Pérez]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[John Wilmar Pérez]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Ramírez Gallego]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bernardo Redín]]
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Hamilton Ricard]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Nelson Rivas]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Carlos "La Gambeta" Estrada]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Hugo Rodallega]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Angel María Torres]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Diego Edison Umaña]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Carlos Valderrama (footballer)|Carlos Valderrama]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Alexander Viveros]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Mario Yepes]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Cristian Zapata]]
* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Darío Caballero]]
* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Jorge Amado Nunes]]
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Miguel Ángel Loayza]]
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Valeriano López]]
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Juan Guillermo Castillo]]
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Amaro Nadal]]
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Juan Daniel Salaberry]]
* {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Rafael Dudamel]]
{{col-end}}

==Managers==
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Roberto Scarone]] (1952–53)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Vladislao Cap]] (1972–73)
*{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Vladica Popović]] (1974)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Washington Etchamendi|Washington "El Pulpa" Etchamendi]] (1976)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Carlos Bilardo]] (July 1, 1976–June 30, 1979)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Eduardo Luján Manera]] (1979–80)
*{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Vladica Popović]] (1984–86)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Julio Avelino Comesaña]] (1987)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Óscar Tabárez]] (July 1988–Dec 88)
*{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Vladica Popović]] (1989)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Luis Pinto]] (1990–91)
*{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Miguel Company]] (Jan 1, 1992–June 30, 1993)
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fernando Castro Lozada|Fernando Castro]] (July 1, 1995–June 30, 1997)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Reinaldo Rueda]] (1997–98)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[José Eugenio Hernández|José "Cheché" Hernández]] (July 1, 1998–June 30, 2000)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Luis Fernando Suárez]] (2001)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Néstor Otero]] (July 1, 2001–Dec 31, 2001)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fernando Castro Lozada|Fernando Castro]] (July 1, 2002–June 30, 2003)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Javier Álvarez Arteaga|Javier Álvarez]] (2003)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bernardo Redín]] (2004)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jaime de la Pava]] (Jan 1, 2005–Dec 31, 2005)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Pedro Sarmiento]] (July 1, 2005–June 30, 2006)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Omar Labruna]] (2006–June 30, 2007)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Néstor Otero]] (July 1, 2007–Nov 30, 2007)
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[José Daniel Carreño]] (July 1, 2008–June 30, 2009)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[José Eugenio Hernández|José "Cheché" Hernández]] (Jan 1, 2009–Dec 31, 2009)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Luis Bernal]] (Jan 1, 2010–March 30, 2010)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Cruz (footballer)|Jorge Cruz]] ''(interim)'' (April 1, 2010–June 30, 2010)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jaime de la Pava]] (Aug 22, 2010–June 30, 2011)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Cruz (footballer)|Jorge Cruz]] (March 1, 2011–Sept 23, 2011)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Rubén Darío Insúa]] (Oct 1, 2011–March 5, 2012)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Julio Avelino Comesaña|J.A. Comesaña]] (March 4, 2012–Oct 8, 2012)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Leonel Álvarez]] (Dec 13, 2012–Feb 26, 2014)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Héctor Cárdenas]] (Feb 26, 2014–Dec 18, 2014)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fernando Castro Lozada|Fernando Castro]] (Dec 19, 2014–''Present'')
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Deportivo Cali}}
* [http://www.deportivocali.co/ Deportivo Cali official website]
* [http://www.frenteradical.com/ Frente Radical Verdiblanco: Official Website of Deportivo Cali's Supporters]
* [http://www.tequierocali.org/ Te Quiero Cali: Deportivo Cali's Fan Page]

{{Colombian Football}}

[[Category:Deportivo Cali| ]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Colombia]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1908]]
[[Category:Categoría Primera A clubs]]

User talk:Thnidu

2014-12-24T01:21:08Z

Remux: /* RE: "the more beautiful flower" */

''[links needed for mobile site]''
*[[Special:MyContributions| My Contributions]]
*[[User:Thnidu/sandbox| My sandbox]]
----
'''<nowiki>{{subst:User:Thnidu/Template:pingme}}</nowiki>'''

__TOC__

=='''MEMOS TO SELF'''==
#Learn about [[Wikipedia:AWB|AWB]].
# [http://kalaity.com/2014/03/01/broad-universe-wikipedia-project/ Broad Universe Wikipedia Project]
# Articles with the {{tl|copy edit}} tag on are different from requests. You did the right thing by removing the tag, and nothing else needs doing. By the way, requests are sections within [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Requests]], not subpages of it, so a search like that would never work. You can see all requests (as opposed to tagged articles) by going to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Requests]] and doing a text search. Hope this helps. --[[User:Stfg|Stfg]] ([[User talk:Stfg|talk]]) 09:55, 1 February 2014 (UTC) ''([[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Requests/Archives/1#Can't log a completion; Archive search broken?|source]])
#[[Wikipedia:Tools#Finding the responsible user]]
#* [http://wikipedia.ramselehof.de/wikiblame.php WikiBlame] – searches for given text in versions of article
#* Soxred93's [[tools:~tparis/blame|Article Blamer]] – similar to WikiBlame, identifies revisions that added given text
#* [[User:AmiDaniel/WhodunitQuery]] – Windows application that identifies the edit and user who added a specific word or phrase
# [[User:Thnidu/wiki tool notes]]

==Archive==
I've moved most old sections of my Talk page to [[User talk:Thnidu/Archive]]. 130424. 140202. 141128.

{{clear}}

== GOCE July 2013 barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Minor Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Minor_Barnstar.png|100px]]}}
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Minor Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | This barnstar is awarded for participation in the [[WP:GOCE]] [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Backlog elimination drives/July 2013|July 2013 copy edit drive]]. Thank you for taking part! [[User:Diannaa|Diannaa]] ([[User talk:Diannaa|talk]]) 23:35, 5 August 2013 (UTC)
|}

:{{ping|Diannaa}} Oo! Oo! My first! I'm so excited! :-D No irony, no sarcasm here: I really am pleased. Thank you. --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu#top|talk]]) 04:33, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

== Cognitive Sociolinguistics ==

Please help us out with [[Cognitive Sociolinguistics]], which needs links from other articles, improvements on the references, and a general checkup by an expert. (Good to see you at the CHF!)

:{{ping|Dthomsen8}} Sure. Good to hear from you! But you left the above note unsigned, and I had to go to the History page to see who it was from. --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu#top|talk]]) 01:04, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

== If you are interested.. ==

Was wondering if you could you take a look at the [[Spokane, Washington]] article and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Spokane,_Washington/archive3#Spokane.2C_Washington FAC]. Dank has finished half of it, up to the Economy section, but I think hes focused on other things at the moment and he thinks this article could use another good copyedit. The article has 2 supports at the moment and were trying to push it over the line. If you are interested, we would love your help, if not, no worries and happy holidays![[User:G755648|G755648]] ([[User talk:G755648|talk]]) 05:28, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

:{{ping|G755648}} Sure, I'll have a go at it. I probably won't get through it tonight, though, as it's just past midnight here. --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu#top|talk]]) 05:02, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

:{{ping|G755648}} Done! Please have a look at it. --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu#top|talk]]) 08:02, 29 November 2014 (UTC)
:::I somehow missed your message here until you pinged me again, lol. As Dank said below, it is a brilliant copyediting job and Im so glad I tapped the guy who is a linguist to look at it. If Dank says its good, its got to be true. I dont know if you saw, but I thought you might be interested that I added a note in the article about one of the stories for the origin of the name, "Spokane". Its an interesting little tidbit if anything. Thank you again for your awesome contributions all over this website. You are amazing![[User:G755648|G755648]] ([[User talk:G755648|talk]]) 02:30, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
:::: {{ping|G755648}} Aww, gee, thanks! I wrote to one of my old classmates in linguistics who has worked with Salishan languages about that place name. He wrote back:
::::: But every single so-called meaning of a Salish place name, every single one that I've heard or seen, is total fabrication on the part of some white man who was quoted because he was there before the quoter.
::::He passed the question on to a colleague of his who has done particular study of place names in the area. If I can, I'll find a way to incorporate their answers into the article. --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu#top|talk]]) 06:11, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
::Just looked around your userspace, and I'm impressed as hell. Then I looked at the copyediting job you did on Spokane, and it's beautiful ... everything improves readability. (I'm going to make a few minor formatting edits, but I'm leaving your words alone.) I missed the boat on putting together an academic career ... that didn't bother me (much) until I got involved with Wikipedia 7 years ago ... now I find myself sorely needing help from linguists, and rarely get it in the normal day-to-day stuff. To give you a one-link introduction to what I'm up to, see [[WT:TFA#Proposed TFA coord team]]; it's very likely that I'll soon be in charge of vetting and writing the first thing that comes up each day on the Main Page, the blurb on "Today's Featured Article". I've been keeping data for a long time that may or may not be of use to linguists; let's talk about that some time. - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 12:13, 29 November 2014 (UTC)
:::I'm feeling slightly embarrassed about my copyediting job there ... but that's silly, I shouldn't be. I have to pick my battles, so I typically only fix things that I know people are going to back me up on. But I'd be willing to fight for many of the changes you made (not that we have a lot of copyediting fights at FAC ... I could use a few more!) - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 12:22, 29 November 2014 (UTC)
:::I'm starting to look at the second half of the article now (I haven't worked on this part before). I [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spokane%2C_Washington&diff=635899170&oldid=635898060 reverted this edit] of yours ... we don't allow "see also" statements in the text, because we've found that people misuse them to imply things that they're not willing to (or can't) find sources for. It would be fine to say for instance "In (whatever year) there were [[List of synagogues and Jewish congregations in Washington|three Jewish congregations]] in Spokane", but in general, and especially at FAC, you have to cite a source, and you have to check the source yourself. "See also" statements can be fine as section hatnotes, particularly when they support our [[WP:summary style|summary style]]. - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 15:03, 29 November 2014 (UTC)
:::: {{ping|Dank}} Wow, thanks. It's good to get confirmation and appreciation. I was a bit worried at the reversion for a second, till I read the note and came here to see the discussion. Perfectly understandable, I was just unaware of some of the fine points. --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu#top|talk]]) 18:26, 29 November 2014 (UTC)
:::::Sure thing, and I'm always happy to answer questions. - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 18:47, 29 November 2014 (UTC)
:::::: {{ping|Dank}} I've sourced the Jewish congregation data. Would you like to take another look at the ¶? --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu#top|talk]]) 21:38, 2 December 2014 (UTC)
:::::::Sure, I've made an edit and I'll comment at the FAC. Thanks. - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 21:45, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

== December 2014 ==
[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, and thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Thnidu|your contributions]] to [[Wikipedia]]. I noticed that you recently added commentary to an article, [[:Chautauqua]]. While Wikipedia welcomes editors' opinions on an article and how it could be changed, these comments are more appropriate for the article's accompanying [[:Talk:Chautauqua|talk page]]. If you post your comments there, other [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|editors]] working on the same article will notice and respond to them, and your comments will not disrupt the flow of the article. However, keep in mind that even on the talk page of an article, you should limit your discussion to improving the article. Article talk pages are not the place to discuss opinions of the subject of articles, nor are such pages a forum. Thank you. [[User:Chris troutman|Chris Troutman]] ([[User talk:Chris troutman|talk]]) 00:30, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

: {{ping|Chris troutman}} All true and reasonable, but that wasn't a comment on the article or an editorial opinion. I saw a dead link, tried to recover it from archive.org, and wasn't able to, so I left a note to spare other editors the same waste of time. I can see that it would have been better for me to wrap that note in an HTML comment. I also think it would have been better for you to do the same rather than revert it. What do you think? --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu#top|talk]]) 00:57, 9 December 2014 (UTC)
::You might be right about commenting it out; that didn't occur to me. Typically I leave a note on the talk page rather than in the coding for issues like that. I posted the template here because I template regulars. It takes the emotion and wording out of play. On your suggestion though, I'll go back and add a comment. [[User:Chris troutman|Chris Troutman]] ([[User talk:Chris troutman|talk]]) 01:06, 9 December 2014 (UTC)
::: {{ping|Chris troutman}} Using a template that way makes sense to me, for that reason. Thanks for putting the note back, as a comment. --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu#top|talk]]) 03:42, 9 December 2014 (UTC)
::: {{ping|Chris troutman}} An afterthought: a good reason for putting it into an HTML comment in the code rather than on the talk page is to accommodate different styles of copyediting. One person may read or scan the entire talk page for recent developments and methodically copyedit the whole article. Another, or the same editor on a different occasion, may notice something that looks wrong while reading the article for itself, and just go in to change that one item. --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu#top|talk]]) 08:01, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

== GOCE coordinator elections ==

{| style="background-color: #dfeff3; border: 4px solid #bddff2; width:100%" cellpadding="5"

|<big>'''Greetings from the [[WP:GOCE|Guild of Copy Editors]]'''</big>
[[File:Writing Magnifying.PNG|100px|right]]
[[File:GOCE Coordinator.png|100px|left]]
----
Candidate nominations for '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Coordinators|Guild coordinators]]''' to serve from January 1 to June 30, 2015, are [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Coordinators/2015|currently underway]]. The nomination period will close at 23:59 on December 15 (UTC), after which voting will commence until 23:59 on December 31, 2014. Self-nominations are welcomed. Please consider getting involved; it's your Guild and it won't coordinate itself, so if you'd like to help coordinate Guild activities we'd love to hear from you. {{center|Cheers from your GOCE coordinators {{noping|Jonesey95}}, {{noping|Baffle gab1978}}, and {{noping|Miniapolis}}. Message sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 22:17, 10 December 2014 (UTC)}}
|}


== December 2014 GOCE newsletter ==

{| style="position: relative; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; padding: 0.5em 1em; background-color: #dfeff3; border: 2px solid #bddff2; border-color: rgba( 109, 193, 240, 0.75 ); {{border-radius}} {{box-shadow|8px|8px|12px|rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.7 )}}"

| '''[[WP:GOCE|Guild of Copy Editors]] December 2014 Newsletter

<div style="float:right; width: 75px; height: 60px;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; top: -20px; right: -12px;">[[File:Writing Magnifying.PNG|100px|link=]]</div>
<hr style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgba( 109, 193, 240, 0.75 );" />
[[File:Copyeditors progress.png|right|thumb]]

'''Drive:''' Thanks to everyone who participated in [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Backlog elimination drives/November 2014|'''November's Backlog Elimination Drive''']]. Of the 43 people who signed up for this drive, 26 copy edited at least one article. Final results, including barnstars awarded, are available [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Backlog elimination drives/November 2014/Barnstars|'''here''']].

'''Progress report:''' The November Drive removed 26 requests from the Requests page and 509 articles from the {{tl|copy edit}} backlog. We copy edited 83 articles tagged in the target months; July, August, and September 2013. Together with tag removals from articles unsuitable for copy editing, we eliminated July 2013 from the backlog and reduced August and September's tags to 61 and 70 respectively. As of 01:01, 1 December 2014 (UTC), the backlog stood at 1,974 articles, dipping below 2,000 for the first time in the Guild's history (see graph at right). Well done everyone!

'''Blitz''': The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Blitzes/December 2014|'''December Blitz''']] will run from December 14–20 and will focus on articles related to '''Religion''', in recognition of this month's religious holidays in much of the English-speaking world. Awards will be given out to everyone who copy edits at least one of the target articles. [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Guild_of_Copy_Editors/Blitzes/December_2014#Signing_up|'''Sign up here''']]!

'''Election time again:''' The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Coordinators/2015|'''election of coordinators''']] to serve from 1 January to 30 June 2015 is now underway. Candidates can nominate themselves or others from December 01, 00:01 (UTC), until December 15, 23:59. The voting period will run from December 16, 00:01 (UTC), until December 31, 23:59. You can read about coordinators' duties [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Coordinators|here]]. Please consider getting involved and remember to cast you vote{{mdash}}it's '''your''' Guild and it doesn't organize itself!

Thank you all once again for your participation; we wouldn't be able to achieve anything without you! Cheers from your GOCE coordinators {{noping|Jonesey95}}, {{noping|Baffle gab1978}}, and {{noping|Miniapolis}}.

{{center
| To discontinue receiving GOCE newsletters, please remove your name from [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Mailing List|our mailing list]].
}}
|}
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:15, 14 December 2014 (UTC)


== RE: "the more beautiful flower" ==

Salve Thnidu,

Mi dankas vin pro viaj konsiloj kaj korektado, mi esperas ke vi ne ĝenu ke mi skribas al vi en esperanto, sed kiel vi povis vidi, mia angla ne estas tiom bona :P. Feliĉajn decembrajn festojn kaj fruktodonan novjaron el Kolombio. --[[File:Flag of Santiago de Cali.svg|25px]] [[User:Remux|Remux]] - '''''I will never forget that I fell in love with the most beautiful flower''''' [[User talk:Remux|Ĉu mi povas helpi vin iel?]] 01:21, 24 December 2014 (UTC)

User talk:Thnidu

2014-12-24T01:20:27Z

Remux: /* RE: "the more beautiful flower" */ new section

Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth

2014-12-23T01:52:19Z

Remux: /* Fifth line of Ring-inscription Black Speech? */

{{ME-Announce}}
{{Project header|WP:RINGS|WP:MDE|WP:MIE}}
{{ME-taskbox}}
{| class="infobox" width="300"
|-
!align="center" colspan="1"|{{Shortcut|WT:Me}}[[Image:Vista-file-manager.png|50px|Archive]] [[Wikipedia:How to archive a talk page|Archives]]
----
|-
|
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive1|Archive 1]] (25 Nov., 2005 – 02 Apr., 2006)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive2|Archive 2]] (05 Apr., 2006 – 15 May, 2006)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive3|Archive 3]] (15 May, 2006 – 30 June, 2006)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive4|Archive 4]] (1 July, 2006 – 17 Aug., 2006)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive5|Archive 5]] (23 Aug., 2006 – 29 Sept., 2006)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive6|Archive 6]] (30 Sept., 2006 – 7 Dec., 2006)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive7|Archive 7]] (8 Dec., 2006 – 21 Feb., 2007)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive8|Archive 8]] (22 Feb., 2007 – 24 Apr., 2007)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive9|Archive 9]] (25 Apr., 2007 – 23 July, 2007)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive10|Archive 10]] (24 July, 2007 – 21 Oct., 2007)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive11|Archive 11]] (22 Oct., 2007 – 31 Dec., 2007)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive12|Archive 12]] (01 Jan., 2008 – 31 May, 2008)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive13|Archive 13]] (31 May, 2008 – 31 Dec., 2008)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive14|Archive 14]] (05 Jan., 2009 – 20 May, 2009)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive15|Archive 15]] (16 Jun., 2009 – 31 Dec., 2010)
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/archive16|Archive 16]] (2 Jan., 2011 – 29 Dec., 2011)
----
|-
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Past discussions and issuses can be located by clicking on the archive links.
|}

==Roll call==
Please sign your name below '''and on the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle-earth/Participants_and_members|members page]]'''. Comments are optional.
*I'm looking for someone to help me with improving the article on Barad-dûr, especially with the technical aspects such as adding references properly as I'm new to editing Wikipedia. I'm also happy to help others with their projects! --[[User:Lord Gorthol|Lord Gorthol]] ([[User talk:Lord Gorthol|talk]]) 17:55, 6 August 2014 (UTC)
*New member, really looking forward to helping out [[User:Spyb0y2|Spyb0y2]] ([[User talk:Spyb0y2|talk]]) 08:45, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
*Glad to help out! --[[User:JediActor1998|JediActor1998]] ([[User talk:JediActor1998|talk]]) 9:51, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
*Just joined --[[User:Elerina|Elerina]] ([[User talk:Elerina|talk]]) 06:58, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
*I'm only a new member, and I'm very busy, but I'll do what I can. [[A.Bibliophile]] —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:A.Bibliophile|A.Bibliophile]] ([[User talk:A.Bibliophile|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/A.Bibliophile|contribs]]) 13:20, 22 August 2009 (UTC) 
*Joining and will try to do some work. --[[User:Gosox5555|Gosox5555]] ([[User talk:Gosox5555|talk]]) 14:54, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
*[[user:Remiwasx|Remiwasx]]
* Updates ongoing! Still balancing Wiki-time with real life, though. [[User:Uthanc|Uthanc]] ([[User talk:Uthanc|talk]]) 13:39, 31 December 2008 (UTC)
* Still here. Seemed to have been kicked upstairs, but have a commitment to do content work in my spare time and this is one area I will work on soon. Has been too long! [[User:Carcharoth|Carcharoth]] ([[User talk:Carcharoth|talk]]) 16:24, 31 December 2008 (UTC)
* Still present. [[User:FlamingSilmaril|FlamingSilmaril]] ([[User talk:FlamingSilmaril|talk]]) 18:27, 31 December 2008 (UTC)
* Here, but not as active. – [[User:Psyche825|Psyche825]] ([[User talk:Psyche825|talk]]) 23:55, 31 December 2008 (UTC)
* Present and doing what little my time allows. [[User:Troelsfo|Troelsfo]] ([[User talk:Troelsfo|talk]]) 10:26, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
* Will certainly help to fix stuff whenever my grossly overloaded schedule permits it. [[User:The Fiddly Leprechaun|'''The Fiddly Leprechaun''']] '''·''' [[User talk:The Fiddly Leprechaun|'''Catch Me!''']] 14:40, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
* I'm interested in this WikiProject, but I am very busy with all the other stuff I do :) But I'm happy to help with what I can! [[User:Darth Newdar|Darth Newdar]] ([[User talk:Darth Newdar|talk]]) 19:55, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
*Signing in, just joined. [[User:Tyciol|Tyciol]] ([[User talk:Tyciol|talk]]) 04:00, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
*New member, signing here. [[User:Pmlinediter|Pmlinediter]] ([[User talk:Pmlinediter|talk]]) 13:02, 2 April 2009 (UTC)
*[[user:Elfpal|Elfpal]] —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 15:41, 21 April 2009 (UTC). 
*I'll try to help where I can --[[User:Simeon24601|Simeon24601]] ([[User talk:Simeon24601|talk]]) 20:56, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
*New member, signing in.[[User:Jet'ika|Jet'ika]] ([[User talk:Jet'ika|talk]]) 08:17, 7 May 2009 (UTC)Jet'ika
*Just joined, I'll be alot more active come June when school gets out. [[User:Neil Clancy|Neil Clancy]] ([[User talk:Neil Clancy|talk]]) 18:55, 17 May 2009 (UTC)
*[[User:Mario777Zelda|Mario777Zelda]]
*[[User:Mìthrandir|Mìthrandir]] Huge Tolkien fan, wan't to help out in any way possible.
*[[User:Akrabbim]] 13:55, 19 November 2009 (UTC)
*[[User:Nuidramdad|Nuidramdad]] ([[User talk:Nuidramdad|talk]]) 03:56, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
*[[User:Elsendor|Elsendor]] --I'm new to the force...decided to search for an LotR project and sign on. Let me know if I can help in any way.
*[[User:Thejadefalcon|Thejadefalcon]] --[[User:Thejadefalcon|Thejadefalcon]][[User talk:Thejadefalcon|''Sing your song'']][[Special:Contributions/Thejadefalcon|''The bird's seeds'']] 17:30, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
*[[User:Christopher Paul Lee|Christopher Paul Lee]] Formerly known in these parts as TolkienGeek. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 12:45, 18 December 2009 (UTC). 
*[[User:Archer884|Archer884]]. I specialize in removing commas. I used to say that I moved them, but I have found no fit place for most of them. Such is Wikipedia. [[User:Archer884|J.M. Archer]] ([[User talk:Archer884|talk]]) 19:56, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
*[[User:MithrandirAgain|MithrandirAgain]]. Wow, this is awkward. 2 Mithrandirs on one page. *starts Twilight Zone theme.* (I am a HUGE Tolkien fan, yet I always stay NPOV.) :) --[[User:MithrandirAgain|MithrandirAgain]] ([[User talk:MithrandirAgain|talk]]) 21:19, 22 April 2010 (UTC)
*[[User:Nrodovsky|Nrodovsky]] Ooh, pick me, pick me! I'll help when I can, depending upon how many spoons I have. [[User:Nrodovsky|Evening Scribe]] ([[User talk:Nrodovsky|talk]]) 02:42, 10 July 2010 (UTC)
*[[User:Bruinfan12|Bruinfan12]] Speak "friend" and I will help.
* I'm not much of a joiner, but there's no point pretending I'm not here. -- [[User:Elphion|Elphion]] ([[User talk:Elphion|talk]]) 20:48, 20 July 2010 (UTC)
*[[User:Maelstromlusby|Maelstromlusby]] I know a lot about the topic, and I figure I can help out whenever I see an article that needs sourced or a page that needs expanded —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 03:36, 5 August 2010 (UTC). 
*I'll do what I can to help. '''''~[[User:Aragorn135|Ara]][[User talk:Aragorn135|gorn]][[Special:Contributions/Aragorn135|135]]''''' 02:42, 15 September 2010 (UTC)
*Ah well, for the record: I'm still on board. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 20:47, 15 September 2010 (UTC)
*Hi again : ) - [[User:Jc37|jc37]] 02:10, 16 September 2010 (UTC)
*I'm new! --[[User:Glimmer721|Glimmer721]] [[User talk:Glimmer721|talk]] 18:25, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
*Hullo. Just joined. Would love to help out any way possible. [[User:Lolinder|Lolinder]] ([[User talk:Lolinder|talk]]) 04:38, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
*Still here, not very active. - [[User:PKM|PKM]] ([[User talk:PKM|talk]]) 03:32, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
* I've been doing work on Middle-earth articles lately so I thought I would officially join. [[User:Rajah1|Rajah1]] ([[User talk:Rajah1|talk]]) 15:46, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
*Happy to help! :) --'''[[User:Icy Tiger's Blood|ICY]][[User talk:Icy Tiger's Blood|TIGER'S]][[Special:Contributions/Icy Tiger's Blood|BLOOD]] 20:41, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
* [[User:Braincricket|Braincricket]] Hello![[User:Braincricket|Braincricket]] ([[User talk:Braincricket|talk]]) 07:08, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
*Fan of Middle Earth and will do all I can to help. [[User:Zunraa|Zunraa]] ([[User talk:Zunraa|talk]]) 20:06, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
*I enjoy reading Tolkien's works, and I would like to help. [[User:Scotchplano99 |Scotchplano99]] ([[User talk:Scotchplano99|talk]])
*I have read the works every year since I was ten, I will help when I can. [[User:Koto Elessar|Koto Elessar]] ([[User talk:Koto Elessar|talk]]) 17:40, 8 April 2011 (UTC)
*I frequently read the books and watch the movies. I am a huge LOTR fan.[[User:Who Am I Why Am I Here|Who Am I Why Am I Here?]] ([[User talk:Who Am I Why Am I Here|talk]]) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 15:32, 23 April 2011 (UTC). 
*I've read the Hobbit and Trilogy twice in the last few months. I will do anything, even going to Mordor and destroying the Ring. [[User:Pteronura brasiliensis|Pteronura brasiliensis]] ([[User talk:Pteronura brasiliensis|talk]]) 16:42, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
* Signing in. Mainly anti-vandalism / cleanup work. [[User:GimliDotNet|GimliDotNet]] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|talk]]) 17:22, 13 November 2011 (UTC)
*''Lord of the Rings fan'' [[User:OKelly|OKelly]] ([[User talk:OKelly|talk]]) 20:27, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
*Hi, I would like to get involved in the project! [[User:Niado|Niado]] ([[User talk:Niado|talk]]) 16:16, 10 May 2012 (UTC)
*Just joined. Would love to help in any way I can. :) ~{{User|Iamthecheese44}} 20:07, 25 November 2012 (UTC)
* Looking to help as and where is needed. [[User:MisterShiney|'''MisterShiney''']] [[User talk:MisterShiney|'''<big>✉</big>''']] 17:45, 2 January 2013 (UTC)
* I think it'll be fun.. willing to help. --[[User:Morgoth2|Morgoth2]] ([[User talk:Morgoth2|talk]]) 00:50, 8 April 2013 (UTC)
* Signing on as a SME for FA—TA Geography and History. I've been a faithfully annual reader of The Silmarillion and the published mainline (H+LotR) since 2007, and also recently finished tCoH and UT. I'm working my way slowly through tHoME. Sub-creation is my passion, and the study of Tolkien's my lifelong pursuit and hobby. [[User:Nathan G. Martin|Nathan G. Martin]] ([[User talk:Nathan G. Martin|talk]]) 17:51, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
* First Age stuff. [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 03:21, 17 May 2013 (UTC)
* New at this, but excited to help - [[User:Catheowyn|Catheowyn]]
* [[User:GreyWinterOwl|GreyWinterOwl]] Editing Tolkien articles but I don't know what is a roll call —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 11:25, 19 November 2013 (UTC) 
* Always willing to help a fellow Ringer or Tolkienite. [[User:2nyte|2nyte]] ([[User talk:2nyte|talk]]) 12:39, 7 January 2014 (UTC)
*And my ax! [[User:Floatsam|Floatsam]] ([[User talk:Floatsam|talk]]) 04:52, 5 February 2014 (UTC)
*Pretty much everything and anything is my field of expertise where the Legendarium of Tolkien is concerned :# [[User:ReallyFat B.|ReallyFat B.]] 11:39, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

==Article alerts==
The following list is updated daily by a bot. Please use the "Issues" section below for manual entries.
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle-earth/Article alerts}}

==Issues==
Other specific issues regarding Tolkien-related Wikipedia content.

===Linking Related Articles to this Project===
====List====
{{divbegin|columns=1}}

=====Cities=====

=====Places and Realms=====

The below articles in this section are no longer active merger candidates but most are still stubs or have been tagged for notability or in-universe style of writing. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 12:31, 20 August 2012 (UTC)
* [[Harad]]

=====Hills, Mountains, and Passes=====

=====Rivers and Bays=====

=====People and Houses=====

* [[Northmen (Middle-earth)]] (February 2011)
* [[Fingolfin]] (May 2011)
* [[Gamling]] (October 2011)
* [[Mouth of Sauron]] (October 2011)
* [[List of Kings of Dale]] (February 2012)

=====Writings=====

* [[The Rivers and Beacon-Hills of Gondor]] (October 2007)

=====Miscellaneous=====
{{Moved discussion to|Talk:History of Arda}}
In [[History of Arda]] Why are [[Finarfin]] and his children (esp. [[Finrod]]) not mentioned in the [[Years of the Trees]], or the [[First Age]]? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/98.155.3.135|98.155.3.135]] ([[User talk:98.155.3.135|talk]]) 18:10, 18 May 2013 (UTC) 
</div>

==Forgotten mergers==

In November 2007 [[User:YLSS]] placed a ''Merge JRRT'' template on [[Dor Daedeloth]], recommending that it be merged with [[Beleriand]]. (That user does not appear to have edited since 2008.) No corresponding merge template was placed on Beleriand, however, and no merger discussion was initiated. I would suggest that either a discussion be initiated at [[Talk:Dor Daedeloth]], or that the template be removed. See [[Help:Merging]] for more information on proposing mergers. [[User:Cnilep|Cnilep]] ([[User talk:Cnilep|talk]]) 15:15, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

:I don't think we need a discussion for that one but can rather quickly merge it to [[Angband]], which itself could need some fleshing-out. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 16:37, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Same thing, all marked non-notable and certainly most, merge to:

# [[Ered Mithrin]]
# [[Ered Wethrin]]
# [[Eregion]]
# [[Esgaroth]]
# [[Ettenmoors]]
# [[Harad]]
# [[Hithlum]]
# [[House of Hador]]
# [[Lond Daer Enedh]]
# [[Luthany]]
# [[Meduseld]]
# [[Menegroth]]
# [[Minhiriath]]
# [[Morgul Pass]]
# [[Nargothrond]]
# [[Orocarni]]
# [[Osgiliath]]
# [[Ost-in-Edhil]]
# [[Pelennor Fields]]
# [[Reunited Kingdom]]
# [[River Sirion]]
# [[Torech Ungol]]
# [[Umbar]]

''[[User:Rich Farmbrough|Rich]] [[User talk:Rich Farmbrough|Farmbrough]]'', 03:56, 22 April 2010 (UTC).

:[[User:Arskwad]] has merged a lot of those today. What still remains is shown in the "Issues" section above. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 19:22, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

::I would take a crack at [[Umbar]], which needs a serious rewrite, and merge [[Corsairs of Umbar]] (another forgotten merger not listed above) there as well (again with rewriting) -- something on the models of [[Rhovanion]] and [[Rohan]] as parent articles hosting peoples and realms that occupied the territory. Umbar itself should remain as an independent article; there's really no good merge target. -- [[User:Elphion|Elphion]] ([[User talk:Elphion|talk]]) 15:05, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

== Disambiguation pages and their categories ==

I just noticed that there is a hidden talk page template {{tl|ME-disambiguation}} that sorts articles into [[:Category:WikiProject Middle-earth disambiguation pages]]. At the same time we have [[:Category:Disambig-Class Tolkien articles]] coming from the rating in the project template on talk pages. In my opinion we should gather them all by tagging with the project template. These project banner rating categories have a built-in navigation box and you can also jump to [[:Category:Disambig-Class Tolkien articles]] from the quality roster on this page.

In terms of work it would surely be easier to just tag the three pages in [[:Category:Disambig-Class Tolkien articles]] with the other template but I for one think the categories populated by {{tl|ME-project}} are much more user-friendly. What do you think? [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 20:19, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
: I'm up for it. What do I need to do? What tags need going on which pages? [[User:GimliDotNet|GimliDotNet]] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|talk]]) 20:21, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
::Cool. Please check the pages in [[:Category:WikiProject Middle-earth disambiguation pages]] and replace <nowiki>{{ME-disambiguation}} with {{ME-project|class=disamb}}</nowiki>. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 21:52, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

== The Hobbit FA push ==

In its present state [[The Hobbit]] looks ready to me for being lifted to FA class. It is very well-referenced and the plot section is pleasantly short while telling the major events. Then there's a lot of real-world info like concept/creation, reception, adaptations etc. No edit warring either. Should we try and nominate it or did I miss anything that should be fixed beforehand? [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 22:08, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
:I have just requested [[WP:Peer review]] for the article [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 20:38, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

:The article is now an official featured article candidate at [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/The Hobbit/archive2]]. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 15:48, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

== Proposed deletions ==

I have just prodded three articles, [[Eothain]], [[Éomund]] and [[Lothíriel]], all three of which are minor characters from the books and have no real-life notability at all. Frankly I can't even remember these characters having just re-read the books, with two of them mentioned in passing and Eothain only having a couple of lines. I perhaps would of supported redirecting them to a list, but I can't find a relevant list to actually link them too. Anyway I am informing this project for any consideration you may have. [[User:QueenCake|QueenCake]] ([[User talk:QueenCake|talk]]) 17:17, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
:Thanks for the notice. I have deprodded [[Eothain]] and turned it into a disambiguation page to distinguish between Tolkien's book character and the original character in the Jackson films. The other two (and also [[Théodwyn]]) have been redirected to [[Éomer]] where these character are further described in their fictional context as Éomer's family members. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 18:23, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

::That seems like sensible decisions for [[Éomund]] and [[Lothíriel]]. However I question the necessity of keeping a page for [[Eothain]], we now have the problem of a disambiguation page for two minor characters - neither of which deserve articles for themselves, and hence don't deserve a dab page either. If the page can't be redirected I would suggest sending it to AFD. [[User:QueenCake|QueenCake]] ([[User talk:QueenCake|talk]]) 19:09, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

:::On a closer look at [[WP:DAB]] it is allowed to list topics that don't have their own articles as long as there is a main article to link to where the disambiguation term is explained. That is the case for [[List of original characters in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy]] where Jackson's Éothain is is treated along other original movie characters. However, neither [[The Lord of the Rings]] nor [[Rohan]] make any mention of Éothain, and rightfully so.

:::So I think we should redirect the page to the list of original characters and explain that this Éothain is different from the book character. Because of the popularity of the films Éothain is a valid search term that should be covered by Wikipedia and that list seems to be the right place. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 19:35, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

:::: I'm not exactly sure if Éothain is a valid term (he was a kid who appeared for a couple of minutes), but a redirect to that list seems good enough. While you can list topics without their own articles on a Dab page, I don't believe one that solely consists of that is a good enough inclusion. I do recommend redirecting it. [[User:QueenCake|QueenCake]] ([[User talk:QueenCake|talk]]) 17:52, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

:::::Alright, I have now redirected Éothain to the list. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 19:42, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

== Why do you wrote that Numenor is a continent? ==

Hallo, I'm Italian; I write in the name of the Italian Wikiproject called "Progetto Tolkien". We don't know if classify Numenor as a island or as a continent. We know that you have wrote that Numenor could be a continent (in the template on your page). But why? What are sources? (We must be sure it's the right solution). Thank you and I'm sorry for my english. --[[User:Innocenti Erleor|Innocenti Erleor]] ([[User talk:Innocenti Erleor|talk]]) 13:11, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

: The [[Númenor]] legend is based on the [[Atlantis]] myth, according to J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle Earth by Daniel Grotta, Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord Of The Rings by Lin Carter Númenor was an 'island continent' [[User:GimliDotNet|GimliDotNet]] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|talk]]) 21:44, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
::Thank you --[[User:Innocenti Erleor|Innocenti Erleor]] ([[User talk:Innocenti Erleor|talk]]) 13:49, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

== Il·lustrations of Tolkien characters ==

Hi all; [[User talk:GimliDotNet|GimliDotNet]] suggested me to write here. In the [[commons:Commons:Llotja|wikiArS project with Llotja school of art]], in witch I'm involved, the illustration student Jessica León had produced free licence images about Tolkien's characters. If someone wants to use them in any article you can found it [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Llotja#Protagonists here] or [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/JesicaLR here]. --[[User:Dvdgmz|Dvdgmz]] ([[User talk:Dvdgmz|talk]]) 10:05, 18 April 2012 (UTC)
:: Personally I think these are great, I'd rather see these in the infoboxes that screen caps from the Jackson films. Especially as when the Hobbit is release we're going to get a deluge of updates I think as interest is piqued. [[User:GimliDotNet|GimliDotNet]] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|talk]]) 10:25, 18 April 2012 (UTC)
:I don't think we should feature any one particular artist's rendition of a character in the infobox. There are no original depictions, and everything that has been done has simply been an artistic interpretation of what is presented in the text. I think what we have at [[Gandalf]], [[Aragorn]], and [[Frodo Baggins]] is what should remain: no image in the infobox, and thumbnails of different adaptations (including from Jackson's films) down in the body where the adaptations are discussed. —'''[[User:Akrabbim|Akrabbim]]'''[[User talk:Akrabbim|talk]] 14:25, 18 April 2012 (UTC)
::I don't mind having images in the infoboxes but such images should come from a professional artist and be notable on their own. Pictures like {{u|Tttom}}'s Tolkien Calendar images or screenshots from any of the movies will support the articles by adding a significance of the subject beyond the original texts. That said, I would not include artwork from drawing classes or whatever else fan-art can be found in [[:Commons:Category:Middle-earth characters]]. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 19:45, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
:::I would rather avoid illustrations in the info box, since with a few exceptions from ''The Hobbit'' (whose copyright is jealously guarded by the Tolkien Estate), there are no originals from Tolkien's hand. Images in the info box would acquire something of a "official" character that is really not warranted. I would also continue the long-standing practice of placing film caps under "Adaptations", since the films often depart from the books. -- [[User:Elphion|Elphion]] ([[User talk:Elphion|talk]]) 20:31, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

== Fan images ==

[[User:Goustien|Goustien]] is again pushing to include fan art in the Middle-earth articles. Can we finally come to some consensus as to whether these are suitable for the articles. I for one think they are poor quality and nothing more than an attempt to push a favoured viewpoint. Any other opinions? [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 07:22, 19 May 2012 (UTC)
:I'm no great supporter of fan art. I added an image to [[Battle of Mirkwood]] only because it was already used in two related articles, but its removal would not diminish the articles. I would prefer to see judicious use of noteworthy art from published sources, and for this reason I inserted Tolkien's own design of the Eye of Sauron instead of the fan art versions in [[Sauron]] and [[Mordor]]. Where no authoritative artwork is available for certain iconic images such as heraldry, I suggest we accept fan art versions that are clearly based on Tolkien's verbal descriptions (e.g., the White Hand of Isengard). [[User:Goustien|Goustien]] ([[User talk:Goustien|talk]]) 07:59, 19 May 2012 (UTC)
::I agree with Goustien that we should prefer professional artwork which has been published elsewhere. Unfortunately that will require a non-free-use rationale for most images unless the creator published or uploaded them under a free license. See e.g. [[User:Tttom]]'s images which have been featured in the Tolkien Calendar. But I won't mind using high-quality fan art where there's no alternative. Although these images should have explanatory captions like "drawn after Tolkien's writings" or "An artist's rendition of Dol Guldur" so they won't be mistaken for first-party material. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 18:43, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion ==

[[:File:JRR Tolkien signature - from Commons.svg]] is being discussed for deletion at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2012 August 4‎]]. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 15:56, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

== [[Themes of The Lord of the Rings]] ==

Does anyone have access to ''War and the works of J.R.R. Tolkien'' by [[Janet Brennan Croft]]? Following the IP's thoughts about Tolkien and World War II at [[Talk:Themes of The Lord of the Rings#Second world war]] it would be interesting to have some thematic analysis for the War of the Ring. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 12:39, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

== [[Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien]] ==

I looked at this page specifically for a summation of literary criticism Tolkien's works. The section [[Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien#Literary_criticism]], however, only mentions mainstream criticism in passing and only to dismiss it with a quote that no mainstream critic was qualified to critique Tolkien, which is an odd defense of the work, if that's what that section was meant to be. Yet as Wikipedia strives to be as lacking in bias as possible, a good summary of what mainstream literary critics have to say (and perhaps another line explaining the quote that dismisses them) is called for. [[User:Pandarsson|Pandarsson]] ([[User talk:Pandarsson|talk]]) 11:29, 26 August 2012 (UTC)
:I have now quoted [[Edmund Wilson]] on Tolkien so the reader gets an idea what Lobdell refers to. And I agree that we should expand this particular section. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 13:55, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

::I came to this section ([[Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien#Literary_criticism]]) because I have been working on a revision of a critical essay I wrote many years ago. My essay deals with broad moral issues raised by the work of Tolkien and [[C. S. Lewis]], and compares these to a sci fi novel by the Russian authors [[Arkady and Boris Strugatsky]] and its film version by [[Andrei Tarkovsky]]. I have been considering an expansion and revision of my text, and went to Wikipedia to find references for further research. However, like user [[User:Pandarsson|Pandarsson]], I found this section to be a disappointment. The reference and link to [[Edmund Wilson]] is amusing, but Wilson's text is short and lacks detail. The references to Marxian criticism are also somewhat trite and not very informative: [[E. P. Thompson]] can hardly be taken literally when he "blames the cold warrior mentality on "'too much early reading of The Lord of the Rings'". In view of the pages and pages devoted to Tolkien, Tolkien fandom and nearly every aspect of Tolkien's work on Wikipedia and on the net at large, I think there would be no harm in expanding this short critical section substantially. Not being an expert on Tolkien studies, I do not feel competent to undertake such an expansion myself, however I do have a few references that might serve as a starting point (I'll look around to see if I find anything more, and post it here if I do): '''(1) Raffel, Burton (1969). "The Lord of the Rings as Literature".''' (In N. D, Isaacs & R. A. Zimbardo: Tolkien and the Critics: Essays on J. R. R. Tolkien's 'The Lord of the Rings', pp. 218-246.) The essay is part of a collection of mostly uncritical work on Tolkien. It argues that LoTR is a well-written (fast-moving, gripping and exciting) story, but as literature (in terms of style, characterization, incident and morality) it fails. Raffel's stylistic argument (with numerous quotations from LoTR contrasted with passages from literary classics) is particularly well elaborated. '''(2) Yeskov (or Eskov), Kirill (1999). The Last Ringbearer.''' (Originally published in Russian. Available online at [http://ymarkov.livejournal.com/270570.html http://ymarkov.livejournal.com/270570.html].) This is not a critical work, but an independent novel, which, however, very forcefully criticizes the political morality of Tolkien's worlds. It portrays the War of the Ring from the point of view of its losers (Mordor and the orcs). Though the book is the subject of a Wikipedia article ([[The Last Ringbearer]]), I think it at least deserves mention here. Moreover, the Wikipedia article's description of the novel as "an alternative account of and an informal sequel to" LoTR ignores the fact that it also constitutes a critique of the morality of LoTR - a fact that might be emphasized in the present section. The criticism implied in the novel is: (a) The clear-cut Good-Evil dichotomy of LoTR is an oversimplification that is not applicable to real-world events, (b) The losers of any war or conflict have a legitimate story to tell, which is often obscured by the histories told by the winners, (c) The individual participants in any conflict are real people, not types. '''(3) [http://www.fsnielsen.com/txt/mir/mirrors-ch1.htm Nielsen, F. S. "The Morality of Mythical Worlds: Critical Reflections on Narrative Form"].''' I hesitate to recommend my own essay (see above for short description), which has not been published, and the quality of which I am myself unable to assess objectively. It is possible that it contains aspects of critique that are not covered elsewhere, but since I am not at all an expert on Tolkien studies, it may well be that the same points are made more cogently elsewhere. [[User:Filursiax|Filursiax]] ([[User talk:Filursiax|talk]]) 11:22, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

== [[Mythopoeic Society]] ==

The revision history of this article shows that certain regular and new editors are actually members of this society (cf. [http://www.mythsoc.org/members/]). See also the statement at [[Talk:Mythopoeic Society]]. While I currently don't see any obvious COI in the article's text we might want to check the content from time to time in terms of NPOV and other guidelines. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 13:38, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

==image:TheHobbitFilm13Dwarves.jpg==
[[:File:TheHobbitFilm13Dwarves.jpg]] has been nominated for deletion -- [[Special:Contributions/76.65.128.252|76.65.128.252]] ([[User talk:76.65.128.252|talk]]) 04:14, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

== [[:Category:Middle-earth redirects]] ==

I wonder if we need this category at all. While it was useful back in 2007 when it was established, the current approach of administrative WikiProject categorisation is talk page tagging with a project's assessment template. I have recently added a redirect class to {{tl|WikiProject Middle-earth}} to classify a bunch of articles that had been rated NA-class until then. So instead of having two similar categories ''Middle-earth redirects'' and ''Redirect-class Tolkien categories'' I think we could have a bot replace the old article side redirect templates with an instance of {{tl|WikiProject Middle-earth}} on the talk page. That way we would have an up to date overview on redirects by taking a look at the assessment template on the project page. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 18:52, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

== Infobox images? ==

I asked about this at Talk:Gandalf but was directed here. I was wondering why the none of the infoboxes in articles about LOTR characters have images, although this is done for most other literary characters. A few examples are [[Sherlock Holmes]], [[James Bond]], or any of the characters in the Harry Potter universe. I understand there's a preference against using images from Peter Jackson's movies, but there are plenty of well-known illustrations of these characters we could use that aren't from the movies. [[User:Zeromus1|Zeromus1]] ([[User talk:Zeromus1|talk]]) 06:54, 16 September 2012 (UTC)
: Hello again :). Some of the characters do have images, [[Fëanor]] for instances has an (in my opinion a rather crappy) illustration. The avoidance of Jackson images in the infoboxes is two fold, one is they are just one interpretation of the character and two the fair use policy is rather strict - we are discussing literary characters, not film characters. They do however get fair-use in the adaptation sections where the film portrayal is discussed. This is a general guide, I don't know how pages like [[Harry Potter (character)]] get away with it, possibly because the Tolkien focused editors here are rather more stuffy than the potter fan boys ;) [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 07:04, 16 September 2012 (UTC)
::Turgon has an even worse one IMHO. [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 12:06, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
::I notice it was suggested in a [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Middle-earth#Il.C2.B7lustrations_of_Tolkien_characters|discussion above]] to use images from the Tolkien calendars. I would support that idea. But do the same issues apply to those as well? [[User:Zeromus1|Zeromus1]] ([[User talk:Zeromus1|talk]]) 07:10, 16 September 2012 (UTC)
::: Personally I would prefer in this order Tolkien's images -> Illustrated book versions -> Illustrated artists version (inc. calendars). I think the issue is always copyright though. I will leave it to others with more experience to discuss those issues though. [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 07:15, 16 September 2012 (UTC)
:::: The main issue here is in fact copyright. I.e. most previously published artwork is non-free and would have to be commented on in the articles instead of merely serving as a decoration. One requirement for non-free content is that it "is used only if its presence would significantly increase readers' understanding of the topic, and its omission would be detrimental to that understanding." But I think many Tolkien articles would benefit from an illustration to help the general reader understand the concept and context. And especially for the lesser known topics we could use professional images to point out popular impact. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 16:51, 16 September 2012 (UTC)
OK, so how do we decide which images to use? [[User:Zeromus1|Zeromus1]] ([[User talk:Zeromus1|talk]]) 06:43, 18 September 2012 (UTC)
:I think De's post makes the answer fairly clear. Most freely usable artwork is not of sufficient quality, and the copyrighted art should be used only within the body of the article where that art is specifically addressed. Therefore, in general, neither will be appropriate for an info box. For art within the article body, I would suggest floating possibilities on the talk page before incorporating it into the article, simply because people have strong opinions about this. -- [[User:Elphion|Elphion]] ([[User talk:Elphion|talk]]) 12:45, 18 September 2012 (UTC)
::Actually I don't mind putting non-free images into the infobox when there's a commentary in the text part of the article. We should however credit the artist in the caption and possibly point out any special circumstances. E.g. book illustrations, art that has been exhibited somewhere, etc. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 12:54, 18 September 2012 (UTC)
:::I've never understood why people want to add non-definitive images to the info box. I have no problem adding them to the article, as long as they are properly credited (which should make clear that they are not "official"). -- [[User:Elphion|Elphion]] ([[User talk:Elphion|talk]]) 12:58, 18 September 2012 (UTC)
:::: What is "non-definitive"? Even if we used images drawn by Tolkien himself ([[J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]) they would still be his personal interpretation of the matter. So in lieu of them we may as well use interpretations by professional artists. It works well for other articles, e.g. [[Tin Woodman]], [[Robinson Crusoe]] or [[Sherlock Holmes]]. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 13:32, 18 September 2012 (UTC)
:::::I've gone ahead and added an image to the infobox in the [[Smaug]] article. I hope that isn't too forward of me. This illustration was painted by Tolkien himself, so it's as definitive an image as could exist. [[User:Zeromus1|Zeromus1]] ([[User talk:Zeromus1|talk]]) 04:41, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

== New stub templates ==

For those who do stub tagging at existing or new pages, {{u|Fortdj33}} has created two new stub templates: {{tl|MiddleEarth-stub}} and {{tl|MiddleEarth-char-stub}}. These are more specific than the old {{tl|Tolkien-stub}} which refers to the legendarium in general. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 17:29, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

== Deprecated template and category ==

The old talk page template {{tl|ME-disambiguation}} has been superseeded by {{tl2|ME-project|2=class=dab}} since I have replaced all instances of the former. Consequently [[:Category:WikiProject Middle-earth disambiguation pages]] is now unpopulated. I propose therefore that both the template {{tl|ME-disambiguation}} and its automated category '''be deleted'''. If noone objects I'm going to list them at Tfd and Cfd. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 18:47, 19 September 2012 (UTC)
:Ok, I've now nominated the template at [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2012 September 21]]. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 17:02, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

== Nomination of [[The Hobbit (1985 film)]] for deletion ==

<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article '''[[The Hobbit (1985 film)]]''' is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].

The article will be discussed at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Hobbit (1985 film) ]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article..
::This film is the Soviet ballet-style adaptation. [[User:MatthewVanitas|MatthewVanitas]] ([[User talk:MatthewVanitas|talk]]) 22:29, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/The Hobbit Original Complete Soundtrack]] needs help getting approved ==

Greetings, we have a draft article [[Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/The Hobbit Original Complete Soundtrack]] where the author isn't yet prepared with proper Sources, etc. If anyone else thinks this is worth having, some quick mentorship would be appreciated. Thanks! [[User:MatthewVanitas|MatthewVanitas]] ([[User talk:MatthewVanitas|talk]]) 05:18, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
:This is already present in the article on the 2003 video game; apart from that that raw title is very disambiguous. I've left a note at the creator's [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rednote&diff=515975202&oldid=515908758 talk page] where I suggested a redirect to the game article. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 15:25, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

== New sister project proposal ==

Hi, you may want to see [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikicanon this proposal for new project based on fiction]. --[[Special:Contributions/213.155.255.148|213.155.255.148]] ([[User talk:213.155.255.148|talk]]) 19:51, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

: Four days later that page "Wikicanon" was "deleted per author request". I have no idea what it was about. --[[User:P64|P64]] ([[User talk:P64|talk]]) 20:27, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

== Oxford spelling ==

See my note on [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Middle-earth/Standards]]. -- [[User:Elphion|Elphion]] ([[User talk:Elphion|talk]]) 19:56, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

== GA review for [[Quenya]] ==

After a nomination from me in December, [[Quenya]] is currently being reviewed for Good Article status. The reviewer has however put the process on hold to allow for improvements. Actually he has left quite a few remarks and as of today we have been given one week to address the concerns. Please see the [[Talk:Quenya/GA2|review page]] for specific comments. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 17:40, 3 January 2013 (UTC)
:I'm going to address as many points of the review as possible but help would be appreciated. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 17:55, 3 January 2013 (UTC)
::It's been a hard work, but now it is done: we have a new Good Article. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 15:04, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

== On the opposite side: Magic (Middle-earth) ==

While De pushes for [[Quenya]], on the opposite side we have [[Magic (Middle-earth)]] which is an awful article. I've made a start on re-arranging it but it's going to need a hell of a lot of work if anyone has time. [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 18:03, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle-earth/Assessment]] ==

...hasn't been updated since October 2006...six years ago. i.e. it has no discussion of inline referencing nor the introduction of the C-class rating which exists for substantive articles with sections lacking inline referencing. - see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Assessment FAQ]] for what the latest global rating scale looks like. [[User:Casliber|Casliber]] ([[User talk:Casliber|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Casliber|contribs]]) 11:32, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
:{{done}} [[User:Braincricket|Braincricket]] ([[User talk:Braincricket|talk]]) 07:11, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

==template:Middle-earth Labelled Map==
{{tl|Middle-earth Labelled Map}} has been nominated for deletion -- [[Special:Contributions/65.92.180.137|65.92.180.137]] ([[User talk:65.92.180.137|talk]]) 06:09, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

== Requested move ==

Just a heads-up to everyone that there is a requested move [[Talk:Middle-earth_in_film#Requested_move|here]]. Someone more knowledgeable about Tolkien's works than I should probably chime in. Thanks! [[User:Evanh2008|Evanh2008]] ([[User talk:Evanh2008|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Evanh2008|contribs]]) 04:04, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

== Animals and monsters living in Arda ==

There's a rather complete list of animals and monsters living in Arda in the book ''Middle-Earth Role Playing game'' published by ICE. I don't know whether they were (at least partly) based on Tolkien's works (and thus they can be added to the [[List of Middle-earth animals|list]]) or they were fully created by the publisher of the book.--[[User:Carnby|Carnby]] ([[User talk:Carnby|talk]]) 01:13, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

== Edit war brewing at Uruk-hai ==

The [[Uruk-hai]] article is under a bit of conflict. Anyone fancy heading over there to give a second / third opinion? [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 14:06, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

== Differing versions of the legendarium ==

We obviously need to present them all in the article. But do we put the version of published Silmarillion first, or the final version? (We are currently somewhat inconsistent, e.g. having Gil-galad son of Orodreth son of Angrod, while sticking to the Silmarillion version of events where both Angrod and Aegnor are on Dorthonion.) [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 14:11, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
:Anyone at home?? [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 13:09, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
:: I don't think there is such a thing as a 'definitive' version, the differing accounts make for interesting topics and are great for adding to the 'character development' setting. [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 20:07, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
:::Yes indeed, but the fact is we really need to ''choose'' one specific one for the first character biography section, and elaborate on the others in "character development". There's at least two obvious choices: Silm canon or HoME canon. [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 15:31, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
::::I suggest we use the Silm version for any first description since this was the first published version. HoME should be used for describing the character development. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 15:40, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
:::::Yes I think we should rely on the Silm versions to define topics in the lead section because the Silm represents the "final" form of the stories (and names) which underwent many previous editorial revisions (e.g. the Solosimpi -> Teleri evolution). HoME is a great source for discussing publication history, character development, narrative evolution, etc. [[User:Braincricket|Braincricket]] ([[User talk:Braincricket|talk]]) 04:53, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
::::::All right, so I'm going to start applying Gil-galad son of Fingon everywhere... :-) [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 11:15, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

== J. R. R. Tolkien Collection at Marquette U ==

[[J. R. R. Tolkien Collection]] now redirects to section 3.4 of our biography rather than to our [[Marquette University]], whose recent split makes it entirely inappropriate.

See [[Talk:J. R. R. Tolkien Collection]] for more information including notes on current mentions of Tolkien in our Marquette pages, one of which our biography should link.

Perhaps manuscripts should be covered in our bibliography. See [[Talk: J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography#Manuscripts]].

--[[User:P64|P64]] ([[User talk:P64|talk]]) 23:30, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

== [[Music of The Lord of the Rings film series]] ==

The album covers depicted there are now subject of a non-free content review. Please feel free to comment. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 15:11, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

== Input needed at [[Talk:List of multimedia franchises#The Hobbit/The Lord of the Rings]] ==

Input is needed at [[Talk:List of multimedia franchises#The Hobbit/The Lord of the Rings]], on the question of whether ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'' constitute parts of a single multimedia franchise. Cheers! [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 20:42, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

== Possible history behind the name Durin ==

I was wondering if the name Durin could have been chosen by Tolkien with reference to the ancient Celtic tribe inhabiting southern England until about 4 A.D., the Durotriges. A lot of cities in that area have the "Dur" prefix such as Durnovaria (original name of Dorchester), Durweston, and others. My surname, Durborough/Durborow originates from this area. The Durotriges built the earthen mound forts that helped then to temporarily (but unsuccessfully) defend themselves against the invading Romans who conquered them around 4 A.D. [[Special:Contributions/71.228.186.109|71.228.186.109]] ([[User talk:71.228.186.109|talk]]) 15:21, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

:According to Christopher Tolkien and several scholars almost all dwarf names were inspired the "Catalogue of Dwarves" in the [[Poetic Edda]]. And "Durinn" is one of them (see [http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 this quote]). [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 18:54, 28 December 2013 (UTC)
::I'm not sure what the root 'Dur(r)-" means in Old Norse, but with -inn on the ending it could mean "the hard one" is the root means the same...... most of those dwarfnames have real meanings (e.g. Gandalf - "magical elf", "elf of magic"). that being said I'm juxtaposing the French (Frankish maybe?) meaning of "dur"..... "dyr" in modern Norse is "animal" (cf. "deer"). [[User:Skookum1|Skookum1]] ([[User talk:Skookum1|talk]]) 08:40, 30 December 2013 (UTC)
:::Employing a lot of OR and these sources [http://norse.ulver.com/dct/zoega/d.html][http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/norol-9-X.html#L300], one could think that Durinn is the past participle of Old Norse (or Icelandic for that matter) ''dúra'' [to sleep, nap], i.e. "(one who) slept". Reversely, this would even fit into Tolkien's origin of the dwarves who were laid to sleep under the mountains by Aule until Illúvatar made his own "children". [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 22:32, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

== [[Talk:Eye of Sauron#Requested move]] ==

I have requested to move the disambiguation page, [[Eye of Sauron]], to a disambiguation title in order to redirect that title to [[Sauron]]. Please feel free to weigh in on the discussion. Cheers! [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 03:11, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

== Old Forest ==

In the last week or so I've reviewed the [[Old Forest]] article in response to the tag/flag, 'This article may require clean-up. The specific problem is: repetitive." The tag (or whatever it's called) has been there since 2012.

I've hopefully removed the repetitious bits, and I've expanded other information and have added new sections. I'm not sure if the article can be graduated from Start-Class, but it's a lot better than it was.

Can the tag please be removed? (I don't know how to do this.)
[[Special:Contributions/203.6.146.5|203.6.146.5]] ([[User talk:203.6.146.5|talk]]) 08:29, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

:Thank you for dealing with the repetitions and for your general edits. But I've now changed the tag because the article still needs more mentioning of the Old Forest's coverage by real-life sources. The rather short section on adaptations seems to contain some [[WP:SYNTH|synthesis]] or original research, and the "Hobbits vs Old Forest" part appears to be a bit too detailed for encylopedical uses. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 09:21, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

== Update needed ==

[[Alan Lee (illustrator)]] has illustrated some Middle-earth books since 1990 and handled [[concept design]] for the Peter Jackson films. His biography needs update at least regarding the ongoing ''Hobbit'' film series.

So I consulted our [[The Hobbit (film series)]] and found that it too needs update. The long sections on ''The Hobbit'' under original director del Toro (1.2-1.4 and part of 1.6) should be reduced. Anyway they need careful attention to grammatical tense and temporal standpoint. (The sentences before and after Del Toro meets with Lee and other ''Lord of the Rings'' artists --whose contributions may or may not have been dropped by actual director Jackson-- begin "The Elves will also..." and "He has also considered...".) Perhaps the idiom "would have verbed" should be used only where we know that del Toro's film would have been different in some respect because Jackson didn't verb or verbed differently. ("Del Toro would have redesigned the Goblins and Wargs[16] and the Mirkwood spiders would also have looked different from Shelob.[35]")

--[[User:P64|P64]] ([[User talk:P64|talk]]) 22:07, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

== Help needed at [[Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Jens Hansem (jeweller)]] (creator of LOTR film ring) ==

If anyone wants to help support a novice editor on a Tolkien topic, this draft needs some mentoring: [[Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Jens Hansem (jeweller)]]. [[User:MatthewVanitas|MatthewVanitas]] ([[User talk:MatthewVanitas|talk]]) 15:24, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

== Chris Seeman ==

[[Draft:Chris Seeman]] is a [[WP:DRAFTS|draft space page]] related to this WikiProject. If you have any independent [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] to add to this article, we may be able to get it moved into article space.

If you are interested in helping out with more drafts, please see my list of [[User:BOZ/Draft pages|draft space pages]], and help me reach my goal of eventually getting them all to article space! [[User:BOZ|BOZ]] ([[User talk:BOZ|talk]]) 00:03, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

== AfC submission ==

Hello fellow Tolkien readers! Could any of you have a look at [[Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/The Woodland Realm]]? Thanks, [[User:FoCuSandLeArN|FoCuSandLeArN]] ([[User talk:FoCuSandLeArN|talk]]) 02:15, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

== Minas Morgul ==

There is an ongoing discussion at [[Minas Morgul]] about the notability of the article. Apparently being referenced in 3rd party works is not good enough to establish notability unless they deal with the work in a real world context. If you have anything to contribute it would be much appreciated. [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 17:01, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

== Lists of project-related pages ==

This project maintains two lists of pages at [[Portal:Middle-earth/Pages]] and [[Portal:Middle-earth/Related pages]]. The blurb at the top says that the lists include deliberate links to disambiguation pages. I've noticed that several editors have used disambiguation tools to "fix" the links, despite the instructions at the top.

I *think* that a good way to stop this happening would be to move them to the Wikipedia namespace, to be subpages of the Wikiproject instead of subpages of the Portal. Any comments? If no-one objects I will move them in a few days. -- [[User:John of Reading|John of Reading]] ([[User talk:John of Reading|talk]]) 16:06, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
:I've now moved them to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle-earth/Pages]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle-earth/Related pages]] and restored the links to the disambiguation pages. -- [[User:John of Reading|John of Reading]] ([[User talk:John of Reading|talk]]) 07:18, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

== A Walking Song ==

Because this is probably the best people for alternative viewpoints, I listed [[A Walking Song]] at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/A Walking Song]]. I believe that the song was used in part for the soundtrack but it's not listed nor explained on the soundtrack page and so I can't find anything about it in that way. Thanks. -- [[User:Ricky81682|Ricky81682]] ([[User talk:Ricky81682|talk]]) 23:39, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

== Leaflet for Wikiproject Middle-earth at Wikimania 2014 ==

[[File:Project Leaflet WikiProject Medicine back and front v1.png|thumb|right|550px]]
Hi all,

My name is Adi Khajuria and I am helping out with Wikimania 2014 in London.

One of our initiatives is to create leaflets to increase the discoverability of various wikimedia projects, and showcase the breadth of activity within wikimedia. Any kind of project can have a physical paper leaflet designed - for free - as a tool to help recruit new contributors. These leaflets will be printed at Wikimania 2014, and the designs can be re-used in the future at other events and locations.

This is particularly aimed at highlighting less discoverable but successful projects, e.g:

• Active Wikiprojects: Wikiproject Medicine, WikiProject Video Games, Wikiproject Film

• Tech projects/Tools, which may be looking for either users or developers.

• Less known major projects: Wikinews, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, etc.

• Wiki Loves Parliaments, Wiki Loves Monuments, Wiki Loves ____

• Wikimedia thematic organisations, Wikiwomen’s Collaborative, The Signpost
 
The deadline for submissions is 1st July 2014
 
For more information or to sign up for one for your project, go to:
 
''[http://wikimania2014.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_Leaflets Project leaflets]''
 
[[User:Adikhajuria|Adikhajuria]] ([[User talk:Adikhajuria|talk]]) 11:10, 26 June 2014 (UTC)
==[[Talk:The Middle Men]]==
cf. [[Men of Twilight]] Cheers. [[User:In ictu oculi|In ictu oculi]] ([[User talk:In ictu oculi|talk]]) 10:21, 5 July 2014 (UTC)

== Comment on the WikiProject X proposal ==

Hello there! As you may already know, most WikiProjects here on Wikipedia struggle to stay active after they've been founded. I believe there is a lot of potential for WikiProjects to facilitate collaboration across subject areas, so I have submitted a grant proposal with the Wikimedia Foundation for the "WikiProject X" project. WikiProject X will study what makes WikiProjects succeed in retaining editors and then design a prototype WikiProject system that will recruit contributors to WikiProjects and help them run effectively. Please '''[[meta:Grants:IEG/WikiProject X|review the proposal here]]''' and leave feedback. If you have any questions, you can ask on the proposal page or leave a message on my [[User talk:Harej|talk page]]. Thank you for your time! (Also, sorry about the posting mistake earlier. If someone already moved my message to the talk page, feel free to remove this posting.) [[User:Harej|Harej]] ([[User talk:Harej|talk]]) 22:47, 1 October 2014 (UTC)


==Middle-earth Projects and [[WP:PLOTPRESENT]]==
Another editor has [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smaug&oldid=prev&diff=632164647 indicated] that "per long standing consensus, Middle-earth projects do not follow [[WP:PLOTPRESENT]]". Why is this? Where can this consensus be read? Thanks. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 18:49, 2 November 2014 (UTC)
: It's been in the MOS[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle-earth/Standards#Tenses] for ages. [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 21:10, 2 November 2014 (UTC)
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction#Wikiproject_with_its_own_guidelines] Here is a discussion from a few years ago. [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 21:19, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

::Okay, I get it. It's because the plots are part of a larger fictional history. Thanks. :-) [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 18:22, 5 November 2014 (UTC)

:::Question: Does this include articles on original characters that were created solely for the feature films? Or solely for the literary material? [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 18:25, 5 November 2014 (UTC)
::::I don't recall that there is an official position of the project on this, but I would say that we should treat original characters like any other film characters, i.e. we use present tense for them and their plot. At least the original characters shouldn't be treated as part of the larger fictional history. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 20:02, 5 November 2014 (UTC)
::::: whilst I agree with the sentiment, doesn't that open a can of worms re using Oxford English in those articles too? [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 22:28, 5 November 2014 (UTC)
:::::: I dunno. Are there any special requirements for plot summaries when using Oxford English? Or do you mean American/NZ film character concepts vs Oxford English article text? [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 21:59, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
::::::: [[The Hobbit (film series)]] specifies that it should be written in British English for instance, really is there any need to try and enforce this when its an American funded New Zeland production? [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 22:11, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
{{outdent}} Now I see what you mean. If you ask me we should again divide the adaptions from the treatment of the canon material. While it's desirable to have a uniform date format etc. let's not restrict the articles that deal mainly with film content to any specific [[WP:ENGVAR|variety of English]]. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 22:23, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

== Info box images. ==

a user has added an image to [[Radagast]], citing [[Albus Dumbledore]] amongst others as example articles where adaptations of the character are used in the info box [[User talk:GimliDotNet|see here]]. Is it time to revist our view on these images as this seems to crop up every few years. [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 18:03, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
: I believe that there is varying inconsistency in the use of the inboxes in [[Tolkien's legendarium]]. The characters pages are filled with info-boxes that have inconsistent images. For instance, [[Treebeard]] uses an image by an external artists impressions, akin to fan-art. [[Smaug]] uses one of Tolkien's illustrations, where as [[Lonely Mountain]] has an "artists" interpretation. Other pages, like [[Gandalf]] and [[Arnor]] have no image, where [[Gondor]] uses the shield or crest of the city. This inconsistency is a problem, and guidelines should be established for a constant and visually appealing set of entires. Obviously, the original author's illustration should be the first used image, but info boxes serve an important purpose. --[[User:Emnp3|Emnp3]] ([[User talk:Emnp3|talk]]) 20:54, 11 November 2014 (UTC) Tom

:: Personally, I can't stand a lot of the crappy fan art and would rather see either, no images or images from Tolkien or the books, I think putting film images in the infoboxes is wrong (I think they would fail fair-use for this as we're using them to pretty up the article rather than to display something specific), we attempt to keep the literature character information separate from the film specifics and having the film image in the info box confuses this. The Harry Potter articles are not good examples to go off, they confuse the books and the films and make it difficult to see what is 'original' and what is 'derivative'. As the images are on the articles, under adaptations section I think that is enough. We've been through this discussion a couple of times over the last 10 years and I think it's about time we agree on a consistent way forward. [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 21:03, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

:::I agree that this is an important thing to establish. I mean no offense when I say this, but by perusing the previous discussions that concern this issue, it seems that you, GimliDotNet, have been the main and only (save one case) proponent of removing all images from the info boxes. We will agree to disagree on the appropriateness of Jackson images, but I think this may require several other opinions. Whilst you may have your own opinions of the other Wikipedia communities, it is important to learn from others. Peter Jackson's interpretation of the characters should be presented as any other movie or film director/producer's work should be. --[[User:Emnp3|Emnp3]] ([[User talk:Emnp3|talk]]) 21:08, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

::::Gimli is right. We can't use film images for simple purposes of illustration in an infobox because they're all fair use. This would require that the article was about the specific depiction of one character or landscape in the Jackson films, and not about the general Tolkien character, location, item, etc. For the same reason the current usage of non-free art in [[Gondolin]]'s infobox is against our criteria for non-free media because while Ted Nasmith is a notable Tolkien artist, the image as such is not discussed in the article. As to fan art, I wouldn't use it either because these drawings are mostly bad quality and would belong an adaptations section anyway. The same goes for the illustration in [[Treebeard]]: there is no reason whatsover why this one should be prominently displayed in the infobox while other fair use images are shown further down belown in the article. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 21:14, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

::: This has been the defacto standard since before my time [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle-earth/Standards#Images]] {{quote|if available, place book illustrations first in the article, especially in infoboxes. Screenshots and other images from adaptations properly belong in an Adaptations section.}} [[User:GimliDotNet|'''GimliDotNet''']] ([[User talk:GimliDotNet|Speak to me]],[[Special:Contributions/GimliDotNet|Stuff I've done]]) 21:18, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Excuse me, but it seems that someone has deleted an entry in this thread that I posted, and replaced it with their own. I believe that we should have a bigger discussion about this issue. just because something is defacto, it doesn't mean that it's correct. Is there a way to have a discussion that includes more contributors here. Just because some contributors have different opinions of other sections of Wikipedia (Harry Potter, etc.) it does not make them the common denominator in decision making, nor the final decision maker. Is that a fair request? --[[User:Emnp3|Emnp3]] ([[User talk:Emnp3|talk]]) 21:27, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
:I'm sorry. I just noticed that somehow I deleted your comment with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Middle-earth&diff=633433773&oldid=633432980 this edit]. That was not intended and I don't know how that entire paragraph of your got overwritten. I do agree though that we could need a fresh discussion with more input. Maybe you could crosspost a notice at [[WT:WikiProject Books]] and [[WT:WikiProject Film]]. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 21:48, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
:I remember that when I opened the edit window I was replying directly below Gimli's post. What might have happened here is that you began writing your reply while I was still typing and somehow the system failed to recognise the upcoming edit conflict. I've never seen this before but I wouldn't clear any valid messages written by other editors. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 21:54, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Agree with Gimli about most fan art, and the general inappropriateness of (and copyright issues with) film captures outside the adaptations section since it is in general unrepresentative of the books. Quality art (preferably by Tolkien) is useful for the articles; the rest is distraction. I find even the heraldry cruft overdone, as it often doesn't stick to what Tolkien describes or what his sketches indicate he may have had in mind. These articles should be primarily about ''Tolkien's'' work; WP is not meant to be a showcase for amateur artists. -- [[User:Elphion|Elphion]] ([[User talk:Elphion|talk]]) 23:09, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

== Fifth line of Ring-inscription Black Speech? ==

Reading the article [[Black Speech]], I clicked on the [[eo:Nigra Lingvo|Other Languages:Esperanto]] link and was shocked to find the Ring-inscription described as comprising ''five'' lines, the fifth being a purported Bl.Sp. version of the last line of the full Ring-rhyme, "In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie":
: '''uzg-Mordor-ishi amal fauthut burgûli'''

I ran a Google search of that text and found just five hits, all in Wikipedia. They're listed below, with the corresponding sentence from each. I'm fluent in Esperanto, and that sentence translates as
:The sole example of the "pure" Black Speech to appear in Tolkien's works is the inscription on the "One Ring": The poem of the Rings of Power.
My Spanish is good enough to equate that version to the same translation, and the Catalan and Galician as well; and the Basque looks to be structured the same, including the names.

But that fifth line, the last of the Ring-''rhyme'', is not part of the Ring-inscription, and the text should not state or imply that it is. And where did the Black Speech version come from?

I can fix this in Esperanto, but not in Spanish or its Ibero-Romance kin, let alone Basque.

*[[es:Lengua negra|Spanish]]
** El único ejemplo de lengua negra «pura» que aparece en las escrituras de Tolkien es la inscripción del [[es:Anillo Único|Anillo Único]]: el poema de los [[es:Anillos de Poder|Anillos de Poder]].
*[[eu:Hizkuntza beltza|Basque]]
** Tolkienen lanetan agertzen den hizkuntza beltz "garbi"aren adibide bakarra [[eu:Eraztun Bakarraren|Eraztun Bakarraren]] idazkuna da: [[eu:Botere Eraztunen|Botere Eraztunen]] olerkia.
*[[ca:Llengua Negra|Catalan]]
** L'únic exemple de llengua negra "pura" que apareix en les escriptures de Tolkien és la inscripció de l'[[ca:Anell Únic|Anell Únic]]: el poema dels [[ca:|anells de poder]].
*[[gl:Lingua negra|Galician]]
** O único exemplo de lingua negra "pura" que aparece nos escritos de Tolkien é a inscrición do [[gl:Anel Único|Anel Único]]: o poema dos [[gl:Aneis de Poder|Aneis de Poder]].
*[[eo:Nigra lingvo|Esperanto]]
** La nura ekzemplo de la "pura" nigra lingvo kiu aperas en la verkaro de Tolkien estas la enskribo en la "Ununura Ringo": La poemo el la Ringoj de Povo.

If you would like to discuss this with me, please {{Tn|Ping}} me. [[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu|talk]]) 01:38, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

:{{ping|Thnidu}} I suspect this was reconstructed for the [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]] game. At least I have found the full poem in Black Speech (and Sindarin and Quenya) at the [http://shadowofmordor.wikia.com/wiki/Rings_of_Power Shadow of Mordor Wikia]. As to original Black Speech, the inscription on the Ring and some Orkish cursing are the only published corpus which has been listed by [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/orkish.htm Fauskanger]. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 02:55, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

::{{ping|De728631}} Thank you. I will use this ref. --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu|talk]]) 04:34, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

::I have fixed this in the Esperanto wiki {{snd}} [[eo:Nigra lingvo|Nigra lingvo]] (Black Speech) and [[eo:Diskuto:Nigra lingvo#Ĉu kvina strofo?|its Talk page]] {{snd}} but '''the other four languages' articles must be fixed by those who can'''. There's a [[eo:Nigra lingvo#Referencoj|note]] at the bottom of the Esperanto page that the article uses text translated from the Spanish page. --[[User:Thnidu|Thnidu]] ([[User talk:Thnidu|talk]]) 04:45, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

::::{{ping|Thnidu}} Thanks for fixing the Esperanto article. I have no idea of Hispanic languages let alone Basque, so yes, the people over there need to fix that themselves. [[User:De728631|De728631]] ([[User talk:De728631|talk]]) 16:00, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

:::::{{ping|Thnidu}} Thanks for your help Thnidu, I fix the articles in the other wikis (I assumed that the people of the Basque and Galician Wikipedias would understand my explanation in Spanish). --[[File:Flag of Santiago de Cali.svg|25px]] [[User:Remux|Remux]] - '''''I will never forget that i fell in love with the more beautiful flower''''' [[User talk:Remux|Ĉu mi povas helpi vin je io?]] 01:51, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Jhon Viáfara

2014-08-21T01:57:37Z

Remux: + 250px|

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jhon Viáfara
| image = [[File:El clásico de Cali ya no existe más 03.JPG |250px]]|
| fullname = Jhon Eduis Viáfara Mina
| height = {{height|m=1.88}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|10|27}}
| birth_place = Robles, Colombia
| currentclub = [[Deportivo Cali]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1999
| clubs1 = [[Deportivo Pasto]]
| caps1 = 44
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2000–2001
| clubs2 = [[América de Cali]]
| caps2 = 37
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2001–2002
| clubs3 = [[Deportivo Pasto]]
| caps3 = 18
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2002–2005
| clubs4 = [[Once Caldas]]
| caps4 = 114
| goals4 = 9
| years5 = 2005–2006
| clubs5 = [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
| caps5 = 14
| goals5 = 1
| years6 = 2006
| clubs6 = → [[Real Sociedad]] (loan)
| caps6 = 11
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2006–2008
| clubs7 = [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]]
| caps7 = 76
| goals7 = 5
| years8 = 2008–2009
| clubs8 = [[Once Caldas]]
| caps8 = 49
| goals8 = 3
| years9 = 2010
| clubs9 = [[La Equidad]]
| caps9 = 35
| goals9 = 5
| years10 = 2011
| clubs10 = [[Atlético Junior]]
| caps10 = 4
| goals10 = 0
| years11 = 2011
| clubs11 = [[Deportivo Pereira]]
| caps11 = 17
| goals11 = 4
| years12 = 2012
| clubs12 = [[La Equidad]]
| caps12 = 19
| goals12 = 4
| years13 = 2012–2013
| clubs13 = [[Independiente Medellín]]
| caps13 = 35
| goals13 = 2
| years14 = 2013–
| clubs14 = [[Deportivo Cali]]
| caps14 = 23
| goals14 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2003–2010
| nationalteam1 = [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]]
| nationalcaps1 = 34
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update =
}}
{{spanish name 2|Viáfara|Mina}}
'''Jhon Eduis Viáfara Mina''' (born 27 October 1978) is a Colombian [[football (soccer)|midfielder]] who plays for [[Deportivo Cali]] of the [[Categoría Primera A|Colombian First Division]].

==Football career==
===Early career===
Born in the Colombian town of [[Robles, Colombia|Robles]], Viáfara came to international attention whilst playing for [[Once Caldas]], for whom he was instrumental during his club's success in the [[2004 Copa Libertadores]], scoring with a long range strike in the final against [[Boca Juniors]].<ref>[http://southamerican-futbol.blogspot.com/2011/02/golazo-jhon-viafara-vs-boca-juniors.html Golazo: Jhon Viáfara vs Boca Juniors, Copa Libertadores 2004]</ref>

===Portsmouth===
His performances made him a regular in the [[Colombia national football team]], and earned him a €2.2 million move to English club [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] on 23 June 2005.<ref> http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=311216.html</ref>

He played 14 league matches under [[Alain Perrin]] at Portsmouth, scoring one league goal, in a 2–1 loss at [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] on 27 August.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/4168824.stm|title=Man City 2-1 Portsmouth |publisher=[[BBC]]
|date= 27 August 2005 |accessdate=1 September 2009}}</ref> Perrin was sacked and Viáfara was dropped by returned-manager [[Harry Redknapp]].

On 30 January 2006, Viáfara was loaned for six months to Spanish [[La Liga]] club [[Real Sociedad]], along with [[Mark González]] of [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]].<ref> http://www.mercafutbol.com/la-real-sociedad-presenta-viafara-mark-gonzalez-15730/</ref> At the end of this deal, Real declined the chance to purchase Viáfara and he returned to Portsmouth again,<ref> {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/5075518.stm | work=BBC News | title=Viafara will return to Portsmouth | date=13 June 2006}}</ref> after 11 matches played and two red cards.

===Southampton===
On 4 August 2006 he signed a three-year deal with Portsmouth's south-coast rivals [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]] of the [[Football League Championship]]. The transfer fee for the three-year deal was undisclosed, but is believed to be in the region of £750,000.<ref> {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/southampton/5242090.stm | work=BBC News | title=Southampton sign Viafara & Licka | date=4 August 2006}}</ref> He appeared consistently in the 2006–07 season. One of his most memorable moments was scoring two goals in the Championship Play-off Semi-final Second Leg against [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]], although it was not enough as Derby went on to win the tie in a penalty shootout.

He scored his first goal of [[2007–08 in English football|the 2007–08 season]] with a 12-yard strike in Southampton's 3–2 win over [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]] on 26 August 2007. Then on 29 September he got his second of the season with a 16-yard strike in the 2–1 win over [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] which proved to be the winner.

Shortly into his third season at the club, after managerial turmoil to the degree of there having been four managers within six months, he left. The reasons for his departure are said to be homesickness, with Dutch manager [[Jan Poortvliet]] saying he "did not want anyone who was not completely committed to the club to remain at the club". Other rumours for his departure include wage-bill cutting by chairman [[Rupert Lowe]], although Southampton are not reported to have received a fee for his return to Once Caldas.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

===Return to Colombia===
After Viáfara's return to Once Caldas the team's fortunes improved, they won their third Colombian league championship in Apertura 2009.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/col09.html Colombia 2009] at [[rsssf]]</ref>

In 2010 he joined La Equidad and helped them to reach the final of the Apertura 2010 tournament as well as reaching the playoff stages of the Clausura 2010.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/col2010.html Colombia 2010] at [[rsssf]]</ref>

In 2011 he was signed by Junior and got off to an excellent start, scoring vital goals in both of the side's first two games in the [[Copa Libertadores 2011]] group stages.<ref>[http://southamerican-futbol.blogspot.com/2011/02/what-ever-happened-to-jhon-viafara.html What ever happened to Jhon Viáfara]</ref>

==International career==
===International goals===
{{updated|14 March 2014}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=1540}}</ref>
{{Ig header|ref=}}
{{Ig match
| n =1
| d1=25 March 2007
| st=Miami Orange Bowl| ci=[[Miami]]| co=[[USA]]
| o=Switzerland
| sc=0–'''1'''
| fr=0–1
| comp=[[Exhibition game|Friendly]]}}
|}

==Honours==
;[[América de Cali]]
*[[Categoría Primera A|Copa Mustang]]: 2000

;[[Once Caldas]]
*[[Categoría Primera A|Copa Mustang]]: 2003, 2009
*[[Copa Libertadores]]: [[2004 Copa Libertadores|2004]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{soccerbase|id=37038|name=Jhon Viáfara}}
*[http://www.jhonviafara.com Official website]
*{{NFT player|pid=1540}}

{{Colombia Squad Copa América 2004}}
{{Colombia Squad 2007 Copa América}}
{{Deportivo Cali squad}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =Viáfara, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =Colombian footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH =27 October 1978
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Robles, Colombia]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Viafara, John}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in England]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Colombian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Colombian footballers]]
[[Category:América de Cali footballers]]
[[Category:La Liga footballers]]
[[Category:Real Sociedad footballers]]
[[Category:Premier League players]]
[[Category:Portsmouth F.C. players]]
[[Category:Southampton F.C. players]]
[[Category:Once Caldas footballers]]
[[Category:Colombia international footballers]]
[[Category:2004 Copa América players]]
[[Category:2007 Copa América players]]

2014 Copa Sudamericana

2014-01-30T04:34:52Z

Remux: /* Qualified teams */

{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = Copa Sudamericana
| year = 2014
| other_titles = 2014 Copa Total Sudamericana 2014 Copa Total Sul-Americana
| dates = TBA
| num_teams = 47
| associations = 10
| champion_other =
| count =
| second_other =
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| top_scorer =
| prevseason = [[2013 Copa Sudamericana|2013]]
| nextseason = [[2015 Copa Sudamericana|2015]]
}}

The '''2014 Copa Sudamericana''' (officially the '''2014 Copa [[Total S.A.|Total]] Sudamericana''' for sponsorship reasons)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/deportes/2013/07/656-535338-9-copa-sudamericana-tiene-nuevo-sponsor-para-la-edicion-2013.shtml|title=Copa Sudamericana tiene nuevo sponsor para la edición 2013|publisher=latercera.com|date=30 July 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> will be the 13th edition of the [[Copa Sudamericana]], [[South America]]'s secondary international club [[association football|football]] tournament organized by [[CONMEBOL]]. The winner will qualify for the [[2015 Copa Libertadores]], the [[2015 Recopa Sudamericana]], and the [[2015 Suruga Bank Championship]]. [[Club Atlético Lanús|Lanús]] are the defending champions.

==Qualified teams==
{{Message box
|backgroundcolor = #FFFFCC
|message = '''NOTE:''' The following entry list is based on the current format of the Copa Sudamericana, and is subject to change by CONMEBOL and each participating association.
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Association
!Team {{small|(Berth)}}
!Entry stage
!Qualification method
|-
|rowspan=7|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentine Football Association|Argentina]] {{small|6 + 1 berths}}
|[[Club Atlético Lanús|Lanús]] {{small|(Title holders)}}
|[[#Round of 16|Round of 16]]
|[[2013 Copa Sudamericana]] champion
|-
|{{small|(Argentina 1)}}
|rowspan=6|[[#Second stage|Second stage]]
|[[2013–14 Argentine Primera División season#Superfinal|2013–14 Primera División]] super champion<ref name="argentina">{{cite web|url=http://www.afa.org.ar/images/stories/Abril_2013/FIXTURE/4794_Reglamento_Campeonato_1ra._Diisi%C3%B3n._2013-2014.pdf|title=Reglamento del Campeonato de Primera División 2013/2014|publisher=AFA|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
|{{small|(Argentina 2)}}
|[[2013–14 Argentine Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013–14 Primera División]] aggregate table best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores#Second stage|2014 Copa Libertadores second stage]] or ''Argentina 1'' or ''Argentina 3'' of [[2015 Copa Libertadores#Qualified teams|2015 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="argentina"/>
|-
|{{small|(Argentina 3)}}
|[[2013–14 Argentine Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013–14 Primera División]] aggregate table 2nd best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores#Second stage|2014 Copa Libertadores second stage]] or ''Argentina 1'' or ''Argentina 3'' of [[2015 Copa Libertadores#Qualified teams|2015 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="argentina"/>
|-
|{{small|(Argentina 4)}}
|[[2013–14 Argentine Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013–14 Primera División]] aggregate table 3rd best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores#Second stage|2014 Copa Libertadores second stage]] or ''Argentina 1'' or ''Argentina 3'' of [[2015 Copa Libertadores#Qualified teams|2015 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="argentina"/>
|-
|{{small|(Argentina 5)}}
|[[2013–14 Argentine Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013–14 Primera División]] aggregate table 4th best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores#Second stage|2014 Copa Libertadores second stage]] or ''Argentina 1'' or ''Argentina 3'' of [[2015 Copa Libertadores#Qualified teams|2015 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="argentina"/>
|-
|{{small|(Argentina 6)}}
|[[2013–14 Argentine Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013–14 Primera División]] aggregate table 5th best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores#Second stage|2014 Copa Libertadores second stage]] or ''Argentina 1'' or ''Argentina 3'' of [[2015 Copa Libertadores#Qualified teams|2015 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="argentina"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivian Football Federation|Bolivia]] {{small|4 berths}}
|[[Club Deportivo San José|San José]] {{small|(Bolivia 1)}}
|rowspan=4|[[#First stage|First stage]]
|[[2012–13 Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano season#Torneo Clausura|2013 Clausura]] 3rd place<ref name="bolivia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lfpb.com.bo/archivos/CONVOCATORIA_APROBADA_CBBA_16_06_2012.pdf|title=Convocatoria a Campeonatos Entel Apertura y Clausura Temporada 2012-2013|publisher=LFPB|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
|[[Club Jorge Wilstermann|Jorge Wilstermann]] {{small|(Bolivia 2)}}
|[[2013–14 Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano season#Torneo Apertura|2013 Apertura]] 4th place<ref name="bolivia2">{{cite web|url=http://www.lfpb.com.bo/archivos/Convocatoria_Temporada_2013_2014.pdf|title=Convocatoria a Campeonatos Entel Apertura y Clausura Temporada 2013-2014|publisher=LFPB|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nacional Potosí]] {{small|(Bolivia 3)}}
|[[2013–14 Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano season#Torneo Apertura|2013 Apertura]] 5th place<ref name="bolivia2"/>
|-
|[[Club Universitario|Universitario]] {{small|(Bolivia 4)}}
|[[2013–14 Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano season#Torneo Apertura|2013 Apertura]] 6th place<ref name="bolivia2"/>
|-
|rowspan=8|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazilian Football Confederation|Brazil]] {{small|8 berths}}
|{{small|(Brazil 1)}}
|rowspan=8|[[#Second stage|Second stage]]
|[[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2013 Série A]] or [[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2013 Série B]] best team eliminated before [[2014 Copa do Brasil#Copa Sudamericana qualification|2014 Copa do Brasil]] round of 16
|-
|{{small|(Brazil 2)}}
|[[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2013 Série A]] or [[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2013 Série B]] 2nd best team eliminated before [[2014 Copa do Brasil#Copa Sudamericana qualification|2014 Copa do Brasil]] round of 16
|-
|{{small|(Brazil 3)}}
|[[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2013 Série A]] or [[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2013 Série B]] 3rd best team eliminated before [[2014 Copa do Brasil#Copa Sudamericana qualification|2014 Copa do Brasil]] round of 16
|-
|{{small|(Brazil 4)}}
|[[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2013 Série A]] or [[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2013 Série B]] 4th best team eliminated before [[2014 Copa do Brasil#Copa Sudamericana qualification|2014 Copa do Brasil]] round of 16
|-
|{{small|(Brazil 5)}}
|[[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2013 Série A]] or [[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2013 Série B]] 5th best team eliminated before [[2014 Copa do Brasil#Copa Sudamericana qualification|2014 Copa do Brasil]] round of 16
|-
|{{small|(Brazil 6)}}
|[[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2013 Série A]] or [[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2013 Série B]] 6th best team eliminated before [[2014 Copa do Brasil#Copa Sudamericana qualification|2014 Copa do Brasil]] round of 16
|-
|{{small|(Brazil 7)}}
|[[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2013 Série A]] or [[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2013 Série B]] 7th best team eliminated before [[2014 Copa do Brasil#Copa Sudamericana qualification|2014 Copa do Brasil]] round of 16
|-
|{{small|(Brazil 8)}}
|[[2014 Copa do Nordeste]] champion<ref>{{cite web|title=Copa do Nordeste de 2014 REC - REGULAMENTO ESPECÍFICO DA COMPETIÇÃO|url=http://imagens.cbf.com.br/201401/1785608348.pdf|publisher=CBF}}</ref> (if it reaches [[2014 Copa do Brasil]] round of 16, replaced by a team eliminated before [[2014 Copa do Brasil#Copa Sudamericana qualification|2014 Copa do Brasil]] round of 16)
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Chilean Football Federation|Chile]] {{small|4 berths}}
|{{small|(Chile 1)}}
|rowspan=4|[[#First stage|First stage]]
|[[2013–14 Copa Chile]] champion<ref name="chile">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfp.cl/documentos/1371251641-BASES%20PD%20Temporada%202013-2014.pdf|title=Bases Campeonato Nacional Primera División 2013-2014|publisher=ANFP|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
|{{small|(Chile 2)}}
|[[2013–14 Chilean Primera División season#Clausura Liguilla|2014 Clausura]] Liguilla winner<ref name="chile"/>
|-
|{{small|(Chile 3)}}
|[[2013–14 Chilean Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013–14 Primera División]] aggregate table best team<ref name="chile"/>
|-
|[[Deportes Iquique|Iquique]] {{small|(Chile 4)}}
|[[2013–14 Chilean Primera División season#Apertura Liguilla|2013 Apertura]] Liguilla runner-up<ref name="chile"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombian Football Federation|Colombia]] {{small|4 berths}}
|[[Atlético Nacional]] {{small|(Colombia 1)}}
|rowspan=4|[[#First stage|First stage]]
|[[2013 Copa Colombia]] champion<ref name="colombia">{{cite web|url=http://dimayor.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/reglamentacion_liga_postobon_2013.pdf|title=Reglamento Liga Postobon 2013|publisher=dimayor.com|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
|[[Deportivo Cali]]{{small|(Colombia 2)}}
|[[2014 Superliga Colombiana]] champion<ref name="colombia"/>
|-
|[[Millonarios Fútbol Club|Millonarios]]{{Cref2|Note COL}} {{small|(Colombia 3)}}
|[[2013 Categoría Primera A season#Aggregate table|2013 Primera A]] aggregate table best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="colombia"/>
|-
|[[Itagüí F.C.|Itagüí]]{{Cref2|Note COL}} {{small|(Colombia 4)}}
|[[2013 Categoría Primera A season#Aggregate table|2013 Primera A]] aggregate table 2nd best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="colombia"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuadorian Football Federation|Ecuador]] {{small|4 berths}}
|[[Club Sport Emelec|Emelec]] {{small|(Ecuador 1)}}
|rowspan=4|[[#First stage|First stage]]
|[[2013 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A#Third stage|2013 Serie A]] champion<ref name="ecudaor">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecuafutbol.org/pdfs/Reglamento_Comite_Ejecutivo_2013.pdf|title=Reglamento del Comité Ejecutivo de fútbol Profesional|publisher=FEF|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
|[[Independiente del Valle]] {{small|(Ecuador 2)}}
|[[2013 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A#Aggregate table|2013 Serie A]] runner-up<ref name="ecudaor"/>
|-
|[[Universidad Católica del Ecuador|Universidad Católica]] {{small|(Ecuador 3)}}
|[[2013 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A#Aggregate table|2013 Serie A]] aggregate table best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="ecudaor"/>
|-
|[[Barcelona Sporting Club|Barcelona]] {{small|(Ecuador 4)}}
|[[2013 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A#Aggregate table|2013 Serie A]] aggregate table 2nd best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="ecudaor"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Paraguayan Football Association|Paraguay]] {{small|4 berths}}
|[[Cerro Porteño]] {{small|(Paraguay 1)}}
|rowspan=4|[[#First stage|First stage]]
|[[2013 Paraguayan Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013 Primera División]] tournament champion with better record in aggregate table<ref name="paraguay">{{cite web|url=http://www.apf.org.py/reglamentos/REGLACAMPE2009-2010.pdf|title=Reglamento del Campeonato Oficial||publisher=APF|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
|[[Club Libertad|Libertad]] {{small|(Paraguay 2)}}
|[[2013 Paraguayan Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013 Primera División]] aggregate table best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="paraguay"/>
|-
|[[Deportivo Capiatá]] {{small|(Paraguay 3)}}
|[[2013 Paraguayan Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013 Primera División]] aggregate table 2nd best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="paraguay"/>
|-
|[[Club General Díaz (Luque)|General Díaz]] {{small|(Paraguay 4)}}
|[[2013 Paraguayan Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013 Primera División]] aggregate table 3rd best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="paraguay"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|PER}} [[Peruvian Football Federation|Peru]] {{small|4 berths}}
|[[Alianza Lima]] {{small|(Peru 1)}}
|rowspan=4|[[#First stage|First stage]]
|[[2013 Torneo Descentralizado#Aggregate table|2013 Descentralizado]] aggregate table best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="peru">{{cite web|url=http://www.adfp.org.pe/pdf/dscntrlzd2013.pdf|title=Bases Torneo Descentralizado Copa Movistar 2013|publisher=ADFP|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
|[[Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo|Universidad César Vallejo]] {{small|(Peru 2)}}
|[[2013 Torneo Descentralizado#Aggregate table|2013 Descentralizado]] aggregate table 2nd best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="peru"/>
|-
|[[Universidad Técnica de Cajamarca]] {{small|(Peru 3)}}
|[[2013 Torneo Descentralizado#Aggregate table|2013 Descentralizado]] aggregate table 3rd best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="peru"/>
|-
|[[Inti Gas Deportes|Inti Gas]] {{small|(Peru 4)}}
|[[2013 Torneo Descentralizado#Aggregate table|2013 Descentralizado]] aggregate table 4th best team not qualified for [[2014 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="peru"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Uruguayan Football Association|Uruguay]] {{small|4 berths}}
|{{small|(Uruguay 1)}}
|rowspan=4|[[#First stage|First stage]]
|[[2013–14 Uruguayan Primera División season#Championship playoff|2013–14 Primera División]] champion<ref name="uruguay">{{cite web|url=http://www.auf.org.uy/Portal/FileViewer.ashx?id=1670&download=yes|title=Reglamento de Primera División|publisher=AUF|language=Spanish|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|{{small|(Uruguay 2)}}
|[[2013–14 Uruguayan Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013–14 Primera División]] aggregate table best team (or any stage winner) not qualified for [[2015 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="uruguay"/>
|-
|{{small|(Uruguay 3)}}
|[[2013–14 Uruguayan Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013–14 Primera División]] aggregate table 2nd best team not qualified for [[2015 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="uruguay"/>
|-
|{{small|(Uruguay 4)}}
|[[2013–14 Uruguayan Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013–14 Primera División]] aggregate table 3rd best team not qualified for [[2015 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="uruguay"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Venezuelan Football Federation|Venezuela]] {{small|4 berths}}
|[[Caracas FC|Caracas]] {{small|(Venezuela 1)}}
|rowspan=4|[[#First stage|First stage]]
|[[2013 Copa Venezuela]] champion<ref name="venezuela">{{cite web|url=http://www.federacionvenezolanadefutbol.org/pdf/NORMAS_REGULADORAS_2013_2014.pdf|title=Comisión de Torneos Nacionales Normas Reguladoras de Categoría Nacional Temporada 2013–2014|publisher=FVF|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|-
|{{small|(Venezuela 2)}}
|[[2013–14 Venezuelan Primera División season#Aggregate table|2013–14 Primera División]] aggregate table best team not qualified for [[2015 Copa Libertadores]]<ref name="venezuela"/>
|-
|{{small|(Venezuela 3)}}
|[[2013–14 Venezuelan Primera División season#Serie Sudamericana|2013–14 Primera División]] Serie Sudamericana winner with better record in aggregate table<ref name="venezuela"/>
|-
|{{small|(Venezuela 4)}}
|[[2013–14 Venezuelan Primera División season#Serie Sudamericana|2013–14 Primera División]] Serie Sudamericana winner with worse record in aggregate table<ref name="venezuela"/>
|}

;Teams which have qualified, but not certain of specific berth:
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=disc}}
{{Cnote2|Note COL|n=0|'''Colombia (COL):''' [[Millonarios Fútbol Club|Millonarios]] will earn the ''Colombia 2'' berth and [[Itagüí F.C.|Itagüí]] will earn the ''Colombia 3'' berth if [[Atlético Nacional]] win the [[2014 Superliga Colombiana]].}}
{{Cnote2 End}}


==See also==
*[[2014 Copa Libertadores]]
*[[2015 Recopa Sudamericana]]
*[[2015 Suruga Bank Championship]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.totalame.com/copatotalsudamericana/|name=Copa Total Sudamericana}} {{es icon}}
*[http://www.conmebol.com/es/content/copa-sudamericana Copa Sudamericana], CONMEBOL.com {{es icon}}

{{Copa Sudamericana seasons}}
{{2014 in South American football (CONMEBOL)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Copa Sudamericana 2014}}

[[Category:Copa Sudamericana|2014]]
[[Category:2014 in South American football|2]]
[[Category:Scheduled sports events]]

Faryd Mondragón

2014-01-30T04:07:46Z

Remux: /* Honours */

{{spanish name 2|Mondragón|Alí}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Faryd Mondragón
| image = Faryd Mondragon 2.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Mondragón playing for [[1. FC Köln]] in 2008
| fullname = Faryd Camilo Mondragón Alí
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|6|21}}
| birth_place = [[Cali]], [[Colombia]]
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| height = {{height|m=1.91}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.faryd.mondragon.1194.en.html | title = Faryd Mondragón | publisher = footballdatabase.eu | accessdate = September 14, 2012}}</ref>
| currentclub = [[Deportivo Cali]]
| clubnumber = 1
| years1 = 1990–1991
| clubs1 = [[Deportivo Cali]]
| caps1 = 1
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 1992
| clubs2 = [[Real Cartagena]]
| caps2 = 15
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 1992
| clubs3 = [[Club Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]
| caps3 = 2
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 1993
| clubs4 = [[Cerro Porteño]]
| caps4 = 11
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 1993–1994
| clubs5 = [[Argentinos Juniors]]
| caps5 = 21
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 1994–1995
| clubs6 = [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]
| caps6 = 0
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 1995
| clubs7 = [[Club Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]
| caps7 = 8
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 1995–1998
| clubs8 = [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]
| caps8 = 103
| goals8 = 1
| years9 = 1999
| clubs9 = [[Real Zaragoza]]
| caps9 = 13
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 1999–2000
| clubs10 = [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]
| caps10 = 16
| goals10 = 0
| years11 = 2001
| clubs11 = [[FC Metz|Metz]]
| caps11 = 30
| goals11 = 0
| years12 = 2001–2007
| clubs12 = [[Galatasaray S.K. (football team)|Galatasaray]]
| caps12 = 185
| goals12 = 0
| years13 = 2007–2010
| clubs13 = [[1. FC Köln]]
| caps13 = 106
| goals13 = 0
| years14 = 2011
| clubs14 = [[Philadelphia Union]]
| caps14 = 27
| goals14 = 0
| years15 = 2012–
| clubs15 = [[Deportivo Cali]]
| caps15 = 69
| goals15 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 1993–
| nationalteam1 = [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]]
| nationalcaps1 = 53
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = September 23, 2013
| nationalteam-update = November 19, 2013
}}

'''Faryd Camilo Mondragón Alí''' (born June 21, 1971 in [[Cali]]) is a [[Colombia]]n [[Association football|footballer]] who currently plays for [[Deportivo Cali]] in the [[Categoría Primera A|Colombian First Division]]. He is also a long-time member of the [[Colombia national football team|Colombian national team]], having played with them since 1993. This makes him one of the last few members of the original 1990s golden generation, while playing for the 2010s generation along with [[Mario Yepes]].

==Club career==
He also had stints with Deportivo Cali, [[Independiente Santa Fe]] (Colombia), [[Cerro Porteño]] (Paraguay), [[Argentinos Juniors]], [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] (Argentina), [[Real Zaragoza]] (Spain) and [[FC Metz]] (France).

[[File:080407-P-SP27 FC- Faryd Mondragon-226.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Faryd Mondragón in a match 27 Round, rivals [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]].]]

Mondragón playing time in South America, starting in his country at Deportivo Cali and the Independiente Santa Fe before moving to Cerro Porteño in Paraguay. His career took off when he joined the most exclusive championship of Argentina with Argentinos Juniors in 1993. He then received his first team selection in Colombia. The following year he joined the Independiente where he became the goalkeeper for four seasons

He was the man behind the maintenance of [[FC Metz]] in Ligue 1 at the end of the 2000–2001 season as he was accumulating each match to secure the victories or draws that allowed the continuance, the club narrowly escaping. Mondragón was convicted of using a false Greek passport and despite the mitigating circumstances (the passport would have been provided by shysters and FC Metz had not reached the limit of players outside the EU), Mondragón was not allowed to play in France and had to leave the country.

Mondragón represented Turkish power [[Galatasaray S.K. (football team)|Galatasaray]] from 2001 to 2007, where he won two [[Süper Lig]] titles in 2002 and 2006. He was appreciated by the fans for his many saves and his commitment to the success of the team, and also become known for his prayers before and during games. He came to the fore in many European matches and was selected Player of the week in the Champions League two times.

Mondragón transferred from [[Istanbul]] to [[1. FC Köln]] in May 2007. After arriving at his new club, he was forced to compete with established Köln goalkeeper [[Stefan Wessels]] for a spot in the starting eleven. One of the reasons that he chose 1. FC Köln it was because the current coach Christoph Daum was working there. After an intense pre-season, Mondragón was named as the new number one for 1. FC Köln. This resulted in Wessels leaving the club for [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] in [[England]]. Since Wessels departure, Mondragón established a first choice goalkeeper for the club until Mondragón was relegated to the bench after an altercation with [[Zvonimir Soldo]] over his desire to go on international duty. This resulted in Mondragón being sent home from the team hotel and being replaced by young Croatian stopper [[Miro Varvodić]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/87/germany/2010/12/09/2253448/report-faryd-mondragon-set-to-leave-koeln-for-philadelphia|title=Report: Faryd Mondragon Set To Leave Koeln For Philadelphia Union |publisher=Goals.com |date= December 9, 2010 |accessdate= February 7, 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Faryd Cali 2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Mondragón in his second spell at Deportivo Cali.]]

His contract with Köln was terminated with effect from 31 December 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fc-koeln.de/index.php?id=723&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=3&tx_ttnews%5BpS%5D=1291158000&tx_ttnews%5BpL%5D=2678399&tx_ttnews%5Barc%5D=1&tx_ttnews%5Bpointer%5D=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6144&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=722|title=Mondragon verlässt den FC|work=[[1. FC Köln]]| accessdate=December 21, 2010 |date=December 13, 2010 |language=German|trans_title=Mondragon leaves FC}}</ref> the reason being Mondragón's desire to play in the MLS.

He spent the 2011 season with [[Philadelphia Union]] of [[Major League Soccer]], where he was successful in providing leadership to a young team. On January 30, 2012, Deportivo Cali announced Mondragon had signed a one-year contract to finish his career with his original professional club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ligapostobon.com.co/noticia/mondragon-se-vuelve-poner-la-verde-11464|title=Mondragón se vuelve a poner la verde|work= ligapostobon.com.co |accessdate= January 30, 2012 |date= January 30, 2012|language=Spanish|trans_title=Mondragon returns to put on the green}}</ref>

==International career==
Mondragón was a member of the Colombian teams that competed at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] and the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]]. During the [[1998 World Cup]], he started in goal for all three of their games, including the final match against [[England]]. Despite conceding two goals, he made some impressive saves and in doing so kept the score down to 2–0. At the end of the game he broke down in tears and [[David Seaman]], England's goalkeeper, did his best to console him. According to German footballing legend [[Franz Beckenbauer]], Mondragón had been the best goalkeeper of the first round.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}As Colombia qualified to the World Cup in [[2014 FIFA World Cup|Brazil 2014]], Mondragón will be the oldest member in the final tournament, and will become the oldest player in [[FIFA World Cup]] history if he ever plays an official match during the competition. It's been said that he's the only player in football history to participate in six consecutives FIFA World Cup Qualifiers within a 20 years span (1993-2013). He had been summoned to the South American [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|2014 WCQ]] since Argentine coach [[José Pekerman|Pekerman]] arrived to the Colombian national team, but he didn't record minutes played in the qualifiers with his national team.

After three years, he made a debut return to the national team's starting squad in a friendly against Belgium on November 15, 2013 where Colombia won 2-0. The last time he started behind the net for Colombia's international matches was on October 2010 in a friendly vs USA.

== Career statistics ==
Updated February 22, 2011
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=3 | Club performance
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | Continental
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
! Season !! Club !! League
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
|-
! colspan=3 | Colombia
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | [[CONMEBOL|South America]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|1990||rowspan="2"|[[Deportivo Cali]]||rowspan="4"|[[Categoría Primera A]]||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1991||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|rowspan="2"|1992||rowspan="1"|[[Real Cartagena]]||15||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||15||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Club Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]||2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
! colspan=3 | Paraguay
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | [[CONMEBOL|South America]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|1993||rowspan="1"|[[Cerro Porteño]]||rowspan="1"|[[Paraguayan Primera División|División Profesional]]||11||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|-
! colspan=3 | Argentina
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | [[CONMEBOL|South America]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[1993–94 Argentine Primera División|1993–94]]||rowspan="1"|[[Argentinos Juniors]]||rowspan="2"|[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]]||21||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||21||0
|-
|[[1994–95 Argentine Primera División|1994–95]]||rowspan="1"|[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
! colspan=3 | Colombia
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | [[CONMEBOL|South America]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|1995||rowspan="1"|[[Club Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]||rowspan="1"|[[Categoría Primera A]]||30||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||30||0
|-
! colspan=3 | Argentina
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | [[CONMEBOL|South America]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[1995–96 Argentine Primera División|1995–96]]||rowspan="4"|[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]||rowspan="4"|[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]]||27||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||27||0
|-
|[[1996–97 Argentine Primera División|1996–97]]||33||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||33||0
|-
|[[1997–98 Argentine Primera División|1997–98]]||26||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||26||1
|-
|[[1998–99 Argentine Primera División|1998–99]]||17||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||17||0
|-
! colspan=3 | Spain
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | [[Copa del Rey]]
! colspan=2 | [[Supercopa de España]]
! colspan=2 | [[UEFA|Europe]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[1998–99 La Liga|1998–99]]||rowspan="1"|[[Real Zaragoza]]||rowspan="1"|[[La Liga]]||13||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||13||0
|-
! colspan=3 | Argentina
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | [[CONMEBOL|South America]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[1999–2000 Argentine Primera División|1999–00]]||rowspan="1"|[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]||rowspan="1"|[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]]||16||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||16||0
|-
! colspan=3 | France
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | [[Coupe de France]]
! colspan=2 | [[Coupe de la Ligue]]
! colspan=2 | [[UEFA|Europe]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[2000–01 French Division 1|2000–01]]||rowspan="1"|[[FC Metz|Metz]]||rowspan="1"|[[Ligue 1]]||30||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||30||0
|-
! colspan=3 | Turkey
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | [[Türkiye Kupası]]
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | [[UEFA|Europe]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[2001–02 Süper Lig|2001–02]]||rowspan="6"|[[Galatasaray S.K. (football team)|Galatasaray]]||rowspan="6"|[[Süper Lig]]||28||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||28||0
|-
|[[2002–03 Süper Lig|2002–03]]||32||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||32||0
|-
|[[2003–04 Süper Lig|2003–04]]||27||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||27||0
|-
|[[2004–05 Süper Lig|2004–05]]||34||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||34||0
|-
|[[2005–06 Süper Lig|2005–06]]||34||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||34||0
|-
|[[2006–07 Süper Lig|2006–07]]||30||0||0||0||0||0||6||0||36||0
|-
! colspan=3 | Germany
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | [[DFB-Pokal]]
! colspan=2 | Other
! colspan=2 | [[UEFA|Europe]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[2007–08 Fußball-Bundesliga|2007–08]]||rowspan="4"|[[1. FC Köln|Köln]]||rowspan="4"|[[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]||31||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||31||0
|-
|[[2008–09 Fußball-Bundesliga|2008–09]]||31||0||2||0||0||0||0||0||33||0
|-
|[[2009–10 Fußball-Bundesliga|2009–10]]||32||0||4||0||0||0||0||0||36||0
|-
|[[2010–11 Fußball-Bundesliga|2010–11]]||12||0||2||0||0||0||0||0||14||0
|-
! colspan=3 | USA
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | [[Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup|Open Cup]]
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | [[CONCACAF|North America]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[2011 Philadelphia Union season|2011]]||[[Philadelphia Union]]||[[Major League Soccer]]||27||0||1||0||2||0||0||0||30||0
|-
! colspan=3 | Colombia
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | Other
! colspan=2 | [[CONMEBOL|South America]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[2012 Categoría Primera A season|2012]]||rowspan="1"|[[Deportivo Cali]]||rowspan="1"|[[Categoría Primera A]]||33||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||34||0
|-
! rowspan=8 | Total
! colspan=2 | Colombia
!26||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||26||0
|-
! colspan=2 | Paraguay
!11||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|-
! colspan=2 | Argentina
!140||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||140||1
|-
! colspan=2 | Spain
!13||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||13||0
|-
! colspan=2 | France
!30||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||30||0
|-
! colspan=2 | Turkey
!185||0||0||0||0||0||6||0||191||0
|-
! colspan=2 | Germany
!106||0||8||0||0||0||0||0||114||0
|-
! colspan=2 | USA
!27||0||1||0||2||0||0||0||30||0
|-
! colspan=3 | Career total
!538||1||9||0||2||0||6||0||555||1
|}

==Honours==
;[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]
* [[Recopa Sudamericana]]: [[1995 Recopa Sudamericana|1995]]
* [[Supercopa Libertadores]]: [[1995 Supercopa Libertadores|1995]]

;[[Galatasaray S.K. (football team)|Galatasaray]]
* [[Süper Lig]]: [[2001–02 Süper Lig|2001–02]], [[2005–06 Süper Lig|2005–06]]
* [[Turkish Cup]]: [[2004–05 Turkish Cup|2004–05]]

;[[Deportivo Cali]]
* [[Superliga Colombiana]]: 2014

==Personal life==
He was born to Colombian parents of [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] ancestry.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{NFT player|pid=1519}}
* [http://www.futbolxxi.com/Futbolista.aspx?ID=7498&SEOFutbolista=Mondragon+Faryd+Camilo Argentine Primera statistics] {{es icon}}

{{Navboxes
|title=Faryd Mondragón – International tournaments
|list1=
{{Colombia football squad 1992 Summer Olympics}}
{{Colombia squad 1993 Copa América}}
{{Colombia squad 1994 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Colombia squad 1997 Copa América}}
{{Colombia squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Colombia squad 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup}}
{{Colombia squad 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup}}
}}
{{Deportivo Cali squad}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Mondragon, Faryd Aly
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 21, 1971
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cali, Colombia
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondragon, Faryd}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cali]]
[[Category:Colombian footballers]]
[[Category:Colombian people of Lebanese descent]]
[[Category:Deportivo Cali footballers]]
[[Category:Independiente Santa Fe footballers]]
[[Category:Argentinos Juniors footballers]]
[[Category:Club Atlético Independiente footballers]]
[[Category:Real Zaragoza footballers]]
[[Category:FC Metz players]]
[[Category:Galatasaray S.K. footballers]]
[[Category:1. FC Köln players]]
[[Category:Cerro Porteño footballers]]
[[Category:Association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers of Colombia]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Colombia international footballers]]
[[Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:1997 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup players]]
[[Category:2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup players]]
[[Category:Colombian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in France]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Turkey]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Argentina]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Paraguay]]
[[Category:Expatriate soccer players in the United States]]
[[Category:Primera División Argentina players]]
[[Category:La Liga footballers]]
[[Category:Ligue 1 players]]
[[Category:Süper Lig players]]
[[Category:Bundesliga players]]
[[Category:2. Bundesliga players]]
[[Category:Colombian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Colombian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Philadelphia Union players]]
[[Category:Deportivo Cali]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer players]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer All-Stars]]
[[Category:Colombian expatriates in Turkey]]

Deportivo Cali

2014-01-30T04:02:38Z

Remux: /* Honors */ + Superliga 2014

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Deportivo Cali
| image = [[File:Deportivo Cali Blazono.svg|200px]]
| fullname = Asociación Deportivo Cali
| nickname = ''Los Verdiblancos'' (the White and Greens) ''Los Azucareros'' (the Sugarmakers) ''La Amenaza Verde'' (the Green Menace) ''La Tromba Verde'' (the Green Whirlwind)
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1912|11|23}}
| ground = [[Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero]], Colombia
| capacity = 33,130
| chairman = Óscar Astudillo
| manager = [[Leonel Álvarez]] (Colombia)
| league = [[Categoría Primera A]] (Colombia)
| season = [[2012 Categoría Primera A season|2012]]|
| position = 9th (aggregate table)
| website = http://www.deportivocali.co/
|pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_Deportivo Cali 2012 II|pattern_ra1=|pattern_sh1=_Deportivo Cali 2012 II|leftarm1=05992A|body1=05992A|rightarm1=05992A|shorts1=|socks1=05992A
|pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=_Deportivo Cali 2012 II v|pattern_ra2=|pattern_sh2=_Deportivo Cali 2012 II_v|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=|socks2=FFFFFF
}}

'''Asociación Deportivo Cali''' is a Colombian sports club based in [[Cali]], most notable for its [[Association football|football]] team, also has teams in basketball, volleyball and swimming.

Deportivo Cali is one of the most successful football teams in Colombia, winning eight national championships (1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, and 2005-I).

The new stadium, [[Estadio Deportivo Cali]], with a capacity for 55,000, is the second largest football stadium in Colombia and was officially inaugurated on 19 November 2008. Deportivo Cali's old home stadium was [[Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero]], with capacity for 33.130.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.archive.org/web/20101016005513/http://es.fifa.com/u20worldcup/destination/cities/city=2068/index.html|title= Cali|accessdate= 2 August 2011|editor= [http://es.fifa.com/index.html FIFA.com] recovered}}</ref>

==History==

===Amateur era===
Cali Foot-ball Club was formed in 1908, by students who came back from Europe bringing football to the city of Cali, but in 1912 the students organized the team and renamed it as Deportivo Cali beginning practice under their first coach, [[Catalan people|Catalan]] born [[Francisco Villa Bisa]]. Their first match was between CFC "A" and CFC "B" in the [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]] pitch, the attendance was 300 spectators. By 1928 the name was changed to "Deportivo Cali A" and the club represented the [[Valle del Cauca]] [[Department (country subdivision)|Department]] in the National Olympics, earning the titles between 1928–1930.

In 1945 several clubs decided to become part of the club adding new sports to the institution like [[athletics (track and field)|athletics]], basketball and swimming. During the next several years the club played against different teams from the country and by 1948 the team was ready to play its first professional season in the first division (Division Mayor de Football: Primera A). The first game was a defeat against [[Junior Barranquilla|Junior]] 2–0. Their first victory was against [[Atletico Nacional]] (then Atletico Municipal) 4–1. They would end the season in 8th place with a record of 6 victories, 4 draws and 8 defeats.<ref name="season">{{cite web |title=RSSSF statistics |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/col48.html |accessdate=19 August 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Historia">{{cite web |title=Historia del Deportivo Cali |url=http://www.deporcali.com/deporcali/notas/Julio162003/resena.php |accessdate=20 August 2008 }}</ref>
[[Image:CFC.svg|thumb|Cali's first logo]]

===Golden years===
Between 1965–1974 Deportivo Cali saw its golden age era. During this period, Deportivo Cali achieved 11 finals, from which they won 5 of their 8 Colombian championship titles in the [[Copa Mustang]]. It was then that Deportivo Cali was one of the top teams from the national league in Colombia. In 1978 Deportivo Cali reached the [[Copa Libertadores de America]] final losing against Boca Juniors from Argentina. During the 1980s Deportivo Cali began to fall behind in championship titles and lost three finals against its home rival América de Cali. Among the key players in Deportivo Cali were [[Carlos Valderrama (footballer)|Carlos "El Pibe" Valderrama]] and [[Bernardo Redín]]. In 1996, twenty two years after Deportivo Cali won its last championship title (1974), The Green Ones raised another star under the guidance of coach [[Fernando "El Pecoso" Castro]], and famous goal keeper [[Miguel Calero|Miguel "El Show" Calero]]. Two years later, during the 1998–1999 season Deportivo Cali won Copa Mustang in 1998 and reached the 1999 [[Copa Toyota Libertadores]] final for the second time in its history. Unfortunately, luck wasn't on their side and they lost to [[Palmeiras]] of Brazil during PK's (Deportivo Cali Shot Takers: [[Rafael Dudamel]], [[Hernan Gaviria]], [[Mario Yepes]], [[Gerardo Bedoya]] (missed), [[Martín Zapata]] (Missed). Palmeiras 4, Dep. Cali 3, 4–3 Final Penalty Score, over a 2–2 aggregate score. It was during this time period that Deportivo Cali had many of the best players to come across the Colombian soccer league. This team included: [[Jose Rosendo Toledo]], "El Moño" Muñoz, [[Miguel Escobar]], [[Oscar Lopez]], [[Mario Sanclemente]], [[German "El Burrito" Gonzalez]], [[Jose Yudica]], [[Miguel Angel "El Mago" Loayza]], [[Jairo "El Maestrico" Arboleda]], [[Oscar Mario "Tranvia" Desiderio]], [[Diego Edison Umaña]], [[Henry "La Mosca" Caicedo]], [[Iroldo Rodriguez de Oliveira]], [[Jorge Ramirez Gallego]], [[Roberto Alvarez]], [[Quarentinha]], [[Bernardo "El Cunda" Valencia]], and [[Ricardo Pegnoty]]. Unfortunately, most of these players did not receive international fame, yet [[Jairo Arboleda]] could have been one of the best players Colombia has had in midfield along with [[Carlos Valderrama]]. Similar to Valderrama, Arboleda used a variety of skill and "magic" that left opponents lost and beaten, which gave rise to his nickname "El Maestrico". He is mostly recognized in Cali as one of Colombia's best players ever. This is true in most parts of Colombia except for Antioquia, where their pride dominates and mislead people to believe the best players come from Antioquia, especially Medellín. [[Jairo Arboleda]] was unfortunate to be called to the Colombian National team at a time when the team was not fully developed and organized, fading away his skill at an international level.

===Recent years===
In recent years (2000–2007), the club has seen a major downfall in quality of players, quality of team and general managers, and overall result in both [[Copa Mustang]], and [[Copa Toyota Libertadores]]. During this time frame, Cali won 1 more championships (2005), but lost finals to the underdog teams such as [[Deportes Tolima]], and [[Deportivo Pasto]]. Not only this, but during this time, Deportivo Cali, for the first time in Copa Mustang history, did not make it to what the [[DIMAYOR]] calls the "Cuadrangulares", or the "semi-finals" of the cup. In the recent 2007 Finalization season, Deportivo for the second time in club history, failed to make it to the cuadrangulares. Spectators say that the down fall of the 2007 season way a result of the major injury of [[Sergio Herrera]], and the departure of [[Martin Cardetti]]. During the time frame of 2006–2007, the club from [[Santiago de Cali]] have seen over 3 different coaches, and 2 different ones in the 2007 Finalization season alone. Some of the coaches which served Deportivo Cali during this time are: Omar Labruna, Nestor Otero, and Pedro Sarmiento. Deportivo Cali fans and the board of directors of Club Asociación Deportivo Cali hoped that the newly elected coach, Uruguayan Jose Daniel Carreño, would have changed the face of the club, and re-enter them back to their glory days, he failed and was replaced by Ricardo Martinez before the end of the "Cuadrangulares" during the Copa Mustang I 2008. With new a stadium and having [[Adidas]] as a sponsor, Deportivo Cali made it to the 2010–2011 quarter finals even when people were saying that they were already eliminated since they had the worst start in Deportivo Cali's history by losing the first 4th games. In the quarter finals they were eliminated in a penalty shoot-out by [[Atlético Nacional]], in a match that could've gone either way. Deportivo Cali is also going to be present in the [[2011 Copa Sudamericana]] which is holding the draw on 28 June 2011.

===Daniel Carreño era===
Deportivo Cali, during the management of Daniel Jose Carreño, had an above average Apertura season in the [[Copa Mustang]], coming in 6th place which qualified them for the semifinals of the Copa Mustang. In the [[Copa Colombia]], they finished 3rd place, not qualifying for further play, which was a real embarrassment, as Deportivo Cali was the favorite to win the group. During the semifinals of the Copa Mustang, Cali failed to win the first 4 matches, losing 2, and drawing 2, and winning the fifth one, 2–1 against [[Deportivo Independiente Medellín]]. After the failing to win the fourth game, it was ultimately decided by the official council of Deportivo Cali for him to be sacked, and be replaced. The successor of Daniel Carreño is [[Ricardo Martínez]].

===Start of the Ricardo Martínez era===
On 10 July 2008, the successor of Daniel Carreño was ultimately decided to be [[Ricardo Martínez]]. He was the assistant manager of the club under the management of Daniel Carreño. His first game with the club will be on 28 July, when the [[Copa Mustang]] begins. His main focus right now is to bring in players from both the national squads, and other foreign players. The other candidate for the position, Santiago Escobar, was chosen as the new manager for [[Independiente Medellín]]. On December 2009, the executives decided to re-hire José Eugenio "Cheché" Hernández as the new coach. This is the second time "Cheché" takes the team, last time he guided the team to the Championship of 1998 and to the runners-up of the Copa Toyota Libertadores of 1999 that lost against Palmeiras from Brazil after penalty kicks shootout.

===International competitions===
Deportivo Cali was the first Colombian side to dispute a [[Copa Libertadores]] final in 1978. Under coach [[Carlos Bilardo]] Deportivo Cali played against [[Boca Juniors]]. The first match in Cali ended 0–0. The second match in [[Buenos Aires]] resulted in a 4–0 victory for the Argentines.
In 1999 they also disputed the final, this time it was against Brazilian side [[Palmeiras]]. The first match in Cali was a victory for the home side 1–0. The second match was a 2–1 defeat. The cup was decided on penalty kicks where Deportivo Cali lost 4–3. Beside [[Copa Libertadores]] the club has also disputed the [[Merconorte]] final and participated in the [[Copa Sudamericana]]. Deportivo Cali is currently ranked 3rd on the Colombian club ranking by the [[Conmebol]][http://www.conmebol.com/ranking_pais_index.jsp?pais=col&slangab=S].

==Super Classic==
Deportivo Cali's longtime rival is [[América de Cali|América]]. The derby is known either as the "Clasico de San Fernando" because of the location of the [[Pascual Guerrero]] stadium or the [[Valle del Cauca]] Derby.[[Image:Cali vs amer.jpg|right|thumb|Deportivo Cali vs. [[América de Cali|América]] in 2006]] The first derby was played in 1931 when the final of the Valle del Cauca league was disputed by the two teams. The result was a victory for América de Cali 1–0.<ref name="Historia2">{{cite web |title=Primer Clasico (Español) |url=http://www.nuevoestadio.com/docu/equipos1.htm |accessdate=20 August 2008 }}</ref> The first derby in the professional era was played in 1948. The first leg was a victory for América 1–0 while on the second leg of the tournament it was a Cali victory 4–3.On 10 October 2010 Deportivo Cali, for the first time in the history of its new stadium, won against América de Cali, with a final score of 6–3 which including a hat trick from Argetine player Martin Gerardo Morel, and three of the most highlighted goals of the tournament.<ref name="season"/> The "Super Classic" is not longer played because its rival went to the second division due to bad performance, and has been in that division since 2011.
* '''Total matches played:''' 266 <ref name="Clasico de San Fernando">{{cite web |title=El Pais – Clasico Caleño |url=http://www.elpais.com.co/paisonline/deportes2003/notas/Marzo232008/clasico.html |accessdate=19 August 2008 }}</ref>
**'''Deportivo Cali Victories''': 101
** '''América Victories''': 86
** '''Draws:''' 81

==Honors==
*'''[[Categoría Primera A|Primera A]] (8)''': 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, 2005-I
*'''[[Copa Colombia]] (1)''': 2010
*'''[[Colombian Superliga]] (1):''' 2014

==Current squad==
{{updated|8 Jan 2013.}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=COL|pos=GK|name=[[Faryd Mondragón]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Fainer Torijano]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Mauricio Casierra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Vladimir Marin]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Andrés Eduardo Pérez|Andres Perez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Diego Amaya]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=PAR|pos=FW|name=[[Robin Ramirez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Gustavo Cuellar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Luis Fernando Mosquera]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Carlos Lizarazo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Sergio Esteban Romero|Sergio Romero]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=COL|pos=GK|name=[[Luis Hurtado]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Helibelton Palacios]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Lucas Scaglia]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Jhon Viafara]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Andres Felipe Roa]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Cristian Marrugo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Daniel Giraldo]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Yerson Candelo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Steven Mondoza]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Victor Giraldo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=COL|pos=GK|name=[[Jose Johan Silva|Jose Silva]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Álvaro Domínguez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Luis Calderon]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Cristian Higuita]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Daley Mena]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=PAR|pos=FW|name=[[Néstor Camacho]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Gustavo Bolivar (footballer)|Gustavo Bolivar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Miguel Angel Murillo|Miguel Murillo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Harrison Mojica]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Jown Cardona]]}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=COL|pos=GK|name=[[Johan Wallens]]}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=COL|pos=MF|name=[[Carlos Enrique Renteria|Carlos Renteria]]}}
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Carlos Rivas]]}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Jesus Daniel Martinez|Jesus Martinez]]}}
{{Fs end}}
=== Sponsor ===
{| align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:;"
|- bgcolor="green" style="color:white;"
! colspan="3" | Proveedores y patrocinadores
|- bgcolor="white" style="color:green;"
! Período
! Proveedor
! Patrocinador
|- align="center"
| 1985
| ...
| {{bandera|Francia}} [[Renault]]
|- align="center"
| 1986
| {{bandera|Francia}} [[Le Coq Sportif]]
| {{bandera|Colombia}} [[Postobón|Bretaña]]
|- align="center"
| 1990–1992
| [[Archivo:Saeta_Logo.svg|90px]] {{bandera|Colombia}} [[Saeta (marca)|Saeta]]
| {{bandera|Colombia}} [[Postobón|Colombiana]]
|- align="center"
| 1993–1994
| [[Archivo:Umbro.svg|50px]] {{bandera|Reino Unido}} [[Umbro]]
| rowspan="2" | {{bandera|Colombia}} [[Cervecería Leona|Cerveza Leona]]
|- align="center"
| 1995–1997
| [[Archivo:Adidas Logo.svg|50px]] {{bandera|Alemania}} [[Adidas]]
|- align="center"
| 1998–1999
| [[Archivo:Fila italy logo.png|50px]] {{bandera|Italia}} [[Fila (marca)|Fila]]
| {{bandera|Colombia}} [[Postobón]]
|- align="center"
| 2000
| [[Archivo:Lusti Logo.svg|60px]] {{bandera|Colombia}} [[Lusti (marca)|Lusti]]
| rowspan="2" | {{bandera|Colombia}} [[Postobón|Colombiana]]
|- align="center"
| 2001–2002
| [[Archivo:New_Balance_logo.svg|40px]] {{bandera|Estados Unidos}} [[New Balance]]
|- align="center"
| 2003–2005
| [[Archivo:Patrick_Simbolo.jpg|50px]] {{bandera|Bélgica}} [[Patrick (marca)|Patrick]]
| {{bandera|Estados Unidos}} [[Western Union]]
|- align="center"
| 2006–2007
| rowspan="3" | [[Archivo:Adidas Logo.svg|50px]] {{bandera|Alemania}} [[Adidas]]
| {{bandera|Colombia}} [[Cervecería Bavaria S.A.|Cerveza Poker]]
|- align="center"
| 2008
| {{bandera|Colombia}} [[Cervecería Bavaria S.A.|Cerveza Águila]]
|- align="center"
| 2009
| rowspan="2" | {{bandera|Colombia}} [[Aguardiente|Aguardiente Blanco del Valle]] {{bandera|Colombia}} Ingenio San Carlos {{bandera|Japón}} [[Honda]] {{bandera|Luxemburgo}} [[Tigo]] {{bandera|Colombia}} [[UNE EPM Telecomunicaciones|UNE]]
|- align="center"
| 2010–2011
| rowspan="3" | [[Archivo:Mitre Logo.svg|60px]] {{bandera|Reino Unido}} [[Mitre Sports International|Mitre]]
|- align="center"
| 2011–2013
| {{bandera|Colombia}} Ingenio San Carlos {{bandera|Japón}} [[Kyocera]] {{bandera|colombia}} [[Telepacífico]] {{bandera|Corea del Sur}} [[Hyundai]]
|- align="center"
| 2013
| rowspan="2" | {{bandera|Colombia}} Ingenio San Carlos {{bandera|Colombia}} Deo Pies
|- align="center"
| 2014
| [[Archivo:Umbro.svg|50px]] {{bandera|Reino Unido}} [[Umbro]]
|}

===Notable players===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Pablo Batalla]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Alberto de Jesús Benítez]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Martin Morel]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ruben Ponce de Leon]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Néstor Leonel Scotta]]
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Jorge Orlando Aravena Plaza|Jorge Aravena]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Adolfo Andrade]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Abel Aguilar]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jairo Arboleda]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Víctor Bonilla]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Henry Caicedo]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Miguel Calero]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Mayer Candelo]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} Fernando Castro
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Álvaro Domínguez]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Miguel Escobar]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Andrés Estrada]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Hermán Gaviria]]
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Giovanni Hernández]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Carlos Mario Hoyos]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jhon Kennedy Hurtado]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Edison Mafla]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Faryd Mondragón]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fredy Montero]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Tressor Moreno]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Elkin Murillo]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jámison Olave]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Willington Ortiz]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Armando Osma]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Ever Palacios]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Oscar Alexander Pareja]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Andrés Eduardo Pérez|Andrés Pérez]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[John Wilmar Pérez]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Ramírez Gallego]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bernardo Redín]]
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Hamilton Ricard]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Nelson Rivas]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Hugo Rodallega]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Angel María Torres]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Diego Edison Umaña]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Carlos Valderrama (footballer)|Carlos Valderrama]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Alexander Viveros]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Mario Yepes]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Cristián Zapata]]
* {{flagicon|Panama}} [[Blas Pérez]]
* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Darío Caballero]]
* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Jorge Amado Nunes]]
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Miguel Ángel Loayza]]
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Valeriano López]]
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Roberto Palacios]]
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Juan Guillermo Castillo]]
* {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Rafael Dudamel]]
{{col-end}}

==Managers==
{{col-start}}
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Vladislao Cap]] (1972–73)
*{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Vladica Popović]] (1974)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Washington Etchamendi]] (1976)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Carlos Bilardo]] (1976–79)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Eduardo Luján Manera]] (1979–80)
*{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Vladica Popović]] (1984–86)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Julio Avelino Comesaña]] (1987)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Óscar Tabárez]] (July 1988 – December 1988)
*{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Vladica Popović]] (1989)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Luis Pinto]] (1990–91)
*{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Miguel Company]] (January 1992 – June 1993)
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fernando Castro Lozada|Fernando Castro]] (1995–96)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Reinaldo Rueda]] (1997–98)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[José Eugenio Hernández|José "Cheché" Hernández]] (1998–99)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Luis Fernando Suárez]] (2001)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Néstor Otero]] (July 2001 – December 2001)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fernando Castro Lozada|Fernando Castro]] (2002)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Javier Álvarez Arteaga|Javier Álvarez]] (2003)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bernardo Redín]] (2004)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jaime de la Pava]] (1 Jan 2005 – 31 Dec 2005)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Pedro Sarmiento]] (1 July 2005 – 30 June 2006)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Omar Labruna]] (2006–07)
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Néstor Otero]] (1 July 2007 – 30 Nov 2007)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[José Daniel Carreño]] (2008)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[José Eugenio Hernández|José "Cheché" Hernández]] (1 Jan 2009 – 31 Dec 2009)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Luis Bernal]] (1 Jan 2010 – 30 March 2010)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Cruz (footballer)|Jorge Cruz]] ''(interim)'' (1 April 2010 – 30 June 2010)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jaime de la Pava]] (22 Aug 2010 – 30 June 2011)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Cruz (footballer)|Jorge Cruz]] (1 March 2011 – 23 Sep 2011)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Rubén Darío Insúa]] (1 Oct 2011 – 5 March 2012)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Julio Avelino Comesaña|J.A. Comesaña]] (4 March 2012 – 8 Oct 2012)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Leonel Álvarez]] (13 Dec 2012–)
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Deportivo Cali}}
* [http://www.deportivocali.co/ Deportivo Cali official website]
* [http://www.frenteradical.com/ Frente Radical Verdiblanco: Official Website of Deportivo Cali's Supporters]
* [http://www.tequierocali.org/ Te Quiero Cali: Deportivo Cali's Fan Page]

{{Colombian Football}}

[[Category:Deportivo Cali]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Colombia]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1908]]

Superliga Colombiana

2014-01-30T04:02:15Z

Remux: /* Goalscorers */

The '''Superliga Colombiana''' (officially named '''Súperliga Postobón de Campeones''', for sponsorship reasons), is an official competition contested between the winners of the Apertura and Finalizacion tournaments of the [[Colombia|Colombian]] [[Categoría Primera A]]. The tournament is organized by the División Mayor del Fútbol Colombiano, [[DIMAYOR]]. The competition was created in 2012 and it is played by the end of January of every year. Its current champion is [[Deportivo Cali]].

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style=font-size:90% text-align: center width=90%
|-
!rowspan=1| '''Year'''
!rowspan=1| '''Apertura Winner'''
!rowspan=1| '''Results'''
!rowspan=1| '''Finalización Winner '''
|-
|align=center|2012
|align=center|'''[[Atlético Nacional]]'''
|align=center|'''3 – 1 3 – 0'''
|align=center|[[Junior de Barranquilla|Junior]]
|-
|align=center|2013
|align=center|'''[[Corporación Deportiva Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]'''
|align=center|'''2 – 1 1 – 0'''
|align=center|[[Millonarios Fútbol Club|Millonarios]]
|-
|align=center|2014
|align=center|'''[[Atlético Nacional]]'''
|align=center|'''1 – 2 1 – 0 (3)-(4)'''
|align=center|[[Deportivo Cali]]<ref group="Note">Atlético Nacional was the Finalización winner, but the matches of the Superliga was between Atlético Nacional and Deportivo because Cali was the second best positioned in the reclassification table of 2013.</ref>
|-
|}
<references group="Note" />
==Performance by club==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club
! Winners
! Runners-up
! Winning Years
! Runners-Up
|-
| [[Atlético Nacional]]
| <center>1
| <center>0
| 2012
| –
|-
| [[Corporación Deportiva Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]
| <center>1
| <center>0
| 2013
| –
|-
| [[Deportivo Cali]]
| <center>1
| <center>0
| 2014
| –
|-
| [[Junior de Barranquilla|Junior]]
| <center>0
| <center>1
| –
| 2012
|-
| [[Millonarios Fútbol Club|Millonarios]]
| <center>0
| <center>1
| –
| 2013
|-
|}

==Goalscorers==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rank
! Name
! Club
! Goals
|-
| align=center | 1
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Jefferson Duque]]
|[[Atlético Nacional]]
|align=center| 3
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center | 2
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Luis Carlos Arias]]
|[[Corporación Deportiva Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]
|align=center| 2
|-
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[John Pajoy]]
|[[Atlético Nacional]]
|align=center| 2
|-
|{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Robin Ramírez]]
|[[Deportivo Cali]]
|align=center| 2
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center | 4
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Carlos Valdés (footballer)|Carlos Valdés]]
|[[Corporación Deportiva Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]
|align=center| 1
|-
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Pedro Franco]]
|[[Millonarios Fútbol Club|Millonarios]]
|align=center| 1
|-
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Anselmo de Almeida]]
|[[Junior de Barranquilla|Junior]]
|align=center| 1
|}

==External links==
[http://www.superligapostobon.com/ Official website]

{{Football in Colombia}}

[[Category:Categoría Primera A]]

{{footy-stub}}
{{Colombia-sport-stub}}

Superliga Colombiana

2014-01-30T03:24:42Z

Remux: Updating the article

The '''Superliga Colombiana''' (officially named '''Súperliga Postobón de Campeones''', for sponsorship reasons), is an official competition contested between the winners of the Apertura and Finalizacion tournaments of the [[Colombia|Colombian]] [[Categoría Primera A]]. The tournament is organized by the División Mayor del Fútbol Colombiano, [[DIMAYOR]]. The competition was created in 2012 and it is played by the end of January of every year. Its current champion is [[Deportivo Cali]].

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style=font-size:90% text-align: center width=90%
|-
!rowspan=1| '''Year'''
!rowspan=1| '''Apertura Winner'''
!rowspan=1| '''Results'''
!rowspan=1| '''Finalización Winner '''
|-
|align=center|2012
|align=center|'''[[Atlético Nacional]]'''
|align=center|'''3 – 1 3 – 0'''
|align=center|[[Junior de Barranquilla|Junior]]
|-
|align=center|2013
|align=center|'''[[Corporación Deportiva Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]'''
|align=center|'''2 – 1 1 – 0'''
|align=center|[[Millonarios Fútbol Club|Millonarios]]
|-
|align=center|2014
|align=center|'''[[Atlético Nacional]]'''
|align=center|'''1 – 2 1 – 0 (3)-(4)'''
|align=center|[[Deportivo Cali]]<ref group="Note">Atlético Nacional was the Finalización winner, but the matches of the Superliga was between Atlético Nacional and Deportivo because Cali was the second best positioned in the reclassification table of 2013.</ref>
|-
|}
<references group="Note" />
==Performance by club==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club
! Winners
! Runners-up
! Winning Years
! Runners-Up
|-
| [[Atlético Nacional]]
| <center>1
| <center>0
| 2012
| –
|-
| [[Corporación Deportiva Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]
| <center>1
| <center>0
| 2013
| –
|-
| [[Deportivo Cali]]
| <center>1
| <center>0
| 2014
| –
|-
| [[Junior de Barranquilla|Junior]]
| <center>0
| <center>1
| –
| 2012
|-
| [[Millonarios Fútbol Club|Millonarios]]
| <center>0
| <center>1
| –
| 2013
|-
|}

==Goalscorers==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rank
! Name
! Club
! Goals
|-
| align=center | 1
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Jefferson Duque]]
|[[Atlético Nacional]]
|align=center| 3
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center | 2
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Luis Carlos Arias]]
|[[Corporación Deportiva Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]
|align=center| 2
|-
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[John Pajoy]]
|[[Atlético Nacional]]
|align=center| 2
|-
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Robin Ramírez]]
|[[Deportivo Cali]]
|align=center| 2
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center | 4
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Carlos Valdés (footballer)|Carlos Valdés]]
|[[Corporación Deportiva Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]
|align=center| 1
|-
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Pedro Franco]]
|[[Millonarios Fútbol Club|Millonarios]]
|align=center| 1
|-
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Anselmo de Almeida]]
|[[Junior de Barranquilla|Junior]]
|align=center| 1
|}

==External links==
[http://www.superligapostobon.com/ Official website]

{{Football in Colombia}}

[[Category:Categoría Primera A]]

{{footy-stub}}
{{Colombia-sport-stub}}

User:Remux

2014-01-29T08:13:21Z

Remux:

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[[af:Gebruiker:Remux]]
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User:Remux

2014-01-29T08:12:19Z

Remux: Actually i think that my english level isn't "that" good

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Talk:Wirtland (micronation)

2014-01-29T07:58:15Z

Remux: /* About the deletion of this article */ new section

{{Talk header}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Micronations|class=Start|importance=mid}}
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==Comment==
{{Old AfD multi| date = 19 June 2009 (UTC) | result = '''no consensus''' | page = Wirtland }}
{{Permission OTRS|2009063010073151}}

== Censorship! ==

I can't understand why the article about Wirtland should be deleted since it's one of the most interesting and unique (for now) projects of virtual micronation, that can exist beyond any physical borders and give freedom even to those individuals who are denied of such opportunity. I see the deletion of this article as major violation of human rights as it is act of censorship! —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:212.25.53.127|212.25.53.127]] ([[User talk:212.25.53.127|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/212.25.53.127|contribs]]) 18:27, 25 June 2009

== External links ==

Even after the article has been approved, they deleted all external links (Wirtland's social network, Wirtland's news blog, Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook group links), except for official site. No explanation given... Anyway, I have no more time to argue with them. Hope that more experienced editors will correct someday. --[[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 10:46, 30 June 2009 (UTC)Witizen.
:External links were deleted, because they don't comply with [[WP:ELNO]], as was explained. For example "Links normally to be avoided - Links to social networking sites (such as MySpace and Facebook),[2] chat or discussion forums/groups (such as Yahoo! Groups), Twitter feeds, USENET newsgroups or e-mail lists."--Yopie 11:40, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
:: Thanks for this clarification. In that case, it would be nice if the rest of deleted links would be restored. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]])Witizen —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 12:08, 30 June 2009 (UTC). 
:::Please, read [[WP:ELNO]] first. --Yopie 12:49, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
:::: Link to official blog in the [[Atlantium]] entry has been restored. I hope single standards will be applied in similar situations. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 15:05, 5 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen
:::::Please read [[WP:WAX]] and [[Wikipedia:Other stuff exists]]. [[User:Tedder|tedder]] ([[User talk:Tedder|talk]]) 15:22, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

== Notices about conflict of interest and self-published sources ==

Regarding notices about conflict of interest and self-published sources, inserted in Wirtland entry, it would be helpful to hear the grounds, reasons, or quotation from rules, on which such insertion was based. Does the assumption that major contributor is citizen of Wirtland preclude him/her from writing about Wirtland? According to that logic, US citizens cannot edit articles about America. Opinions welcome. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 14:39, 30 June 2009 (UTC)Witizen

:* CoI - read [[WP:CONFLICT]]. Deleting in personal page as [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User%3AWitizen&diff=299499697&oldid=299345015] didn't hide your COI.
:* self-published sources - read [[WP:RELY]]
: Simply [[RTFM]] and don't waste our time.--Yopie 17:15, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
Thank you for being polite and avoiding slang on this page. I value my time, too. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 17:56, 30 June 2009 (UTC)Witizen

:FWIW, this isn't "[[WP:OWN|your page]]", and that's part of the problem. Please find [[WP:RS|reliable]] and ''[[WP:V|verifiable]]'' sources that aren't related to Wirtland. [[User:Tedder|tedder]] ([[User talk:Tedder|talk]]) 18:01, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

== Speedy deletion notice as a copyright infringement of wirtland.com ==

We have made all the necessary corrections suggested by the editors so far, and will follow to your instructions further. We have in a timely manner provided the requested copyright permission for the images. We are requesting a similar permission from Wirtland regarding the texts, which will be posted here once received. In most cases when texts in Wikipedia entry corresponded to text in Wirtland website, a reference was made to the original source ("''according to official site''"). These references will be inserted in every appropriate paragraph. We trust this will resolve the issue. Let us know if there are any other problems found in Wirtland entry and we will do our best to solve them. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 18:46, 30 June 2009 (UTC)Witizen

:See [[WP:IOWN]] for the process to release copyright materials for use on Wikipedia. Note that such release has to be for all uses, not just on Wikipedia, pursuant to the appropriate licenses. – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 18:55, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

::Thanks for this. As requested, I've asked Wirtland to email permission to permissions-commons@wikimedia.org. I trust this is sufficient. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 19:30, 30 June 2009 (UTC)Witizen.

Permission received, copy follows: ([[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 08:00, 1 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen)
<blockquote>
<redacted; letters are governed by copyright law>
</blockquote>[[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 08:00, 1 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen

Since I tagged the article for speedy deletion as a copyvio of http://www.wirtland.com, the site has been changed to look like it is framing the Wikipedia article. A quick look at the page's source shows that it is a copy and paste job. It is also non-compliant with [[WP:REUSE]] as it still bears a copyright notice in violation of the reuse terms. – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 18:49, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

:This is not correct. Wirtland site has been like this since opening in August 2008. Its design has not been changed. I used parts of text from Wirtland site with permission, and with references to original source. I will be glad to comply with every legitimate requirement from Wikipedia. Thanks. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 19:21, 30 June 2009 (UTC)Witizen
::Agreed. Archive.org wasn't helpful, but [http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache:YOOqUhQi74cJ:wirtland.agilityhoster.com/+Wirtland&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a Google's cache] shows that it was the same on 6/22/09.--[[User:SarekOfVulcan|SarekOfVulcan]] ([[User talk:SarekOfVulcan|talk]]) 19:40, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

:::Well I don't know how, but when I checked the site just before tagging for G10, the front page most definitely did not look like it does now - if the Wikipedia logo and the "According to the standard of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" text had been there, I would have been asking reuse questions rather than tagging for deletion.  – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 20:12, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
::::Dunno. Maybe the CSS file didn't load properly?--[[User:SarekOfVulcan|SarekOfVulcan]] ([[User talk:SarekOfVulcan|talk]]) 20:20, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
:::::Borked intarwebs maybe. In any event, assuming the copyright issue is dealt with per [[WP:IOWN]], I still don't understand the purpose of reusing the Wikipedia (trademarked) logo or the faux Wikipedia header text, but that's not a discussion for this page. – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 20:33, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

Bottomline: Wirtland entry is still blanked - though copyright permission is in place. No sound evidence of copyvio or other evil deeds. No clear, measurable criteria behind other accusations. (Today, someone deleted even the Wirtland disambiguation page). Was Wirtland entry that harmful? Time will show. Peace, [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 21:06, 1 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen
:I'm an outsider to this conversation but still...
:'''Bottomline''': the content of the page appears to be a copy of [http://www.wirtland.com/ this site] which has a copyright notice at the bottom. Hence, Wikipedia is illegally using copyrighted information and, as a precaution, the page has been blanked so that Wikipedia is not sued for these violations. Does that follow?
:As for the [[Wirtland (disambiguation)|disambiguation page]], it's housekeeping. As there are only two articles mentioned, the root one linking to this one, there's no need for a disambiguation page. These actions follow Wikipedia's policies and happy every day. Please don't mistakenly think that we're targeting this article. [[User:Greg Tyler|Greg Tyler]] ([[User talk:Greg Tyler|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg Tyler|c]]) 21:28, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

:As a matter of procedure the page should not be unblanked until the OTRS folks have acknowledged receipt of the release and confirmed its authenticity. Once that's done, the appropriate template message will be placed on this page. – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 21:34, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

:: Speaking of procedures. The funny thing is that every editor seems to follow them in his/her own way. How else can be explained the fact, that every editor finds a new violation (which was not found by all the precedeing reviewers)? Just a quick glance into Wirtland's history of edits will prove my point. For instance, OTRS has already dealt with Wirtland's permission. It was requested only for images, though. So, after so many revisions, OTRS, AfD, eventual approval, subdequent COI and even self-publishing accusations, etc. etc., a fresh editor finds a fresh copyvio. ''Voila!'' And it all starts all over again. And when I ask about objective, measurable criteria, about some grounds after all - no answer. I welcome procedures, if they are applied correctly and competently. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 22:41, 1 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen
::: Breaking out of the copyvio, sources 1, 2, 3, 4 and 12 are all undeniably self-published. Anyhow, what I think is confusing you is that the policies are not all enacted in the same way. The process of nominating an article for deletion, say, is different to tagging articles with maintenance templates (the boxes at the top, talking about conflict of interest and self-publication). Now the perfect editor should review the page and add maintenance tags, copyvio notifications and deletion nominations at the same time. This hasn't happened for two reasons.
::: Firstly, nobody's perfect. Not even [[User:Jimbo Wales|Jimbo]]. When you nominate an article, you should add maintenance tags first, but people forget or don't bother. That's the problem with volunteers. Secondly, the things happened in sequence. The maintenance tags were added first, then someone nominated the article for deletion, as was their wont. After that, the copyvio was noticed (not something picked up that easily - it requires specific checking). As far as this order goes, everything seems to have followed the policies correctly. But any lack of consistent editing or policy abiding is doubtless going to happen - every article suffers it due to our ''ranks'' of inexperienced, trigger happy editors.
::: The system ain't perfect, nor the people who are part of it. Yet that's life and everyone suffers. I'm sorry to say this, and it's not meant to sound harsh, but you're not the first person to suffer from Wikipedia's wrath. And voicing your concern is fairly futile, as the machine will role on as policy sees fit. I don't mean to discourage you from lobbying, but we editors is [[RTFM|just following rules]]. [[User:Greg Tyler|Greg Tyler]] ([[User talk:Greg Tyler|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg Tyler|c]]) 23:03, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

::::Greg explained things better than I can, for sure. But I'll still add a few things.

::::First, I think this is a bit of a weird case. For instance, the copyvio is a bit of the snake eating its own tail. Some editors are concerned that information from wirtland.com has been copied here. Others are concerned that reusing Wikipedia at wirtland is a violation itself. Those are entirely different issues, but it is ultimately a recursive problem.

::::Another example is that this article, frankly, ''[[WP:DUCK|feels]]'' like a [[WP:HOAX|hoax]] or [[WP:MADEUP|made up in a day]]. Combined with the obvious [[WP:COI|conflict of interest]] by you (Wirtizen), it rubs some people the wrong way.

::::There are some decent sources to indicate Wirtland has been talked about, but as [[Marcello Truzzi|Truzzi]] or [[Carl Sagan|Sagan]] or someone said, extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof. Until more scholarly sources are found (i.e., a few rungs above a local newscast featuring it as a human interest story), don't be surprised if more editors question the article.

::::I'll [[WP:IAR|step on the rules a little]] and give some advice that is probably better suited on your userpage, but the rest of the conversation is here already. As Greg said, be careful with lobbying. Focus on the content, and know this article will be seen by some as a [[WP:FRINGE|fringe theory]]. Read [[WP:FRINGE]] carefully. [[User:Tedder|tedder]] ([[User talk:Tedder|talk]]) 23:29, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

::::: I'm far from lobbying. I'm not even defending my entry (because so far I have not seen any grounded objections against its content). I'm continuing this talk because I am concerned about how things generally work here. I think I'm summarizing my concerns in a constructive way, hoping that admins/users who want to improve Wiki may find this conversation useful. Otherwise it's a waste of time. That's why I'm tirelessly asking my opponents to ground their criticisms on some clear, measurable criteria. However, what I see is swift use of power, lots of emotion, strong wording and assumptions (like "''feels like a hoax''"), i.e. subjectivity. Colleagues, you may disagree, but encyclopedia is about science and should be based on scientific approach. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 07:52, 2 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen.

(Resetting indents) I added the template that blanked the page as I think there are genuine copyright concerns. As stated above their are issues around whom copied whom, what permissions have been recieved etc but until these have been sorted we have to err on the side of caution so as to limit the probability of any legal problems. I posted on the relevant copyright problems notice board and hoped an experienced copyright admin would have looked at this by now and posted here. At the end of the day until that's happened I'd be unhappy with this being unblanked. Stating here that you have recieved permission is not good enough as although I believe it to be true we can't verify that it is as we can't verify who has posted it. I'm going to drop a note at the administrators noticeboard so that hopefully someone can come along who is used to dealing with these issues and so will hopefully either be able to resolve the issue or explain things to your satisfaction. [[User:Dpmuk|Dpmuk]] ([[User talk:Dpmuk|talk]]) 10:09, 2 July 2009 (UTC)
:I saw this listed at the administrator's noticeboard and thought to clarify a few things, as an admin who frequently works that area and an OTRS agent. Items listed at copyright problems remain listed for 7+1 days before administrator closure. This is to allow time for permissions to process or for regular contributors of the article to rewrite it, if necessary, in the temporary space provided. When permission clear OTRS, an OTRS tag will be applied to this article and the article restored to publication. Unless the webmaster places the release on the website itself, this article should not be restored to publication until that happens.

:The letter which was published above (which I have removed, as letters are also governed by copyright and this e-mail can not be reproduced here without verification of permission from its sender that it may) is not going to be sufficient, as it did not indicate the license under which material is being permitted. An OTRS agent will communicate with the e-mail sender about how to remedy that. Meanwhile, Wikipedia's legal department has been notified about the usage of the Wikipedia logo at [http://www.wirtland.com/] so that they can investigate if permission was requested and received to display it. To quote [[WP:C|our copyright policy]], "The only WP content you should contact the Wikimedia Foundation about is the trademarked Wikipedia/Wikimedia logos, which are not freely usable without permission." --[[User:Moonriddengirl|Moonriddengirl]] [[User talk:Moonriddengirl|(talk)]] 11:02, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

::Permitter has clarified and the license is sufficient for publication here. The logo question, as I indicated above, has been forwarded to those in better position to handle it. --[[User:Moonriddengirl|Moonriddengirl]] [[User talk:Moonriddengirl|(talk)]] 11:31, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

== A note for editors ==
All edits are welcome. But please make sure you really know what you are editing. It is surprising that I have to educate editors about differences between Turkish and Turkic, or between Slavic and Slovakian. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 13:49, 2 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen

:Well excuse us! Please don't forget that you don't [[WP:OWN|own]] the article and other editors are free to edit it in accordance with applicable policy and guidelines. Coming across as an intellectual snob isn't going to make you any friends. – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 14:17, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

:If you are saying that the article's current description of names in "Turkish" and "Slovakian" is incorrect, please fix them. Note that Wikipedia editors are volunteers who are not experts in everything. However, if you intended the sentence to refer to "Slavic languages" and "Turkic languages," that seems overly-broad given that each language is different and is likely to have, at the least, a different spelling of the name, if that language has a word for "Wirtland" at all (for example, not all Slavic languages use the Cyrillic alphabet, so using the Cyrillic-spelled name you have is automatically incorrect for at least some Slavic languages). If you must list other languages' names (which I, personally, view as unnecessary except for perhaps the country where it was started or is most popular), I would recommend you list them for specific languages to ensure that you are not casting your net too widely. [[User:Chaoticfluffy|keɪɑtɪk flʌfi]] ([[User talk:Chaoticfluffy|talk]]) 14:39, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

== "Sovereign country" ==
Witizen removed the {{tl|dubious}} attached to this statement. It should go back until there's some evidence that this is actually the case other than a statement on the website. An opt-in system with no means of coercion does not seem to fit the regular definition of a sovereign state. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (not at work)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 15:03, 2 July 2009 (UTC)
:: I agree. Originally, it was "'''''Wirtland''' claims to be...''", but someone replaced with bold statement. I propose "micronation" insead of "state", but guess I'd would rather obstain from editing, unless errors occur. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 15:12, 2 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen

== Header template ==
I've deleted the big ugly template at the top of the article page as it no longer seems to apply. The current article seems fine quality-wise and it doesn't need cleanup. Notability is established by the many third-party references provided. COI tags don't stay indefinitely as a "red letter". Let's try to improve the article instead of templating it to death. [[User:Multixfer|<>Multi-Xfer<>]] ([[User talk:Multixfer|talk]]) 01:01, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

: It's dubious that there are "many" reliable third-party references. The only two which are in English are for local Maryland news outlets, and one of those requires registration. Fully half of the current references are primary (both coin references are reprints of content from the "Times of Wirtland") and I can't personally verify any of the rest because they're not in English. There's still a huge question mark hanging over why we've got an article which was explicitly written by an affiliate of the subject in order to promote it when it doesn't appear to have received anything more than whimsical coverage from local media. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (not at work)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 08:22, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

:: My personal feeling is that the subject is notable in other countries, as those foreign language references show. It's obviously popular over there and there are apparently reliable sources in those languages to back up such notability. However, it isn't notable in English yet for exactly the reasons listed above. It's featured in local coverage, primary sources and various blogs; but little of any substance. The only one that really appears to have any structure as a reliable source is "Fox News" who also [[WBFF|turn out]] to be local media.
:: I'd be surprised if this wasn't relisted for deletion, but [[User:Juliancolton|Juliancolton]] has the right idea by saying to leave it a few weeks first. [[User:Greg Tyler|Greg Tyler]] ([[User talk:Greg Tyler|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg Tyler|c]]) 09:45, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

::: If the article is currently accurate in suggesting that there are only 700 "Witizens" then I'd be wary of taking it for granted that it's popular in other countries; if Wikipedia has taught me anything it's that it doesn't take a great many people to make a great deal of noise over any Turkey-related issues, for instance. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (not at work)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 10:21, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

::::Chris Cunningham is right that access to one of English articles requires registration. It is openly available under other links: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4183/is_20090123/ai_n31294351/ and
http://blog.g1440.com/2009/01/wirtland/. I just do not know how to add them to Wirtland entry, perhaps you help. Thanks. --[[User:Rich church mouse|Rich church mouse]] ([[User talk:Rich church mouse|talk]]) 11:20, 3 July 2009 (UTC)Rich Church Mouse

== Deletion of Wirtland's coins and self-published sources==
All of a sudden, one of editors decided to delete almost the whole paragraph about Wirtland coin (which was quite interesting, and survived all the numerous preceding edits and did not cause any questions before). This is just an observation: I don't argue about the content of deleted portion: such discussions prove to be useless. However, I try to understand the logic why completely independent references were considered self-published, and therefore deleted. Any clear criteria for labelling sources as self-published? The funny thing is that after deleting all citations, the editor adds "Citation needed". [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 15:28, 3 July 2009 (UTC)Wirtland
:They're all blogs. Blogs = unreliable sources = may not be used as references. [[User:Nyttend|Nyttend]] ([[User talk:Nyttend|talk]]) 15:58, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

::[[User:Nyttend|Nyttend]] is correct; blogs are self-published with no editorial review for quality or truth, which makes them unreliable sources, which makes them unusable for our purposes. You can read our [[WP:RS|Reliable Sourcing Policy]] for more information. [[User:Chaoticfluffy|keɪɑtɪk flʌfi]] ([[User talk:Chaoticfluffy|talk]]) 16:13, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

::: Thank you. I have read the Sourcing Policy (which is, by the way, not so straighforward: '' Self-published material may, in some circumstances, be acceptable when produced by an established expert''), but questions remain. There appears no single standard in the deletions. Some "blog" references have been preserved, others deleted. And Extrafinecoins.com does not like like a blog to me, BTW. A [[blog]] is ''a type of website, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material''. If it's a blog, then "[http://www.internetevolution.com Internet Evolution]" is also a blog, but it's not deleted. [http://computertaal.info/ Computertaal] does not look like a blog, either, but was deleted. Again, I'm not disputing, I'm just trying to find logic in the actions of editors, who always find new ways to desintegrate the article. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 17:15, 3 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen

:::: As you're in a reading mood, try [[WP:IMPERFECT]] (I'm sorry not everything follows procedure perfectly, but that's how it is with volunteers), [[WP:WIP]] (the article will never be perfect or complete) and [[WP:OWN]] (we're not at your beck and call when you think something is amiss). Perhaps [[WP:DRAMA]] too. I've never been to sure when to cite that one, but you are causing an awful fuss over a rather unimportant article.
:::: I know we expect you to know policies you don't, but you have to recognise that Wikipedia doesn't work like you assume it does. And constantly complaining whenever someone edits your article (high-5 for referencing [[WP:OWN]] again?) isn't going to change that. [[User:Greg Tyler|Greg Tyler]] ([[User talk:Greg Tyler|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg Tyler|c]]) 17:56, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

::::: Irrelevant. I'm tired to repeat: I'm NOT complaining, and not disputing with you. Kindly hold back your emotions, Greg Tyler, your tone is inappropriate. You don't need to be in a reading mood to remind yourself to: ''* Be polite * Assume good faith * Avoid personal attacks * Be welcoming''. Editors are free to edit. I am free to make my concerns public. '''I'm spending my time on this to make Wikipedia better'''. There are people here, who are friendly, competent, and constructive. I wish to thank them sincerely for their help. Those who have a personal issue with me, send me email. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]])Witizen.

::::: Enough emotions, back to business now. This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Wirtland article, right. My question is concrete. Sources http://www.impactlab.com, http://computertaal.info, http://governingpeople.com, http://extrafinecoins.com/ were wiped out. Other "blogs" remained. Comments are welcome. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 19:09, 3 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen.

== Postage stamps ==

Wirtland, being a virtual country, has no postal administration to effect any postal service, so delivery of mail is impossible. Postage stamps are only issued by countries that can perform such services. [[Postage stamp]]-type [[adhesive label]]s that perform no postal function are known in [[philately]] as [[Cinderella stamp]]s so I have rephrased the prose to reflect that situation. [[User:Ww2censor|ww2censor]] ([[User talk:Ww2censor|talk]]) 14:14, 5 July 2009 (UTC)
: I think putting Cinderella into the header is excessive. See other entries on micronations and their stamps. Thanks for following a single standard. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 15:03, 5 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen
::Witizen, that reads like a personal attack. Perhaps you would like to redact it? [[User:Dougweller|Dougweller]] ([[User talk:Dougweller|talk]]) 15:16, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

:::(ec) They are not, and will never be, postage stamps unless they perform the function of prepaying postage and issued a postal authority. So calling them postage stamps is inaccurate and misleading and implies some official status they do not have. They are postage stamp-like adhesive labels known as Cinderella stamps. Some other non-virtual micronations do use stamps for a [[local post]] but Wirtland cannot do that either. [[User:Ww2censor|ww2censor]] ([[User talk:Ww2censor|talk]]) 15:18, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

In any case, saying "it's done on other articles" [[WP:WAX|is a poor argument]]. Whether other articles follow policies and guidelines doesn't mean this article gets an exemption. Again, [[WP:OWN|you don't own this article]], and your conflict of interest is clouding your view. [[User:Tedder|tedder]] ([[User talk:Tedder|talk]]) 15:21, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

:: I've actually agreed. Where in the world did you see a "personal attack"? I said that putting into the header seems excessive, that's all. No need to repeat sall ths same stuff again. Thanks for not jumping to conclusions. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 15:33, 5 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen
:::Well, there we go, how can I tell if 'thanks for' is genuine or not? Your comment on 'thanks for following a single standard' could have been phrased better if it was thanks. If this is just a communications problem and you mean no criticism of me or Wwecensor, great. And your edits are not 'minor' edits, please don't mark them as such, have you got that set as default in preferences? [[User:Dougweller|Dougweller]] ([[User talk:Dougweller|talk]]) 16:26, 5 July 2009 (UTC)
::::Wow, accusing Witizen for a personal attack because he said something ''possibly'' sarcastic? That's pretty ridiculous. Honestly I'm very uncomfortable with Witizen's clear [[WP:COI|conflict of interest]] and I dislike using Wikipedia to promote a little pretend country some people made up, but don't nitpick people to death. -- '''[[User:Atama|Atama]][[User talk:Atama|chat]]''' 21:53, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
:::::I said that it read like a personal attack, not that it was one. I think he has said he didn't mean it that way, and I've explained that it was difficult to tell. If I was wrong, I was wrong, and I'm sorry about that. [[User:Dougweller|Dougweller]] ([[User talk:Dougweller|talk]]) 08:42, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

{{user|Yopie}} has just [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wirtland&diff=300765736&oldid=300763576 undone] my removal of the [[WP:SYN|synthesis]] attached to the cinderellas section with the one-word summary "cinderellas". As I disn't actually remove the link to the cinderalla stamp article, but rather just a reference which constituted synthesis in that it described cinderella stamps but did not refer to Wirtland, this should be reverted. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (not at work)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 12:00, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
: Do you have source, that Wirtland have the post office? If not, they cannot create stamps, but cinderellas...--[[User:Yopie|Yopie]] ([[User talk:Yopie|talk]]) 15:26, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

:: Please re-read my comment and the contents of the edit in question. I agree that the stamps in question are cinderella stamps. What I disagree with is using synthesis of argument through a source which doesn't mention Wirtland to make that point. In future, please be more careful when inspecting changes before reverting them. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (not at work)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 16:24, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
:::How is using S-G to say that they're cinderallas at all a matter of synthesis? S-G (and Scott, and I'm sure all other reliable catalogues) says that postage-stamp-like items that aren't officially government-post-office-issued are cinderellas. In other words, this applies to all such items, including these Wirtland items. Therefore, it's not at all synthesis. [[User:Nyttend|Nyttend]] ([[User talk:Nyttend|talk]]) 14:53, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
::::* Agree, cinderella is the vocable for stamp-like piece of paper. Thus for this we not need sources. --[[User:Yopie|Yopie]] ([[User talk:Yopie|talk]]) 15:38, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
:::::If it is acceptable by consensus to only link to [[cinderella stamp]] without a source on the page I will go with that. My only reasoning for originally adding a source was to avoid an edit war over the term but it now seems settled. Of more concern is the use of wirtland web pages as sources littering the article. [[User:Ww2censor|ww2censor]] ([[User talk:Ww2censor|talk]]) 16:53, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
::::::No question that you're correct, Ww2censor. Sorry for perhaps misunderstanding everything going on; I was on vacation for a few days, so I might have missed something while reading the above discussions all at once today. [[User:Nyttend|Nyttend]] ([[User talk:Nyttend|talk]]) 19:14, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

== Moving Wirtland (round 2) ==

Today Wirtland was again moved, by Jafeluv. Though there appeared to be no consensus in the discussion about moving, I am not contesting. But I understand that the idea was to make 'Wirtland' lead to the disambiguation page. That's not what we have now. Someone who searches for 'Wirtland', finds a page with big red "speedy deletion' banner. '''This is unacceptable. Please, help to correct'''. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 12:25, 9 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen
:That does not appear to be the case, Witizen. A search for "Wirtland" takes the searcher to a disambiguation page, as the discussion on [[talk:Wirtland (building)]] tended to say it should. [[User:Chaoticfluffy|keɪɑtɪk flʌfi]] ([[User talk:Chaoticfluffy|talk]]) 12:35, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
:: That's because I corrected [[User:Rich church mouse|Rich church mouse]] ([[User talk:Rich church mouse|talk]]) 12:37, 9 July 2009 (UTC)Rich Church Mouse.
: I corrected [[User:Rich church mouse|Rich church mouse]] ([[User talk:Rich church mouse|talk]]) 12:37, 9 July 2009 (UTC)Rich Church Mouse.
::Hi! I did indeed move the page to [[Wirtland (micronation)]]. The discussion, as Witizen said above, wasn't a clear-cut case, but in my opinion the support for moving the disambiguation page to [[Wirtland]] was greater than the support for the other alternative, which was moving [[Wirtland (building)]] to [[Wirtland]]. I closed the discussion and moved this page accordingly. Now, moving [[Wirtland (disambiguation)]] to [[Wirtland]] requires admin assistance, because the redirect needs to be deleted before the disambiguation page can be moved there. That's why I tagged it with {{tl|db-move}}, which means that the redirect should be deleted as a [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#G6|technical deletion]], which is one of the speedy deletion criteria. The point was to request admin assistance in moving the page. Speedy deletion tags like this usually only last for a little while before an admin comes along and deletes the page, allowing the disambiguation page to be moved to the correct location. I hope I didn't cause too much trouble. [[User:Jafeluv|Jafeluv]] ([[User talk:Jafeluv|talk]]) 14:44, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
:::What's the problem now? Again, there is "speedy deletion" banner. For the 3st time already. What was wrong with having disambiguation page under '[[Wirtland]]'? Something strange is happening here. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 15:43, 9 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen
::::Let me explain. Non-admins like you and me can't move page A to page B if page B has been edited by someone (it has [[Wikipedia:Page history|page history]]), because moving involves deleting the destination page, and only admins are able to delete pages. The speedy deletion tag is there so that an admin can delete the page, after which the disambiguation page can be moved there. Just wait for a little while and the page will probably be deleted, and then we can move the disambiguation page to [[Wirtland]]. [[User:Jafeluv|Jafeluv]] ([[User talk:Jafeluv|talk]]) 15:49, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
::::: Jafeluv, thanks for explanation. The deletion banner is not very nice, and we don't know how long it takes for admin to do all the necessary moves. My suggestion is as follows: if you do not consider this issue extremely urgent, perhaps you could undo you your action; at the same time you can inform any admin and ask him/her to move the page. This way, we will avoid the 'limbo' period with an ugly deletion banner. I will appreciate your cooperation in this. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 16:46, 9 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen
::::::The irony of the situation is that I can't even remove the tag anymore, because the page has been [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#Full protection|protected]]. Anyway, I've asked Nyttend on their talk page if they could perform the move. [[User:Jafeluv|Jafeluv]] ([[User talk:Jafeluv|talk]]) 17:29, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
::::::: I see. Do you know why Nyttend protected it, instead of performing the move? There are things in Wikipedia which are just beyond my understanding. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 18:40, 9 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen
::::::::Nyttend didn't move the page because he had already participated in the move discussion above. You see, usually after a move has been discussed on the talk page, the discussion is evaluated by an ''uninvolved'' admin (meaning someone who hasn't participated in the debate), to make sure that the decision is not influenced by the admin's own views about the issue. Nyttend decided to leave the decision to an uninvolved admin, and didn't move the page. The protection was to ensure that the speedy deletion template stays in place, otherwise the uninvolved admin might never show up. When pages are tagged with speedy deletion templates, they are automatically added to a certain category[[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion|[1]]], and that category is constantly watched by admins who perform speedy deletion on a regular basis. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wirtland&diff=301192355&oldid=301191987 Here]'s Nyttend's edit summary when he protected the page. [[User:Jafeluv|Jafeluv]] ([[User talk:Jafeluv|talk]]) 19:00, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
:::::::::Sorry for the confusion: aside from what you said above (quite correct) and what I said before, I was somewhat confused and thought that something more than a simple move-over-redirect was being requested. Between the redirection and the specific move tag, I thought that something such as a [[Wikipedia:How to fix cut-and-paste moves|history merge]] was being requested. Now that I understand what's going on, I've unprotected it and moved the disambiguation page myself. I don't think there's anything of conflict-of-interest in this way, since Jafeluv asked me to do it. [[User:Nyttend|Nyttend]] ([[User talk:Nyttend|talk]]) 21:17, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

== Advertisement ==

This now reads very much like an advertisement. Eg, "transcends national borders without breaching or lessening the sovereignty of any involved.", "country without its own soil". How can a micronation not claiming any territory affect sovereignty or be a country"? This is emotive language, and although it may be what the micronation says, it shouldn't be in the lead. Also, what does "public initiative" mean? This sounds to me like a weasel phrase, making the subject sound good but without any substantive meaning. [[User:Dougweller|Dougweller]] ([[User talk:Dougweller|talk]]) 11:42, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
: But I did not add any new text. I simply moved that portion of text from section History, because previously there was tag about insufficient introduction. Ok, let's undo everything back to original. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 11:58, 13 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen.
: And pls note the text is from official site. Copyright permission is in place. And it was added "Wirtland purports to be..." to be even more correct. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 12:02, 13 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen

== COI tag again ==

Yopie again added COI tag. If you think it's appropriate, please explain why. The tag says: "A major contributor to this article appears to have a conflict of interest with its subject". I ''used'' to be major contributor, but not any more: there is virtually nothing left in the article from my original text, after so many edits by many people. Therefore I believe COI tag is irrelevant. Opinions welcome. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 08:16, 15 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen

: Simply, you are still major contributor to the article, with strong feeling of "ownership". If not, you are not hit with CoI tag :-) --[[User:Yopie|Yopie]] ([[User talk:Yopie|talk]]) 09:35, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

:: Sounds like an emotional statement without proof. What "ownership" are you talking about. May I suggest that you undo tag and discuss it in discussion page before. That would be a nice approach. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 10:18, 15 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen

:::I'm with Yopie. The ownership is pretty clear with edits like [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wirtland_%28micronation%29&diff=301846212&oldid=301843149 this] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wirtland_%28micronation%29&diff=301846303&oldid=301846212 this] (note they are within 48 hours, not exactly "used to be a major contributor"). Akin to finding an interested party in the [[WP:BRD]] process, your [[WP:OWN|ownership]] as seen on this talk page can make it difficult for editors to get involved. If you'd rather discuss this at your talk page than here, let me know. [[User:Tedder|tedder]] ([[User talk:Tedder|talk]]) 11:24, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
::::I'm with Yopie and Tedder. [[User:Dougweller|Dougweller]] ([[User talk:Dougweller|talk]]) 12:28, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
::::: Witizen, don't ask people to be nice. Just undo if you disagree. Or I will do that. Tedder, you are trying to prove by referring to edits, which Witizen ''undid''. Anybody can show anything really convincing to prove Witizen has COI? [[User:Rich church mouse|Rich church mouse]] ([[User talk:Rich church mouse|talk]]) 17:19, 15 July 2009 (UTC)Rich church mouse
:::::*Intersting. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] and [[User:Rich church mouse|Rich church mouse]] are as [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|sockpuppets]]. Both edited mainly this article, and [[User:Rich church mouse|Rich church mouse]] began editing after problems with this article begans. Of course, both have same ideas about Wirtland. Coincidence? If any have same feeling, I will report it. --[[User:Yopie|Yopie]] ([[User talk:Yopie|talk]]) 17:36, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

::::::Assuming good faith for the moment regarding the possible sockpuppetry Yopie is hinting at, let me say, Rich Church Mouse: What you're telling Witizen to do is a very bad idea - one that's likely to end with Witizen in trouble if he follows your advice. We have this talk page to discuss the article and changes to be made to it - Witizen is doing exactly the right thing now, by raising his concerns with the tag on this page. Please don't encourage him to edit war.

::::::In addition, I think it's pretty clear just from his username that he has a potential COI. That he chose a username based on his (one assumes) esteem for Wirtland is a pretty big clue that he has a conflict of interest in regard to it. If there was someone who edited, say, [[Republic of Macedonia]] by adding glowing terms and removing tags, and had a username like "Macedonian", people would be suspicious of that user's intentions, too. In addition, Witizen is campaigning on this talk page pretty strongly in favor of his preferred versions and phrasings, and he's removing improvement tags on the article that make it look less than perfect. Those all add up to a pretty apparent COI. [[User:Chaoticfluffy|keɪɑtɪk flʌfi]] ([[User talk:Chaoticfluffy|talk]]) 17:39, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

::::::: Calling everyone who raises objection a sockpuppet. Potential COI is based on username. Threatening editors to 'report'. Very interesting indeed, Yopie. Perhaps it's you who have a serious conflict of interest here? Sorry I cannot judge from a username. But I can report, too. [[User:Rich church mouse|Rich church mouse]] ([[User talk:Rich church mouse|talk]]) 17:56, 15 July 2009 (UTC)Rich church mouse

Please, stop and discuss the content, not the contributors. COI is based on more than username, and issues of [[WP:OWN|ownership]] are similarly vague. Let's work on finding [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] to continue to make this article based on a [[WP:NPOV|neutral point of view]], okay? [[User:Tedder|tedder]] ([[User talk:Tedder|talk]]) 18:00, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

:And RCM, to reply to "Tedder, you are trying to prove by referring to edits, which Witizen undid.", my point of those edits was to disprove Wirtizen's statement of "I ''used'' to be major contributor, but not any more". [[User:Tedder|tedder]] ([[User talk:Tedder|talk]]) 18:06, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

::Thanks for support, Rich Mouse and others who are objective and good-mannered. But I have not edited the article for along time (except for my attempt to meet the tag requirement, when I simply moved text from History to Introduction, which nevertheless was swiftly condemned and therefore undone by myself), and I will not edit text of article any more. Regarding COI based on my username, I explained more than once that it's as absurd as banning US citizen from writing about USA. COI tag is also irrelevant, IMHO, because there is nothing left in the article from my original text. Anyway, a discussion is useful only if it's substantial, and not becomes a name-calling session. I don't abandon Wirtland entry, however. But I will only be adding new references and facts, as they evolve. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 18:20, 15 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen
:::There really is no question here, Witizen has proclaimed that "'I assist in building the community of citizens of Wirtland", and virtually all his edits concern Wirtland. He is also a [[WP:SPA]] as is [[Rich church mouse]]. The tag should stay. Btw, Witizen, how can you 'not edit text of article any more' and at the same time add new references and facts? That's editing the article. [[User:Dougweller|Dougweller]] ([[User talk:Dougweller|talk]]) 18:23, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

* Case of SPI is here [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Witizen]].--[[User:Yopie|Yopie]] ([[User talk:Yopie|talk]]) 18:26, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
: He states now that I am working as PR manager of Wirtland. Absurd. But if this is acceptable in Wikipedia, that will be indeed a serious issue to discuss. Not here. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 18:37, 15 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen.
:: They don't like the way we sign. I have complained to Arbiters. [[User:Rich church mouse|Rich church mouse]] ([[User talk:Rich church mouse|talk]]) 20:07, 15 July 2009 (UTC)Rich Church Mouse

== Deletion ==

At the last [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wirtland|articles for deletion]] entry for this article, no consensus was reached. This was mainly because a series of SPAs appeared to defend it, and few long-term editors getting involved in discussion. A renomination was proposed, but Juliancolton (who closed the original discussion) [[User talk:Nyttend/Archive 11#Re: Wirtland|suggested]] it shouldn't be done immediately, as the "SPA/sockpuppet !voting would have likely continued". Some time has passed, and I'm considering that we should now look at a renomination, this time being wary of IPs. However, I wanted to check people thought we were ready?

I also wanted to check if people thought the rationale I would nominate it under is acceptable. I'm aware there are a few issues with the article, and felt others might have more pertinent concerns than mine. For that reason, I'm requesting that we discuss and confirm the rationale before nominating.

'''If you do not agree with the rationale, or a deletion, please save it for the AFD discussion later created rather than posting it below.''' This section is merely to prepare for that nomination. This means anything saying "I don't agree with that reasoning" or "this article should stay" will be looked at discouragingly. This is simply an etiquette issue: there will be plenty of time for a full deletion discussion later on.

My deletion rationale is that the subject doesn't meet the [[WP:GNG|GNG]] and isn't supported by [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. However, I feel that the article may be notable in other languages, or in the [[WP:CRYSTAL|future]]. But currently, in the widespread English speaking world, the subject isn't notable. There are currently four self-published sources, nine foreign language sources and two local news sources. Simply, coverage is weak and not enough to prove the subject has sufficient notability for inclusion on Wikipedia.

If people have any more major concerns that they'd like included in the lead nomination rationale, please discuss so below. [[User:Greg Tyler|Greg Tyler]] ([[User talk:Greg Tyler|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg Tyler|c]]) 21:41, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
: As I stated above, I will not edit Wirtland article any more. However, I believe the whole case of Wirtland article, history of attitudes/argumentations, may be interesting enough for general public. If, however, any editor or administrator, who participated in editing Wirtland or related discussions, is opposed to publication of his/her quotations, please contact me, and I will do my best to meet such requests. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 08:05, 16 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen.
:: If you're hinting at a blog post quoting Wikipedians to demonstrate that the 'pedia is fatally flawed and rally support for supporting your article ([[WP:MEAT|meatpuppetry]]) I'd like to request that you save such rousing of public interest until after we've finished our deletion discussion. [[WP:POINT|Disrupting Wikipedia to make a point]] won't win you any kudos. [[User:Greg Tyler|Greg Tyler]] ([[User talk:Greg Tyler|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg Tyler|c]]) 09:19, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Greg, I'd oppose another deletion discussion, per Unidyne's comment at the AfD and other points raised. I'd also suggest that references to Juliancolton's post are misapplied here; it is presented as if Julian had ''originated'' a proposal for relisting (suggesting he endorsed such a move), whereas he was actually responding to Nyttend's question about doing it immediately. --'''[[User:Ckatz|Ckatz]]'''''[[User_talk:Ckatz|chat]][[Special:Contributions/Ckatz|spy]]'' 10:46, 16 July 2009 (UTC)
: Reading over it, you're completely right. I didn't intend to make it sound as if Julian had proposed the renomination, but suggested delaying it. I've modified the text now, I hope that it follows better. As for not renominating, I can see Unidyne's point that it may be a special case, but I can't see enough information to prove so. It may well have more members than others, but that's simply a case of [[WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTSTHATISSLIGHTLYWORSE]]. That said, if there is obvious opposition from a number of established editors to the nomination, I'd be willing to succumb. I'm not trying to push this too hard. [[User:Greg Tyler|Greg Tyler]] ([[User talk:Greg Tyler|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg Tyler|c]]) 11:01, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

== Templates removed ==
I have removed the ugly and pointless templates at the top of the article. My rationale for this is that if someone thinks the intro is too short, then they should improve the article by lengthening it rather than making the article worse by sticking a hideous template on it. Also, the article does not appear to constitute self-promotion, they do not appear to have anything to sell and the person who supposedly has a COI has agreed to stop editing the article. So, that template has also been removed. [[User:Multixfer|<>Multi-Xfer<>]] ([[User talk:Multixfer|talk]]) 01:29, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

== COI tag ==

And I've replaced it as Witizen, despite anything he has said above, continues to edit the article. [[User:Dougweller|Dougweller]] ([[User talk:Dougweller|talk]]) 10:25, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
:: I've undid my edits and therefore undid COI. Hope others will be adding content updates to this article in the future. [[User:Witizen|Witizen]] ([[User talk:Witizen|talk]]) 11:05, 26 July 2009 (UTC)Witizen

== Logo's wrong ==

Perhaps I could get an actual Latin expert to verify this, but I'm pretty sure it's supposed to be 'Virtus non copia ''vincit''', and not 'vincint'. On the official Wirtland coinage, it's the same logo, but with 'vincit' on it. Can anyone clarify this? --[[User:Arielkoiman|Arielkoiman]] ([[User talk:Arielkoiman|talk]]) 04:18, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

== About the deletion of this article ==

What are the reason for the deletion of Article? --[[File:Flag of Santiago de Cali.svg|25px]] [[User:Remux|Remux]] - '''''I will never forget that i fell in love with the more beautiful flower''''' [[User talk:Remux|Ĉu mi povas helpi vin je io?]] 07:58, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

Wirtland (micronation)

2014-01-29T07:47:12Z

Remux: Undid revision 592910333 by Nyttend (talk) Why delete the article without a discussion about the reasons of the deletion?

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Wirtland (micronation)|timestamp=20140129043931|year=2014|month=January|day=29|substed=yes}}


{{About|the micronation||Wirtland (disambiguation){{!}}Wirtland}}
{{Infobox country
|micronation = yes
|conventional_long_name = Wirtland
|common_name = Wirtland
|status = internet-based micronation
|image_flag = Wirtland flag.svg
|image_coat = Wirtland Coat of Arms.png
|symbol_type = Coat of Arms
|national_motto = Virtus, non copia vincit
|englishmotto = Courage, not multitude, wins
|national_anthem = Watch What Happens by M. Legrand
|image_map =
|area_km2 =
|nummembers = 2,855 (as of July 21, 2013)
|established_event1 = Declared
|established_date1 = August 14, 2008
|leader_title1 = Chancellor
|leader_name1 =
|government_type =
|official_languages = Wirtlandish
|currency = ICU (international currency unit)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coinbooks.org/club_nbs_esylum_v12n40.html#article25|title=New Silver Crane Coin From Wirtlands Virtual Nation|work=The E-Sylum, Volume 12, Number 40|date=October 4, 2009|accessdate=October 4, 2009}}</ref>
|GDP_nominal =
|ethnic_groups = All
|time_zone =
|demonym = Wirtlander; Witizen
|currency_code =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Wirtland''' ({{lang-tr|Hayalistan}}; {{lang-bg|Виртландия}}; {{lang-ru|Виртландия}}; {{lang-arm|Վիրտլանդիա}}; {{lang-it|Virtlandia}}; {{lang-sl|Virtlandija}}) is an internet-based [[micronation]] founded in 2008.

==History and government==
Wirtland was founded on August 14, 2008, as a public initiative and is principally represented through its official website. Wirtland purports to be an experiment into legitimacy and self-sustainability of a country without its own soil, which transcends national borders without breaching or lessening the sovereignty of any involved. Wirtland is currently governed by a [[chancellor]], and aims to become a parliamentary democracy.<ref>[http://wirtland.agilityhoster.com/Press%20Release%20Wirtland%2022.09.2008.pdf Press release ''Wirtland Offers Citizenship, Declares Sovereignty With No Territorial Claims'']</ref>

In January 2010 Wirtland proposed to acquire land by consent from [[Nauru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.impactlab.com/2010/01/19/wirtland-to-acquire-real-land/|title=Wirtland To Acquire Real Land|publisher=''Impact Lab''|date=January 19, 2010|accessdate=January 19, 2010}}</ref> If successful, it would be the first case of a peaceful formation of a new country 'from scratch', making Wirtland potentially eligible for international diplomatic recognition according to Article 1 of [[Montevideo Convention]] on the Rights and Duties of States, provided that it can also meet the requirements of a "permanent population" under the control of a government.

==Population==
The population of Wirtland consists of citizens, known as ''Witizens'', and tourists. Citizenship is open to anyone, as prospective citizens need only write a letter of interest to the government to become a citizen and receive a "residence permit" or personal ID card.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wirtland.blogspot.com/2008/11/your-free-wirtland-residence-permit-how.html|title=Your Free Wirtland Residence Permit: How To Apply|work=The Times of Wirtland|date=November 29, 2008|accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref> Wirtland offers equal democratic rights and does not discriminate on the basis of national origin, religion, race, or sex. The citizenship application form is available in English, Spanish, Bulgarian, Russian, Portuguese, Dutch, Japanese, Chinese, Turkish, Korean, Thai, Italian, and Polish languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wirtland.blogspot.com/2009/05/application-for-witizenship-in-thai.html|title=Application for Witizenship in Thai: สัญชาติใบสมัคร|work=The Times of Wirtland|date=May 24, 2008|accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref>

==Media reaction==
[[Fox News]] and Bulgarian national [[BTV (Bulgaria)|bTV]] were the first TV channels to report on Wirtland. bTV organized an online interview with three ''witizens'' of Bulgarian origin on February 11, 2009<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GIx7FMbdo0</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kyKf-mLoko</ref> whilst [[WBFF|Fox 45 Morning News]] of [[Baltimore, Maryland]] featured an interview about Wirtland with reporter Larry Fiorino on January 20, 2009.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX4GdIttJ_Q</ref> On November 4, 2011, Wirtland appeared on Slovenian TV channel [[Sponka.tv]].<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmRHBsioinY</ref> Wirtland has also been covered by [[CNN Türk]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cnnturk.com/2009/yasam/diger/02/11/iste.hayalistanin.en.guzel.kizi/513145.0/index.html|title=Iste Hayalistanin en uzel kizi!|publisher=''[[CNN Türk]]''|date=February 11, 2009|language=[[Turkish language|Turkish]]|accessdate=July 2, 2009}}</ref> [[Voice of Russia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=rus&q=109901&cid=113&p=13.04.2009|title=Виртуальная страна|publisher=''[[Voice of Russia]]''|date=March 13, 2009|language=[[Russian language|Russian]]|accessdate=July 2, 2009}}</ref> [[Daily Record (Maryland)|Daily Record]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mddailyrecord.com/article.cfm?id=151895&type=Daily|title=Wanna get away? Try a virtual trip to Wirtland|work=[[Daily Record (Maryland)|The Daily Record]]|date=January 23, 2009}}</ref> [[PC World (magazine)|PC World]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pcworld.bg/8724|title=Виртландия ще издаде златни монети|work=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]] Bulgaria|date=March 26, 2009|language=[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]}}</ref> [[Computerworld]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://computerworld.bg/?call=USE~home%3B&page=paper&n=24301 |title=Българка стана първата Мис Виртландия|publisher=''[[Computerworld]]''|language=[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]|date=February 3, 2009}}</ref> [[Milliyet]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&ArticleID=1058369|title=Bulgar Aneliya "Hayalistan güzeli" oldu|publisher=''[[Milliyet]]''|date=February 2, 2009|language=[[Turkish language|Turkish]]}}</ref> [[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2009/02/11/haber,7F190F0B56A74D69877762983A2DA6A2.html|title=İşte "Hayalistan güzeli"|publisher=''[[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah]]''|date=February 11, 2009|language=[[Turkish language|Turkish]]}}</ref> [[Dneven Trud]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trud.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=10919|title=Виртуална държава пуска златни монети|publisher=''[[Dneven Trud]]''|date=March 26, 2009|language=[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]|accessdate=July 2, 2009}}</ref>

==Wirtland's coins and cinderella stamps==
[[Image:Wirtland crane.png|thumb|right|"Wirtland Crane"]]
[[Image:Stamp10small.jpg|thumb|right|Wirtland postage]]

In 2009 Wirtland released its first gold coin, known as the "Wirtland Crane" (10 International Currency Units, ICU)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coinbooks.org/club_nbs_esylum_v12n40.html#article25|title=New Silver Crane Coin From Wirtlands Virtual Nation|work=The E-Sylum, Volume 12, Number 40|date=October 4, 2009|accessdate=October 4, 2009}}</ref> and its first silver coin "Silver Crane" (2 ICU).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazetasriblo.com.ua/vremya-.html|title=Время "виртуального" серебра|publisher=''Sriblo''|date=September 24, 2009|language=[[Russian language|Russian]]|accessdate=September 29, 2009}}</ref> Wirtland will issue uniquely hand-painted [[cinderella stamp]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wirtland.blogspot.com/2008/08/first-postage-stamp.html|title=The First Postage Stamp|work=The Times of Wirtland|date=August 24, 2008|accessdate=July 2, 2009}}</ref>

==National identity card==
Wirtland issues personal plastic ID cards. Every citizen is eligible for receiving the personal ID card. New applications for ID card are accepted from everyone over age 18, who wants to become a citizen of Wirtland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.impactlab.com/2009/09/22/virtual-country-of-wirtland-issues-national-id-card/|title=Virtual Country of Wirtland Issues National ID Card|publisher=''Impact Lab''|date=September 22, 2009|accessdate=September 29, 2009}}</ref>

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

==References==

{{refbegin}}
* {{CCBYSASource|source=wirtland.com|sourcepath=http://www.wirtland.com/|sourcearticle=Wirtland|revision=299869180}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Kristan J. Wheaton, [http://sourcesandmethods.blogspot.com/2008/11/wirtland-new-experimental-cyber-nation.html Wirtland: A New (?) Experimental (??) Cyber (???) Nation (????)], ''Sources And Methods'', November 30, 2008.
* Veldmuis.com, [http://www.veldmuis.com/?p=148 Virtuele bewoners willen eigen ‘virtuele straatnamen’], ''Veldmuis.com'', November 9, 2008.
* Deborah Nason, [http://www.internetevolution.com/author.asp?section_id=694&doc_id=170678 Wirtland Evolves as First Country in Cyberspace], ''Internet Evolution'', January 21, 2009.
* Larry Fiorino, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4183/is_20090123/ai_n31294351/ Wanna get away? Try a virtual trip to Wirtland], ''"Maryland Daily Record"'', January 23, 2009.
* BNR Radio Bulgarie, [http://www.bnr.bg/RadioBulgaria/Emission_French/Theme_La_vie_en_Bulgarie/Material/09325virtlandia.htm Les Bulgares sont les plus nombreux dans l’Etat de Virtlandia], ''BNR'', March 25, 2009

==External links==
{{portal|Politics}}
* {{official website|http://www.wirtland.com}}
* [http://www.wirtland.net Official "Witizens of Wirtland (WoW) Network"]
* [http://www.wirtland.org Wirtland Institute]

{{Micronations}}

[[Category:Micronations]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2008]]
[[Category:Websites]]
[[Category:Virtual communities]]
[[Category:Personal identification documents]]

2013 World Games

2013-10-02T23:16:41Z

Remux:

{{Infobox games
|Name = IX World Games
|Logo = Cali 2013 logo.png
|Size = 275
|motto = Fair play to the planet
|Host city = {{flagicon|COL}} [[Cali]], [[Colombia]]
|Nations participating = 98
|Athletes participating = 2,870
|Events = 199 in 36 sports
|Opening ceremony = {{Start date|2013|07|25}}
|Closing ceremony = {{End date|2013|08|04}}
|Officially opened by = [[Vice President of Colombia|Vice President]] [[Angelino Garzón]]<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/press/item/933-the-2013-world-games-have-begun.html The 2013 World Games Have Begun]</ref>
|Athlete's Oath = Jorge Luis CiFuentes
|Judge's Oath = Marta Luz Vega
|Coach's Oath = Hugo Cotuaz
|Stadium = [[Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero]]
}}
The '''[[World Games]] of 2013''' took place in the city of [[Cali]], [[Colombia]], from July 25 to August 4.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://english.rti.org.tw/Content/GetSingleNews.aspx?ContentID=83049|title= Cali, Colombia announced as next World Games venue}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldgames-iwga.org/vsite/vcontent/content/transnews/0,10869,1044-16941-19728-34899-299024-17651-889-layout183-18091-news-item,00.html|title=The World Games 2013 Cali, COL}}</ref>

==Host city allocation history==
[[File:Desfile Juegos Mundiales 2013.ogg|thumb|Parade of the delegations at the inauguration ceremony of the World Games Cali 2013]]
The 2013 World Games were initially allocated to the German cities of [[Duisburg]] and [[Düsseldorf]]. However, at the end of 2008, Duisburg withdrew and Düsseldorf dropped out because both cities could not secure enough funding, partly as a result of the [[financial crisis of 2007–08]] and the subsequent [[Great Recession]].

Two alternate cities came forward to the [[International World Games Association|IWGA]] to bid for these Games: [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]] and Cali, Colombia. During the World Games 2009 in [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]], the IWGA announced that Cali has won the right to host the World Games in 2013.

==Sports==
There are '''31''' official sports and '''5''' invitational sports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=115&Itemid=56&lang=en|title=The World Games 2013 Calì - Sports|publisher=worldgames2013.com.co|accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref>
{{multicol}}
;Artistic and Dance Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/artistic-dance-sports Artistic and Dance Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*{{GamesSport|Acrobatic gymnastics|Events=10}}
*{{GamesSport|Aerobic gymnastics|Events=7}}
*{{GamesSport|Artistic roller skating|Events=4}}
*{{GamesSport|Dancesport|Events=3}}
*{{GamesSport|Rhythmic gymnastics|Events=3}}
*{{GamesSport|Trampoline|Events=4}}

;Ball Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/ball-sports Ball Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*{{GamesSport|Beach handball|Events=2}}
*{{GamesSport|Canoe polo|Events=2}}
*{{GamesSport|Fistball|Events=1}}
*{{GamesSport|Korfball|Events=1}}
*{{GamesSport|Racquetball|Events=2}}
*{{GamesSport|Rugby sevens|Events=2}}
*{{GamesSport|Squash|Events=2}}
{{Col-break}}
;Martial Arts<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/martial-arts Martial Arts] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*{{GamesSport|Ju-jitsu|Events=13}}
*{{GamesSport|Karate|Events=12}}
*{{GamesSport|Sumo|Events=8}}

;Precision Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/precision-sports Precision Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*{{GamesSport|Boules|Events=8}}
*{{GamesSport|Bowling|Events=3}}
*{{GamesSport|Cue sports|Events=4}}
*{{GamesSport|Field archery|Events=7}}

;Strength Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/strength-sports Strength Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*{{GamesSport|Powerlifting|Events=8}}
*{{GamesSport|Tug of war|Events=3}}
{{Col-break}}

;Trend Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/trend-sports Trend Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*{{GamesSport|Air sports|Events=3}}
*{{GamesSport|Finswimming|Events=10}}
*{{GamesSport|Flying disc|Events=1}}
*{{GamesSport|Inline hockey|Events=1}}
*{{GamesSport|Inline speed skating|Events=8}}
*{{GamesSport|Lifesaving|Events=16}}
*{{GamesSport|Orienteering|Events=5}}
*{{GamesSport|Sport climbing|Events=4}}
*{{GamesSport|Waterskiing|Events=8}}

;Invitational Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/invitational-sports Invitational Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*{{GamesSport|Softball|Events=1}}
*{{GamesSport|Canoe marathon|Events=6}}
*{{GamesSport|Duathlon|Events=2}}
*{{GamesSport|Road speed skating|Events=10}}
*{{GamesSport|Wushu|Events=17}}
{{multicol end}}

==Calendar==
*[http://www.theworldgames.org/the-world-games/cali-colombia-2013/calendar 2013 World Games Event Schedule]
*Note: Due to safety concerns at the Del Pueblo Gymnasium, where the sport of Rhythmic Gymnastics was taking place, the Ribbons event was cancelled at the last moment.<ref>[http://worldgames2013.sportresult.com/NH/en/300/Comp/DetailedScheduleByDate?sportCode=GR&day=07%2F27%2F2013%2000%3A00%3A00&expandAll=False Cancelled event at Cali 2013]</ref>
Key:
     Invitational sport 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; position:relative;" width=65%
|-
|bgcolor="#00cc33" align=center| '''OC ||Opening ceremony
|bgcolor="#3399ff" align=center| ●&ensp; ||Event competitions
|bgcolor="#ffcc00" align=center| '''1 ||Event finals
|bgcolor="#ee3333" align=center| '''CC ||Closing ceremony
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em;"
!width=200|July/August 2013
!width=32|25th Thu
!width=32|26th Fri
!width=32|27th Sat
!width=32|28th Sun
!width=32|29th Mon
!width=32|30th Tue
!width=32|31st Wed
!width=32|1st Thu
!width=32|2nd Fri
!width=32|3rd Sat
!width=32|4th Sun
!width=55|Gold medals
|-
| Ceremonies ||bgcolor=#00cc33 align=center|'''OC || || || || || || || || || ||bgcolor=#ee3333 align=center|'''CC||
|-align="center"
| align="left"|[[Acrobatic gymnastics]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
| 10
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Aerobic gymnastics]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
| 7
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Air sports]]
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| 3
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Artistic roller skating]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 4
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Beach handball]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Billiard sports]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
|
|
|
|
| 4
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Boules sports]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''8
|
|
|
|
| 8
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Bowling]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| 3
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Canoe polo]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Dancesport]]
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 3
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Field archery]]
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
|
|
| 7
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Finswimming]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''5
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 10
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Fistball]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Flying disc at the 2013 World Games|Flying disc]]
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
|
|
|
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Ju-jitsu]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''7
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''6
|
|
|
|
|
| 13
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Karate]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''6
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 12
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Korfball]]
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Lifesaving]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''8
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 16
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Orienteering]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| 5
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Powerlifting]]
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
| 8
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Racquetball]]
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Rhythmic gymnastics]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 3
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Roller inline hockey]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
|
|
|
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Rugby sevens]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Inline speed skating|Track speed skating]]
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
|
| 8
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Sport climbing]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| 4
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Squash (sport)|Squash]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Sumo]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''6
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 8
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Trampolining|Trampoline gymnastics]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
|
|
|
|
| 4
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Tug of war]]
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 3
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Tumbling (gymnastics)|Tumbling gymnastics]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
|
| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Waterskiing]] and [[Wakeboarding]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 8
|-
!Total gold medals!! !! 27 !! 28 !! 13 !! 16 !! 21 !! 18 !! 9 !! 10 !! 10 !! 14 !! 166
|-
!width=200|July/August 2013
!width=32|25th Thu
!width=32|26th Fri
!width=32|27th Sat
!width=32|28th Sun
!width=32|29th Mon
!width=32|30th Tue
!width=32|31st Wed
!width=32|1st Thu
!width=32|2nd Fri
!width=32|3rd Sat
!width=32|4th Sun
!width=55|Gold medals
|- align="center"
| align="left" bgcolor=palegreen|[[Canoe marathon]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
|
|
| bgcolor=palegreen| 6
|- align="center"
| align="left" bgcolor=palegreen|[[Duathlon]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=palegreen| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left" bgcolor=palegreen|[[Softball]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=palegreen| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left" bgcolor=palegreen|[[Inline speed skating|Road speed skating]]
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
| bgcolor=palegreen| 10
|- align="center"
| align="left" bgcolor=palegreen|[[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''7
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''6
| bgcolor=palegreen| 17
|-
!Total gold medals!! !! 1 !! 1 !! !! !! 1 !! !! 6 !! 10 !! 7 !! 10 !! 36
|-
!Grand total of gold medals!! !! 28 !! 29 !! 13 !! 16 !! 22 !! 18 !! 15 !! 20 !! 17 !! 24 !! 202
|}

==Participant countries==
* [http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/athletes/classified-countries.html 2013 World Games Participant Countries] Note: ''Number of athletes in brackets.'' However, those nations with a ''question mark'' means that these nations have sent a delegation to these Games, but the number of athletes is unknown at this time.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-4}}
* {{AFG}} (1)
* {{ALG}} (2)
* {{ARG}} (65)
* {{ARU}} (15)
* {{AUS}} (87)
* {{AUT}} (44)
* {{AZE}} (5)
* {{BLR}} (15)
* {{BEL}} (59)
* {{BER}} (1)
* {{BOL}} (4)
* {{BRA}} (74)
* {{BGR}} (6)
* {{CAN}} (90)
* {{CHL}} (42)
* {{CHN}} (105)
* {{COL}} (204) '''Host'''
* {{CRI}} (8)
* {{CRO}} (18)
* {{CUB}} (19)
* {{CZE}} (71)
* {{DEN}} (16)
* {{DOM}} (7)
* {{ECU}} (16)
* {{EGY}} (17)
{{Col-4}}
* {{ESA}} (2)
* {{EST}} (7)
* {{ETH}} (1)
* {{FIN}} (10)
* {{FRA}} (157)
* {{GER}} (146)
* {{GRE}} (2)
* {{GUA}} (4)
* {{GUY}} (1)
* {{HKG}} ('''?''')
* {{HUN}} (53)
* {{IND}} (12)
* {{INA}} (8)
* {{IRI}} (17)
* {{IRL}} (26)
* {{ISR}} (11)
* {{ITA}} (102)
* {{JAM}} (1)
* {{JPN}} (76)
* {{JOR}} (1)
* {{KAZ}} (2)
* {{KOR}} (45)
* {{KUW}} (1)
* {{LAT}} (35)
* {{LTU}} (8)
{{Col-4}}
* {{LUX}} (2)
* {{MAC}} ('''?''')
* {{MKD}} (1)
* {{MAS}} (13)
* {{MLT}} (3)
* {{MRI}} (1)
* {{MEX}} (37)
* {{MDA}} ('''?''')
* {{MON}} (3)
* {{MGL}} (18)
* {{MNE}} (3)
* {{MAR}} (3)
* {{NAM}} (1)
* {{NED}} (78)
* {{NZL}} (24)
* {{NCA}} (2)
* {{NOR}} (28)
* {{PAK}} (1)
* {{PER}} (3)
* {{PHI}} (5)
* {{POL}} (33)
* {{POR}} (36)
* {{PUR}} (3)
* {{QAT}} (10)
* {{ROM}} (12)
{{Col-4}}
* {{RUS}} (149)
* {{SEN}} (1)
* {{SRB}} (4)
* {{SIN}} ('''?''')
* {{SVK}} (17)
* {{SLO}} (10)
* {{RSA}} (41)
* {{ESP}} (37)
* {{SWE}} (52)
* {{SUI}} (77)
* {{SYR}} (1)
* {{TPE}} ('''?''')
* {{THA}} (11)
* {{TRI}} ('''?''')
* {{TUN}} ('''?''')
* {{TUR}} (8)
* {{UKR}} (90)
* {{UAE}} (2)
* {{GBR}} (102)
* {{USA}} (137)
* {{URU}} (24)
* {{VEN}} (88)
* {{VIE}} (9)
{{Col-end}}

==Medal Mistakes==
This particular edition made the laughable mistake of putting the words "word games" instead of "world games," on one thousand medals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grave error ortográfico afecta a mil medallas de los Juegos Mundiales de Cali (Grave mistake affects thousand medals from the World Games in Cali)|url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/2013/07/29/grave-error-ortografico-afecta-a-mil-medallas-de-los-juegos-mundiales-de-cali.shtml|work=[[Agence France-Presse{{!}}AFP]]|publisher=[[Radio Bío-Bío]]|accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> This fact was reported by Colombian news organization Noticias Uno.<ref>http://noticiasunolaredindependiente.com/2013/07/28/noticias/nacional/el-juego-de-palabras/</ref><ref>http://imgur.com/a/5NCS2</ref> Several athletes smiled and were surprised upon seeing the typo.<ref>{{cite web|title="Por error, medallas de los Juegos Mundiales de Cali dicen ‘Word’ en lugar de ‘World’ " (Due to Error, World Games' Medals put 'Word' instead of 'World')|url=http://www.ntn24.com/noticias/por-error-medallas-de-los-juegos-mundiales-de-cali-dicen-word-en-lugar-de-world-100542|publisher=[[NTN24]]|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> According to the representative of the firm that engraved the medals, several authorities had seen and approved the medals' design without noticing the mistake, including Coldeportes director Andrés Botero, and the head of the Organizing Committee Rodrigo Otoya. The representative also stated that, according to a corporate policy, "... any mistake after the art has been approved (by the client) will not be responsibility of the Firm" <ref>{{cite web|title="Todos vimos las medallas y ninguno notó el error" (We All Saw The Mistake in the Medals, but Nobody Said Anything About It)|url=http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/todos-vimos-medallas-ninguno-noto-error/352918-3|publisher=[[Semana]]|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> Regarding the medals, Rodrigo Guerrero, Mayor of Cali, unabashedly stated that "This mistake in no way undermines the value of the medals, and the spirit of the games. People is making a 'storm in a tea cup' out of this situation" <ref>{{cite web|title="Medallas de los Juegos Mundiales de Cali dicen 'Word' y no 'World'" (Cali's World Games' Medals put 'Word' instead of 'World')|url=http://www.elespectador.com/deportes/otrosdeportes/medallas-de-los-juegos-mundiales-de-cali-dicen-word-y-n-articulo-436621|publisher=[[El Espectador]]|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref>

===Official sports===
Key:
{{legend|#ccccff|The host country is highlighted in lavender blue|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
As of August 3, 2013, from the Games' Official Sports Medal Tally page.<ref>[http://worldgames2013.sportresult.com/NH/en/300/Medal/Medals?sport=00&medalKind=DefaultSports 2013 World Games Official Sports Medal Tally Page]</ref>
{| {{RankedMedalTable|class=wikitable sortable|nation-width=200px}}
|-
| 1 ||align=left| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italy at the 2013 World Games|Italy]] || 18 || 13 || 18 || 49
|-
| 2 ||align=left| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia at the 2013 World Games|Russia]] || 17 || 23 || 13 || 53
|-
| 3 ||align=left| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[France at the 2013 World Games|France]] || 16 || 11 || 13 || 40
|-
| 4 ||align=left| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Germany at the 2013 World Games|Germany]] || 15 || 7 || 8 || 30
|-
| 5 ||align=left| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[China at the 2013 World Games|China]] || 14 || 6 || 2 || 22
|-
| 6 ||align=left| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States at the 2013 World Games|United States]] || 11 || 4 || 4 || 19
|-
| 7 ||align=left| {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ukraine at the 2013 World Games|Ukraine]] || 9 || 10 || 9 || 28
|-style="background:#ccccff"
| 8 ||align=left| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia at the 2013 World Games|Colombia]] || 8 || 13 || 10 || 31
|-
| 9 ||align=left| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Great Britain at the 2013 World Games|Great Britain]] || 6 || 6 || 3 || 15
|-
| 10 ||align=left| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chinese Taipei at the 2013 World Games|Chinese Taipei]] || 5 || 5 || 8 || 18
|-
| 11 ||align=left| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil at the 2013 World Games|Brazil]] || 5 || 3 || 1 || 9
|-
| 12 ||align=left| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan at the 2013 World Games|Japan]] || 5 || 1 || 4 || 10
|-
| 13 ||align=left| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Switzerland at the 2013 World Games|Switzerland]] || 4 || 4 || 0 || 8
|-
| 14 ||align=left| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Denmark at the 2013 World Games|Denmark]] || 3 || 2 || 2 || 7
|-
| 15 ||align=left| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sweden at the 2013 World Games|Sweden]] || 3 || 1 || 5 || 9
|-
| 16 ||align=left| {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Belarus at the 2013 World Games|Belarus]] || 3 || 1 || 3 || 7
|-
| 16 ||align=left| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico at the 2013 World Games|Mexico]] || 3 || 1 || 3 || 7
|-
| 18 ||align=left| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands at the 2013 World Games|Netherlands]] || 2 || 6 || 5 || 13
|-
| 19 ||align=left| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belgium at the 2013 World Games|Belgium]] || 2 || 4 || 4 || 10
|-
| 20 ||align=left| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain at the 2013 World Games|Spain]] || 2 || 4 || 2 || 8
|-
| 21 ||align=left| {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Chile at the 2013 World Games|Chile]] || 2 || 3 || 0 || 5
|-
| 21 ||align=left| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Poland at the 2013 World Games|Poland]] || 2 || 3 || 0 || 5
|-
| 21 ||align=left| {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Romania at the 2013 World Games|Romania]] || 2 || 3 || 0 || 5
|-
| 24 ||align=left| {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Slovenia at the 2013 World Games|Slovenia]] || 2 || 1 || 0 || 3
|-
| 25 ||align=left| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Finland at the 2013 World Games|Finland]] || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
| 26 ||align=left| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[South Korea at the 2013 World Games|South Korea]] || 1 || 2 || 6 || 9
|-
| 27 ||align=left| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria at the 2013 World Games|Austria]] || 1 || 2 || 3 || 9
|-
| 28 ||align=left| {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Hungary at the 2013 World Games|Hungary]] || 1 || 2 || 0 || 3
|-
| 28 ||align=left| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand at the 2013 World Games|New Zealand]] || 1 || 2 || 0 || 3
|-
| 30 ||align=left| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Croatia at the 2013 World Games|Croatia]] || 1 || 1 || 2 || 4
|-
| 30 ||align=left| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Venezuela at the 2013 World Games|Venezuela]] || 1 || 1 || 2 || 4
|-
| 32 ||align=left| {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Vietnam at the 2013 World Games|Vietnam]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
| 33 ||align=left| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[South Africa at the 2013 World Games|South Africa]] || 1 || 0 || 3 || 4
|-
| 34 ||align=left| {{flagicon|AZE}} [[Azerbaijan at the 2013 World Games|Azerbaijan]] || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| 34 ||align=left| {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Lithuania at the 2013 World Games|Lithuania]] || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| 34 ||align=left| {{flagicon|MGL}} [[Mongolia at the 2013 World Games|Mogolia]] || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| 37 ||align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[India at the 2013 World Games|India]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 37 ||align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Malaysia at the 2013 World Games|Malaysia]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 37 ||align=left| {{flagicon|MDA}} [[Moldova at the 2013 World Games|Moldova]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 37 ||align=left| {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkey at the 2013 World Games|Turkey]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 41 ||align=left| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada at the 2013 World Games|Canada]] || 0 || 3 || 6 || 9
|-
| 42 ||align=left| {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Norway at the 2013 World Games|Norway]] || 0 || 3 || 4 || 7
|-
| 43 ||align=left| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentina at the 2013 World Games|Argentina]] || 0 || 3 || 2 || 5
|-
| 43 ||align=left| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Egypt at the 2013 World Games|Egypt]] || 0 || 3 || 2 || 5
|-
| 43 ||align=left| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand at the 2013 World Games|Thailand]] || 0 || 3 || 2 || 5
|-
| 46 ||align=left| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Czech Republic at the 2013 World Games|Czech Republic]] || 0 || 2 || 1 || 3
|-
| 47 ||align=left| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia at the 2013 World Games|Australia]] || 0 || 1 || 3 || 4
|-
| 48 ||align=left| {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador at the 2013 World Games|Ecuador]] || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3
|-
| 48 ||align=left| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Portugal at the 2013 World Games|Portugal]] || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3
|-
| 50 ||align=left| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Greece at the 2013 World Games|Greece]] || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| 50 ||align=left| {{flagicon|IRI}} [[Iran at the 2013 World Games|Iran]] || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| 52 ||align=left| {{flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg at the 2013 World Games|Luxembourg]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 53 ||align=left| {{flagicon|ESA}} [[El Salvador at the 2013 World Games|El Salvador]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 53 ||align=left| {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Ireland at the 2013 World Games|Ireland]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 53 ||align=left| {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel at the 2013 World Games|Israel]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 53 ||align=left| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Morocco at the 2013 World Games|Morocco]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 53 ||align=left| {{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru at the 2013 World Games|Peru]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 53 ||align=left| {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Philippines at the 2013 World Games|Philippines]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 53 ||align=left| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Serbia at the 2013 World Games|Serbia]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|- class="sortbottom"
!colspan=2| Total || 176 || 169 || 169 || 514
|}

===Invitational sports===
Key:
{{legend|#ccccff|The host country is highlighted in lavender blue|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
As of August 3, 2013, from the Games' official Invitational Sports Medal Tally.<ref>[http://worldgames2013.sportresult.com/NH/en/300/Medal/Medals?sport=00&medalKind=InvitationalSports Cali 2013 World Games Invitational Sports Medal Tally]</ref>
{| {{RankedMedalTable|class=wikitable sortable|nation-width=200px}}
|-
| 1 ||align=left| {{HUN}} || 5 || 2 || 0 || 7
|-
| 2 ||align=left| {{CHN}} || 5 || 1 || 1 || 7
|-
| 3 ||align=left| {{IRI}} || 4 || 0 || 0 || 4
|-
| 4 ||align=left| {{FRA}} || 1 || 3 || 2 || 6
|-
| 5 ||align=left| {{VIE}} || 1 || 2 || 0 || 3
|-
| 6 ||align=left| {{GER}} || 1 || 0 || 2 || 3
|-
| 7 ||align=left| {{JPN}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| 7 ||align=left| {{USA}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| 9 ||align=left| {{BEL}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 9 ||align=left| {{CUB}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 9 ||align=left| {{HKG}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 9 ||align=left| {{INA}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 13 ||align=left| {{MAS}} || 0 || 2 || 2 || 4
|-
| 14 ||align=left| {{RUS}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| 15 ||align=left| {{ITA}} || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| 15 ||align=left| {{POR}} || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| 15 ||align=left| {{TUR}} || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| 15 ||align=left| {{UKR}} || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| 19 ||align=left| {{BRA}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 19 ||align=left| {{CAN}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 19 ||align=left| {{CHI}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 19 ||align=left| {{CZE}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 19 ||align=left| {{ESP}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 19 ||align=left| {{IND}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 19 ||align=left| {{VEN}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 26 ||align=left| {{ARG}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-style="background:#ccccff"
| 26 ||align=left| {{COL}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 26 ||align=left| {{MEX}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 26 ||align=left| {{NED}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 26 ||align=left| {{POL}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|- class="sortbottom"
!colspan=2| Total || 23 || 23 || 18 || 64
|}

==Host broadcaster==
* {{flagicon|COL}} [[Señal Colombia]]

==International Broadcasters==
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[TV Esporte Interativo]] and [[ESPN Brasil]]
* {{flagicon|HKG}}, {{flagicon|SIN}}, {{flagicon|INA}}, {{flagicon|PHI}}, {{flagicon|MAS}}, {{flagicon|BRU}}, {{flagicon|KOR}}, {{flagicon|VIE}}, {{flagicon|THA}}, {{flagicon|TWN}} [[STAR Sports]] and [[Fox Sports Asia|Fox Sports Plus HD]]
* {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Vietnam Television|VTV]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[NHK]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Fox Sports (Australia)]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[ESPN America|ESPN]]
* {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Czech Television]]

==List broadcaster==
<nowiki>*Sub-Saharan Africa: Setanta Sports</nowiki>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/ Official website]
*[http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/world-games-2013.php World Games 2013 - Olympicsuniverse.com]

{{World Games}}
{{EventsAt2013WorldGames}}

[[Category:World Games 2013| ]]
[[Category:2013 in multi-sport events]]
[[Category:2013 in Colombian sport]]
[[Category:Sports festivals in Colombia]]
[[Category:World Games]]
[[Category:Sport in Cali]]

{{Link FA|eo}}

2013 World Games

2013-07-28T23:17:09Z

Remux: File:Desfile Juegos Mundiales 2013.ogg

{{Infobox games
|Name = IX World Games
|Logo = Cali 2013 logo.png
|Size = 275
|motto = Fair play to the planet
|Host city = {{flagicon|COL}} [[Cali]], [[Colombia]]
|Nations participating = 98
|Athletes participating = 2,870
|Events = 202 in 36 sports
|Opening ceremony = {{Start date|2013|07|25}}
|Closing ceremony = {{End date|2013|08|04}}
|Officially opened by = [[Vice President of Colombia|Vice President]] [[Angelino Garzón]]<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/press/item/933-the-2013-world-games-have-begun.html The 2013 World Games Have Begun]</ref>
|Athlete's Oath = Jorge Luis CiFuentes
|Judge's Oath = Marta Luz Vega
|Coach's Oath = Hugo Cotuaz
|Stadium = [[Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero]]
}}
The '''[[World Games]] of 2013''' are taking place in the city of [[Cali]], [[Colombia]], from July 25 to August 4.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://english.rti.org.tw/Content/GetSingleNews.aspx?ContentID=83049|title= Cali, Colombia announced as next World Games venue}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldgames-iwga.org/vsite/vcontent/content/transnews/0,10869,1044-16941-19728-34899-299024-17651-889-layout183-18091-news-item,00.html|title=The World Games 2013 Cali, COL}}</ref>

==Host city allocation history==
[[File:Desfile Juegos Mundiales 2013.ogg|thumb|Parade of the delegations at the inauguration ceremony of the World Games Cali 2013]]
The 2013 World Games were initially allocated to the German cities of [[Duisburg]] and [[Düsseldorf]]. However, at the end of 2008, Duisburg withdrew and Düsseldorf dropped out because both cities could not secure enough funding, partly as a result of the [[financial crisis of 2007–08]] and the subsequent [[Great Recession]].

Two alternate cities came forward to the [[International World Games Association|IWGA]] to bid for these Games: [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]] and Cali, Colombia. During the World Games 2009 in [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]], the IWGA announced that Cali has won the right to host the World Games in 2013.

==Sports==
There are '''31''' official sports and '''5''' invitational sports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=115&Itemid=56&lang=en|title=The World Games 2013 Calì - Sports|publisher=worldgames2013.com.co|accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref>
{{multicol}}
;Artistic and Dance Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/artistic-dance-sports Artistic and Dance Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*[[Gymnastics at the World Games#Sports acrobatics|Acrobatic gymnastics]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-acrobatic-gymnastics.php details])
*[[Gymnastics at the World Games|Aerobic gymnastics]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-aerobic-gymnastics.php details])
*[[Artistic roller skating at the World Games|Artistic roller skating]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/images/artistic-roller-skating.jpg details])
*[[DanceSport at the World Games|Dancesport]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-dancesport.php details])
*[[Gymnastics at the World Games#Individual rhythmic gymnastics|Rhythmic gymnastics]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-rhythmic-gymnastics.php details])
*[[Gymnastics at the World Games#Trampoline|Trampoline & Tumbling]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-trampoline-tumbling.php details])
;Ball Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/ball-sports Ball Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*[[Beach handball at the World Games|Beach handball]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-beach-handball.php details])<ref name=FIRTS>First time official sport.</ref><ref name=OFFICIAL>{{cite web|url=http://worldgames2013.com.co/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168%3Anewsports&catid=42%3Arokstories&Itemid=269&lang=enl|title=Beach Handball and Softball are on the official sports programme|publisher=worldgames2013.com.co|accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref>
*[[Canoeing at the World Games#Canoe Polo|Canoe polo]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-canoe-polo.php details])
*[[Fistball at the World Games|Fistball]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-fistball.php details])
*[[Korfball at the World Games|Korfball]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-korfball.php details])
*[[Racquetball at the World Games|Racquetball]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-racquetball.php details])
*[[Rugby union at the World Games|Rugby 7]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-rugby-sevens.php details])
*[[Squash at the World Games|Squash]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-squash.php details])
{{Col-break}}
;Martial Arts<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/martial-arts Martial Arts] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*[[Ju-Jitsu at the World Games|Ju-Jitsu]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-ju-jitsu.php details])
*[[Karate at the World Games|Karate]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-karate.php details])
*[[Sumo at the World Games|Sumo]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-sumo.php details])

;Precision Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/precision-sports Precision Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*[[Cue sports at the World Games|Billiards]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-billiards.php details])
*[[Boules sports at the World Games|Boules]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-boules.php details])
*[[Bowling at the World Games|Bowling]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-bowling.php details])
*[[Field archery at the World Games|Field archery]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-field-archery.php details])

;Strength Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/strength-sports Strength Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*[[Powerlifting at the World Games|Powerlifting]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-powerlifting.php details])
*[[Tug of war at the World Games|Tug of war]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-tug-of-war.php details])
{{Col-break}}
;Trend Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/trend-sports Trend Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*[[Air sports at the World Games|Air sports]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-air-sports.php details])
*[[Finswimming at the World Games|Finswimming]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-finswimming.php details])
*[[Flying disc at the World Games|Flying disc]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-flying-disc.php details])
*[[Inline hockey at the World Games|Inline hockey]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-inline-hockey.php details])
*[[Inline speed skating at the World Games|Inline speed skating]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-inline-speed-skating.php details])
*[[Lifesaving at the World Games|Lifesaving]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-lifesaving.php details])
*[[Orienteering at the World Games|Orienteering]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-orienteering.php details])
*[[Sport climbing at the World Games|Sport climbing]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-sport-climbing.php details])
*[[Waterskiing at the World Games|Waterskiing]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-waterskiing.php details])
;Invitational Sports<ref>[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/sports/invitational-sports Invitational Sports] worldgames2013.com.co. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
*[[Softball at the World Games|Softball]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-softball.php details]) <ref name=FIRTS/><ref name=OFFICIAL/>
*[[Canoe marathon at the World Games|Canoe marathon]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-canoe-marathon.php details])
*[[Duathlon at the World Games|Duathlon]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-duathlon.php details])
*[[Road roller skating at the World Games|Road roller skating]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-artistic-roller-skating.php details])
*[[Wushu at the World Games|Wushu]] ([http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/2013-world-games-wushu.php details])
{{multicol end}}

==Calendar==
*[http://www.theworldgames.org/the-world-games/cali-colombia-2013/calendar 2013 World Games Event Schedule]
*Note: Due to safety concerns at the Del Pueblo Gymnasium, where the sport of Rhythmic Gymnastics was taking place, the Ribbons event was cancelled at the last moment.<ref>[http://worldgames2013.sportresult.com/NH/en/300/Comp/DetailedScheduleByDate?sportCode=GR&day=07%2F27%2F2013%2000%3A00%3A00&expandAll=False Cancelled event at Cali 2013]</ref>
Key:
     Invitational sport 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; position:relative;" width=65%
|-
|bgcolor="#00cc33" align=center| '''OC ||Opening ceremony
|bgcolor="#3399ff" align=center| ●&ensp; ||Event competitions
|bgcolor="#ffcc00" align=center| '''1 ||Event finals
|bgcolor="#ee3333" align=center| '''CC ||Closing ceremony
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em;"
!width=200|July/August 2013
!width=32|25th Thu
!width=32|26th Fri
!width=32|27th Sat
!width=32|28th Sun
!width=32|29th Mon
!width=32|30th Tue
!width=32|31st Wed
!width=32|1st Thu
!width=32|2nd Fri
!width=32|3rd Sat
!width=32|4th Sun
!width=55|Gold medals
|-
| Ceremonies ||bgcolor=#00cc33 align=center|'''OC || || || || || || || || || ||bgcolor=#ee3333 align=center|'''CC||
|-align="center"
| align="left"|[[Acrobatic gymnastics]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
| 10
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Aerobic gymnastics]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
| 7
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Air sports]]
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| 3
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Artistic roller skating]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 4
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Beach handball]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Billiard sports]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
|
|
|
|
| 4
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Boules sports]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''8
|
|
|
|
| 8
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Bowling]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| 3
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Canoe polo]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Dancesport]]
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 3
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Field archery]]
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
|
|
| 7
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Finswimming]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''5
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 10
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Fistball]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Flying disc]]
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
|
|
|
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Ju-jitsu]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''7
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''6
|
|
|
|
|
| 13
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Karate]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''6
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 12
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Korfball]]
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Lifesaving]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''8
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 16
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Orienteering]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| 5
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Powerlifting]]
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
| 8
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Racquetball]]
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Rhythmic gymnastics]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Roller inline hockey]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
|
|
|
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Rugby sevens]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Inline speed skating|Track speed skating]]
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
|
| 8
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Sport climbing]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| 4
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Squash (sport)|Squash]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Sumo]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''6
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 8
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Trampolining|Trampoline gymnastics]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
|
|
|
|
| 4
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Tug of war]]
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 3
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Tumbling (gymnastics)|Tumbling gymnastics]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
|
|
|
|
| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left"|[[Waterskiing]] and [[Wakeboarding]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 8
|-
!Total gold medals!! !! 27 !! 28 !! 13 !! 16 !! 21 !! 18 !! 9 !! 10 !! 10 !! 14 !! 166
|-
!width=200|July/August 2013
!width=32|25th Thu
!width=32|26th Fri
!width=32|27th Sat
!width=32|28th Sun
!width=32|29th Mon
!width=32|30th Tue
!width=32|31st Wed
!width=32|1st Thu
!width=32|2nd Fri
!width=32|3rd Sat
!width=32|4th Sun
!width=55|Gold medals
|- align="center"
| align="left" bgcolor=palegreen|[[Canoe marathon]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
|
|
| bgcolor=palegreen| 6
|- align="center"
| align="left" bgcolor=palegreen|[[Duathlon]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=palegreen| 2
|- align="center"
| align="left" bgcolor=palegreen|[[Softball]]
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=palegreen| 1
|- align="center"
| align="left" bgcolor=palegreen|[[Inline speed skating|Road speed skating]]
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor="#3399ff"|●
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''2
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''4
| bgcolor=palegreen| 10
|- align="center"
| align="left" bgcolor=palegreen|[[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''1
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''7
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''3
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | '''6
| bgcolor=palegreen| 17
|-
!Total gold medals!! !! 1 !! 1 !! !! !! 1 !! !! 6 !! 10 !! 7 !! 10 !! 36
|-
!Grand total of gold medals!! !! 28 !! 29 !! 13 !! 16 !! 22 !! 18 !! 15 !! 20 !! 17 !! 24 !! 202
|}

==Participant countries==
* [http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/en/athletes/classified-countries.html 2013 World Games Participant Countries] Note: ''Number of athletes in brackets.'' However, those nations with a ''question mark'' means that these nations have sent a delegation to these Games, but the number of athletes is unknown at this time.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-4}}
* {{AFG}} (1)
* {{ALG}} (2)
* {{ARG}} (65)
* {{ARU}} ('''?''')
* {{AUS}} (87)
* {{AUT}} (44)
* {{AZE}} (5)
* {{BLR}} (15)
* {{BEL}} (59)
* {{BER}} (1)
* {{BOL}} (4)
* {{BRA}} (74)
* {{BGR}} (6)
* {{CAN}} (90)
* {{CHL}} (42)
* {{CHN}} (105)
* {{COL}} (204) '''Host'''
* {{CRI}} (8)
* {{CRO}} (18)
* {{CUB}} (19)
* {{CZE}} (71)
* {{DEN}} (16)
* {{DOM}} (7)
* {{ECU}} (16)
* {{EGY}} (17)
{{Col-4}}
* {{ESA}} (2)
* {{EST}} (7)
* {{ETH}} (1)
* {{FIN}} (10)
* {{FRA}} (157)
* {{GER}} (146)
* {{GRE}} (2)
* {{GUA}} (4)
* {{GUY}} (1)
* {{HKG}} ('''?''')
* {{HUN}} (53)
* {{IND}} (12)
* {{INA}} (8)
* {{IRI}} (17)
* {{IRL}} (26)
* {{ISR}} (11)
* {{ITA}} (102)
* {{JAM}} (1)
* {{JPN}} (76)
* {{JOR}} (1)
* {{KAZ}} (2)
* {{KOR}} (45)
* {{KUW}} ('''?''')
* {{LAT}} (35)
* {{LTU}} (8)
{{Col-4}}
* {{LUX}} ('''?''')
* {{MAC}} ('''?''')
* {{MKD}} (1)
* {{MAS}} (13)
* {{MLT}} ('''?''')
* {{MRI}} ('''?''')
* {{MEX}} (37)
* {{MDA}} ('''?''')
* {{MON}} ('''?''')
* {{MGL}} (18)
* {{MNE}} ('''?''')
* {{MAR}} (3)
* {{NAM}} (1)
* {{NED}} (78)
* {{NZL}} (24)
* {{NCA}} (2)
* {{NOR}} (28)
* {{PAK}} (1)
* {{PER}} (3)
* {{PHI}} (5)
* {{POL}} (33)
* {{POR}} (36)
* {{PUR}} (3)
* {{QAT}} (10)
* {{ROM}} (12)
{{Col-4}}
* {{RUS}} (149)
* {{SEN}} (1)
* {{SRB}} (4)
* {{SIN}} ('''?''')
* {{SVK}} (17)
* {{SLO}} (10)
* {{RSA}} (41)
* {{ESP}} (37)
* {{SWE}} (52)
* {{SUI}} (77)
* {{SYR}} (1)
* {{TPE}} ('''?''')
* {{THA}} (11)
* {{TRI}} ('''?''')
* {{TUN}} ('''?''')
* {{TUR}} (8)
* {{UKR}} (90)
* {{UAE}} (2)
* {{GBR}} (102)
* {{USA}} (137)
* {{URU}} (24)
* {{VEN}} (88)
* {{VIE}} (9)
{{Col-end}}

==Medal tables==
===Official sports===
Key:
{{legend|#ccccff|The host country is highlighted in lavender blue|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
As of July 27, 2013, from the Games' Official Sports Medal Tally page.<ref>[http://worldgames2013.sportresult.com/NH/en/300/Medal/Medals?sport=00&medalKind=DefaultSports 2013 World Games Official Sports Medal Tally Page]</ref>
{| {{RankedMedalTable|class=wikitable sortable|nation-width=200px}}
|-
| 1 ||align=left| {{ITA}} || 9 || 9 || 9 || 27
|-
| 2 ||align=left| {{FRA}} || 9 || 3 || 6 || 18
|-
| 3 ||align=left| {{GER}} || 8 || 4 || 2 || 14
|-
| 4 ||align=left| {{RUS}} || 7 || 8 || 6 || 21
|-
| 5 ||align=left| {{JPN}} || 5 || 0 || 3 || 8
|-
| 6 ||align=left| {{UKR}} || 3 || 7 || 6 || 16
|-style="background:#ccccff"
| 7 ||align=left| {{COL}} || 3 || 2 || 4 || 9
|-
| 8 ||align=left| {{BLR}} || 2 || 1 || 0 || 3
|-
| 9 ||align=left| {{BRA}} || 1 || 3 || 0 || 4
|-
| 10 ||align=left| {{NED}} || 1 || 2 || 2 || 5
|-
| 11 ||align=left| {{VEN}} || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3
|-
| 12 ||align=left| {{HUN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
| 13 ||align=left| {{AZE}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| 13 ||align=left| {{KOR}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| 13 ||align=left| {{MGL}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| 16 ||align=left| {{MDA}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 16 ||align=left| {{TUR}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 18 ||align=left| {{EGY}} || 0 || 3 || 2 || 5
|-
| 19 ||align=left| {{CHN}} || 0 || 3 || 1 || 4
|-
| 20 ||align=left| {{BEL}} || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| 21 ||align=left| {{ARG}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 21 ||align=left| {{CRO}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 21 ||align=left| {{ECU}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 21 ||align=left| {{ESP}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 21 ||align=left| {{SLO}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 21 ||align=left| {{SUI}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 21 ||align=left| {{VIE}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 28 ||align=left| {{AUS}} || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2
|-
| 28 ||align=left| {{RSA}} || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2
|-
| 30 ||align=left| {{GRE}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 30 ||align=left| {{MAR}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 30 ||align=left| {{PER}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 30 ||align=left| {{SWE}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| 30 ||align=left| {{USA}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|- class="sortbottom"
!colspan=2| Total || 55 || 55 || 55 || 165
|}

===Invitational sports===
Key:
{{legend|#ccccff|The host country is highlighted in lavender blue|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
As of July 27, 2013, from the Games' official Invitational Sports Medal Tally.<ref>[http://worldgames2013.sportresult.com/NH/en/300/Medal/Medals?sport=00&medalKind=InvitationalSports Cali 2013 World Games Invitational Sports Medal Tally]</ref>
{| {{RankedMedalTable|class=wikitable sortable|nation-width=200px}}
|-
| 1 ||align=left| {{BEL}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 1 ||align=left| {{JPN}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 3 ||align=left| {{FRA}} || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| 4 ||align=left| {{ESP}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 5 ||align=left| {{GER}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|- class="sortbottom"
!colspan=2| Total || 2 || 2 || 2 || 6
|}

==Host broadcaster==
* {{flagicon|COL}} [[Señal Colombia]]

==International Broadcasters==
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[TV Esporte Interativo]] and [[ESPN Brasil]]
* {{flagicon|HKG}}, {{flagicon|SIN}}, {{flagicon|INA}}, {{flagicon|PHI}}, {{flagicon|MAS}}, {{flagicon|BRU}}, {{flagicon|KOR}}, {{flagicon|VIE}}, {{flagicon|THA}}, {{flagicon|TPE}} [[STAR Sports]] and [[Fox Sports Asia|Fox Sports Plus]]
* {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Vietnam Television|VTV]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[NHK]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Fox Sports (Australia)]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[ESPN America|ESPN]]

==List broadcaster==
<nowiki>*Sub-Saharan Africa: Setanta Sports</nowiki>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.worldgames2013.com.co/ Official website]
*[http://www.olympicsuniverse.com/world-games/world-games-2013.php World Games 2013 - Olympicsuniverse.com]

{{World Games}}
{{EventsAt2013WorldGames}}

[[Category:World Games 2013| ]]
[[Category:Current sports events]]

Fly ash

2013-06-06T22:48:14Z

Remux: + {{Commons category|Fly ash}}

[[File:Back-Scattered Electron Micrograph of Coal Fly Ash small.tif|thumb|250px|Photomicrograph made with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and back-sccatter detector: cross section of fly ash particles at 750x magnification]]

'''Fly ash''', also known as flue-ash, is one of the residues generated in [[combustion]], and comprises the [[particulates|fine particle]]s that rise with the [[flue gas]]es. Ash which does not rise is termed [[bottom ash]]. In an industrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion of [[coal]]. Fly ash is generally captured by [[electrostatic precipitator]]s or other particle filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the chimneys of [[Fossil fuel power plant|coal-fired power plants]], and together with [[bottom ash]] removed from the bottom of the furnace is in this case jointly known as '''coal ash'''. Depending upon the source and makeup of the coal being burned, the components of fly ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial amounts of [[silicon dioxide]] (SiO2) (both [[amorphous solid|amorphous]] and [[Crystallinity|crystalline]]) and [[calcium oxide]] (CaO), both being endemic ingredients in many coal-bearing [[Stratum|rock strata]].

Toxic constituents depend upon the specific [[coal bed|coal bed makeup]], but may include one or more of the following elements or substances in quantities from trace amounts to several percent: [[arsenic]], [[beryllium]], [[boron]], [[cadmium]], [[chromium]], [[hexavalent chromium]], [[cobalt]], [[lead]], [[manganese]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[molybdenum]], [[selenium]], [[strontium]], [[thallium]], and [[vanadium]], along with [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioxins]] and [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|PAH compounds]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Managing Coal Combustion Residues in Mines, Committee on Mine Placement of Coal Combustion Wastes, National Research Council of the National Academies, 2006</ref><ref>Human and Ecological Risk Assessment of Coal Combustion Wastes, RTI, [[Research Triangle Park]], August 6, 2007, prepared for the [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]</ref>

In the past, fly ash was generally released into the [[atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]], but [[Air pollution#Control devices|pollution control equipment]] mandated in recent decades now require that it be captured prior to release. In the [[United States|US]], fly ash is generally stored at coal power plants or placed in landfills. About 43% is recycled,<ref>American Coal Ash Association www.acaa-usa.org</ref> often used to supplement [[Portland cement]] in concrete production. Some have expressed health concerns about this.<ref>{{cite news| work=Science in Dispute | title=Is fly ash an inferior building and structural material | year=2003}}</ref>

In some cases, such as the burning of solid waste to create electricity ("resource recovery" facilities a.k.a. [[waste-to-energy]] facilities), the fly ash may contain higher levels of contaminants than the bottom ash and mixing the fly and bottom ash together brings the proportional levels of contaminants within the range to qualify as nonhazardous waste in a given state, whereas, unmixed, the fly ash would be within the range to qualify as hazardous waste.

==Chemical composition and classification==
{| class="bordered infobox" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" cellpadding="2"
|-
!colspan="0"|Component
|'''[[Bituminous coal|Bituminous]]'''
|'''[[Subbituminous]]'''
|'''[[Lignite]]'''
|-
!|[[silicon dioxide|SiO2]] (%)
|20-60
|40-60
|15-45
|-
!|[[aluminum oxide|Al2O3]] (%)
|5-35
|20-30
|20-25
|-
!|[[iron oxide|Fe2O3]] (%)
|10-40
|4-10
|4-15
|-
!|[[calcium oxide|CaO]] (%)
|1-12
|5-30
|15-40
|-
!|[[loss on ignition|LOI]] (%)
|0-15
|0-3
|0-5
|}
Fly ash material solidifies while suspended in the exhaust gases and is collected by [[electrostatic precipitator]]s or filter bags. Since the particles solidify rapidly while suspended in the exhaust gases, fly ash particles are generally [[sphere|spherical]] in shape and range in size from 0.5 [[µm]] to 300 µm. The major consequence of the rapid cooling is that only few minerals will have time to crystallize and that mainly amorphous, quenched glass remains. Nevertheless, some [[refractory]] phases in the pulverized coal will not melt (entirely) and remain crystalline. In consequence, fly ash is a heterogeneous material. SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and occasionally CaO are the main chemical components present in fly ashes. The mineralogy of fly ashes is very diverse. The main phases encountered are a glass phase, together with [[quartz]], [[mullite]] and the iron oxides [[hematite]], [[magnetite]] and/or [[maghemite]]. Other phases often identified are [[cristobalite]], [[anhydrite]], [[calcium oxide|free lime]], [[periclase]], [[calcite]], [[sylvite]], [[halite]], [[calcium hydroxide|portlandite]], [[rutile]] and [[anatase]]. The Ca-bearing minerals [[anorthite]], [[gehlenite]], [[akermanite]] and various calcium silicates and calcium aluminates identical to those found in [[Portland cement]] can be identified in Ca-rich fly ashes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Snellings|first=R.|coauthors=Mertens G., Elsen J.|title=Supplementary cementitious materials|journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry|year=2012|volume=74|pages=211–278}}</ref>

The above concentrations of trace elements vary according to the kind of coal combusted to form it. In fact, in the case of bituminous coal, with the notable exception of boron, trace element concentrations are generally similar to trace element concentrations in unpolluted soils.<ref>EPRI (Project Manager K. Ladwig) 2010, Comparison of coal combustion products to other common materials - Chemical Characteristics, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA</ref>

Two classes of fly ash are defined by [[ASTM International|ASTM]] C618: Class F fly ash and Class C fly ash. The chief difference between these classes is the amount of calcium, silica, alumina, and iron content in the ash. The chemical properties of the fly ash are largely influenced by the chemical content of the coal burned (i.e., [[anthracite]], [[bituminous coal|bituminous]], and [[lignite]]).<ref name="ASTM Pozzolan" >{{cite web
|url=http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/DATABASE.CART/REDLINE_PAGES/C618.htm?L+mystore+lsft6707
|title=ASTM C618 - 08 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
|accessdate=2008-09-18
|publisher=ASTM International
}}</ref>

Not all fly ashes meet ASTM C618 requirements, although depending on the application, this may not be necessary. Ash used as a cement replacement must meet strict construction standards, but no standard environmental regulations have been established in the United States. 75% of the ash must have a [[fineness]] of 45 µm or less, and have a [[carbon]] content, measured by the loss on ignition (LOI), of less than 4%. In the U.S., LOI needs to be under 6%. The particle size distribution of raw fly ash is very often fluctuating constantly, due to changing performance of the coal mills and the boiler performance. This makes it necessary that, if fly ash is used in an optimal way to replace cement in concrete production, it needs to be processed using beneficiation methods like mechanical air classification. But if fly ash is used also as a filler to replace sand in concrete production, unbeneficiated fly ash with higher LOI can be also used. Especially important is the ongoing quality verification. This is mainly expressed by quality control seals like the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] mark or the DCL mark of the Dubai Municipality.

===Class F fly ash===
The burning of harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal typically produces Class F fly ash. This fly ash is [[pozzolan]]ic in nature, and contains less than 20% [[lime (mineral)|lime]] (CaO). Possessing pozzolanic properties, the glassy silica and alumina of Class F fly ash requires a cementing agent, such as Portland cement, quicklime, or hydrated lime, with the presence of water in order to react and produce cementitious compounds. Alternatively, the addition of a chemical activator such as [[sodium silicate]] (water glass) to a Class F ash can lead to the formation of a [[geopolymer]].

===Class C fly ash===
Fly ash produced from the burning of younger lignite or subbituminous coal, in addition to having pozzolanic properties, also has some self-cementing properties. In the presence of water, Class C fly ash will harden and gain strength over time. Class C fly ash generally contains more than 20% lime (CaO). Unlike Class F, self-cementing Class C fly ash does not require an activator. Alkali and [[sulfate]] ({{chem|SO|4}}) contents are generally higher in Class C fly ashes.

At least one US manufacturer has announced a [[fly ash brick]] containing up to 50% Class C fly ash. Testing shows the bricks meet or exceed the performance standards listed in [[ASTM]] C 216 for conventional clay brick; it is also within the allowable shrinkage limits for concrete brick in ASTM C 55, Standard Specification for Concrete Building Brick. It is estimated that the production method used in fly ash bricks will reduce the embodied energy of masonry construction by up to 90%.<ref>"[http://calstarproducts.com/%E2%80%9Cthe-building-brick-of-sustainability%E2%80%9D-construction-specifications-institute-magazine/ The Building Brick of Sustainability]". Chusid, Michael; Miller, Steve; & Rapoport, Julie. ''The Construction Specifier'' May 2009.</ref> Bricks and pavers were expected to be available in commercial quantities before the end of 2009.<ref>"[http://calstarproducts.com/wp-content/themes/default/pdf/JournalTimes_040109.pdf Coal by-product to be used to make bricks in Caledonia]". Burke, Michael. ''The Journal Times'' April 1, 2009.</ref>

==Disposal and market sources==
In the past, fly ash produced from coal combustion was simply entrained in [[flue gas]]es and dispersed into the atmosphere. This created environmental and health concerns that prompted laws which have reduced fly ash emissions to less than 1% of ash produced. Worldwide, more than 65% of fly ash produced from coal power stations is disposed of in [[landfill]]s and [[ash pond]]s.

The recycling of fly ash has become an increasing concern in recent years due to increasing landfill costs and current interest in [[sustainable development]]. {{As of|2005}}, U.S. coal-fired power plants reported producing 71.1 million tons of fly ash, of which 29.1 million tons were reused in various applications.<ref name="acaa2005" >{{cite web | author=American Coal Ash Association | title=CCP Production and Use Survey | url=http://www.acaa-usa.org/PDF/2005_CCP_Production_and_Use_Figures_Released_by_ACAA.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> If the nearly 42 million tons of unused fly ash had been recycled, it would have reduced the need for approximately {{convert|27500|acre.ft|m3|abbr=on}} of landfill space.<ref name="acaa2005" /><ref name="epaCCP" >{{cite web | author = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | authorlink = United States Environmental Protection Agency |title=Using Coal Ash in Highway Construction - A Guide to Benefits and Impacts | url=http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/c2p2/pubs/greenbk508.pdf}}</ref> Other environmental benefits to recycling fly ash includes reducing the demand for virgin materials that would need [[quarry]]ing and substituting for materials that may be energy-intensive to create such as [[Portland cement]].

As of 2006, about 125 million tons of coal-combustion byproducts, including fly ash, were produced in the U.S. each year, with about 43% of that amount used in commercial applications, according to the American Coal Ash Association Web site. As of early 2008, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] hoped that figure would increase to 50% as of 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hamptonroads.com/2008/03/above-ground-golf-course-just-beneath-it-potential-health-risks |title=Above ground, a golf course. Just beneath it, potential health risks | author=Robert McCabe |work =The Virginian-Pilot |date=March 30, 2008}}</ref>

==Fly ash reuse==
There is no U.S. governmental registration or labelling of fly ash utilization in the different sectors of the economy - industry, infrastructures and agriculture. Fly ash utilization survey data, acknowledged as incomplete, are published annually by the American Coal Ash Association.<ref name="ACAA, Coal Combustion Products Production & Use Statistics" >{{cite web
| author = American Coal Ash Association | authorlink = American Coal Ash Association
| title = Coal Combustion Products Production & Use Statistics
| url = http://acaa.affiniscape.com/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=3}}</ref>

The ways of fly ash utilization include (approximately in order of decreasing importance):

*[[Concrete]] production, as a substitute material for Portland cement and sand
*[[embankment (transportation)|Embankments]] and other structural fills (usually for road construction)
*[[Grout]] and [[Flowable fill]] production
*Waste stabilization and solidification
*[[Clinker (cement)|Cement clinkers]] production - (as a substitute material for clay)
*[[Mine reclamation]]
*Stabilization of [[clay|soft soils]]
*[[base course|Road subbase]] construction
*As [[aggregate (composite)|Aggregate]] substitute material (e.g. for brick production)
*Mineral filler in [[asphaltic concrete]]
*Agricultural uses: soil amendment, fertilizer, cattle feeders, soil stabilization in stock feed yards, and agricultural stakes
*Loose application on rivers to melt ice<ref>Gaarder, Nancy. [http://www.omaha.com/article/20100217/NEWS01/702179923 "Coal ash will fight flooding"], ''Omaha World-Herald'', February 17, 2010.</ref>
*Loose application on roads and parking lots for ice control<ref>Josephson, Joan. [http://www.observertoday.com/page/content.detail/id/535925.html?nav=5047 "Coal ash under fire from Portland resident"], "ObserverToday", February 13, 2010.</ref>
*Other applications include cosmetics, toothpaste, kitchen counter tops, floor and ceiling tiles, bowling balls, flotation devices, stucco, utensils, tool handles, picture frames, auto bodies and boat hulls, cellular concrete, [[geopolymers]], roofing tiles, roofing granules, decking, fireplace mantles, cinder block, PVC pipe, Structural Insulated Panels, house siding and trim, running tracks, blasting grit, recycled plastic lumber, utility poles and crossarms, railway sleepers, highway sound barriers, marine pilings, doors, window frames, scaffolding, sign posts, crypts, columns, railroad ties, vinyl flooring, paving stones, shower stalls, garage doors, park benches, landscape timbers, planters, pallet blocks, molding, mail boxes, artificial reef, binding agent, [[paint]]s and undercoatings, [[metal casting]]s, and filler in wood and plastic products.<ref name="epaCCP" /><ref name="USFHA, Fly ash" >{{cite web
| author = U.S. Federal Highway Administration | authorlink = Federal Highway Administration
| title = Fly Ash
| url = http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/flyash.htm
}}</ref><ref name="PEER, Coal Combustion Wastes in Our Lives" >{{cite web
| author = Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility
| title = Coal Combustion Wastes in Our Lives
| url = http://www.peer.org/campaigns/publichealth/coalash/everywhere.php}}</ref>

===Portland cement===
Owing to its [[pozzolan]]ic properties, fly ash is used as a replacement for some of the [[Portland cement]] content of [[concrete]].<ref name="Scott, 2007, Evolution" >{{cite journal
| last =Scott | first =Allan N . | coauthors = Thomas, Michael D. A.
| title =Evaluation of Fly Ash From Co-Combustion of Coal and Petroleum Coke for Use in Concrete
| journal =ACI Materials Journal
| volume =104 | issue =1 | pages =62–70
| publisher =American Concrete Institute
|date=January/February 2007
}}</ref> The use of fly ash as a pozzolanic ingredient was recognized as early as 1914, although the earliest noteworthy study of its use was in 1937.<ref name="NCHRP, 1986" >{{cite journal
| last = Halstead | first = W. | title = Use of Fly Ash in Concrete
| journal = National Cooperative Highway Research Project | volume = 127
|date=October 1986}}</ref> Before its use was lost to the Dark Ages, Roman structures such as [[Roman aqueduct|aqueduct]]s or the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in Rome used volcanic ash or [[pozzolana]] (which possesses similar properties to fly ash) as [[pozzolan]] in their concrete.<ref name="Moore, Pantheon" >{{cite book
| last =Moore | first =David
|title =The Roman [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]: The Triumph of Concrete
}}</ref> As pozzolan greatly improves the strength and durability of concrete, the use of ash is a key factor in their preservation.

Use of fly ash as a partial replacement for Portland cement is generally limited to Class C fly ashes. Class "F" fly ashes can have volatile effects on the entrained air content of concrete, causing reduced resistance to freeze/thaw damage. Fly Ash often replaces up to 30% by mass of Portland cement, but can be used in higher dosages in certain applications. Fly ash can add to the concrete’s final strength and increase its chemical resistance and durability. Fly ash can also significantly improve the workability of concrete. Recently concrete mix design for partial cement replacement with High Volume Fly Ash (50% cement replacement) has been developed. For Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC)[used in dam construction] replacement values of 70% have been achieved with processed fly ash at the Ghatghar Dam project in Maharashtra, India. Due to the spherical shape of fly ash particles, it can also increase workability of cement while reducing water demand.<ref name="faffhe" >{{cite web
| author = U.S. Federal Highway Administration | authorlink = Federal Highway Administration
| title = Fly Ash Facts for Highway Engineers
| url = http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/recycling/fafacts.pdf
|format=PDF
}}</ref> The replacement of Portland cement with fly ash is considered by its promoters to reduce the [[greenhouse gas]] "footprint" of concrete, as the production of one ton of Portland cement produces approximately one ton of [[carbon dioxide|CO2]] as compared to zero CO2 being produced using existing fly ash. New fly ash production, i.e., the burning of coal, produces approximately twenty to thirty tons of CO2 per ton of fly ash. Since the worldwide production of Portland cement is expected to reach nearly 2 billion tons by 2010, replacement of any large portion of this cement by fly ash could significantly reduce carbon emissions associated with construction, as long as the comparison takes the production of fly ash as a given.

===Embankment===
Fly ash properties are unusual among engineering materials. Unlike soils typically used for embankment construction, fly ash has a large uniformity coefficient and it consists of [[clay#Definition|clay-sized]] particles. Engineering properties that affect the use of fly ash in embankments include grain size distribution, [[proctor compaction test|compaction characteristics]], [[shear strength]], [[compressibility]], [[Permeability (fluid)|permeability]], and [[frost heaving|frost susceptibility]].<ref name="faffhe" /> Nearly all the types of fly ash used in embankments are Class F.

===Soil stabilization===
Soil stabilization is the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soils to enhance their physical properties. Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil and/or control the shrink-swell properties of a soil, thus improving the load-bearing capacity of a sub-grade to support pavements and foundations. Stabilization can be used to treat a wide range of sub-grade materials from expansive clays to granular materials. Stabilization can be achieved with a variety of chemical additives including lime, fly ash, and Portland cement, as well as by-products such as lime-kiln dust (LKD) and cement-kiln dust (CKD). Proper design and testing is an important component of any stabilization project. This allows for the establishment of design criteria as well as the determination of the proper chemical additive and admixture rate to be used to achieve the desired engineering properties. Benefits of the stabilization process can include: Higher resistance (R) values, Reduction in plasticity, Lower permeability, Reduction of pavement thickness, Elimination of excavation - material hauling/handling - and base importation, Aids compaction, Provides “all-weather” access onto and within projects sites. Another form of soil treatment closely related to soil stabilization is soil modification, sometimes referred to as “mud drying” or soil conditioning. Although some stabilization inherently occurs in soil modification, the distinction is that soil modification is merely a means to reduce the moisture content of a soil to expedite construction, whereas stabilization can substantially increase the shear strength of a material such that it can be incorporated into the project’s structural design. The determining factors associated with soil modification vs soil stabilization may be the existing moisture content, the end use of the soil structure and ultimately the cost benefit provided. Equipment for the stabilization and modification processes include: chemical additive spreaders, soil mixers (reclaimers), portable pneumatic storage containers, water trucks, deep lift compactors, motor graders.

===Flowable fill===
Fly ash is also used as a component in the production of [[flowable fill]] (also called controlled low strength material, or CLSM), which is used as self-leveling, self-compacting backfill material in lieu of compacted earth or granular fill. The strength of flowable fill mixes can range from 50 to 1,200 [[pound-force per square inch|lbf/in²]] (0.3 to 8.3 [[megapascal|MPa]]), depending on the design requirements of the project in question. Flowable fill includes mixtures of Portland cement and filler material, and can contain mineral admixtures. Fly ash can replace either the Portland cement or fine aggregate (in most cases, river sand) as a filler material. High fly ash content mixes contain nearly all fly ash, with a small percentage of Portland cement and enough water to make the mix flowable. Low fly ash content mixes contain a high percentage of filler material, and a low percentage of fly ash, Portland cement, and water. Class F fly ash is best suited for high fly ash content mixes, whereas Class C fly ash is almost always used in low fly ash content mixes.<ref name="faffhe" /><ref>{{Cite journal
| first = K. W. | last = Hennis | first2 = C. W. | last2 = Frishette
| contribution = A New Era in Control Density Fill
| title = Proceedings of the Tenth International Ash Utilization Symposium
| year = 1993
| postscript = 
}}</ref>

===Asphalt concrete===
Asphalt concrete is a composite material consisting of an asphalt binder and mineral aggregate. Both Class F and Class C fly ash can typically be used as a mineral filler to fill the voids and provide contact points between larger aggregate particles in asphalt concrete mixes. This application is used in conjunction, or as a replacement for, other binders (such as Portland cement or hydrated lime). For use in asphalt pavement, the fly ash must meet mineral filler specifications outlined in [http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/DATABASE.CART/REDLINE_PAGES/D242.htm?L+mystore+ndfm2845 ASTM D242]. The hydrophobic nature of fly ash gives pavements better resistance to stripping. Fly ash has also been shown to increase the stiffness of the asphalt matrix, improving rutting resistance and increasing mix durability.<ref name="faffhe" /><ref name="Zimmer, 1970, Bituminous Filler" >{{Cite journal
| first = F. V. | last = Zimmer
| contribution = Fly Ash as a Bituminous Filler
| title = Proceedings of the Second Ash Utilization Symposium | year = 1970
| postscript = 
}}</ref>

===Geopolymers===
More recently, fly ash has been used as a component in [[geopolymers]], where the reactivity of the fly ash glasses is used to generate a binder comparable to a hydrated [[Portland cement]] in appearance and properties, but with possibly reduced CO2 emissions.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Duxson | first = P. | last2 = Provis | first2 = J.L. | last3 = Lukey | first3 = G.C. | last4 = van Deventer | first4 = J.S.J. | title = The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of 'Green concrete' | journal = Cement and Concrete Research | volume = 37 | issue = 12 | year = 2007 | pages = 1590–1597 | doi = 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.018 | postscript =  }}</ref>

It should be noted that when the total [[carbon footprint]] of the alkali required to form geopolymer cement is considered, including the calcining of limestone as an intermediate to the formation of alkali, the net reduction in total CO2 emissions may be negligible. Moreover, handling of alkali can be problematic and setting of some geopolymer cements is very rapid (minutes versus hours) as compared to Portland cements, making widespread use of geopolymer cements impractical at the ready mix level.

===Roller compacted concrete===
[[File:UserKTrimble-AP Taum Sauk Reservoir UnderConstruction Nov 22 2009 crop1.jpg|thumb|right|The upper reservoir of [[Ameren]]'s [[Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station|Taum Sauk hydroelectric plant]] was constructed of roller-compacted concrete which included fly ash from one of Ameren's coal plants.<ref name="taumsauk">{{cite web
| url = http://www.cement.org/water/dams_rcc_taum_sauk.asp
| publisher = Portland Cement Association
| title = Taum Sauk Reconstruction
| accessdate = 2012-11-15
}}</ref>]]
Another application of using fly ash is in [[roller compacted concrete]] dams. Many dams in the US have been constructed with high fly ash contents. Fly ash lowers the heat of hydration allowing thicker placements to occur. Data for these can be found at the US Bureau of Reclamation. This has also been demonstrated in the [[Ghatghar Dam]] Project in [[India]].

===Bricks===
There are several techniques for manufacturing construction bricks from fly ash, producing a wide variety of products. One type of fly ash brick is manufactured by mixing fly ash with an equal amount of clay, then firing in a kiln at about 1000 degrees C. This approach has the principal benefit of reducing the amount of clay required. Another type of fly ash brick is made by mixing soil, plaster of paris, fly ash and water, and allowing the mixture to dry. Because no heat is required, this technique reduces air pollution. More modern manufacturing processes use a greater proportion of fly ash, and a high pressure manufacturing technique, which produces high strength bricks with environmental benefits.

In the United Kingdom, fly ash has been used for over fifty years to make concrete building blocks. They are widely used for the inner skin of cavity walls. They are naturally more thermally insulating than blocks made with other aggregates. {{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

Ash bricks have been used in house construction in [[Windhoek|Windhoek, Namibia]] since the 1970s. There is, however, a problem with the bricks in that they tend to fail or produce unsightly pop-outs. This happens when the bricks come into contact with moisture and a chemical reaction occurs causing the bricks to expand. {{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

In India, fly ash bricks are used for construction. Leading manufacturers use an industrial standard known as "Pulverized fuel ash for lime-Pozzolana mixture" using over 75% post-industrial recycled waste, and a compression process. This produces a strong product with good insulation properties and environmental benefits.<ref name=fbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyashbricksdelhi.com/faqs#A2 |title=FAQs - Fly Ash Bricks - Puzzolana Green Fly-Ash bricks |publisher=Fly Ash Bricks Delhi}}</ref><ref name=fbi>{{cite web|url=http://flyashbricksinfo.com/construction/list-of-important-is-codes-related-to-bricks.html |title=List of important IS Codes related to bricks |publisher=Fly Ash Bricks Info}}</ref>

American civil engineer [[Henry Liu (civil engineer)|Henry Liu]] announced the invention of a new type of fly ash brick in 2007. Liu's brick is compressed at 4,000 [[Pounds per square inch|psi]] and cured for 24 hours in a 150 °F (66 °C) steam bath, then toughened with an [[air entrainment]] agent, so that it lasts for more than 100 freeze-thaw cycles. Owing to the high concentration of [[calcium oxide]] in class C fly ash, the brick can be described as self-cementing. Since this method contains no clay and uses pressure instead of heat, it saves energy, reduces [[mercury (element)|mercury]] pollution, and costs 20% less than traditional manufacturing techniques.<ref>Popular Science Magazine, [http://www.popsci.com/popsci/technology/b987485a9f492110vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html?s_prop16=%20RSS:technology INVENTION AWARDS : A Green Brick], May 2007</ref><ref>National Science Foundation, Press Release 07-058, [http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=109594&org=ENG "Follow the 'Green' Brick Road?"], May 22, 2007</ref> This type of brick is now manufactured under license in the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calstarproducts.com/products/fly-ash-brick-fab |title=Bricks – CalStar Products |publisher=CalStar Products}}</ref>

Some varieties of fly ash brick gain strength as they age. {{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

===Metal matrix composites===
Hollow fly ash can be infiltrated by molten metal to form solid, alumina encased spheres. Fly ash can also be mixed with molten metal and cast to reduce overall weight and density, due to the low density of fly ash. Research is underway to incorporate fly ash into lead acid batteries in a lead calcium tin fly ash composite in an effort to reduce weight of the battery{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}.

===Waste treatment and stabilization===
Fly ash, in view of its alkalinity and water absorption capacity, may be used in combination with other alkaline materials to transform [[sewage sludge]] into organic fertilizer or [[biofuel]].<ref name="N-Viro" >[http://www.nviro.com/soil.html N-Viro International]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>

In addition, fly ash, mainly class C, may be used in the stabilization/solidification process of hazardous wastes and contaminated soils.<ref>EPA, 2009. Technology performance review: selecting and using solidification/stabilization treatment for site remediation. NRMRL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cinicinnati, OH</ref> For example, the Rhenipal process uses fly ash as an admixture to stabilize [[sewage sludge]] and other toxic sludges. This process has been used since 1996 to stabilize large amounts of [[hexavalent chromium|chromium(VI)]] contaminated [[tanning|leather sludges]] in [[Alcanena]], Portugal.<ref name="DIRK, Alcanena" >{{cite web
|title=Toxic Sludge stabilisation for INAG, Portugal
|url=http://www.dirkgroup.com/waterindustry/mobilesolutions/sludgestabilisationcase.html
|publisher=[http://www.dirkgroup.com DIRK group]
}}</ref><ref name="Waste management, 16 (1-3), 1996" >{{cite journal
|journal=Waste management
|title=Pulverised fuel ash products solve the sewage sludge problems of the wastewater industry
|year=1996
|volume=16
|issue=1-3
|pages=51–57
|author=[http://www.dirkgroup.com DIRK group]
|doi=10.1016/S0956-053X(96)00060-8
}}</ref>

== Environmental problems ==

===Present production rate of fly ash===
In the United States about 131 million tons of fly ash are produced annually by 460 coal-fired power plants. A 2008 industry survey estimated that 43% of this ash is re-used.<ref>[[Chemical & Engineering News]], 23 February 2009, "The Foul Side of 'Clean Coal'", p. 44</ref>

===Groundwater contamination===
Since coal contains trace levels of arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, thallium, selenium, molybdenum and mercury, its ash will continue to contain these traces and therefore cannot be dumped or stored where rainwater can leach the metals and move them to [[aquifer]]s.<ref>A December 2008 Maryland court decision levied a $54 million penalty against [[Constellation Energy]], which had performed a "restoration project" of filling an abandoned gravel quarry with fly ash; the ash contaminated area waterwells with heavy metals. C&EN/12 Feb. 2009, p. 45</ref>

=== Spills of bulk storage ===
[[File:Aerial view of ash slide site Dec 23 2008 TVA.gov 123002.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Tennessee Valley Authority]] [[Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill|Fly Ash containment failure on 23 December 2008]] in [[Kingston, Tennessee]]]]

Where fly ash is stored in bulk, it is usually stored wet rather than dry so that fugitive dust is minimized. The resulting impoundments (ponds) are typically large and stable for long periods, but any breach of their dams or [[bunding]] will be rapid and on a massive scale.

In December 2008 the collapse of an embankment at an impoundment for wet storage of fly ash at the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]]'s [[Kingston Fossil Plant]] resulted in a [[Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill|major release]] of 5.4 millon cubic yards of coal fly ash, damaging 3 homes and flowing into the Emory River. Cleanup costs may exceed $1.2 billion. This spill was followed a few weeks later by a smaller TVA-plant spill in [[Alabama]], which contaminated Widows Creek and the Tennessee River.<ref name="TVAWidowsCreek" >{{cite web
|url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=TVA_Widows_Creek_coal_waste_spill
|title=TVA Widows Creek coal waste spill
|accessdate=2010-12-11
|publisher=sourcewatch.org
}}</ref>

=== Contaminants ===
Fly ash contains trace concentrations of [[heavy metals]] and other substances that are known to be detrimental to health in sufficient quantities. Potentially toxic trace elements in coal include [[arsenic]], [[beryllium]], [[cadmium]], [[barium]], [[chromium]], [[copper]], [[lead]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[molybdenum]], [[nickel]], [[radium]], [[selenium]], [[thorium]], [[uranium]], [[vanadium]], and [[zinc]]. Approximately 10% of the mass of coals burned in the United States consists of unburnable mineral material that becomes ash, so the concentration of most trace elements in coal ash is approximately 10 times the concentration in the original coal.<ref name="USGS" >{{cite web
|author = U.S. Geological Survey | authorlink = USGS
|title = Radioactive Elements in Coal and Fly Ash: Abundance, Forms, and Environmental Significance
|date = October 1997
|url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs163-97/FS-163-97.pdf
|work = U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-163-97
|format=PDF
}}</ref> A 1997 analysis by the [[U.S. Geological Survey]] (USGS) found that fly ash typically contained 10 to 30 ppm of uranium, comparable to the levels found in some [[granite|granit]]ic rocks, [[phosphate]] rock, and black [[shale]].<ref name="USGS" />

In 2000, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) said that coal fly ash did not need to be regulated as a hazardous waste.<ref>{{cite web
|author = Environmental Protection Agency | authorlink = Environmental Protection Agency
|title = Notice of Regulatory Determination on Wastes From the Combustion of Fossil Fuels
| url = http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=2000_register&position=all&page=32214
| work=Federal Register Vol. 65, No. 99
| page=32214
|date = May 22, 2000
}}</ref> Studies by the [[USGS|U.S. Geological Survey]] and others of radioactive elements in coal ash have concluded that fly ash compares with common soils or rocks and should not be the source of alarm.<ref name="USGS" /> However, community and environmental organizations have documented numerous environmental contamination and damage concerns.<ref name="McCabe, 2008, Chesapeake" >{{cite news
|first=Robert |last=McCabe | coauthors=Mike Saewitz
|title=Chesapeake takes steps toward Superfund designation of site.
|url=http://www.norfolk.com/2008/07/chesapeake-takes-steps-toward-superfund-designation-site?page=1
|publisher =''The Virginian-Pilot'' |date=2008-07-19
}}</ref><ref name="McCabe, 2008, Golf" >McCabe, Robert.[http://hamptonroads.com/2008/03/above-ground-golf-course-just-beneath-it-potential-health-risks "Above ground golf course, Just beneath if potential health risks"], ''[[The Virginian-Pilot]]'', 2008-03-30</ref><ref name="CCC, 2000" >Citizens Coal Council, Hoosier Environmental Council, Clean Air Task Force (March 2000), [http://www.catf.us/publications/reports/Laid_to_Waste.pdf "Laid to Waste: The Dirty Secret of Combustion Waste from America's Power Plants"]</ref>

A revised risk assessment approach may change the way coal combustion wastes (CCW) are regulated, according to an August 2007 EPA notice in the [[Federal Register]].<ref>{{cite web
|author = Environmental Protection Agency | authorlink = United States Environmental Protection Agency
|title= Notice of Data Availability on the Disposal of Coal Combustion Wastes in Landfills and Surface Impoundments
|date=August 29, 2007
|work=72 [[Federal Register]] 49714
|url = http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2007/pdf/E7-17138.pdf
|format=PDF
}}</ref> In June 2008, the U.S. House of Representatives held an oversight hearing on the Federal government's role in addressing health and environmental risks of fly ash.<ref name="HCNR, 2008, Risks" >{{cite web
| author = House Committee on Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources
|title =Oversight Hearing: How Should the Federal Government Address the Health and Environmental Risks of Coal Combustion Wastes?
|date=June 10, 2008
|url = http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/index.php?option=com_jcalpro&Itemid=65&extmode=view&extid=184
}}</ref>

==Exposure concerns==
[[silica|Crystalline silica]] and [[lime (mineral)|lime]] along with toxic chemicals are among the exposure concerns. Although industry has claimed that fly ash is "neither toxic nor poisonous," this is disputed. Exposure to fly ash through skin contact, inhalation of fine particle dust and drinking water may well present health risks. The National Academy of Sciences noted in 2007 that "the presence of high contaminant levels in many CCR (coal combustion residue) [[leachates]] may create human health and ecological concerns".<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Fine crystalline silica present in fly ash has been linked with lung damage, in particular [[silicosis]]. [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] allows 0.10 mg/m3, (one ten-thousandth of a gram per cubic meter of air).

Another fly ash component of some concern is lime (CaO). This chemical reacts with water (H2O) to form [[calcium hydroxide]] [Ca(OH)2], giving fly ash a pH somewhere between 10 and 12, a medium to strong base. This can also cause lung damage if present in sufficient quantities.

In a [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2000-0309-2857.pdf study by NIOSH at a cement company], crystalline silica exposures from fly ash were determined to be of no concern. For maintaining a safe workplace emphasis must be placed on maintaining low nuisance dust levels and to use the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). The conclusion of this NIOSH study is supported by other studies devoted to the effects of fly ash on the health of workers in power plants. According to these studies, fly ash dust should not be considered as "silicotic dust", because most of the [[silica|crystalline silica]] is coated by amorphic alumino-silicates (glass), the main constituent of fly ash particles. This was shown particularly on the basis of [[scanning electron microscopy]] observations, by a research work performed in the Netherlands,<ref>Meij R., 2003. Status report on the health issues associated with pulverized fuel ash and fly dust. Report 50131022-KPS/MEC 01-6032, KEMA Power Generation and Sustainables, Arnhem, NL)</ref> but similar findings were obtained also in other countries.

==See also==
* [[Cement]]
* [[Concrete]]
* [[Pozzolan]]
* [[Pozzolana]]
* [[Pozzolanic reaction]]
* [[Alkali Silica Reaction]] (ASR)
* [[Alkali-aggregate reaction (disambiguation)|Alkali-aggregate reaction]]
* [[Silica fume]]

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Fly ash}}
*[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2000-0309-2857.pdf Evaluation of Dust Exposures at Lehigh Portland Cement Company, Union Bridge, MD, a NIOSH Report, HETA 2000-0309-2857]
*[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/chapter-r.pdf Determination of Airborne Crystalline Silica Treatise by NIOSH]
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/10/01/60minutes/main5356202.shtml "Coal Ash: 130 Million Tons of Waste"] ''60 Minutes'' (Oct. 4, 2009)
*[http://www.acaa-usa.org American Coal Ash Association]
*[http://www.fly-ash-information-center.org.in Fly Ash Information Center] : Site explaining the history and uses of fly ash.
*[http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/energy/factshts/163-97/FS-163-97.html United States Geological Survey - Radioactive Elements in Coal and Fly Ash] (document)
*[http://www.peer.org/campaigns/publichealth/coalash/index.php Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility: Coal Combustion Waste]
*[http://www.ukqaa.org.uk UK Quality Ash Association] : A site promoting the many uses of fly ash in the UK
*[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=coal-ash-is-more-radioactive-than-nuclear-waste Coal Ash Is More Radioactive than Nuclear Waste], ''Scientific American'' (13 December 2007)

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fly Ash}}
[[Category:Coal]]
[[Category:Coal-fired power stations]]
[[Category:Waste]]
[[Category:Waste treatment technology]]
[[Category:Environmental issues with energy]]
[[Category:Cement]]
[[Category:Concrete]]
[[Category:Silicates]]

Yigal Amir

2013-05-03T00:22:47Z

Remux: /* Conjugal visits and artificial insemination */

{{Infobox criminal
| name = Yigal Amir
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|5|23}}
| birth_place = [[Herzliya]], [[Israel]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| charge = [[Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin]]
| conviction = [[Murder]], [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy to murder]], and [[Aggravation (legal concept)|aggravated]] [[injury]]
| conviction_penalty = [[Life imprisonment|Life]] + 14 years
| conviction_status = [[Convict|Prisoner]]
| occupation =
| spouse = [[Larisa Trembovler]]
| parents = Shlomo and Geula Amir
| children = Yinon Amir
| religion = Judaism
}}
'''Yigal Amir''' ({{lang-he|יגאל עמיר}}, born May 23, 1970) is the [[Israeli Jews|Israel]]i [[assassination|assassin]] of [[Prime Minister of Israel]] [[Yitzhak Rabin]]. The assassination took place on November 4, 1995 at the conclusion of a [[Demonstration (people)|rally]] in [[Tel Aviv]]. Amir is currently serving a [[life sentence]] for [[murder]] plus six years for injuring Rabin's [[bodyguard]], Yoram Rubin, under [[Aggravation (legal concept)|aggravating]] circumstances.<ref name="haaretz.com">[http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/this-week-in-haaretz-1996-rabin-s-assassin-gets-life-in-prison-1.353211 Rabin's assassin gets life in prison, [[Haaretz]]]</ref> He was later sentenced to an additional 8 years for conspiracy to murder.

== Biography ==
Yigal Amir was born to a religious [[Yemenite Jews|Yemenite Jewish]] family in [[Herzliya]], [[Israel]], one of eight children. His father, Shlomo, was a [[sofer]], and held a post supervising the kosher slaughtering of chickens, and taught [[Shabbat]] lessons at a local synagogue. His mother, Geula, was a kindergarten teacher and ran a nursery school in the home's backyard. Yigal Amir attended a [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] elementary school in Herzliya and a high school [[yeshiva]] in [[Tel Aviv]]. He did his military service in the [[Israel Defense Forces]] as a ''[[Hesder]]'' student, combining army service in the [[Golani Brigade]] with religious study at ''[[Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh]]''. Amir served in a religious platoon, and even among his comrades, he was known as a religious fanatic.<ref name=son>http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/19/world/son-israel-rabin-s-assassin-special-report-belief-blood-making-rabin-s-killer.html</ref>

Following his military service, Amir was nominated by the religious-Zionist youth movement [[Bnei Akiva]] to teach Judaism in [[Riga]], [[Latvia]], as part of [[Nativ]].<ref name=son/>

In 1993, Amir began studying at [[Bar-Ilan University]] as part of it's [[kollel]] program, mixing religious and secular studies. Amir studied [[law]] and [[computer science]], as well as Jewish law at the Institute for Advanced Torah Studies.<ref name=son/><ref>{{cite news | first = Alan | last = Cowell | authorlink = Alan Cowell | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/10/world/assassination-israel-inquiry-2-more-held-rabin-slaying-israeli-police-see.html?pagewanted=2 | title= ASSASSINATION IN ISRAEL: THE INQUIRY; 2 More Held in Rabin Slaying; Israeli Police See a Conspiracy | date = November 10, 1995 | accessdate = April 26, 2009 | work = [[The New York Times]]| quote = He was a law and computer science student at Bar-Ilan University, as well as a seminary student.}}</ref> Amir was heavily opposed to the [[Oslo Accords]]. He participated in protest rallies against the accords on campus, was active in organizing weekend bus outings to support [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlers]], and helped found an illegal settlement outpost. He was especially active in [[Hebron]], where he led marches through the streets.<ref name=son/><ref>{{Cite news| first1 = Eitan | last1 = Rabin | first2 = Yossi | last2 = Hatuni |first3 = Reuven | last3 = Shapira | first4 = Yossi | last4 = Melman | authorlink4 = Yossi Melman| title = שמו של יגאל עמור הועבר לשב"כ כמה שבועות לפני רצח רבין (The name of Yigal Amir was forwarded to the GSS a few weeks before the murder of Yitzhak Rabin) |language = Hebrew | work = [[Haaretz]] | date = November 20, 1995 | accessdate= April 26, 2009}}</ref>

During his years as an activist, Amir became friendly with [[Avishai Raviv]], to whom he revealed his plan to kill Rabin. While Raviv posed as a right-wing radical, he was working for [[Shin Bet]], the Israeli internal security service, whose mission was to encourage and fabricate activities of right-wing extremists to discredit them.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/26/world/ex-undercover-agent-charged-as-a-link-in-rabin-killing.html</ref>

In 1994, during his university studies, Amir met and began a relationship with Nava Holtzman, a law student from a religious [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] family. In January 1995, after five months, Holtzman ended the relationship after her parents objected due to Amir's [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] background.<ref name=son/> She married one of his friends soon afterwards. Amir, who attended the wedding, went into a deep depression. His father Shlomo and brother [[Hagai Amir|Hagai]] speculated that this depression was what ultimately drove him to commit the assassination.

== Assassination ==
[[Image:Kikar rabin.jpg|thumb|The monument at the site of the assassination: [[Ibn Gabirol Street]], between Tel Aviv City Hall and Gan Ha'ir]]
{{main|Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin}}

On November 4, 1995, after a demonstration in Tel Aviv's [[Rabin Square|Kings of Israel Square]] (now Rabin Square) in support of the Oslo Accords, Amir waited for Rabin in a parking lot adjacent to the square, close to Rabin's official limousine. There he shot Rabin twice with a [[Beretta Cheetah|Beretta 84F]] [[.380 ACP]] caliber semi-automatic pistol and injured [[Yoram Rubin]], a security guard, with a third shot. Amir was immediately seized by Rabin's bodyguards. Rabin was rushed to [[Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center]] where he died on an operating table 40 minutes later of blood loss and a punctured lung. According to the court, Yigal Amir's brother, [[Hagai Amir|Hagai]], and his friend [[Dror Adani]], were his accomplices in the assassination plan.

Upon hearing that Yitzhak Rabin was dead, Amir told the police he was "satisfied."<ref name="cnn.com">{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/amir/index.html | title = 'I have no regrets' Law student confesses to killing Rabin | date = November 5, 1995 | accessdate = April 26, 2009 | work = CNN World News | quote = The man who confessed that he shot and killed Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin told police Sunday that he was "satisfied." Yigal Amir, a 27-year-old Jewish law student, told police that he had "no regrets" and was acting on the "orders of God."}}</ref> At his trial Amir said he didn't care if the outcome was death or paralysis as long as Rabin was "out of the way." He expressed no regret for his actions.<ref name="haaretz.com"/>

===Failed attempts===
The assassination was preceded by three unsuccessful attempts that same year: at [[Yad Vashem]] in [[Jerusalem]], at the Nof Yerushalayim Hotel and a ceremony inaugurating a highway in [[Kfar Shmaryahu]].<ref name="haaretz.com"/> These plans fell through moments before implementation.<ref>{{cite news| title = A Trial, a Tape and a Warning in the Rabin Murder Case | first = Serge | last = Schmemann | date = December 20, 1995 | accessdate = April 26, 2009 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/20/world/a-trial-a-tape-and-a-warning-in-the-rabin-murder-case.html | work = The New York Times | quote = Judge Levy then had a copy of the indictment handed to Amir and read the charges, detailing how Amir had tried to kill the Prime Minister twice before, and how he achieved his goal on the night of Nov. 4. At one point, as the judge described how Amir and his brother had considered pumping nitroglycerine into the Prime Minister's water pipes and setting off an explosion, the defendant appeared to stifle a laugh with his hand.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Serge | last = Schmemann | title = Rabin's Killer Charged With Murder, 2 Others With Conspiracy | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = December 6, 1995 | accessdate = April 26, 2009 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/06/world/rabin-s-killer-charged-with-murder-2-others-with-conspiracy.html | quote = The Amirs and [[Dror Adani]] had considered a variety of ways to kill Rabin, including putting [[nitroglycerine]] into the plumbing of his house and setting it off, planting a [[car bomb|bomb in his car]], shooting a [[missile]] at his home or at his car, or approaching him with a camouflaged gun. Amir had made two earlier attempts to approach Mr. Rabin with a handgun, but failed both times.}}</ref>

==Trial==
The trial lasted from January 23 to March 27, 1996. Amir was defended by two court-appointed attorneys, Gabi Shachar and Shmuel Flishman, in addition to Yonatan Ray Goldberg and Mordechai Ofri, who represented him earlier in the trial. The judges ordered a mental examination by three district psychiatrists and a clinical psychiatrist who all agreed that Amir understood the meaning of his actions and was fit to stand trial.<ref name="haaretz.com"/>

Despite attempts to defend his actions on religious grounds, Amir was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment plus six additional years in prison for injuring the bodyguard. In the verdict, the three judges wrote:
<blockquote>Every murder is an abominable act, but the act before us is more abominable sevenfold, because not only has the accused not expressed regret or sorrow, but he also seeks to show that he is at peace with himself over the act that he perpetrated. He who so calmly cuts short another's life, only proves the depth of wretchedness to which [his] values have fallen, and thus he does not merit any regard whatsoever, except pity, because he has lost his humanity.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1996/3/Excerpts%20of%20Yigal%20Amir%20Sentencing%20Decision%20-%20March | title = Excerpts of Yigal Amir Sentencing Decision | date = March 27, 1996 | work = mfa.gov.il | quote = Following are excerpts of the sentencing decision which was rendered today (Wednesday), 27.03.96, by a three-judge panel of the Tel Aviv-Jaffa District Court in the case of the State of Israel vs. Yigal Amir (the panel was composed of Presiding Judge Edmund A. Levy, Judge Saviyona Rotlevy, and Judge Oded Mudrich: ...}}</ref></blockquote>

Amir's action was condemned by Bar-Ilan University. A professor of Talmud at the university, [[Daniel Sperber]], said that this act "in no way represents the university or the policy of the university."<ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=99018&sectioncode=26 Murder taints 'tolerant' campus]</ref>

Amir's claim that he was acting in accordance with Jewish law was rejected: "The attempt to grant religious authority to the murder...is completely inappropriate and amounts to cynical exploitation of Jewish law for goals that are alien to Judaism.<ref name="haaretz.com"/>

Amir was later sentenced to an additional five years, and after an [[appeal]] on behalf of the state, eight years, for [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiring]] to commit the assassination with his brother Hagai Amir and Dror Adani. All of the sentences were cumulative. In Israel, a sentence of life imprisonment is usually reduced to a period of 20–30 years by the president, with the possibility of further reduction for good behavior. However, President [[Moshe Katsav]] did not reduce the sentence, saying that there is "no forgiveness, no absolution and no pardon" for Yigal Amir.<ref>{{cite news| first = Greer | last = Fay Cashman | title = Katsav: No pardon for Rabin's assassin | work = [[Jerusalem Post]] | page = 3 | format = full access requires payment | date = Nov 4, 2005| accessdate = April 25, 2009 | url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/929796621.html?dids=929796621:929796621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+04,+2005 | quote=President [[Moshe Katsav]] declared on Thursday that there was "no forgiveness, no absolution and no pardon" for Yigal Amir, the assassin of prime minister Yitzhak Rabin. Katsav said Amir "has no right to clemency," adding that there was no reason to feel pity for him. Katsav said he would recommend to the next president not to allow the subject of a reduced sentence for Amir to come up for consideration.}}</ref> Present Israeli Prime Minister [[Benyamin Netanyahu]] and former Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] have also said that Yigal Amir will never be released from prison.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1162378313865&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull | title = Olmert: Yigal Amir will never go free | first = Sheera Claire | last = Frenkel | date = November 2, 2006 | accessdate = April 26, 2009 | work = [[The Jerusalem Post]] | quote = "... According to law, the murderer of the prime minister cannot ever go free – and it is impossible to grant him clemency, not now and not in the future," said [[Ehud Olmert|Olmert]] of the survey, taken last week, during his remarks at a special Knesset session to mark the 11th anniversary of the Rabin assassination. [...] Olmert's position was echoed by opposition leader [[Binjamin Netanyahu]] and Knesset Speaker [[Dalia Itzik]], both of whom stressed that Amir never be allowed to walk free.}}</ref>

On 19 December 2001, the Knesset by majority of 62 members approved the Yigal Amir Law, which prohibits a parole board from recommending pardon or shortening time in prison of a murderer of a Prime Minister. In the discussion that ensued, it was hoped the law would prevent another political murder.

== Prison conditions ==
Amir was held in [[solitary confinement]] in [[Beersheba]]'s Eshel Prison and moved in 2003 to the Ayalon Prison in [[Ramla]]. In 2006, he was transferred to Rimonim Prison near [[Netanya]]. He was also granted the privileges of having no surveillance cameras in his cell, the right to receive visitors in the visiting room rather than in his cell, and the right to speak with other prisoners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/1,7340,L-3337447,00.html |title=Yigal Amir transfers jails, now without video surveillance in cell |publisher=Ynetnews |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref> Amir was interviewed by the Israeli press in 2008 but the planned broadcast was controversial and subsequently cancelled. As punishment for giving the interview Amir was moved to Ramon Prison and had a number of privileges withdrawn, including the removal of his TV and DVD player and the refusal of family visits; Amir went on a hunger strike in protest.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3630967,00.html | title = Rabin murderer on hunger strike | work = [[Yediot Ahronot]] | first = Raanan | last = Ben-Zur | date = 2008-11-30 | agency = Israel News | quote = Yigal Amir, the assassin of late prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, began a hunger strike on Sunday in protest of his punishments for giving unauthorized interviews to the media in late October. [...] Following a public outcry, the television stations decided to archive the interview with Amir at this time without airing it.}}</ref> In February 2010, the [[Nazareth]] District Court permitted the ''[[Ynet]]'' internet news service to interview Amir.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3844618,00.html |title=Yigal Amir: I'm not a security threat |publisher=Ynetnews |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref>

In July 2010, after 15 years of solitary confinement, Amir appealed to the [[Petah Tikva]] District Court to be permitted to pray in group prayers in accordance to Jewish law. He claimed that the terms of his imprisonment were worse than any other prisoner in the history of the State of Israel, on the grounds that no other prisoner had been in solitary for this amount of time. He said that failure to allow him to pray in synagogue would be a violation of his right to freedom of worship.<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/138781 Israel National News July 26, 2010]</ref> In August 2010, the court ruled that Amir would be allowed to meet another prisoner for prayer three times a week, and that he would be allowed to study [[Torah]] with another prisoner once every two weeks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4115683,00.html |title=Yigal Amir to have a study partner in prison |publisher=Ynetnews |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-44128006,00.html |title= |publisher=Ynetnews |date= |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref>

In July 2012, it was announced that Amir would be released from solitary confinement. Under his new prison conditions, he will be allowed to watch television and use a phone more frequently. Though he will not be moved to an open cell block, where prisoners are allowed to spend most of the day outside their cells, but will be allowed to meet other prisoners during his two hours' exercise in the prison yard.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rosenberg |first=Oz |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/rabin-assassin-to-be-jailed-with-others-for-first-time-since-his-incarceration-1.448640 |title=Rabin assassin moved from solitary confinement for first time since arrest |publisher=Haaretz |date=2012-07-04 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref>

== Campaigns for Amir's release ==
Amir's appeals of both sentences were rejected. Subsequently, a law was passed by the [[Knesset]] barring the [[pardon]] by the [[President of Israel]] for any assassin of a prime minister. Amir has never expressed regret for his actions.<ref name="cnn.com"/> Since 2007, the Amir family and the "Committee for Democracy" campaigned to release Yigal and Hagai Amir. The campaign includes statements for the media, stickers, posters and short films.

From time to time radical Israeli right-wing organizations carry out campaigns (via posters or videos) which call for the release of Yigal Amir and his brother Hagai. A campaign such as that was held in October 2007 in which the prominent Israeli singer [[Ariel Zilber]] also participated. In response to this campaign the Israeli Internal Security Minister [[Avi Dichter]] stated: "This man is in the closest status a person can be to a death sentence" and also added that "A reduction of his sentence is impossible and illogical, and it will surely accompany him until he would pass away".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3463023,00.html |title=ynet דיכטר: יגאל עמיר משול למומיה בכלא - חדשות |publisher=Ynet |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref>

==Larisa Trembovler==
{{main|Larisa Trembovler}}
Larisa Trembovler was born in [[Russia]]. She has a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[philosophy]]. She has published a novel in Russian (''A Mirror for a Prince'') and is an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jew]]. Larisa met Amir in Latvia, where he was teaching [[Judaism]]. After her [[Aliyah|immigration to Israel]], she visited Amir with her husband, Benjamin (with whom she has four children), for humanitarian reasons. Larisa expressed ideological support for Amir, and they began to correspond and speak on the phone. Larisa divorced her husband in 2003.<ref>[http://marriage.about.com/od/infamous/p/yigalamir.htm Yigal Amir and Larisa Trembovler]</ref>

Larisa announced that she was engaged to Amir and wanted to marry while Amir was in jail. In January 2004, after their request was filed, the Israel Prisons Service declared it would not permit the marriage. In April 2004, the matter was brought before the [[Tel Aviv]] District Court. At the time, the Prisons Commissioner instructed his legal aides to defend the decision based on security considerations. But Amir's lawyers said this claim violated their [[Prisoners' rights|client's basic rights]] and would not hold up in court. They noted that several [[Palestinians]] serving multiple life terms for [[Palestinian terrorism|crimes such as murder]] have been permitted to marry in prison. Legal analysts have said the Supreme Court would likely uphold any appeal by Amir's [[lawyer]], unless specific [[legislation]] is enacted prohibiting him from marrying. In August 2004, Trimbovler and Amir were wed in a surreptitious proxy marriage. Under Jewish law, a prospective husband can grant a form of "[[power of attorney]]" to a chosen representative, who can then transfer a [[wedding ring]], or something of similar value, to the prospective wife. On July 2005 their marriage was validated by an Israeli [[Beth din|rabbinical court]]. Larisa submitted a petition after the Interior Ministry refused to register Amir and Larisa as a married couple. Israel's Justice Ministry defined Amir's marriage as "problematic" because according to a past ruling, a marriage ceremony not conducted in the presence of a rabbi from the Chief Rabbinate is unrecognized.<ref>http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/679037.html</ref>

==Conjugal visits and artificial insemination==
On February 6, 2006, [[Haaretz]] reported that Attorney General [[Menachem Mazuz]] had ordered the Interior Ministry to register Amir and Trimbovler as a married couple. They then filed requests with the Prison Authority and petitions to court to enable them to hold [[conjugal visit]]s or conceive a child through [[artificial insemination]].<ref>[http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040908-051949-6957r.htm "PM Rabin's murderer seeks conjugal rights"], September 8, 2004 in the [[Washington Times]]</ref>

In March 2006 the Israeli Prison Service approved Amir's petition for [[in vitro fertilization]]. The service was to study how this process would be conducted without Amir leaving the prison. A week later, Amir was caught handing a pre-prepared bag of semen to his wife and the visit was terminated.<ref>[http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/spages/692310.html Portail d'informations]</ref><ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1139395571603&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Yigal Amir caught sneaking sperm | Jerusalem Post]</ref> After the incident a disciplinary tribunal barred visits from his wife for 30 days and phone calls for 14 days.<ref>http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/693214.html</ref> He was fined NIS 100 (then US$21). When the treatments were withheld due to a petition by several members of Knesset, Yigal Amir refused to eat. After being warned that hunger strikes are in violation of prison regulations, some of his privileges were canceled.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1145961238217&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull | title = Yigal Amir refused fertilization; refuses food | work = The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> The IVF treatments were stopped after several members of the [[Knesset]] submitted a petition. Amir responded by going on hunger strike.

Up until October 20, 2006, the [[Shin Bet]] security service had opposed unsupervised visits.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/778758.html Rabin killer Amir to begin conjugal visit] (Haaretz)</ref> Four days later, Amir was allowed a 10-hour-long [[conjugal visit]]. Five months later it was reported that Larisa was pregnant.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/rabin-assassin-to-be-father/2007/03/13/1173722427027.html Rabin assassin to be father] (The Sydney Morning Herald)</ref> On October 28, 2007, she gave birth to a son, who was named Yinon Eliya Shalom. The [[brit milah]] was held in prison on November 4, 2007, the 12th anniversary of Rabin's assassination.<ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3466658,00.html</ref>

==In popular culture==
In [[Motti Lerner]]'s play ''The Murder of Isaac'', Yigal Amir tells Rabin, "Don’t forget that you’re an Isaac, too".

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1996/3/Excerpts%20of%20Yigal%20Amir%20Sentencing%20Decision%20-%20March Excerpts of the State of Israel vs. Yigal Amir, March 27, 1996]
*{{he icon}} [http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files/99/720/031/a04/99031720.a04.HTM Yigal Amir vs. the Prison Authority] at the Supreme Court of Justice, August 8, 1999
*{{he icon}} [http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files/96/190/080/f01/96080190.f01.HTM Yigal Amir, Hagai Amir and Dror Adani vs. the State of Israel] at the Supreme Court, August 29, 1999
*{{he icon}} [http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files/04/140/047/g10/04047140.g10.HTM Yigal Amir vs. the Prison Authority] at the Supreme Court of Justice, November 8, 2004
* [http://www.nndb.com/people/560/000164068/ Yigal Amir] at NNDB

==Further reading==
*''Women Who Love Men Who Kill'' by Sheila Isenberg, Paperback

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Amir, Yigal
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = May 23, 1970
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Herzliya]], [[Israel]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Amir, Yigal}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:20th-century Sephardi Jews]]
[[Category:21st-century Sephardi Jews]]
[[Category:Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin]]
[[Category:Assassins of heads of government]]
[[Category:Israeli assassins]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Israeli people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Israeli prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Murder in 1995]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Israel]]
[[Category:People from Herzliya]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Israel]]

Category:Volapük

2013-03-01T02:28:34Z

Remux: ia:Categoria:Volapük

{{Cat main|Volapük}}
{{Commons cat|Volapük}}

[[Category:International auxiliary languages]]
[[Category:Constructed languages]]

[[ar:تصنيف:فولابوك]]
[[az:Kateqoriya:Volapük]]
[[be:Катэгорыя:Валапюк]]
[[et:Kategooria:Volapük]]
[[es:Categoría:Volapük]]
[[eo:Kategorio:Volapuko]]
[[fa:رده:زبان ولاپوک]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Volapük]]
[[hi:श्रेणी:वोलापूक भाषा]]
[[ia:Categoria:Volapük]]
[[io:Kategorio:Volapük]]
[[id:Kategori:Bahasa Volapük]]
[[it:Categoria:Volapük]]
[[ka:კატეგორია:ვოლაპიუკი]]
[[hu:Kategória:Volapük nyelv]]
[[pt:Categoria:Volapuque]]
[[ro:Categorie:Volapük]]
[[ru:Категория:Волапюк]]
[[vo:Klad:Volapük]]

Wikipedia:Babel

2013-02-24T19:40:11Z

Remux: ia:Wikipedia:Babel

{| align="right" style="background: none;"
|-
|{{Shortcut|WP:BBL|WP:BABEL}}
|-
|{{Translation department}}
|}
{{For|a list of Wikipedian language-related templates|Wikipedia:Babel/List}}

On Wikimedia projects, the noun '''Babel''' (an [[allusion]] to the [[Tower of Babel]]) refers to the '''user language templates''' aiding multilingual communication by making it easier to contact someone who speaks a certain language. The idea originated on the [[commons:Commons:Babel|Wikimedia Commons]] and has also been implemented on [[meta:Meta:Babel templates|Meta-Wiki]] and some of the other Wikipedias to varying extents. To participate, you can add the Babel template to your user page by following these instructions:

*Start off with '''<nowiki>{{Babel|</nowiki>'''. The character after the word Babel is the [[vertical bar]].
*Next add one of the following codes for each language you speak or understand, separated by '''|''' (another vertical bar), where '''xx''' should be replaced by the Wikipedia code for that language. The general usage of each code level is as follows (note that not all languages have all levels, but you may create the template you are missing); the numbering is approximately analogous to the [[Interagency Language Roundtable scale|ILR scale]], though this is coincidental:
**'''xx-0''' if you cannot understand the language at all. Do not use it for every language that you don't know, but only when there is some reason why you might be expected to know it. For example, one may be of Italian descent, but does not speak the Italian language, or if one is Canadian but does not speak French. Similarly, one may usefully edit a project without speaking the language, such as adding links or images to Japanese Wikipedia without speaking Japanese.
***'''Note:''' Consensus has been determined at [[Wikipedia:User categories for discussion]] that 0-level user categories should not exist.
**'''xx-1''' for basic ability - enough to understand written material or simple questions in this language.
**'''xx-2''' for intermediate ability - enough for editing or discussions.
**'''xx-3''' for advanced level - though you can write in this language with no problem, some small errors might occur.
**'''xx-4''' for 'near-native' level - although it's not your first language from birth, your ability is something like that of a native speaker.
**'''xx-5''' for professional proficiency. Note that this template is currently only available for a few languages.
**'''xx''' (no hyphen or number) for native-born speakers who use a language every day and have a thorough grasp of it, including colloquialisms and idioms.
*[[Wikipedia:Babel/Levels|Expanded definitions of these levels]] are also available.
*Then finish by adding closing braces: '''<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''

{| class="userboxes" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 248px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; clear: right; color: #000000; "
|-
! style="background-color: inherit; text-align: center" colspan="10" | [[Wikipedia:Babel]]
|-
|{{userbox-level
| level =
| id = [[Swedish language|sv]]
| info = Den här användaren talar '''[[:Category:User sv|svenska]]''' som '''[[:Category:User sv-N|modersmål]]'''.
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 5b
| id = [[English language|en]]
| info = This user is able to contribute with a '''[[:Category:User en-5|professional]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 4
| id = [[Norwegian language|no]]
| info = Denne brukaren/brukeren meistrar/behersker '''[[:Category:User no|norsk]]''' på '''[[:Category:User no-4|morsmålsnivå]]'''.
}}{{userbox
| border-c = #00FF00
| id = [[:Hebrew language|he]]-3
| id-c = #00FF00
| info = משתמש זה מסוגל לתרום ברמה '''[[:Category:User he-3|מתקדמת]]''' של '''[[:Category:User he|עברית]]'''.
| info-c = #90FF90
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 2
| id = [[Lithuanian language|lt]]
| info = Šis vartotojas gali prisidėti prie projekto '''[[:Category:User lt-2|vidutinio lygio]]''' '''[[:Category:User lt|lietuvių]]''' kalba.
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 1
| id = [[Spanish language|es]]
| info = Este usuario puede contribuir con un nivel '''[[:Category:User es-1|básico]]''' de '''[[:Category:User es|español]]'''.
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 0
| id = [[Aragonese language|an]]
| info = Iste usuario '''no repleca''' l''''[[:Category:User an|aragonés]]''' (u el repleca con prou dificultat).
| info-s = 7.5
}}
|-
| style="background-color: inherit; text-align: center;" colspan="10" | [[:Category:Wikipedians by language|Search user languages]]
|}
{| class="userboxes" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 248px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; clear: right; color: #000000; "
|-
! style="background-color: inherit; text-align: center" colspan="10" | [[Wikipedia:Babel]]
|-
|
{{userbox-level
| level =
| id = [[English language|en]]
| info = This user is able to contribute with a '''[[:Category:User en|native]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 5b
| id = [[English language|en]]
| info = This user is able to contribute with a '''[[:Category:User en-5|professional]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 4
| id = [[English language|en]]
| info = This user is able to contribute with a '''[[:Category:User en-4|near-native]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 3
| id = [[English language|en]]
| info = This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-3|advanced]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 2
| id = [[English language|en]]
| info = This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-2|intermediate]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 1
| id = [[English language|en]]
| info = This user is able to contribute with a '''[[:Category:User en-1|basic]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.
}}{{userbox-level
| level = 0
| id = [[English language|en]]
| info = This user '''does not understand [[:Category:User en|English]]''' (or understands it with considerable difficulty).
}}
|-
| style="background-color: inherit; text-align: center;" colspan="10" | [[:Category:Wikipedians by language|Search user languages]]
|}



So, for example, '''<nowiki>{{Babel|en|de-1}}</nowiki>''' would indicate a native speaker of English with basic knowledge of German.
'''<nowiki>{{Babel|en-5|sv|no-4|he-3|lt-2|es-1|an-0}}</nowiki>''' would indicate a professional proficiency of the English language, a native speaker of Swedish with an almost-native knowledge of Norwegian, advanced knowledge of Hebrew, an intermediate knowledge of Lithuanian, a basic knowledge of Spanish and no knowledge of Aragonese.

These templates add you to the category associated with your level of understanding, and to the overall category for that language.

To find someone who speaks a particular language, see '''[[:Category:Wikipedians by language|Wikipedians by languages]]''', and follow the links. For the most part, the two and three letter codes are taken from [[ISO 639]], but see [[meta:Complete list of language wikis available|this list]] for a comprehensive guide.

You can help expand this system by creating templates for your language. Categories have already been created for most languages which have editions of Wikipedia containing over a hundred articles; they just need labelling up! It's recommended to copy the English or French versions when expanding the scheme, as most of the languages listed here are incomplete.

Note that many [[list of sign languages|sign languages]] currently use the same template with language code "sgn", with the exception of [[:Category:User ase|American Sign Language]] users who should use the [[Wikipedia:Babel/List#ase|American Sign Language template]]. Other sign languages can be specified within the <nowiki>{{User sgn}}</nowiki> template itself. The use of this parameter requires the user to perform an extra step when using the <nowiki>{{Babel-#}}</nowiki> templates, described [[:Category:User sgn|here]].

==Alternatives==
''See also [[WP:UBX|Templates for making babel style templates]].''
There are other options for achieving results the same as or similar to the standard Babel-X template above.

#You can add stand-alone language templates. Format: '''<nowiki>{{User xx-1}}{{User yy-1}}{{User zz-1}}</nowiki>'''.
#You can use the Babel-N template. Format: '''<nowiki>{{Babel-N|1={{User xx-1}}{{User yy-1}}{{User zz-1}}}}</nowiki>'''.
#You can use top and bottom templates to make the box. Format: '''<nowiki>{{Userboxtop}}{{User xx-1}}{{User yy-1}}{{User zz-1}}{{Userboxbottom}}</nowiki>'''.

{{WP:UBS}}

[[Category:Wikipedia multilingual coordination|Babel]]


[[af:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[als:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[am:ውክፔዲያ:ልሳናት]]
[[ang:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[ar:ويكيبيديا:بابل]]
[[an:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[as:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বাবেল]]
[[ast:Uiquipedia:Babel]]
[[ay:Wikipidiya:Wawil]]
[[az:Vikipediya:Babil]]
[[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া:বাবেল]]
[[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[map-bms:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[be:Вікіпедыя:Вавілон]]
[[be-x-old:Вікіпэдыя:Бабілёнская вежа]]
[[bg:Уикипедия:Вавилон]]
[[bar:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[bs:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[br:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[ca:Viquipèdia:Babel]]
[[cv:Википеди:Вавилон]]
[[cs:Wikipedie:Babylón]]
[[cy:Wicipedia:Babel]]
[[da:Hjælp:Babel]]
[[pdc:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[de:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[dsb:Wikipedija:Babel]]
[[et:Vikipeedia:Babel]]
[[el:Βικιπαίδεια:Βαβέλ]]
[[es:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[eo:Vikipedio:Babelejo]]
[[eu:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:بابل]]
[[fo:Wikipedia:Málkassi]]
[[fr:Wikipédia:Babel]]
[[fy:Wikipedy:Babel]]
[[fur:Vichipedie:Babel]]
[[ga:Vicipéid:Baibéal]]
[[gl:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[got:Wikipedia:Babilu]]
[[ko:위키백과:바벨]]
[[hsb:Wikipedija:Babel]]
[[hr:Wikipedija:Babilon]]
[[ia:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[io:Wikipedio:Babel]]
[[id:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[os:Википеди:Вавилон]]
[[zu:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[is:Wikipedia:Málkassi]]
[[it:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[he:ויקיפדיה:כישורי שפה]]
[[jv:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[pam:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[krc:Википедия:Вавилон]]
[[ka:ვიკიპედია:ბაბილონი]]
[[sw:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[ku:Wîkîpediya:Babîl]]
[[ky:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[lbe:Википедия:Вавилон]]
[[la:Vicipaedia:Babel]]
[[lv:Vikipēdija:Babel]]
[[lb:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[lt:Vikipedija:Babelis]]
[[li:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[ln:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[hu:Wikipédia:Bábel]]
[[mk:Википедија:Вавилон]]
[[mg:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[mt:Wikipedija:Babel]]
[[mi:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[arz:ويكيبيديا:بابل]]
[[ms:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[nah:Huiquipedia:Babel]]
[[na:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[nl:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[nds-nl:Wikipedie:Babel]]
[[cr:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[ja:Wikipedia:バベル]]
[[frr:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[no:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[nn:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[uz:Vikipediya:Bobil]]
[[km:វិគីភីឌា:បាបេល]]
[[tpi:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[nds:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[pl:Wikipedia:Wieża Babel]]
[[pt:Wikipédia:Babel]]
[[ksh:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[ro:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[rmy:Vikipidiya:Babel]]
[[qu:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[ru:Википедия:Вавилон]]
[[sc:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[sco:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[sq:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[scn:Wikipedia:Babeli]]
[[simple:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[sk:Wikipédia:Babylon]]
[[sl:Wikipedija:Babilon]]
[[cu:Википєдїꙗ:Вавѷлѡнъ]]
[[szl:Wikipedyjo:Babel]]
[[so:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[sr:Википедија:Шаблони/Језичке кутијице]]
[[sh:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[su:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[fi:Wikipedia:Babylon]]
[[sv:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดีย:บาเบล]]
[[tr:Vikipedi:Babil]]
[[tw:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[udm:Wikipedia:Вавилон]]
[[uk:Вікіпедія:Вавилон]]
[[vec:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[vi:Wikipedia:Ngôn ngữ sử dụng]]
[[fiu-vro:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[wa:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[zh-classical:維基大典:Babel]]
[[war:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[wuu:Wikipedia:巴别]]
[[yi:װיקיפּעדיע:באבעל]]
[[yo:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[zh-yue:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[bat-smg:Vikipedėjė:Babėliuons]]
[[zh:Wikipedia:巴別]]

Volapük Wikipedia

2013-02-21T03:37:14Z

Remux: ia:Wikipedia in volapük

{{Infobox website
|name = {{Wiki favicon}} Volapük Wikipedia
|logo = [[Image:Wikipedia-logo-v2-vo.png|170px|center|Logo of Volapük Wikipedia]]
|screenshot =
|caption =
|collapsible = yes
|url = [http://vo.wikipedia.org/ vo.wikipedia.org]
|commercial = No
|location =
|launch date = February 2003 (created) {{Start date and age|df=yes|2004|01|27}} (official)
|type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
|language = [[Volapük]]
|registration = Optional
|owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]
|author = Volapük wiki community
}}
'''Volapük Wikipedia''' (in [[Volapük]]: '''Vükiped''' or '''Vükiped: sikloped libik''' meaning ''Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia'') is the [[Volapük]] language version of [[Wikipedia]].

Volapük is a [[constructed language]] created in 1879–1880 by [[Johann Martin Schleyer]], a [[Roman Catholic]] priest.

Volapük Wikipedia has progressed very quickly becoming the second largest Wikipedia in a constructed language (conlang), and appearing in the in 100,000+ articles category. This is only surpassed by the number of articles in the [[Esperanto Wikipedia]], another [[international auxiliary language]]. As of July 2012, the Volapük Wikipedia had the 37th highest count of Wikipedia articles, compared to 27th for Esperanto Wikipedia.

The Volapük Wikipedia was created in February 2003<ref>[http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaGrowthSummary.htm Wikipedia Statistics: Creation history / Accomplishments]</ref> but was launched on 27 January 2004 accoring to the main page of Wikipedia in Volapük language.

As of July 2012, the Volapük Wikipedia had approximately {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|vo}} round -3}}}} articles.<ref>[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias Ranking of Wikipedias by number of articles] Retrieved on 2012-07-14</ref> and 247,000 pages. At the same date, it had around 14,400 registered contributors including 6 administrators. 59 of the contributors were considered very active.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{vo icon}} [http://vo.wikipedia.org Volapük Wikipedia]

==See also==
*[[List of Wikipedias]]

{{Wikipedias}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}

[[Category:Volapük]]
[[Category:Free encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Wikipedias by language]]

[[ar:ويكيبيديا الفولابوكية]]
[[be:Вікіпедыя на валапюк]]
[[cs:Volapük Wikipedie]]
[[de:Wikipedia:Enzyklopädie/Volapük-Wikipedia]]
[[es:Wikipedia en volapük]]
[[eo:Volapuklingva Vikipedio]]
[[eu:Volapük Wikipedia]]
[[fa:ویکی‌پدیای ولاپوک]]
[[fr:Wikipédia en volapük]]
[[ko:볼라퓌크 위키백과]]
[[hi:वोलापूक विकिपीडिया]]
[[ia:Wikipedia in volapük]]
[[id:Wikipedia bahasa Volapük]]
[[it:Wikipedia in volapük]]
[[ka:ვოლაპიუკური ვიკიპედია]]
[[lt:Volapiuko Vikipedija]]
[[hu:Volapük Wikipédia]]
[[mk:Википедија на волапик јазик]]
[[ms:Wikipedia Bahasa Volapük]]
[[ja:ヴォラピュク版ウィキペディア]]
[[pl:Wikipedia w języku volapük]]
[[pt:Wikipédia em volapuque]]
[[ru:Википедия на языке волапюк]]
[[sr:Википедија на волапику]]
[[sh:Volapük Wikipedija]]
[[fi:Wikipedia:Volapükinkielinen Wikipedia]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดียภาษาโวลาปุก]]
[[tr:Volapük Vikipedi]]
[[uk:Вікіпедія мовою волапюк]]
[[zh:沃拉普克語維基百科]]

Latin Wikipedia

2013-02-16T03:24:29Z

Remux: ia:Wikipedia in latin

{{Infobox website
| name = {{Wiki favicon}} Latin Wikipedia
| logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-la.png|Logo of the Latin Wikipedia]]
| screenshot =
| caption =
| url = [http://la.wikipedia.org/ la.wikipedia.org]
| commercial = No
| location = [[Miami]], [[Florida]], United States
| type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
| language = [[Latin]]
| registration = Optional
| owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]
| author = [[Jimmy Wales]]
}}

The '''Latin Wikipedia''' ({{lang-la|Vicipaedia Latina}}) is the [[Latin|Latin language]] edition of [[Wikipedia]]. As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, it has about {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|la}} round -3}}}} [[encyclopedia article|articles]]. While all primary content is in Latin, in discussions modern languages such as [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] or [[Spanish language|Spanish]] are allowed and often used, since many [[User (computing)|users]] (''usores'') find this easier.

Professional latinists have observed a gradual improvement in the encyclopedia: according to [[Robert Gurval]], chairman of the [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] classics department,<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news |author= Gomes, Lee |title= Veni, Vidi, Wiki: Latin Isn't Dead on 'Vicipaedia' – Online Reference Features Britannia Spears, Disneyi; Disputing Computatrum |url= http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119103413731143589.html| work = [[The Wall Street Journal]]|date= September 29, 2007|accessdate= September 30, 2011}}</ref> "the articles that are good are in fact very good," even though some articles by beginning students contain grammatical errors.

== Modern vocabulary and coining policies ==
The Latin Wikipedia began dominated by topics from classical history, but beginning in 2006 a group of new contributors greatly expanded the coverage of 20th-century topics, such as [[pop culture]] and [[technology]].<ref name="WSJ"/>

The official policy of Vicipaedia is that neologisms and user coinings aren't allowed ("Noli fingere!" Latin for "Don't coin/make up things").<ref>[[:la:Vicipaedia:Noli fingere/en]]</ref> In order to deal with concepts that did not exist in [[classical Latin|Classical]] or [[Mediaeval Latin]], terms from modern Latin sources are used, such as [[botanical Latin]], [[scientific Latin]], 18th- and 19th-century Latin language encyclopedias and books, the official Vatican dictionary of modern Latin,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/rc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html |title=Parvum Verborum Novatorum Lexicum |publisher=Vatican.va |date= |accessdate=2012-10-07}}</ref> as well as current Latin newspapers and radio shows, such as ''Ephemeris''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/index.php |title=Ephemeris |publisher=Ephemeris.alcuinus.net |date=2009-04-27 |accessdate=2012-10-07}}</ref> and Radio Bremen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/ |title=Radiobremen |publisher=Radiobremen.de |date=2009-02-02 |accessdate=2012-10-07}}</ref>

As in any language with a broad international character, often more than one correct term exists for a given concept (just as in English a [[Hood (vehicle)|certain car part]] is called a "bonnet" by British speakers but a "hood" by Americans). In Latin the existence of multiple synonyms is even more prevalent since the language has been in continuous use over a wide geographical area for over 2000 years. Sometimes the same concept is represented by different terms in classical, medieval, scientific and modern Latin. Where possible Vicipaedia adopts the oldest or classical term for the page name, with redirects from any others; major alternatives are listed in the article with footnote references. There is often lively debate among editors about shades of meaning. The practice of avoiding invented words and giving references for alternative terms agrees well with the general Wikipedia insistence on verifiability and the rule against original research.

When occasionally a term for a modern concept cannot be found, the customary practice is to do exactly what most other languages do: to borrow an international word (often from a [[Romance language]] or English). Such direct borrowing was done for the particle names [[:la:photon|photon]] and [[:la:gluon|gluon]] and for the unit of temperature [[:la:Kelvin (unitas)|Kelvin]]. The word is given a Latin morphology if this can be done easily, or, if not, used unchanged in its foreign form; but many international words already have a Latin or Graeco-Latin appearance, because Greek and Latin have always served as sources of new scientific terminology.

== Orthography ==
{{Main|Latin spelling and pronunciation}}
Vicipaedia made it policy<ref>[[:la:Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en]]</ref> for all to follow the more widespread contemporary late 20th century orthographical habit of distinguishing u (pronounced as [u]) from v (pronounced as [w] in classical Latin and as [v] in Italianate Latin) but not i (pronounced as [i]) from i-consonant (pronounced as [j] in both classical and Italianate Latin). This orthographical practice was not without detractors who claimed that it is a copy of the Italian spelling reform in which the i/j distinction is lost but the u/v distinction is maintained.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avitus.alcuinus.net/schola_latina/litterae_en.php |title=Schola Latina Universalis |publisher=Avitus.alcuinus.net |date= |accessdate=2012-10-07}}</ref>

The [[logo]] on the Vicipaedia main page reads "VICIPÆDIA", displaying a ligature "æ". However, in accordance with contemporary practice, Vicipaedia does not use [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] in its articles for the diphthongs written ''ae'' ("[[Æ]]", "æ") and ''oe'' ("[[Œ]]", "œ"), even though in Latin a diphthong like the ''ae'' in ''aes'' is pronounced differently from an hiatus like the ''ae'' in ''aer'', both in the classical and even more so in the Italianate pronunciation. The ligatures were adopted by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] to save space, and æ and œ in particular were later maintained by Latin typographers to distinguish the diphthong from the hiatus. Contemporary editors choose not to make this difference explicit to the reader. If Vicipaedia users prefer, however, they can activate a gadget under user preferences that automatically displays ''ae'' and ''oe'' as ligatures on the pages, although the gadget converts all cases, independently of whether they are diphthongs or hiatuses.

Vicipaedia, in common with the majority of modern printed Latin, doesn't require the marking of long vowels in words (in Latin textbooks this is usually done by adding a macron over a character, as for example, the e in ''stēlla''.) Thus, both terr''a'' and terr''ā'' are written simply as ''terra'', although the former is in the nominative case, while the latter in the ablative. The context usually makes it clear which one is being used.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Information technology|Library and information science}}
* [[List of Wikipedias]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{la icon}} [[:la:|The Latin Wikipedia]]
* {{la icon}} [http://la.m.wikipedia.org/ Latin Wikipedia mobile version] (not fully supported)
{{InterWiki|code=la}}
{{Wikipedias}}

[[Category:Latin encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Latin language]]
[[Category:Wikipedias by language]]

[[ar:ويكيبيديا اللاتينية]]
[[ast:Uiquipedia en llatín]]
[[az:Latınca Vikipediya]]
[[be:Лацінская Вікіпедыя]]
[[be-x-old:Лацінская Вікіпэдыя]]
[[ca:Viquipèdia en llatí]]
[[cv:Латин Википедийĕ]]
[[cs:Latinská Wikipedie]]
[[cy:Wicipedia Lladin]]
[[de:Lateinische Wikipedia]]
[[es:Wikipedia en latín]]
[[eo:Latinlingva Vikipedio]]
[[eu:Latinezko Wikipedia]]
[[fa:ویکی‌پدیای لاتین]]
[[fr:Wikipédia en latin]]
[[gl:Wikipedia en latín]]
[[ko:라틴어 위키백과]]
[[ia:Wikipedia in latin]]
[[id:Wikipedia bahasa Latin]]
[[it:Wikipedia in latino]]
[[ka:ლათინური ვიკიპედია]]
[[la:Vicipaedia Latina]]
[[lt:Lotyniškoji Vikipedija]]
[[arz:ويكيبيديا لاتينى]]
[[nl:Latijnse Wikipedia]]
[[ja:ラテン語版ウィキペディア]]
[[pl:Łacińska Wikipedia]]
[[pt:Wikipédia em latim]]
[[ru:Латинская Википедия]]
[[simple:Latin Wikipedia]]
[[sr:Википедија на латинском језику]]
[[sh:Latinska Wikipedija]]
[[fi:Wikipedia:Latinankielinen Wikipedia]]
[[sv:Latinspråkiga Wikipedia]]
[[ta:இலத்தீன் விக்கிப்பீடியா]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดียภาษาละติน]]
[[tr:Latince Vikipedi]]
[[uk:Латинська Вікіпедія]]
[[diq:Wikipediya Latinki]]
[[zh:拉丁語維基百科]]

Esperanto Wikipedia

2013-02-15T04:30:15Z

Remux: ia:Wikipedia in Esperanto

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox website
| name = {{Wiki favicon}} Esperanto Wikipedia
| logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-eo.png|Logo of the Esperanto Wikipedia]]
| screenshot = [[File:Current Esperanto Wikipedia main page.png|border|300px|Screenshot of the Esperanto Wikipedia home page.]]
| collapsible = yes
| caption = Screenshot of the Esperanto Wikipedia home page.
| url = [http://eo.wikipedia.org/ eo.wikipedia.org]
| commercial = No
| location =
| type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
| language = Esperanto
| registration = Optional
| owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]
| author = }}
The '''Esperanto Wikipedia''' ({{lang-eo|Vikipedio en Esperanto}}, {{IPA-all|vikipeˈdi.o en espeˈranto|IPA}} or {{lang|eo|''Esperanta Vikipedio''}} {{IPA-all|espeˈranta vikipeˈdi.o|}}) is the [[Esperanto]] edition of Wikipedia, which started in December 2001 as the eleventh {{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} edition of Wikipedia (alongside the [[Basque Wikipedia]]). With about {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|eo}} round -3}}}} articles, it is the 27th-largest Wikipedia as measured by the number of articles,<ref>http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias</ref> and the largest Wikipedia in a [[constructed language]].<ref>http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_language_group</ref>

== Origin and influence of the Esperanto Wikipedia ==
[[Chuck Smith (Esperantist)|Chuck Smith]], an [[United States of America|American]] [[Esperantist]], is considered to be Esperanto Wikipedia's founder. The encyclopedia started off when he imported the 139 articles of the {{lang|eo|[[Enciklopedio Kalblanda]]}} by Stefano Kalb, which took him three weeks following November 15, 2001.<ref>http://blogs.transparent.com/esperanto/founding-the-esperanto-wikipedia/ Founding the Esperanto Wikipedia (Part 2 of 4)</ref> Later on, he undertook a journey to [[Europe]] with the goal of popularizing Wikipedia among the speakers of [[Esperanto]] in European countries.<ref>[http://blogs.transparent.com/esperanto/promoting-the-esperanto-wikipedia/ Promoting the Esperanto Wikipedia (Part 4 of 4)]</ref> For instance, already in November 2002 he gave a talk about Wikipedia at the 10th [[Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology]] in [[Dobřichovice]] ([[Czech Republic]]).

Esperanto speakers have also been involved in the founding of several other language versions of the Wikipedia ([[Czech Wikipedia|Czech]], [[Slovak Wikipedia|Slovak]], [[Ossetian Wikipedia|Ossetian]], [[Swahili Wikipedia|Swahili]]). The introduction of support for the [[Esperanto alphabet]] by [[Brion Vibber]], an Esperanto speaker and later [[Wikimedia Foundation]]'s first employee, in January 2002 has paved the way for [[alphabet]]s of languages other than [[English language|English]] and initiated the transition of the whole Wikipedia to [[Unicode]].<ref>[http://blogs.transparent.com/esperanto/unicoding-the-esperanto-wikipedia/ Unicoding the Esperanto Wikipedia (Part 3 of 4)]</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2012-12-31/Interview The Signpost: ''Interview with Brion Vibber, the WMF's first employee'']</ref>

== Quality of the Esperanto Wikipedia ==
{| align="right"
|-
| {{bar box
|title=Origin of edits (2011/04 - 2012/03) [http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageEditsPerLanguageBreakdown.htm Source]<ref name="traffic">[http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageEditsPerLanguageBreakdown.htm Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report - Page Edits Per Wikipedia Language, cited on 11 October 2012]</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[France]]|Blue|17.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Germany]]|Black|13.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Romania]]|Red|11.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Spain]]|Orange|10.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Czech Republic]]|DeepPink|8.5}}
{{bar percent|[[United States]]|Purple|5.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Hungary]]|Green|4.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Poland]]|Red|3.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Belgium]]|Black|3.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Netherlands]]|Red|1.6}}
{{bar percent|Other|grey|20.8}}
}}
|}
As of April 2012, the Esperanto Wikipedia has 239 articles of [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|feature quality]] (''{{lang|eo|Elstaraj artikoloj}}'')<ref>http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Elstaraj_artikoloj</ref> and a further 180 considered [[Wikipedia:Good articles|worth reading]] (''{{lang|eo|Legindaj artikoloj}}'').<ref>http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Legindaj_artikoloj</ref> Weekly community projects include a [[Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week|Collaboration of the Week]] (''{{lang|eo|Kunlaboraĵo de la semajno}}'')<ref>http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Kunlaboraĵo_de_la_semajno</ref> which improves neglected articles and an Article of the Week featuring good-quality articles on the front page. The Esperanto community is a frequent contributor to the Meta project, [[:meta:Translation of the week|Translation of the week]].

According to the [[:meta:List of Wikipedias by sample of articles|List of Wikipedias by sample of articles]] at Meta, a list based on [[:meta:List of articles every Wikipedia should have|List of articles every Wikipedia should have]], Esperanto ranks 37th, lacking almost none of the list of vital articles, but having in general relatively short articles.

On 18 November 2008, the Esperanto Wikipedia implemented the [[Wikipedia:Flagged revisions|Flagged revisions]] extension.

As of February 2012, The Esperanto Wikipedia has the 3rd greatest number of articles per speaker among Wikipedias with over 100,000 articles, and ranks 11th overall.<ref>http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_speakers_per_article List of Wikipedias by speakers per article</ref> These figures were based on [[Ethnologue]]'s estimate of 2,000,000 Esperanto speakers.

According to the geographical origin of its editors (see the box on the right), the Esperanto Wikipedia may be considered the most international one. It competes only with the [[Arabic Wikipedia]], which, however, has 42.8% of its editors coming from just two countries.<ref name="traffic" />

== Notability within the Esperanto community ==
[[File:2008-07-25 uk vp pavla dvorakova.JPG|thumb|300px|One of the Wikipedia meetups at [[World Esperanto Congress]], Rotterdam 2008]]
Along with learners and other Esperantists of all levels, many very experienced Esperantists and [[native Esperantists]] have joined the project. At least three editors are members of the [[Academy of Esperanto]], [[Gerrit Berveling]], [[John C. Wells]], and [[Bertilo Wennergren]], a notable Esperanto grammarian<ref>{{lang|eo|[http://bertilow.com/pmeg/libro.html Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko}}] by Bertilo Wennergren.</ref> and the director of the Academy's section about Esperanto [[vocabulary]].

''{{lang|eo|Vikipedio}}'' incorporates, with permission, the content of the 1934 ''{{lang|eo|[[Encyclopedia of Esperanto|Enciklopedio de Esperanto]]}}'' and also content from several reference books and the monthly periodical ''{{lang|eo|[[Monato]]}}''.

The Esperanto Wikipedia has been featured in many Esperanto news media, including a radio interview at [[Radio Polonia]],<ref>http://www.archive.org/details/UnuaIntervjuoKunChuckSmithPriVikipedio Interview with Chuck Smith in Esperanto about the Esperanto Wikipedia</ref> and articles at ''{{lang|eo|Esperanto}}'', ''{{lang|eo|[[Kontakto]]}}'', ''{{lang|eo|[[Libera Folio]]}}''<ref>{{lang|eo|[http://www.liberafolio.org/2007/antverpenviki/ Vikipedio kreskas kiam Antverpeno festas — Libera Folio, 2007]}}</ref> and ''{{lang|eo|Raporto.info}}''.<ref>{{lang|eo|[http://web.archive.org/web/20070510074149/http://raporto.info/2007/03/18/vikipedio-la-reta-esperanta-enciklopedio-progresas/ Raporto.info » Vikipedio, la reta esperanta enciklopedio progresas, 2007]}}</ref> The [[Esperanto Wikimania]], a gathering held in 2011 to celebrate the encyclopedia's 10th anniversary, has been subsidized by the host city of [[Svitavy]] ([[Czech Republic]]) and the [[Pardubice Region]] and covered by [[Czech Television]].<ref>[http://www.transparent.com/esperanto/esperanto-wikimania-in-svitavy/ Smith, Chuck: ''Esperanto Wikimania in Svitavy'' In ''Esperanto Language Blog'']</ref><ref>''Ve Svitavách se sešli tvůrci Wikipedie v esperantu'' In ''Události v regionech (Brno)''. Česká televize. 2011-10-27, 18:00. [http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10122427178-udalosti-v-regionech-brno/311281381991027-udalosti-v-regionech/obsah/175875-ve-svitavach-se-sesli-tvurci-wikipedie-v-esperantu/ Available on-line]</ref>

Esperanto organisations like [[Universal Esperanto Association]] do not contribute to ''{{lang|eo|Vikipedio}}'' but support it by providing chambers at Esperanto conventions for ''{{lang|eo|Vikipedio}}'' presentations and trainings. At the [[World Esperanto Congress]] in Rotterdam, summer 2008, there have been two Wikipedian meetups and a lecture at Esperantology Conference.

=== Wikipedia handbook in Esperanto ===
The Esperanto Wikipedia community has created and published a 40-page "Wikipedia: Practical Handbook" (''{{lang|eo|Vikipedio: Praktika Manlibro}}'') which is sold on-line and at conventions.<ref>{{lang|eo|[http://www.esperanto.be/fel/but/lib/mvik.php Vikipedio: praktika manlibro]}}</ref> The manual is intended to give new Wikipedians advice and information on how to edit Wikipedia in Esperanto. It is currently in its second printing.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Wikipedia-training.jpg|Wikipedia training at an Esperanto convention in Antwerp, May 2007
File:Eo Vikipedio 10000.png|The Esperanto Wikipedia's 100K commemorative logo.
File:Vikipedio 150000.png|The Esperanto Wikipedia's 150K commemorative logo. (Fall 2011)
</gallery>

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=eo}}
*[http://eo.wikipedia.org/ Esperanto Wikipedia] {{eo icon}}
*[http://eo.m.wikipedia.org/ Esperanto Wikipedia mobile version] {{eo icon}}
*[http://eo.wikibooks.org/wiki/Manlibro_pri_Vikipedio Manual at ''Vikilibroj'' (Wikibooks)] {{eo icon}}
*[http://www.liberafolio.org/2008/vikistatistiko/ Report at ''Libera Folio'', March 2008] {{eo icon}}
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdBgNbWbNKk Clip at Youtube.com] {{eo icon}}

{{Wikipedias}}

[[Category:Wikipedias by language]]
[[Category:Esperanto culture|Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Esperanto media|Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Esperanto encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2001]]

[[af:Esperanto Wikipedia]]
[[ar:ويكيبيديا الإسبرانتو]]
[[be:Вікіпедыя на эсперанта]]
[[be-x-old:Вікіпэдыя на мове эспэранта]]
[[ca:Viquipèdia en esperanto]]
[[cv:Эсперанто Википедийĕ]]
[[cs:Esperantská Wikipedie]]
[[de:Esperanto-Wikipedia]]
[[es:Wikipedia en esperanto]]
[[eo:Vikipedio en Esperanto]]
[[eu:Esperantozko Wikipedia]]
[[fa:ویکی‌پدیای اسپرانتو]]
[[fr:Wikipédia en espéranto]]
[[ko:에스페란토 위키백과]]
[[ia:Wikipedia in Esperanto]]
[[id:Wikipedia bahasa Esperanto]]
[[it:Wikipedia in esperanto]]
[[ka:ესპერანტო ვიკიპედია]]
[[sw:Wikipedia ya Kiesperanto]]
[[hu:Eszperantó Wikipédia]]
[[ia:Wikipedia in Esperanto]]
[[mk:Википедија на есперанто]]
[[arz:ويكيبيديا اسبرانتو]]
[[ms:Wikipedia Bahasa Esperanto]]
[[nl:Esperanto Wikipedia]]
[[ja:エスペラント版ウィキペディア]]
[[pl:Edycje językowe Wikipedii#E]]
[[pt:Wikipédia em esperanto]]
[[ru:Википедия на эсперанто]]
[[simple:Esperanto Wikipedia]]
[[sk:Esperantská Wikipédia]]
[[sr:Википедија на есперанту]]
[[sh:Esperanto Wikipedija]]
[[fi:Wikipedia:Esperantonkielinen Wikipedia]]
[[sv:Esperantospråkiga Wikipedia]]
[[ta:எசுபிராண்டோ விக்கிப்பீடியா]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดียภาษาเอสเปรันโต]]
[[tr:Esperanto Vikipedi]]
[[uk:Вікіпедія мовою есперанто]]
[[diq:Wikipediya Esperantki]]
[[zh:世界語維基百科]]

Skolta Esperanto Ligo

2013-02-11T00:59:59Z

Remux: SEL-Insigno.JPG

{{Expand French|date=February 2009|Ligue des scouts espérantophones}}
{{Expand Esperanto|date=February 2009|Skolta Esperanto-Ligo}}
{{Infobox WorldScouting
| name =Skolta Esperanto-Ligo
| image =SEL-Insigno.JPG
| image-size =
| caption =
| type =
| owner =
| age =
| headquarters =
| location =
| country =
| coords =
| f-date =
| defunct =
| founders =
| founder =
| award-for =
| members =
| chiefscouttitle =
| chiefscout =
| chiefscouttitle2 =
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| chiefscouttitle3 =
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| website =
| affiliation =
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}}

The '''Skolta Esperanto Ligo''' brings together [[Esperanto]]-speaking [[Scouting|Scouts]] from all over the world.

==Origin==

The third universal congress of Esperanto was held in 1907 in [[Cambridge, England]]. It is probable that [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Lord Baden-Powell]] was aware of the proceedings. After the first Scout camp which at [[Brownsea Island Scout camp|Brownsea]] later that year, Baden-Powell was writing his book ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' covering the method in which Scouting could be adapted to youth. This work appeared in the form of six small booklets, published every two weeks. The first of the series appeared on January 15, 1908 and the series had so much success that in May of the same year, the set was published in the form of a unified book. In the third book of the series, Baden-Powell advised the Scouts as recourse to use the international language Esperanto as a "secret language of the patrol". The passage in question disappeared in some later editions, however one could read on page 202 of ''Scouting for Boys'', in the original version:
[[File:Skolta Esperanto Ligo 1918 Membrokarto.png|thumb|Membership card]]
:"Also if you want to use a secret language in your patrol, you should all set to work to learn "Esperanto". It is not difficult, and is taught in a little book costing one penny. This language is being used in all countries so that you would be able to get on it abroad now."

The fact that Baden-Powell mentioned Esperanto in ''Scouting for Boys'' is interesting in that Baden-Powell held Esperanto in regard and that he had spoken about it with his wife, Lady [[Olave Baden-Powell]]. Indeed, after B-P's death, in a 1950 letter to Mrs. Dr. [[Lydia DeVilbis]], Lady Olave wrote "I often thought that it would be splendid if [[Eleanor Roosevelt|Mrs. Roosevelt]] could convince the [[United States]] to make Esperanto accepted in the whole world and to introduce it into the programs of all schools and organizations. It would really be of the highest importance for the world and especially useful for good understanding between people who are divided because of the diversity of languages." Mrs. Roosevelt was, at the time of this letter, president of the Committee of Human Rights of the [[United Nations]]. This perhaps helped prepare the ground for recommendations of [[UNESCO]] in favor of Esperanto proclaimed in 1954 and 1985.

{{Esperanto sidebar |expanded=Services}}

Following the immediate spread of Scouting in 1907, it soon became apparent to many that the Scouts might really be able to succeed at the experiment of international fraternity. [[Alexander William Thompson]], leader of an [[The Scout Association|English troop]], had the idea on a French battlefield in 1918 to found an international Esperanto speaking Scouting organization to support international friendship and exchange of services. In order to cure the linguistic problems, he recommended Esperanto as an international means of communication. The same year saw the foundation of the '''League of Esperanto-speaking Scouts''', which was the second international Scout organization, prior to the formation of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]]. Much is unknown about what Baden-Powell thought of Esperanto, but he liked the idea of an international Scout organization; two years later, in 1920, the World Bureau of Scouting was founded, however without using Esperanto, having [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]] as official languages.

A.W. Thompson became president of the League of Esperanto-speaking Scouts, and his brother [[K. Graham Thompson]] the Secretary of Honor. Thereafter, [[Norman Booth]], another British [[Scoutmaster]] became secretary-general of honor and seceded with treasurer [[D.H. David]] to organize the '''Skolta Esperanto Ligo''' (SEL). This new association organized multiple international Scout camps to achieve its goals and to test the use of Esperanto in Scouting: in 1922 in [[the Netherlands]], 1923 in [[Belgium]], 1924 in [[Denmark]], 1925 in [[Spain]], 1926 in [[Czechoslovakia]] (there were even radio broadcasts in [[Prague]] about Scouting in Esperanto), 1927 in Spain, 1928 in Belgium, 1929 during the [[World Jamboree]] in [[England]], 1930 in the Netherlands, a camp in which participated a SEL member, [[Harold Wilson]], who would become [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] from 1964 to 1970 and again from 1974 to 1976). Almost 100 Esperanto speaking Scouts from 18 countries, as far away as Japan, took part in the 1929 World Jamboree in [[Birkenhead]].

==Modern era==
On August 22 1969, the Skolta Esperanto Ligo officially presented the first Esperanto-language Scout book, "Ĵamborea Lingvo" (the Jamboree's Language), to members of the World Scout Conference held in [[Helsinki, Finland]]. A new version appeared in 1995.

"La Skolta Mondo" is the official bulletin of the SEL.

==See also==
*[[Boy Scouts of the United Nations]]

==External links==
*[http://www.esperanto.org/skolta/ Official Homepage]

[[Category:International Scouting organizations]]

[[be:Skolta Esperanto Ligo]]
[[es:Skolta Esperanto Ligo]]
[[eo:Skolta Esperanto-Ligo]]
[[fr:Ligue des scouts espérantophones]]
[[it:Skolta Esperanto-Ligo]]
[[ru:Skolta Esperanto Ligo]]

Black Speech

2013-02-06T03:50:02Z

Remux: eo:Nigra lingvo

{{About|the fictional language in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy writings|the real-world dialect|African American Vernacular English}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Black Speech
|creator=[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]
|created=c. 1945 – 1973
|speakers=None, after the death of J. R. R. Tolkien.
||date = NA
|setting= Mordor in [[Middle-earth]]
|fam2=[[artistic language]]
|fam3=[[fictional language]]
|iso3=none
}}
The '''Black Speech''' is a fictional language created by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].

One of the [[languages of Arda]] in Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]] [[Tolkien's legendarium|legendarium]], it was spoken in the [[realm]] of [[Mordor]]. Tolkien describes the language as being created by [[Sauron]] as an [[artificial language]] to be the sole language of all the servants of Mordor, thereby replacing the many different varieties of [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orkish]] and other languages used by his servants. Tolkien describes the language as existing in two forms, the ancient "pure" forms used by Sauron himself, the [[Nazgûl]], and the [[Olog-hai]], and the more "debased" form used by the soldiery of the [[Barad-dûr]] at the end of the [[Third Age]].

== Two timelines ==
For Black Speech, as for all the languages invented by Tolkien, we must distinguish two timelines of evolution:

* the external one, concerning the evolving conceptions of the language, its actual development done by Tolkien;
* the internal one, dealing with the fictional historical evolution of the language inside the imaginary world of Middle-earth.

=== External story ===

{{quote|The Black Speech was not intentionally modeled on any style, but was meant to be self consistent, very different from Elvish, yet organized and expressive, as would be expected of a device of Sauron before his complete corruption. It was evidently an agglutinative language. [...] I have tried to play fair linguistically, and it is meant to have a meaning not be a mere casual group of nasty noises, though an accurate transcription would even nowadays only be printable in the higher and artistically more advanced form of literature. According to my taste such things are best left to Orcs, ancient and modern.<ref>J.R.R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings", ''Parma Eldalemberon'' 17, p. 11-12.</ref>}}

From a fan, Tolkien received a goblet with the Ring inscription on it in Black Speech. Because the Black Speech in general is an accursed language, and the Ring inscription in particular is a vile spell, Tolkien never drank out of it, and used it only as an ashtray.<ref>''The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien'', Letter 343</ref> The Black Speech is one of the more fragmentary languages in the novels. Unlike [[Elvish languages (Middle-earth)|Elvish]], Tolkien did not write songs or poems in the Black Speech, apart from the One Ring inscription.

=== Internal story ===
Sauron attempted to impose Black Speech as the official language of the lands he dominated (ultimately, to include all of Middle-earth) and all his servants, but he was only partially successful. The Nazgûl, the Olog-hai (the elite Battle [[Troll (Middle-earth)|Trolls]] of Mordor), and several of Sauron's major lieutenants and officers (e.g. the [[Mouth of Sauron]]) learned and used the Black Speech, but it never really caught on with the Orcs, or the various groups of [[Men (Middle-earth)|Men]] from the east and south that Sauron conquered. The Orcs tended to corrupt and debase any language they were exposed to, so while Black Speech strongly influenced their vocabulary and perhaps grammar, it soon mutated into the myriad Orcish dialects, which are not mutually intelligible. By the end of the Third Age, while Orc vocabulary was peppered with certain terms from Black Speech, even they generally communicated using [[Westron]], albeit heavily debased.
The [[Elves (Middle-earth)|Elves]] refuse to utter Black Speech, as it attracts the attention of the [[Sauron#Eye of Sauron|Eye of Sauron]].

Black Speech may have had at least some influence from [[Valarin]], the language of the angelic Ainur spirits, because Sauron himself originated as one of the Ainur and thus this was his own original language. Valarin itself is also said to have been unpleasant for Elves to listen to, though this was because it radiated such force and power that non-Ainur were discomforted by it.

==The One Ring Inscription==
The only example of "pure" Black Speech is the [[Ring-inscription|inscription]] upon the [[One Ring]]:

:''Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,''
:''ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.''

When translated into [[English language|English]], these words form the lines:

:''One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,''
:''One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.''

These are the first two lines from the end of a verse about the [[Rings of Power]]. This corresponds to the following table as explained by J.R.R. Tolkien.<ref>J.R.R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings", ''Parma Eldalemberon'' 17, p. 11.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Black Speech!!English
|-
|'''ash'''||one
|-
|'''nazg'''||finger ring
|-
|'''durb-'''||constrain, force, dominate
|-
|'''at'''||verb ending, like a participle
|-
|'''ulûk'''|| verbal ending expressing object 3rd person pl. "them" (''ul'') (sic) in completive or total form "them-all".
|-
|'''gimb-'''||seek out, discover
|-
|'''thrak-'''||bring by force, hale, drag
|-
|'''agh'''||and
|-
|'''burzum'''||darkness
|-
|'''ishi'''||in, inside
|-
|'''krimp-'''||bind, tie
|}

==Other examples==
Some other Black Speech words are known, given by Tolkien in Appendix F of ''[[The Return of the King]]''. These include ''Lugbúrz'', meaning "Dark Tower" ([[Barad-dûr]]), ''snaga'', meaning "slave", and ''ghâsh'' "fire". The name [[Nazgûl]] is a combination of "nazg" meaning "ring" and "gûl" meaning "wraith(s)", therefore giving the translation "ringwraiths".<ref name=Fauskanger>{{cite web|folk.uib.no/hnohf/orkish.htm |title=Orkish and the Black Speech |work=Ardalambion |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=[[University of Bergen]] |accessdate=31 December 2011}}</ref> Many Orkish dialects had adopted words from it. A substantial sample of debased Black Speech/Orkish can be found in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', where the Mordor Orc [[Grishnákh]] curses the [[Isengard]] [[Uruk-hai|Uruk]] [[Uglúk]]:

:''Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai!''

In ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', Christopher Tolkien gives the translation: "Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth; the great [[Saruman]]-fool, skai!". However, in a note published in the journal ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'', this alternative translation is given: "Uglúk to the dung-pit with stinking Saruman-filth, pig-guts, gah!"

==Film use==
For [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|''The Lord of the Rings'' movie trilogy]], the [[linguistics|linguist]] [[David Salo]] used what little is known of the Black Speech to invent two phrases:
: ''Gu kibum kelkum-ishi, burzum-ishi. Akha-gum-ishi ashi gurum.''
: ("No life in coldness, in darkness. Here in void, only death.")
The word ''burzum-ishi'' ('in darkness') is taken from the Ring Verse, and three other abstract nouns are invented with the same ending ''–um''. The word ''ashi'', meaning 'only', is taken from ''ash'' ('one') in the Ring Verse. The other words were made up by D. Salo.

==Parallels to natural languages==
Russian historian Alexander Nemirovski identified an [[ergative]] suffix: in ''durbatuluk'', the suffix ''–tuluk'' means "them all", relating to the verb's object rather than to its subject. Verb forms related to object are specific to ergative languages. Nemirovski claimed a "strong lexical similarity" to [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]] (also an ergative language),<ref name=Fauskanger/> which had recently been deciphered at the time of the writing of ''The Lord of the Rings'', E. A. Speiser's ''Introduction to Hurrian'' appearing in 1941.<ref>The annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, v. 20, N.H. 1941.</ref>

==In music==
As its more common subject matter includes [[fantasy]] and dark, demonic or diabolical themes, some [[black metal]] bands have taken their names and occasionally song and album titles from Black Speech or invented their own Pseudo-Black Speech:
*[[Burzum]], is Black Speech for 'darkness', as seen on the [[One Ring]].
*[[Summoning (band)|Summoning]], particularly the song "Mirdautas Vras" from ''[[Oath Bound]]'', the first song not part of the ''Lord of the Rings'' soundtrack written entirely in their pseudo-Black Speech.
*[[Za Frûmi]] have numerous concept albums centred around the exploits of a tribe of Uruk-hai. All lyrics are in a Pseudo-Black Speech created by the band and the translations are included in each album.
*Nazgul, an Italian black metal duo influenced by medieval folk music, are named after the Nazgûl.
*Lauri Penttilä, now a member of black metal band [[Satanic Warmaster]], used "Nazgul" as his alias while he was a member of [[Horna]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Middle-earth}}
*[[Fictional language]]s
*[[Constructed language]]s
*[[Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien]]

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/orkish.htm Orkish and the Black Speech - base language for base purposes]
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/blackspeech.htm Black Speech analysis by Craig Daniel]

==Notes==
<references/>

{{Languages of Middle-earth}}
{{Middle-earth}}

[[Category:Middle-earth languages]]
[[Category:Constructed languages]]

{{Link FA|fr}}

[[bg:Черна реч]]
[[ca:Llengua Negra]]
[[cs:Černá řeč]]
[[eo:Nigra lingvo]]
[[es:Lengua negra]]
[[eu:Hizkuntza beltza]]
[[fr:Noir parler]]
[[gl:Lingua negra]]
[[it:Linguaggio nero]]
[[la:Lingua Mordoris]]
[[lt:Juodoji Kalba]]
[[nl:Zwarte Taal]]
[[pl:Czarna Mowa]]
[[pt:Língua Negra de Mordor]]
[[ru:Чёрное наречие]]
[[fi:Musta kieli]]
[[sv:Svartspråk]]
[[uk:Чорна говірка]]
[[zh:黑暗語]]

Jaime Garzón

2013-02-06T00:28:58Z

Remux: image

{{Infobox person
| name = Jaime Garzón
| image = Jaime Garzón Univalle.jpg
| caption = Colombian journalist and comedian Jaime Garzón
| birthname = October 24, 1960
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Bogotá]]
| death_date = August 13, 1999
| death_place = Bogotá
| education = [[Universidad Nacional de Colombia|National University]] ([[Law]], 1980.)
| occupation = [[Journalist]], [[comedian]], television producer, lawyer and peace activist.
| alias =
| title =
| family =
| spouse =
| domestic_partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| ethnicity = [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]
| nationality = [[Colombia]]n
| religion = [[Catholic]]
| years_active= 
| credits =
| agent =
| URL =
}}

'''Jaime Hernando Garzón Forero''' (October 24, 1960 – August 13, 1999 in Bogotá) was a [[Colombia]]n [[journalist]], a [[comedian]], [[lawyer]], [[peace activist]] and [[Political satire|political satirist]]. He was very popular on [[Colombian television]] during the 1990s, especially for his political satire. In addition to his work on television, he also had roles as a [[Colombian armed conflict (1964–present)|peace negotiator]] in the release of [[List of political hostages held by FARC|FARC guerrillas' hostages]]. He was murdered by suspected [[right-wing]] [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia|paramilitary forces]] in 1999, although the case remains opened and unsolved.

== Life ==

Jaime Garzón was born in [[Bogotá]] on October 24, 1960. He studied [[law]] and [[political science]] at the [[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]], but his active involvement in politics and television did not allow him to finish.<ref name="Expresión, UCPR, agosto-septiembre 2009">{{cite book |title=Jaime Garzón, 10 años de impunidad |last= |first=|authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2009 |publisher=Revista Expresión, periodismo universitario |location=Pereira |isbn=1909-5694 |page= |pages= |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/18551885/Jaime-Garzon-10-anos-de-impunidad |accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref>

=== Mayor of Sumapaz ===

Garzón joined the political campaign of [[Andrés Pastrana Arango]] for mayor of Bogotá. After winning the elections, Pastrana nominated him as mayor of [[Sumapaz]], an underdeveloped rural locality in the district, in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ciudadviva.gov.co/marzo09/periodico/4/index.php |title=Sumapaz: el más grande páramo del mundo, es una importante localidad de Bogotá |author=Otto Patiño |date= |work= |publisher=Ciudad Viva |accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref> Garzón tried to improve the standard of living in Sumapaz. In a year, he created a health center, the school was improved<ref>As a homage, it has its name as ''[http://www.bogotamiciudad.com/Directorio/Detalles.aspx?BMC=130354 Colegio Campestre "Jaime Garzón"]''.</ref> and the only street of town was paved.

But his originality was not well seen by the central administration of Pastrana. Asked in a telegram to notify the number of legal brothels in Sumapaz, he answered: "''Después de una inspección visual, informo que aquí las únicas putas, son las putas [[FARC]]''",<ref name="Jaime Garzón, el genial impertinente">{{cite web |url=http://issuu.com/cosianfiro/docs/vagabundo |title=Jaime Garzón, el genial impertinente |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Vagabundo |accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref> a sarcastic answer typical of his sense of [[black humor]], roughly translated as "After a visual inspection, I report that the only whores around here are the fucking FARC", a wordplay, as in Colombian Spanish the word 'putas' can signify both 'whores' as noun, and 'fucking' as an [[intensifier]] adjective. That answer and other eccentricities, brought to the conclusion by the central administration that he ''had founded a [[brothel]] in Sumapaz''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=37963 |title=Jaime Garzón, 1960 - 1999 |author= |date=13 de septiembre de 1999 |work= |publisher=Revista Semana |accessdate=4 de junio de 2010}}</ref> The municipal government secretary, Volmar Pérez Ortiz, signed his destitution.<ref name="Jaime Garzón, el genial impertinente"/> For this reason, Garzón sued Pastrana's administration; the case was ruled in his favor only in 1997.

Between 1990 and 1994 he worked at the [[Casa de Nariño|Nariño House]] during the presidency of [[César Gaviria]]. He helped in the translations of the new [[Colombian Constitution of 1991]] into the indigenous languages and as a presidential adviser in communications.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://periodicoelcrucero.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159:diez-anos-sin-jaime-garzon&catid=65:colombia&Itemid=130 |title=Diez años sin Jaime Garzón |accessdate=6 de junio de 2010 |author=Antonio Morales Riveiro |date=13 de septiembre de 2009 |editorial=El Crucero |language= |cite= }}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1987, the director of the [[Noticiero de las Siete|''Noticiero de las 7'']], Antonio Morales Riveira, knew of the fame of the Mayor of Sumapaz in imitating politicians. He brought Garzón to the newscast; it was the first time he would appear on television.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revistanumero.com/38garzon.htm |title=Cuatro años sin Jaime Garzón |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author=Antonio Morales Riveiro |year=2003 |editorial=RevistaNumeroUno.com |language= |cite= }}</ref>

He worked on various television parodies, becoming famous with the TV show [[Zoociedad]] (Zoociety) in the 1990s which contained humor about materialistic society and politics. Garzón then started working on a program called "¡Quac! El Noticero", collaborating with actor Diego León Hoyos until 1997.

Garzón created many different and instantly recognizable fictional characters, the last of which was his debut as "Heriberto de la Calle", a shoe polisher who interviewed different personalities, including politicians.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center"
! '''Year''' || '''Program''' || '''Character''' || '''Producer and channel'''
|-
|1990–1993||[[Zoociedad]]||Émerson de Francisco con Elvia Lucía Dávila ||[[Producciones Cinevisión]]: [[Canal Uno|Cadena Uno]] and [[Canal A|Cadena Dos]]
|-
|1995–1997||[[¡Quac! El noticero]]|| With [[Diego León Hoyos]] as María Leona Santodomingo: Nestor Elí, Inti de la Hoz, 'companion' Jhon Lenin, 'reporter' Wiliam Garra, Godofredo Cínico Caspa|| [[RTI Producciones|RTI]]: Cadena Uno
|-
|1997||La Lechuza||[[Heriberto de la Calle]]||[[Caracol Radio]]
|-
|}

== Peace activist ==

On March 23, 1998, 200 [[FARC]] guerrillas kidnapped 32 persons on the [[Villavicencio]] - [[Bogotá]] road. Among the hostages were four US citizens and an Italian.<ref name="Romaña">{{cite web |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-3327877 |title=Guerrillero conocido como 'Romaña' fue condenado a 40 años de prisión por secuestro masivo |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date= |editorial=El Tiempo |language= |cite= }}</ref>

On March 27 a commission, with the authorization of anti-kidnapping czar José Alfredo Escobar and led by Garzón, allowed the release of nine of the hostages.<ref name="Romaña"/>

On May 6, 1998, General Jorge Enrique Mora Rangel, commander of the [[Colombian Army]], publicly asked Escobar to investigate Garzón for his participation in the release of the hostages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elclavo.com/agenda/a-jaime-garzon/ |title=A Jaime Garzón |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author=César López |date=13 de agosto de 2009 |editorial=El Clavo |language= |cite= }}</ref><ref name="PeriferiaAlternativa">{{cite web |url=http://www.periferiaprensa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=300:a-pesar-de-la-impunidad-no-olvidamos-a-garzon&catid=68:-edicion-43-agosto-2009&Itemid=60 |title=A pesar de la impunidad, no olvidamos a Jaime Garzón |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author=Angela Cardona |date= |editorial=Periferia Prensa Alternativa |language= |cite= }}</ref> On June 4, Escobar, defended the role of Garzón in the release of the hostages as a humanitarian mission.<ref name="PeriferiaAlternativa" /> Garzón tried to have an appointment with General Mora Rangel, but he was not accepted. The journalist sent a telegram to the military where he said: "''General, do not look for enemies among the Colombians that risk their life everyday to build a proud nation as I want and as you are fighting for.''"<ref name="Expresión">{{cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/18551885/Jaime-Garzon-10-anos-de-impunidad |title=Jaime Garzón, 10 años de impunidad |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author=Fabián Cristancho Ossa |date=agosto-septiembre de 2009 |editorial=Revista Expresión, Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda |language= |cita= }}</ref>

In May 1999 Garzón said in a cocktail before some personalities, among them the US Ambassador, that General Mora ''was accusing him to be a collaborator of the FARC''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ilsa.org.co:81/biblioteca/dwnlds/taq/taq04/Taq04-12.pdf |title=El Moustro Bueno |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date= |editorial= |language= |cita= }}</ref>

On May 25, 1999, Senator [[Piedad Córdoba]] was kidnapped by the paramilitary group of [[Carlos Castaño Gil|Carlos Castaño]], and she was accused by him of being a ''collaborator of the guerrilla''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piedadcordoba.net/piedadparalapaz/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1920 |title=Senadora Piedad Córdoba revela que su hija menor desapareció hace tres años |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date= |editorial=Agencia EFE |language= |cite= }}</ref> According with Senator Córdoba, Castaño also mentioned Garzón. Once she was released, she met the journalist and warned him of the danger.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piedadcordoba.net/piedadparalapaz/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1944 |title=Lo dije hace siete años y como siempre, rechazaron mis declaraciones |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=19 de abril de 2009 |editorial=Piedad Córdoba.net |language= |cite="Sentada en el Restaurante El Patio le dije a Jaime Garzón que lo iban a matar los paramilitares y lo dije cuando salí del secuestro, al igual que le dije lo mismo a Rodrigo Pardo, quien afortunadamente sigue vivo, pero ni el país ni las autoridades le dieron credibilidad a mis palabras" }}</ref>

The participation in the process of the FARC's hostage releases and the intention to promote a dialogue of peace brought him many threats, but the most noticeable were those from Castaño.<ref name="Expresión"/>

== Murder ==



On Tuesday, August 10, 1999, Garzón visited the paramilitary leader [[Ángel Gaitán Mahecha]], who was in the Modelo Prison in Bogotá with the intention to arrange a meeting with Carlos Castaño. The meeting was to be held on August 14 in the [[Córdoba Department]].<ref name="Expresión"/>

On Wednesday, August 11, Garzón said to his wife and a makeup artist that he was going to be killed the next day.<ref name="Expresión"/>

On Friday, August 13, at 5:45, [[Bogotá|local time]], Garzón was approaching the [[Radionet]] station in his gray [[Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee]].<ref name="Crímenes contra periodistas">{{cite web |url=http://www.impunidad.com/index.php?showreporte=44&pub=107&idioma=sp |title=Caso Jaime Garzón |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date= |editorial=Crímenes contra periodistas, proyecto impunidad |language= |cite= }}</ref> When he was turning toward the south coming from 26th Street in the Barrio Quinta Paredes sector, in front of [[Corferias]], two men riding a high velocity white motorcycle with hidden plates<ref name="Crímenes contra periodistas"/> approached the car and called his name, then shot him five times. He was 38 years old.<ref name="Expresión"/>

The word quickly spread as his own colleagues at Radionet were the first to give the news to Colombia.<ref name="Radionet">{{cite web |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-1574189 |title=Radio Net Sale Del Aire |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=21 de mayo de 2004 |editorial=El Tiempo |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref> Hundreds of persons went out into the streets. The vehicular traffic worsened when a pedestrian bridge fell onto the North Highway, near 122nd Street, because a group of people thought wrongly that the funeral would pass by the site. Three people died and 30 were injured.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-961541 |title=Acontecimientos trágicos |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=13 de septiembre de 1999 |editorial=El Tiempo, Archivo |language= |cite= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revistanumero.com/38garzon.htm |title=Un adiós de carnaval |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author=Antonio Morales Riveira |year=2003 |editorial=Revista Número |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref>

On that Friday night, sport presenter César Augusto Londoño for Noticiero [[CM&]] had to introduce a memorial note to Heriberto de la Calle, one of the characters of his murdered companion. He introduced the note saying: "''that's all for sports ... country of shit!''".<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-5cPRSY0_8</ref>

== Investigation ==

According to Judge Julio Roberto Ballén Silva, the AUC reacted against his involvement in negotiations for the release of guerrilla-held hostages on behalf of their family members. There are several versions of what happened in the days preceding his murder. In one of them Garzón was informed of an order to assassinate him; he then contacted Castaño, who scheduled a meeting with him to take place just the day after his murder and sent a counter order to abort the assassination. The order apparently either never reached the actual killers, or came after it was too late. This led some to speculate that the meeting was a trap.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.impunidad.com/cases/jaimegarzon22marzo.html |title=Jaime Garzón case |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=2010-06-09}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

An investigation conducted by the TV program Contravía directed by [[Holman Morris]] shows evidence of the participation of agents of the [[Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad]] (DAS, the state intelligence agency) by using false witnesses, and therefore the investigation turned away from the real events.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKGPeLn2EK4] YouTube</ref> Likewise, the paramilitary leader [[Freddy Rendón Herrera]] aka "El Alemán" accused members of the military forces of being intellectual authors of the murder.<ref>{{YouTube|watch?v=tIxI8O_6pkM|El asesinato de Jaime Garzón}}</ref>

=== Castaño is accused of being the mastermind of the crime ===

On September 13, 1999, the authorities reacted promptly to guarantee the arrest of the assassins of the journalist. Four persons participated in the first investigations as key witnesses of the crime: María Amparo Arroyave Mantilla, Wilson Llano Caballero alias El Profe, Maribel Pérez Jiménez and Wilson Raúl Ramirez Muñoz.<ref name="Reporteros sin Fronteras">{{cite web |url=http://arabia.reporters-sans-frontieres.org/imprimir.php3?id_article=4159 |title=Asesinato del periodista Jaime Garzón : manipulaciones en la investigación? |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=24 de octubre de 2002 |editorial=Reporteros sin Fronteras |language= |cite= }}</ref>

Although it was too early at the moment of the crime and María Amparo Arroyave was on the 4th floor of the building (100 meters from the place of the assassination) and the two criminals wore helmets, she gave a detailed description of one of the assassins' face and clothing.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón">{{cite web |url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/colombia/doc/alegato.html |title=Texto completo del alegato para sentencia en el caso del asesinato del periodista y humorista Jaime Garzón. |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author=Alirio Uribe Muñoz |date=9 de diciembre de 2003 |editorial=Equipo Nizkor |language= |cite= }}</ref>

On August 19, 1999, the Minister of Defense, Luis Fernando Ramírez, along with several commanders of the National Army, did a public declaration as an answer to the suggestion of a journalist, who said that the responsibility for the crime of Garzón fell on the military superiors. They said that such suggestion is defamatory and that they reject and condemn the crime of ''one of the best journalists of the end of the century, the best humorist and the sharpest critic of the Colombian society of the last decades.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caracol.com.co/nota.aspx?id=16855 |title=Militares rechazan sugerencia de prensa sobre nexos en muerte Garzón |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=18 de agosto de 1999 |editorial=[[EFE]] |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref>

On January 6, 2000, the [[National Police of Colombia|Police of Medellín]] arrested Juan Pablo Ortiz Agudelo, alias Bochas. According to the [[Administrative Department of Security]], he was the assassin that shot Garzón and was recognized by María Amparo Arroyave.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/>

On April 24 [[Carlos Castaño Gil|Carlos Castaño]], top leader of the AUC, was formally accused of being the mastermind of the crime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiscalia.gov.co/pag/divulga/Bol2002/marzo/bol70.htm |title=Acusados Castaño Gil, Alias "Bochas" y Alias "Toño" por homicido de Jaime Garzón |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=marzo de 2000 |editorial=Fiscalía General de la Nación, Boletín de Prensa No. 70 |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref> On June 6 he was declared absent defendant.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/>

On September 24, 2001, the Police arrested Edilberto Antonio Sierra Ayala in [[Belén de Umbría]] under the accusation of being the other criminal that drove the motorbike.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/>

On January 3, 2002, the tribunal made official the closure of the process. The request of the civil part to review the case was ignored by the tribunal.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/>

=== Complaints of manipulation of the investigation ===

On January 21, 2000, the [[Attorney General]] was the first entity to put in doubt the veracity of the testimony of María Teresa Arroya Montoya. The Attorney ordered a careful inspection of the place she argued that she saw the crime.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/> According to lawyer Alirio Uribe Muñoz, the Attorney concluded that from the place she said that she saw the crime, it is impossible to observe the details of the assassins. The Attorney found several contradictions in her description and little coincidences with other witnesses, who were more near to the place of the crime: none of them could remember the face of the assassins, because they were very fast, but none of these inconsistencies were reviewed in the record.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/> But Arroyave Montoya disappeared<ref name="Reporteros sin Fronteras"/> and the Attorney General Office did not allow the investigation of DAS official Juan Ángel Ramírez García, who contacted Montoya.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/>

In October 2002, [[Reporters Without Borders]] and [[Red Damocles]] questioned the veracity of another witness that was considered a ''key witness'' during the first investigation: Wilson Llano Caballero, alias El Profe, who was presented as an ''Informant of DAS''. He provided with pictures and information about the allegedly murders, alias “Bochas” and “Toño”. He convinced his girlfriend, Maribel Pérez Jiménez, and his neighbor, Wilson Raúl Ramírez, to declare against the two suspects.<ref name="Reporteros sin Fronteras"/>

=== Confessions of paramilitary leaders ===

On March 11, 2004, Judge Julio Roberto Ballén Silva acquitted the two alleged assassins of the journalist. The sentence allowed the opening of the investigation to agents, officials and false witnesses of the first process.<ref name="Crimenes contra periodistas">{{cite web |url=http://www.impunidad.com/index.php?showreporte=44&pub=109&idioma=sp |title=Caso Jaime Garzón |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author=Diana Calderón |date=marzo de 2004 |editorial=Crimenes contra periodistas, proyecto impunidad |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref> The tribunal concluded once more that [[Carlos Castaño Gil|Carlos Castaño]] was the mastermind of the crime and sentenced him to 38 years in prison and a fine of 790 million [[Colombian peso|pesos]].<ref name="Crimenes contra periodistas"/> In April of that very year, Castaño was killed probably by disputes among the same paramilitary members.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_5314000/5314594.stm |title=Misterio de Carlos Castaño, develado |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author=Hernando Salazar |date=4 de septiembre de 2006 |editorial=BBC Mundo |language=Spanish |cite= |work=BBC News}}</ref>

On May 9, 2008, the former Paramilitary leader [[Diego Fernando Murillo]] alias Don Berna, said that members of the criminal gang ''La Terraza'' of Medellín, that served Carlos Castaño, were the assassins of Garzón.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canalcaracol.com/nota_interna.aspx?hid_id=34412 |title=Sicarios de "La terraza" ultimaron a Jaime Garzón |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date= |editorial=Canal Caracol |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref>

In June 2008, paramilitary leader Jorge Iván Laverde, alias El Iguano, declared before [[Law of Justice and Peace (Colombian Paramilitary Peace Process)|Law of Justice and Peace]] that the former sub-director of the DAS, [[José Miguel Narváez]], instigated Carlos Castaño to kill Jaime Garzón.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=112812 |title=Paramilitar involucra a ex subdirector del Das en crimen de Jaime Garzón |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=junio de 2008 |editorial=Revista Semana |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref> A month later, in July, another paramilitary former member, Ever Veloza García alias HH, gave to the Attorney General a USB drive that belonged to Carlos Castaño. He said that in the USB there was the prove that he ordered to ''La Terraza'' gang to assassinate Jaime Garzón. Veloza said also that Castaño said in different moments that the crime of Garzón ''was a mistake'' and that "''it was done to make a favor to some friends of the National Army''".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/articulo-alias-hh-entrega-memoria-usb-testamento-de-carlos-catano |title=Alias 'HH' entrega memoria USB con testamento de Carlos Castaño |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=9 de julio de 2008 |editorial=El Espectador |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref>

In October 2009 former paramilitary leader Freddy Rendón Herrera, alias "El Alemán", said to Justice and Peace process that Carlos Castaño ordered the killing of the journalist under "''specific request of senior military leaders of the time''".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caracoltv.com/articulo154710-crimen-de-jaime-garzon-fue-favor-de-auc-a-oficiales-del-ejercito |title=Crimen de Jaime Garzón fue favor de las AUC a oficiales del Ejército |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=5 de octubre de 2009 |editorial=Caracol TV |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Empty section|date=January 2011}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/57395 Carlos Castaño Gil convicted for murder of journalist Jaime Garzón] - [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]]
* [http://www.revistanumero.com/38garzon.htm]
* [http://edificiocolombia.blogspot.com Edificio Colombia. Blog with Garzón's Tv appearances.]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ta9Wa50IdAc "La sonrisa inteligente": song about Jaime's thoughts, life and death.]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03-wQg-NY2o Interview with Jaime Garzon - English Captions]
* [http://mikesbogotablog.blogspot.com/2011/08/memorial-for-jaime-garzon.html Memorial for Garzon on Bogotá's Plaza Bolivar]

{{Authority control|VIAF=34129773}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Garzon, Jaime
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bogotá]]
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 24, 1960
| DATE OF DEATH = August 13, 1999
| PLACE OF DEATH = Bogotá
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garzon, Jaime}}
[[Category:Assassinated journalists]]
[[Category:Colombian journalists]]
[[Category:Colombian comedians]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated Colombian people]]
[[Category:People murdered in Colombia]]
[[Category:Pacifists]]

[[bs:Jaime Garzón]]
[[eo:Jaime Garzón]]
[[es:Jaime Garzón]]
[[fr:Jaime Garzón]]

Finvenkism

2013-01-27T02:19:17Z

Remux: es:Finvenkismo

{{Esperanto sidebar |expanded=History}}

'''''Finvenkismo''''' is an [[Language ideology|ideological]] current within the [[Esperanto]] movement dating back to [[Zamenhof]], the initiator of Esperanto. The name is derived from the concept of ''Fina Venko'' ("Final Victory") denoting the moment when Esperanto will be used as the predominant [[International auxiliary language|second language]] throughout the world. A Finvenkist is thus someone who hopes for and/or works towards this "Final Victory" of Esperanto. According to some Finvenkists, this "Final Victory" of Esperanto may help eradicate war, chauvinism and cultural oppression.

Recently some Esperantists have been trying to replace the expression "Fina Venko" (Final Victory) with "Fina Sukceso" (Final Success) because "Fina Venko" reminds some people of war, like the German "[[Endsieg]]".

==Origin==
As [[Zamenhof]] created Esperanto with the goal of eventual use by everyone as a second language for international communication, Finvenkismo has been around for as long as Esperanto itself. In the early days of the Esperanto movement, being an Esperantist practically implied being a Finvenkist, i.e. hoping for the "Final Victory" of Esperanto. However, as the [[Esperanto movement]] (i.e. the movement for the propagation of Esperanto) grew by convincing people of the ideals of Finvenkismo, the [[Esperanto community]] (i.e. those who speak Esperanto independently of whether they propagate it) became a lively language community, and thus got more and more independent of the Esperanto movement with its ideology of Finvenkismo. Thus, one could now be an Esperantist without being a Finvenkist at all.

==Raŭmismo/Civitanismo==
Since 1980, Finvenkismo encountered criticism by so-called ''[[Raŭmismo]]''. This ideological current interprets the Esperanto community as a language [[diaspora]], whose members should not concentrate on the propagation of the language but rather on its cultivation. The term ''Raŭmismo'' comes from a manifesto signed by many participants of the [[International Youth Congress of Esperanto|Youth Esperanto Congress]] in the Finnish town [[Rauma, Finland|Rauma]] in 1980.

Soon the word ''Raŭmismo'' acquired two different meanings: According to some, a ''Raŭmist'' is just someone who uses Esperanto without propagating it. According to the more ideological ''Raŭmismo'', a ''Raŭmist'' is someone who considers the Esperanto community a self chosen [[linguistic minority]] and supports attempts to get a state-like representation for this minority. This more ideological ''Raŭmismo'' is now often called ''Civitanismo'', because it is the official ideology of the ''[[Esperanta Civito]]'' (Esperanto Citizens' Community), an organisation which attempts to be such a state-like representation of the Esperanto diaspora.

Even though nowadays most Esperantists highly value cultivating the language -- and the proportion of Esperanto-speakers who cultivate the language without propagating it is larger than ever -- the ideological ''Raŭmismo'' (''Civitanismo'') has isolated itself somewhat within the Esperanto community because Civitanists are perceived to spend more energy on criticising the Finvenkist Esperanto movement than on cultivating Esperanto.

In response to the criticisms from Raŭmismo, the Finvenkist Esperanto movement has produced the [[Prague_Manifesto_(Esperanto)|Prague manifesto]], which attempts at showing the importance of Finvenkismo in our modern society by emphasizing democratic communication, language rights, preservation of language diversity, and effective language education.

==External links==
*[http://uea.org/info/angle/an_manifesto_prago.html Text of the Prague Manifesto in English]
*[http://www.esperantio.net Esperanta Civito]

[[Category:Esperanto culture]]
[[Category:Language policy]]

[[be:Канчатковая перамога]]
[[eo:Fina Venko]]
[[es:Finvenkismo]]
[[fr:Finvenkismo]]
[[hy:Finvenkismo]]
[[it:Finvenkismo]]
[[nl:Finvenkismo]]
[[ru:Окончательная победа]]

Hasta Siempre, Comandante

2013-01-25T05:56:35Z

Remux: eo:Hasta Siempre, Comandante

[[Image:Che Guevara - Grab in Santa Clara, Kuba (frag).jpg|thumb|rign|A fragment of the Che Guevara monument in [[Santa Clara, Cuba]]]]
'''"Hasta Siempre, Comandante"''', or simply '''"Hasta Siempre"''', is a 1965 Spanish song by [[Cuba]]n composer [[Carlos Puebla]]. The song's lyrics are a reply to revolutionary [[Che Guevara]]'s farewell letter when he left [[Cuba]], in order to foster revolution in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] and later [[Bolivia]],<ref name="Chomsky2010">{{cite book|author=Aviva Chomsky|title=A History of the Cuban Revolution|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qlny4FXvAzYC&pg=PA121|accessdate=3 August 2012|date=13 December 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-8774-9|page=121}}</ref> where he would be [[Che_Guevara#Capture_and_execution|captured and executed]].

The lyrics recount key moments of the [[Cuban Revolution]], describing Che Guevara and his role as a revolutionary commander. The song became iconic after Guevara's death, and many left-leaning artists did their own cover versions of the song afterwards. The title is a part of Guevara's well known saying "''¡Hasta la Victoria Siempre!''" ("Until Victory, Always!"). The song was re-released by [[Nathalie Cardone]] in 2002.

== Metrical structure ==

Like many of the songs of the author and in line with the tradition of the Cuban and Caribbean music, the song consists of a refrain plus a series of five verses ([[quatrain]]), rhyming ABBA, with each line written in [[octosyllabic verse]].

;5th stanza:
:[1] (1)Vie-(2)nes (3)que-(4)man-(5)do (6)la (7)br'''i'''-(8)'''sa'''
:[2] (1)con (2)so-(3)les (4)de (5)pri-(6)ma-(7)v'''e'''-(8)'''ra'''
:[3] (1)pa-(2)ra (3)plan-(4)tar (5)la (6)ban-(7)d'''e'''-(8)'''ra'''
:[4] (1)con (2)la (3)luz (4)de (5)tu (6)son-(7)r'''i'''-(8)'''sa'''

== Lyrics ==
{{Multicol}}

;Original lyrics in Spanish

:Aprendimos a quererte
:desde la histórica altura
:donde el Sol de tu bravura
:le puso cerco a la muerte.

::'''Chorus''':
::Aquí se queda la clara,
::la entrañable transparencia,
::de tu querida presencia,
::Comandante Che Guevara.

:Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
:sobre la Historia dispara
:cuando todo Santa Clara
:se despierta para verte.

::['''Chorus''']

:Vienes quemando la brisa
:con soles de primavera
:para plantar la bandera
:con la luz de tu sonrisa.

::['''Chorus''']

:Tu amor revolucionario
:te conduce a nueva empresa
:donde esperan la firmeza
:de tu brazo libertario.

::['''Chorus''']

:Seguiremos adelante,
:como junto a tí seguimos,
:y con Fidel te decimos :
:«¡Hasta siempre, Comandante!»

{{Multicol-break}}

;Translated English lyrics{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}

:We learned to love you
:from the [[Sierra Maestra|historical heights]]
:where the sun of your bravery
:laid siege to death

::'''Chorus''':
::Here lies the clear,
::the dear transparency
::of your beloved presence,
::Commander Che Guevara

:Your glorious and strong hand
:over History it shoots
:when all of [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]]
:awakens to see you

::['''Chorus''']

:You come burning the breeze
:with springtime suns
:to plant the flag
:with the light of your smile

::['''Chorus''']

:Your revolutionary love
:leads you to new undertaking
:where yearned is the firmness
:of your liberating arm

::['''Chorus''']

:We will carry on
:as we followed you then
:and with [[Fidel Castro|Fidel]] we say to you:
:"Farewell, Commander!"

{{Multicol-end}}

There are more than 200 versions of this song.<ref name="all versions">{{cite web
| url = http://alltheversions.blogspot.com/2010/06/carlos-puebla-1917-1989-cuba-spanish.html
| title = All versions of Some musics
| accessdate = 2010-06-21
}}</ref> The song has also been covered by [[Compay Segundo]], [[Soledad Bravo]],<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sincopa.com/latin_pop/cdinfo_latin/soledad_69soledad.htm
| title = Soledad Bravo / Soledad - Version 1969
| accessdate = 2007-05-25
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vr1RujPr2k
| title = Soledad Bravo / Hasta Siempre
| accessdate = 2009-11-01
}}</ref> [[Óscar Chávez]],<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.gracenote.com/music/album.html/genlatin/98070f65416553811cf45c0c301c9c3b.html
| title = OSCAR CHAVEZ 20 Exitos
| accessdate = 2007-05-25
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070926233456/http://www.gracenote.com/music/album.html/genlatin/98070f65416553811cf45c0c301c9c3b.html  |archivedate = 2007-09-26}}</ref> [[Nathalie Cardone]],<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.gracenote.com/music/album.html/westerneuropean/b2b0c376c36de89e844e673c3d29cb82.html
| title = Nathalie Cardone / Hasta Siempre
| year = 1997
| accessdate = 2007-05-25
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070926233820/http://www.gracenote.com/music/album.html/westerneuropean/b2b0c376c36de89e844e673c3d29cb82.html  |archivedate = 2007-09-26}}</ref> [[Robert Wyatt]], [[Inés Rivero]], [[Silvio Rodríguez]], [[Ángel Parra]], [[Celso Piña]], Veronica Rapella (whose performance is known for [[Joan Baez]] by a common mistake),<ref name="all versions"/> [[Rolando Alarcón]], [[Los Olimareños]], [[Maria Farantouri]], Jan Garbarek, [[Wolf Biermann]], [[Boikot]], Los Calchakis (commonly wrongly attributed to [[Buena Vista Social Club]]<ref name="all versions"/>), [[George Dalaras]], [[Giovanni Mirabassi]] and [[Al Di Meola]], [[Ahmet Koç]], [[Mohsen Namjoo]], [[Enrique Bunbury]], Interitus Dei among others. Although [[Victor Jara]] never sang this song, however, many attribute the Carlos Puebla's version to him by mistake.<ref name="all versions"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Refbegin}}
*[http://www.hey-che.com/poems-and-speeches-of-che-guevara.html Poems & speeches about Che Guevara]
*[http://www.marxists.org/subject/art/music/puebla-carlos/lyrics/hasta-siempre.htm ''Hasta Siempre Comandante''] - English & Spanish lyrics
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86LSuXi5TLU ''Hasta Siempre''] performed live by [[Nathalie Cardone]]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=br1VJEN5-x4 ''Hasta Siempre''] performed live by [[Silvio Rodríguez]]
*[http://alltheversions.blogspot.com/2010/06/carlos-puebla-1917-1989-cuba-spanish.html ''All versions of Some musics''] - 200 versions of Hasta Siempre, Comandante
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Spanish-language songs]]
[[Category:1965 songs]]
[[Category:Cuban songs]]
[[Category:Works about Che Guevara]]
[[Category:Singles certified platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]

[[ar:أستا سييمبري]]
[[bg:Hasta siempre, comandante]]
[[br:Hasta siempre]]
[[de:Hasta siempre, comandante]]
[[el:Hasta siempre comandante]]
[[eo:Hasta Siempre, Comandante]]
[[es:Hasta siempre, comandante]]
[[fa:بدرود فرمانده]]
[[fr:Hasta siempre (chanson)]]
[[ko:아스타 시엠프레]]
[[hr:Hasta Siempre, Comandante (pjesma)]]
[[it:Hasta siempre]]
[[he:Hasta Siempre]]
[[ka:Hasta Siempre, Comandante]]
[[lt:Hasta Siempre]]
[[ja:アスタ・シエンプレ]]
[[pl:Hasta Siempre]]
[[pt:Hasta siempre]]
[[ro:Hasta Siempre, Comandante]]
[[ru:Hasta siempre, Comandante]]
[[tr:Hasta Siempre]]
[[zh:永别了，指挥官]]

Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia

2013-01-21T03:28:28Z

Remux: eo:Helpo:Kiel kontribui

{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}{{shortcut|WP:CTW}}

Wikipedia's goal is to compile the sum of all human knowledge into a [[Web-based]], [[free content]] [[encyclopedia]]. You can help complete this goal by '''contributing to Wikipedia''' in the ways that follow. If you would prefer to do more general maintenance tasks across many articles, please see [[Wikipedia:Maintenance]]. Articles of the most pressing importance can be found at [[Wikipedia:Backlog]].
[[File:Edit Button.ogv|thumb|250px|A video on editing]]
==Create an account==

You do not have to [[Special:Userlogin|log in]] to read Wikipedia. You do not have to log in even to edit articles on Wikipedia. [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|Just about]] anyone can edit [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#Semi-protection|almost]] any article at any given time, even without logging in. However, creating an account is free and has [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|several benefits]].

==What you can do==
[[File:Great Feeling.ogv|thumb|left|250px|The satisfaction other editors get from contributing]]
===Articles===
{{Quote box
| quote = Consider using a Wizard to help you create articles. See the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]].'''''
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Articles make up the bulk of Wikipedia. Each article is on one [[Topic-comment|topic]] (rather than a word and its definition, which belong in the [[Wiktionary]]).

The goal of an article is to create comprehensive and [[WP:Verify|verifiable]] encyclopedia articles about topics. On Wikipedia, reviewed high quality articles become [[WP:FA|featured article]]s. Wikipedia's most important articles are listed at [[Wikipedia:Vital articles]]. On that page are several categories. You can look at the table of contents to choose a category you know about or are interested in. Choose an article, try to improve it so it matches [[WP:FACR|featured article criteria]], which provide a model for our ideal content.

Another important way you can help with articles is by creating [[Wikipedia:Requested articles|requested articles]].

===Lists===

Lists are essential to the organization of content on Wikipedia. To help improve Wikipedia's lists, first find a list that interests you at [[Portal:Contents/Lists of topics]] and then help it match the [[WP:FL?|featured list criteria]]. You can also create needed lists by going to [[Wikipedia:Requested lists]].

===Pictures===

Pictures are another important part of Wikipedia. To help with pictures, go to [[Wikipedia:Requested pictures]] and see if you can fulfill any of the requests. Please try to meet the [[WP:FP?|featured picture criteria]].

===Sounds===

Sounds are a vital yet often forgotten ingredient in Wikipedia. To help with sounds, go to [[Wikipedia:Requested recordings]] and see if you can fulfill any of the requests.

===Portals===

A Wikipedia portal helps users find a gathering point for a certain topic so they can more easily find information. To help improve portals, first go to [[Portal:Contents/Portals]] and find a portal of interest. Then see if you can improve it to meet the [[WP:WIAFPo|featured portal criteria]].

===Topics===

A topic is a set of interrelated articles. With some hard work and dedication, you can help earn Wikipedia another [[WP:FT|featured topic]]. To see the criteria that need to be met for a featured topic, go to [[Wikipedia:Featured topic criteria]].

== See also ==
* [[Help:Mobile access]]
* [[Wikipedia:Dashboard]]
* [[Wikipedia:Job center]]
* [[Wikipedia:Reward board]]

[[Category:Wikipedia basic information|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedia how-to|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Article Feedback 5 Additional Articles]]

[[ar:ويكيبيديا:المساهمة في ويكيبيديا]]
[[ast:Uiquipedia:Cómo pueo collaborar]]
[[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া:উইকিপিডিয়ায় অবদান]]
[[cy:Wicipedia:Cyfrannu at Wicipedia]]
[[eo:Helpo:Kiel kontribui]]
[[es:Ayuda:Cómo puedes colaborar]]
[[eu:Laguntza:Nola lagundu dezaket]]
[[gl:Wikipedia:Como comezar a colaborar]]
[[hi:विकिपीडिया:योगदान]]
[[id:Wikipedia:Berkontribusi]]
[[it:Wikipedia:Aiuta Wikipedia]]
[[kk:Уикипедия:Уикипедияға үлес қосу]]
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[[ja:Wikipedia:ウィキペディアに参加する]]
[[pt:Wikipédia:Como contribuir para a Wikipédia]]
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[[tr:Vikipedi:Vikipedi'ye katkı sağlamak]]
[[zh-yue:Wikipedia:貢獻畀維基百科]]

Association of Academies of the Spanish Language

2013-01-05T08:37:45Z

Remux: ia:Association de academias de la lingua espaniola

{{Infobox organization
| name = Association of Spanish Language Academies
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| image =
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| size = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| map = Países con academia de la lengua española.png
| msize = 350px
| malt = 
| mcaption = Countries where Spanish Language Academies exist.
| map2 =
| abbreviation = ASALE
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = 1951
| extinction = 
| type = 
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters = [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
| location =
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| region_served =
| membership =
| language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| general = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name = 
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| affiliations = 
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|http://www.asale.org}}
| remarks =
| former name =
}}

{{Spanish}}

The '''Association of Spanish Language Academies''' ({{lang-es|Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española}}) is the entity which regulates the [[Spanish language]]. It was created in [[Mexico]] in 1951 and represents the union of all the separate academies in the Spanish-speaking world.

Through the initiative of then-president of Mexico [[Miguel Alemán Valdés]], the First Congress of Academies convened with the purpose of maintaining the integrity of and fostering the further growth of Spanish. The meeting was held from April 23 to May 6, 1951 and resulted in the creation of the association and its permanent commission. The ''{{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}}'' (RAE) was not present at the initial meeting but participated in the Permanent Commission. Ever since the Second Congress convened in 1956, the RAE has been a regular participant.

The collaboration between RAE and the other academies was expressed in the coauthorship of the ''{{lang|es|Diccionario de la RAE}}'' (starting from the 22nd edition, published in 2001), and the 1999 edition of the ''{{lang|es|Ortografía}}'' was considered a true pan-Hispanic work. Joint projects include the editing of the {{lang|es|''Gramática''}} and the compilation of the {{lang|es|''Diccionario de americanismos''}}. In 2000 the Association organized the School of Hispanic Lexicography and the Carolina Foundation to promote Spanish lexicography.

Together with the RAE, the Association earned the [[Prince of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]] for Peace in 2000.

==Organization==
The Association convenes every four years, led by a permanent commission composed of a president, secretary general, the RAE treasurer, and four board members drawn from the associated academies and which rotate annually. During the Third Congress of Academies, held in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]], in 1960, an agreement was reached whereby the governments of countries with a member in the Association would be obliged to provide financial support to their respective academies and the greater Association.

==Academies==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Country
! Name in Spanish
! Name in English
! Year of foundation
|-
| [[Spain]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}}'' || Royal Spanish Academy || 1713
|-
| [[Colombia]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Colombiana de la Lengua]]}}'' || Colombian Academy of the Language || 1871
|-
| [[Ecuador]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua]]}}'' || Ecuadorian Academy of the Language || 1874
|-
| [[Mexico]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Mexicana de la Lengua]]}}'' || Mexican Academy of the Language || 1875
|-
| [[El Salvador]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua]]}}'' || Salvadoran Academy of the Language || 1876
|-
| [[Venezuela]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Venezolana de la Lengua]]}}'' || Venezuelan Academy of the Language || 1883
|-
| [[Chile]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Chilena de la Lengua]]}}'' || Chilean Academy of the Language || 1885
|-
| [[Peru]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Peruana de la Lengua]]}}'' || Peruvian Academy of the Language || 1887
|-
| [[Guatemala]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua]]}}'' || Guatemalan Academy of the Language || 1887
|-
| [[Costa Rica]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Costarricense de la Lengua]]}}'' || Costa Rican Academy of the Language || 1923
|-
| [[Philippines]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language|Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española]]}}'' || Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language || 1924
|-
| [[Panama]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Panameña de la Lengua]]}}'' || Panamanian Academy of the Language || 1926
|-
| [[Cuba]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Cubana de la Lengua]]}}'' || Cuban Academy of the Language || 1926
|-
| [[Paraguay]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española]]}}'' || Paraguayan Academy of the Spanish Language || 1927
|-
| [[Dominican Republic]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Dominicana de la Lengua]]}}'' || Dominican Academy of the Language || 1927
|-
| [[Bolivia]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Boliviana de la Lengua]]}}'' || Bolivian Academy of the Language || 1927
|-
| [[Nicaragua]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua]]}}'' || Nicaraguan Academy of the Language || 1928
|-
| [[Argentina]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Argentina de Letras]]}}'' || Argentine Academy of Letters || 1931
|-
| [[Uruguay]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Nacional de Letras]]}}'' || National Academy of Letters || 1943
|-
| [[Honduras]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Hondureña de la Lengua]]}}'' || Honduran Academy of the Language || 1949
|-
| [[Puerto Rico]] || ''{{lang|es|[[Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española]]}}'' || Puerto Rican Academy of the Spanish Language || 1955
|-
| [[United States]] || ''{{lang|es|[[North American Academy of the Spanish Language|Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española]]}}'' || North American Academy of the Spanish Language || 1973
|}

==See also==
* [[List of language regulators]]

==External links==
*[http://www.asale.org/ Official website]

{{SpanishLanguageAcademies}}

[[Category:Spanish language academies|*]]

[[ca:Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española]]
[[de:Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española]]
[[es:Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española]]
[[eo:Asocio de Akademioj de la Hispana Lingvo]]
[[fr:Association des académies de la langue espagnole]]
[[gl:Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española]]
[[hu:Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española]]
[[ia:Association de academias de la lingua espaniola]]
[[no:Foreningen for spanske språkakademier]]
[[pl:Stowarzyszenie Akademii Języka Hiszpańskiego]]
[[pt:Associação de Academias da Língua Espanhola]]
[[fi:Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española]]

Condensation polymer

2013-01-02T06:31:58Z

Remux: es:Policondensación

{{Unreferenced|date=July 2008}}
'''Condensation polymers''' are any kind of [[polymer]]s formed through a [[condensation reaction]]--where molecules join together--''losing'' small molecules as by-products such as water or [[methanol]], as opposed to [[addition polymer]]s which involve the reaction of [[unsaturated monomer]]s. Types of condensation polymers include [[polyamide]]s, [[polyacetal]]s and [[polyester]]s.

Condensation polymerization, a form of [[step-growth polymerization]], is a process by which two molecules join together, resulting loss of small molecules which is often water. The type of end product resulting from a condensation polymerization is dependent on the number of functional end groups of the monomer which can react.

Monomers with only one reactive group terminate a growing chain, and thus give end products with a lower molecular weight. Linear polymers are created using monomers with two reactive end groups and monomers with more than two end groups give three dimensional polymers which are crosslinked.

[[Dehydration synthesis]] often involves joining monomers with an -OH (hydroxyl) group and a freely ionized -H on either end (such as a hydrogen from the -NH2 in [[nylon]] or [[proteins]]). Normally, two or more different monomers are used in the reaction. The bonds between the hydroxyl group, the hydrogen atom and their respective atoms break forming water from the hydroxyl and hydrogen, and the polymer.

[[Polyester]] is created through [[ester]] linkages between monomers, which involve the functional groups [[carboxyl]] and [[hydroxyl]] (an organic acid and an alcohol monomer).

[[Nylon]] is another common condensation polymer. It can be manufactured by reacting [[amine|di-amines]] with carboxyl derivatives. In this example the derivative is a [[carboxylic acid|di-carboxylic acid]], but [[acyl chloride|di-acyl chlorides]] are also used. Another approach used is the reaction of di-functional monomers, with one amine and one carboxylic acid group on the same molecule:

:[[Image:Condensation polymerization diacid diamine.svg|thumb|left|400px|General chemical structure of one type of condensation polymer]]{{clear}}

The carboxylic acids and amines link to form [[peptide bond]]s, also known as [[amide]] groups. [[Protein]]s are condensation polymers made from [[amino acid]] monomers. Carbohydrates are also condensation polymers made from sugar monomers such as glucose and galactose.

Condensation polymerization is occasionally used to form simple hydrocarbons. This method, however, is expensive and inefficient, so the [[addition polymer]] of ethene (polyethylene) is generally used.

Condensation polymers, unlike [[addition polymer]]s, may be biodegradable. The peptide or ester bonds between monomers can be hydrolysed by acid catalysts or bacterial [[enzyme]]s breaking the polymer chain into smaller pieces.

The most commonly known condensation polymers are proteins, fabrics such as nylon, [[silk]], or [[polyester]].

==See also==
{{commonscat|Condensation polymerization}}
*[[Biopolymer]]
*[[Polyester]]
*[[Polyamide]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Condensation Polymer}}
[[Category:Polymer chemistry]]
[[Category:Polymerization reactions]]

[[es:Policondensación]]
[[ht:Polimerizasyon pa kondansasyon]]
[[it:Polimerizzazione per condensazione]]
[[ja:縮合重合]]
[[pl:Polikondensaty]]
[[zh:缩合聚合物]]

Leonel Álvarez (footballer, born 1965)

2012-12-12T05:36:33Z

Remux: removed Category:Deportivo Cali manager; added Category:Deportivo Cali managers using HotCat

{{Infobox football biography
| name= Leonel Álvarez
| fullname = Leonel de Jesús Álvarez Zuleta
| image = Leonel a.jpg
| caption = Leonel Álvarez (right) with former [[Medellín]] mayor, [[Sergio Fajardo]] (left)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|7|30}}
| birth_place = [[Remedios, Antioquia|Remedios]], [[Colombia]]
|height={{convert|1.80|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position =[[defensive midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1983–1987
| years2 = 1988–1989
| years3 = 1990
| years4 = 1990–1992
| years5 = 1992–1995
| years6 = 1996
| years7 = 1997
| years8 = 1998–1999
| years9 = 1999–2001
| years10 = 2002
| years11 = 2003–2004
| clubs1 = [[Independiente Medellín]]
| clubs2 = [[Atlético Nacional]]
| clubs3 = [[América de Cali]]
| clubs4 = [[Real Valladolid]]
| clubs5 = [[América de Cali]]
| clubs6 = [[FC Dallas|Dallas Burn]]
| clubs7 = [[CD Veracruz|Veracruz]]
| clubs8 = [[FC Dallas|Dallas Burn]]
| clubs9 = [[New England Revolution]]
| clubs10 = [[Deportivo Pereira]]
| clubs11 = [[Deportes Quindío]]
| caps1 =
| caps2 =
| caps3 =
| caps4 = 35
| caps5 =
| caps6 = 22
| caps7 = 20
| caps8 = 48
| caps9 = 58
| caps10 = 25
| caps11 = 16
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| goals3 =
| goals4 = 0
| goals5 =
| goals6 = 3
| goals7 = 2
| goals8 = 0
| goals9 = 2
| goals10 = 1
| goals11 = 0
| manageryears1 = 2008–2010
| managerclubs1 = [[Independiente Medellín]]
| manageryears2 = 2011
| managerclubs2 = [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]]
| nationalyears1 = 1985–1995
| nationalteam1 = [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]]
| nationalcaps1 = 101
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate =
}}
'''Leonel de Jesús Álvarez Zuleta''' (born July 30, 1965 in [[Remedios, Antioquia|Remedios]], [[Colombia]]) is a former Colombian [[Association football|football]] [[defensive midfielder]] and the current coach of [[Once Caldas]]. He played 101 times for the [[Colombia national football team|Colombia national team]] between 1985 and 1995, making him the 2nd most [[cap (sports)|capped]] player in Colombian international football.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/col-recintlp.html rsssf: Colombia record international footballers]</ref> He was also the head coach of [[Colombia national football team]] [http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=1373159&s=mundial&type=story]

On the pitch, Leonel was known for his intense physical defense, which made him very popular among the Colombian fans.

==Club career==
Álvarez began his career with [[Independiente Medellín]] in 1983. In 1989, he was part of the [[Atlético Nacional]] team that won the [[Copa Libertadores]] in 1989. He won a [[Colombian Professional Football|Colombian league]] title with [[América de Cali]] in 1990 and another in 1995.

He has also played for [[CD Veracruz|Veracruz]] of Mexico and [[Real Valladolid]] of Spain.

Álvarez signed with [[Major League Soccer]] before the league's inaugural 1996 season, and was [[1996 MLS Inaugural Allocations|allocated]] to the [[FC Dallas|Dallas Burn]]. In his first year with the team, Álvarez was clearly one of the league's best players, as he scored three goals and five assists for the team from a defensive midfield position, and was named to the [[MLS Best XI]]. Unfortunately for the Burn, Álvarez moved to [[Primera División de México|Mexico]] for the 1997 season, where he played for [[CD Veracruz|Veracruz]]. He did not return until 1998, when he quickly recovered his starting position; Álvarez would be an extremely important player in the Burn's central midfield for the next two years, but near the end of 1999, was traded to the [[New England Revolution]] for [[Ariel Graziani]]. Álvarez would play for the Revolution through 2001, always an important starter, before the team decided not to renew his contract for the 2002 season.

Late in his career, he returned to Colombia football, where he played in Colombia for [[Deportes Quindío]] and for [[Deportivo Pereira]].

==International career==
Álvarez appeared in a total of 101 games for the [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]], making his debut February 14, 1985 against [[Poland national football team|Poland]]. He appeared for Colombia in the [[Football World Cup 1990|1990]] and [[Football World Cup 1994|1994 World Cup]]s, playing in a total of seven games. Additionally, he played in [[Copa América]] for his native country in [[Copa América 1987|1987]], [[Copa América 1989|1989]], [[Copa América 1991|1991]], [[Copa América 1993|1993]], and [[Copa América 1995|1995]].

==After retirement==
Álvarez has maintained a low profile since retiring, but has been back in the limelight in appearances in Colombian reality shows such as "La Isla de los Famosos."

==Coaching career==
He has held the position of technical assistant at [[Deportivo Pereira]], one of his former clubs. In 2008, he worked as the assistant coach at [[Independiente Medellín]], the team he began his career with. Working as Santiago Escobars understudy. After bad results Escobar was fired and finishing dead last Leonel was promoted and given his first head coach opportunity. In his debut season as a coach, he helped make DIM champions. In May 2010, he was named the assistant coach of the [[Colombia national football team|Colombia national team]]. In September 2011, he was appointed head coach of the team, following the resignation of [[Hernán Darío Gómez|Hernán ''Bolillo'' Gómez]]. He got off to a good start by crushing [[Bolivia national football team|Bolivia]], but was sacked on December 14 that year after the Colombian squad recored a 1-1 draw with [[Venezuela national football team|Venezuela]] and a 2-1 loss with [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|World Cup qualifying campaign]].

==Career statistics==

===International goals===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 10 June 1987 || [[Estadio Atanasio Girardot]], [[Medellín]], [[Colombia]] || {{fb|ECU}} || 1–0 || Win || [[Friendly match|Friendly]]
|-
| colspan="12"|''Correct as of 8 March 2012''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/player.php?id=14284 Career details] at National Football Teams
*[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/alvarez-intl.html International statistics] at [[rsssf]]

{{Navboxes
|title= Leonel Álvarez international tournaments
|list1=
{{Colombia Squad 1990 World Cup}}
{{Colombia Squad 1991 Copa América}}
{{Colombia Squad Copa América 1993}}
{{Colombia Squad 1994 World Cup}}
{{Colombia Squad Copa America 1995}}
}}

{{Navboxes
|title= Leonel Álvarez managerial positions
|list1=
{{Colombia national football team managers}}
}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Alvarez, Leonel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 30, 1965
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Remedios, Antioquia|Remedios]], [[Colombia]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alvarez, Leonel}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Antioquia Department]]
[[Category:Colombian footballers]]
[[Category:Independiente Medellín footballers]]
[[Category:América de Cali footballers]]
[[Category:Atlético Nacional footballers]]
[[Category:Deportes Quindío footballers]]
[[Category:Deportivo Pereira footballers]]
[[Category:Real Valladolid footballers]]
[[Category:CD Veracruz players]]
[[Category:FC Dallas players]]
[[Category:New England Revolution players]]
[[Category:La Liga footballers]]
[[Category:Liga MX footballers]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer players]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer All-Stars]]
[[Category:Colombian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate soccer players in the United States]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Mexico]]
[[Category:Colombia international footballers]]
[[Category:1990 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:FIFA Century Club]]
[[Category:1987 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1989 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1991 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1993 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1995 Copa América players]]
[[Category:Deportivo Cali managers]]

[[ca:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[de:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[es:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[fr:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[it:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[he:לאונל אלבארז]]
[[nl:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[no:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[pl:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[pt:Leonel Álvarez]]

Leonel Álvarez (footballer, born 1965)

2012-12-12T05:35:58Z

Remux: Category:Deportivo Cali manager

{{Infobox football biography
| name= Leonel Álvarez
| fullname = Leonel de Jesús Álvarez Zuleta
| image = Leonel a.jpg
| caption = Leonel Álvarez (right) with former [[Medellín]] mayor, [[Sergio Fajardo]] (left)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|7|30}}
| birth_place = [[Remedios, Antioquia|Remedios]], [[Colombia]]
|height={{convert|1.80|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position =[[defensive midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1983–1987
| years2 = 1988–1989
| years3 = 1990
| years4 = 1990–1992
| years5 = 1992–1995
| years6 = 1996
| years7 = 1997
| years8 = 1998–1999
| years9 = 1999–2001
| years10 = 2002
| years11 = 2003–2004
| clubs1 = [[Independiente Medellín]]
| clubs2 = [[Atlético Nacional]]
| clubs3 = [[América de Cali]]
| clubs4 = [[Real Valladolid]]
| clubs5 = [[América de Cali]]
| clubs6 = [[FC Dallas|Dallas Burn]]
| clubs7 = [[CD Veracruz|Veracruz]]
| clubs8 = [[FC Dallas|Dallas Burn]]
| clubs9 = [[New England Revolution]]
| clubs10 = [[Deportivo Pereira]]
| clubs11 = [[Deportes Quindío]]
| caps1 =
| caps2 =
| caps3 =
| caps4 = 35
| caps5 =
| caps6 = 22
| caps7 = 20
| caps8 = 48
| caps9 = 58
| caps10 = 25
| caps11 = 16
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| goals3 =
| goals4 = 0
| goals5 =
| goals6 = 3
| goals7 = 2
| goals8 = 0
| goals9 = 2
| goals10 = 1
| goals11 = 0
| manageryears1 = 2008–2010
| managerclubs1 = [[Independiente Medellín]]
| manageryears2 = 2011
| managerclubs2 = [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]]
| nationalyears1 = 1985–1995
| nationalteam1 = [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]]
| nationalcaps1 = 101
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate =
}}
'''Leonel de Jesús Álvarez Zuleta''' (born July 30, 1965 in [[Remedios, Antioquia|Remedios]], [[Colombia]]) is a former Colombian [[Association football|football]] [[defensive midfielder]] and the current coach of [[Once Caldas]]. He played 101 times for the [[Colombia national football team|Colombia national team]] between 1985 and 1995, making him the 2nd most [[cap (sports)|capped]] player in Colombian international football.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/col-recintlp.html rsssf: Colombia record international footballers]</ref> He was also the head coach of [[Colombia national football team]] [http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=1373159&s=mundial&type=story]

On the pitch, Leonel was known for his intense physical defense, which made him very popular among the Colombian fans.

==Club career==
Álvarez began his career with [[Independiente Medellín]] in 1983. In 1989, he was part of the [[Atlético Nacional]] team that won the [[Copa Libertadores]] in 1989. He won a [[Colombian Professional Football|Colombian league]] title with [[América de Cali]] in 1990 and another in 1995.

He has also played for [[CD Veracruz|Veracruz]] of Mexico and [[Real Valladolid]] of Spain.

Álvarez signed with [[Major League Soccer]] before the league's inaugural 1996 season, and was [[1996 MLS Inaugural Allocations|allocated]] to the [[FC Dallas|Dallas Burn]]. In his first year with the team, Álvarez was clearly one of the league's best players, as he scored three goals and five assists for the team from a defensive midfield position, and was named to the [[MLS Best XI]]. Unfortunately for the Burn, Álvarez moved to [[Primera División de México|Mexico]] for the 1997 season, where he played for [[CD Veracruz|Veracruz]]. He did not return until 1998, when he quickly recovered his starting position; Álvarez would be an extremely important player in the Burn's central midfield for the next two years, but near the end of 1999, was traded to the [[New England Revolution]] for [[Ariel Graziani]]. Álvarez would play for the Revolution through 2001, always an important starter, before the team decided not to renew his contract for the 2002 season.

Late in his career, he returned to Colombia football, where he played in Colombia for [[Deportes Quindío]] and for [[Deportivo Pereira]].

==International career==
Álvarez appeared in a total of 101 games for the [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]], making his debut February 14, 1985 against [[Poland national football team|Poland]]. He appeared for Colombia in the [[Football World Cup 1990|1990]] and [[Football World Cup 1994|1994 World Cup]]s, playing in a total of seven games. Additionally, he played in [[Copa América]] for his native country in [[Copa América 1987|1987]], [[Copa América 1989|1989]], [[Copa América 1991|1991]], [[Copa América 1993|1993]], and [[Copa América 1995|1995]].

==After retirement==
Álvarez has maintained a low profile since retiring, but has been back in the limelight in appearances in Colombian reality shows such as "La Isla de los Famosos."

==Coaching career==
He has held the position of technical assistant at [[Deportivo Pereira]], one of his former clubs. In 2008, he worked as the assistant coach at [[Independiente Medellín]], the team he began his career with. Working as Santiago Escobars understudy. After bad results Escobar was fired and finishing dead last Leonel was promoted and given his first head coach opportunity. In his debut season as a coach, he helped make DIM champions. In May 2010, he was named the assistant coach of the [[Colombia national football team|Colombia national team]]. In September 2011, he was appointed head coach of the team, following the resignation of [[Hernán Darío Gómez|Hernán ''Bolillo'' Gómez]]. He got off to a good start by crushing [[Bolivia national football team|Bolivia]], but was sacked on December 14 that year after the Colombian squad recored a 1-1 draw with [[Venezuela national football team|Venezuela]] and a 2-1 loss with [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|World Cup qualifying campaign]].

==Career statistics==

===International goals===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 10 June 1987 || [[Estadio Atanasio Girardot]], [[Medellín]], [[Colombia]] || {{fb|ECU}} || 1–0 || Win || [[Friendly match|Friendly]]
|-
| colspan="12"|''Correct as of 8 March 2012''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/player.php?id=14284 Career details] at National Football Teams
*[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/alvarez-intl.html International statistics] at [[rsssf]]

{{Navboxes
|title= Leonel Álvarez international tournaments
|list1=
{{Colombia Squad 1990 World Cup}}
{{Colombia Squad 1991 Copa América}}
{{Colombia Squad Copa América 1993}}
{{Colombia Squad 1994 World Cup}}
{{Colombia Squad Copa America 1995}}
}}

{{Navboxes
|title= Leonel Álvarez managerial positions
|list1=
{{Colombia national football team managers}}
}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Alvarez, Leonel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 30, 1965
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Remedios, Antioquia|Remedios]], [[Colombia]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alvarez, Leonel}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Antioquia Department]]
[[Category:Colombian footballers]]
[[Category:Independiente Medellín footballers]]
[[Category:América de Cali footballers]]
[[Category:Atlético Nacional footballers]]
[[Category:Deportes Quindío footballers]]
[[Category:Deportivo Pereira footballers]]
[[Category:Real Valladolid footballers]]
[[Category:CD Veracruz players]]
[[Category:FC Dallas players]]
[[Category:New England Revolution players]]
[[Category:La Liga footballers]]
[[Category:Liga MX footballers]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer players]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer All-Stars]]
[[Category:Colombian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate soccer players in the United States]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Mexico]]
[[Category:Colombia international footballers]]
[[Category:1990 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:FIFA Century Club]]
[[Category:1987 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1989 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1991 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1993 Copa América players]]
[[Category:1995 Copa América players]]
[[Category:Deportivo Cali manager]]

[[ca:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[de:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[es:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[fr:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[it:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[he:לאונל אלבארז]]
[[nl:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[no:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[pl:Leonel Álvarez]]
[[pt:Leonel Álvarez]]

Arabic language influence on the Spanish language

2012-11-01T22:32:01Z

Remux: eo:Influo de la araba en la hispana lingvo

[[Image:Mosque of Cordoba Spain.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Great Mosque of Córdoba]] in [[Córdoba, Spain]]. In the 10th century, it was the second-largest [[mosque]] in the world.]]

'''Arabic influence on the Spanish language''' has been significant due to the [[Al-Andalus|Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula]] between 711 and 1492 AD.

==History==
The [[Spanish language]], also called Castilian, is a Romance dialect, that had gradually evolved from the Roman [[Vulgar Latin]] in the isolated northern foothills and upper [[Ebro]] valley, near the Basque Country, following the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. [[Loan words]] from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] began to filter into Castilian as the number of Arabic speakers in the fertile lower reaches of the Ebro valley gradually increased in the 8th and 9th centuries. This lexical influence reached its greatest level during the Christian Reconquista, when the emerging Kingdom of Castile conquered large territories from Muslim rulers in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. These territories had large numbers of speakers of Arabic and those who spoke local Romance dialects that were heavily influenced by Arabic. Arabic words and their derivatives were also brought into the Castilian by the [[Mozarabs]], [[Arabization|arabized]] Christians that emigrated northwards from [[Al Andalus]] in times of [[sectarian violence]], particularly during the times of [[Almohad]] and [[Almoravid]] rule in the 12th and 13th centuries.

The degree to which the Arabic language percolated through the Iberian Peninsula varied enormously from one area to another and is the subject of academic debate. However, it is generally agreed that Arabic was used among the local elites, Muslim and Christian, and local Arabic-influenced Romance dialects (Mozarabic) were the prevalent vernacular in many areas. Only the southern [[Emirate of Granada]] in the time of the [[Nasrid dynasty]], which had had a large influx of Arabic speakers as the Reconquista advanced, became totally linguistically arabized.

Much of the Arabic influence upon Spanish came indirectly through the various arabized Romace dialects that were spoken in areas under Muslim rule, known today by scholars as [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]]. This resulted in Spanish often having both Arabic and Latin derived words with the same meaning. For example, ''aceituna'' and ''oliva'' (olive), ''alacrán'' and ''escorpión'' (scorpion), ''jaqueca'' and ''migraña'' (migraine), ''alcancía'' and ''hucha'' (piggy bank).

The influence of the arabized Mozarabic and of Arabic itself is said to be more noticeable in the Spanish dialects from regions with a longer history of Muslim domination than those where it was shorter-lived. Indeed, the dialects of the southern half of the country, known collectively as ''castellano meridional'' or Southern Castilian, do seem to collectively show a higher degree of preference for arabisms. Northern Spanish dialects tend to prefer romance synonyms to terms of Arabic origin such as the Arabic ''almanaque'' versus the Romance ''calendario'', ''alcancía'' and ''hucha'', ''alhucema'' and ''espliego'', etc). However, among the southern dialects, Arabic influence does not strictly coincide with the historical retreat of Islamic rule from the peninsula. For example, Murcian Spanish, a dialect of the south-east, has been shown to contain a much larger number of unique arabisms than eastern (or upper) Andalusian, which is the dialect of the region with the longest Islamic history.

A number of words were also borrowed from [[Moroccan Arabic]] principally as a result of Spain's protectorate over [[Spanish Morocco]] in the 19th and 20th centuries, although these are of minor significance.

The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands has also picked up a small number of words from Hassaniya Arabic, principally from Canarian sailors who fish in proximity to the Saharan coast as well as by those Canarians who returned from Western Sahara after the Green March.

==Lexical influence==
The influence of Arabic on the Spanish language is fundamentally lexical but its other influences are also briefly examined in this article. It is estimated that there are about one thousand Arabic [[Root (linguistics)|root words]],<ref name="Dworkin83">{{cite book|last=Dworkin|first=Steven N.|title=A History of the Spanish Lexicon: A Linguistic Perspective|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0199541140|page=83|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA83}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Martínez Egido|first=José Joaquín|title=Constitución del léxico español|year=2007|page=15|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15}}</ref> and another three thousand [[Derivation (linguistics)|derived forms]], for a total of around four thousand words<ref name="Dworkin83"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Versteegh|first=Kees|title=The Arabic language|year=2003|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=Edinburgh|isbn=0748614362|page=228|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228|edition=Repr.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lapesa|first=Raphael|title=Historia de la lengua española|year=1960|location=Madrid|page=97|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uJdbJK_sl2oC&pg=PA255}}</ref> or 8%<ref>{{cite journal|last=Quintana|first=Lucía|coauthors=Mora, Juan Pablo|title=Enseñanza del acervo léxico árabe de la lengua española|journal=ASELE. Actas XIII|year=2002|page=705|url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf}}: "El léxico español de procedencia árabe es muy abundante: se ha señalado que constituye, aproximadamente, un 8% del vocabulario total"</ref> of the Spanish dictionary - the second largest lexical influence on Spanish after Latin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Macpherson|first=I. R.|title=Spanish phonology.|year=1980|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=0719007887|page=93|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9VrpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93}}</ref> But in spite of this Arabic words comprise only 2% of the 5000 most frequent Spanish words.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cotton|first=Eleanor Greet|title=Spanish in the Americas|year=2001|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=0878403604|page=47|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=89KX2RC6Gx0C&pg=PA47|coauthors= Sharp, John M.}}</ref> The high point of Arabic word use in Spanish was in late medieval times, but hundreds are still used in normal conversation. The majority of these words are nouns, with a more limited number of [[verb]]s, [[adjective]]s, [[adverb]]s, and a [[preposition]], ''hasta'' ("until"). The exact number of words of Arabic origin and their derivatives in Spanish is not known, and many words not included on this list are [[Regionalism (linguistics)|regionalism]]s: words which are used in certain parts of Spain and/or Latin America but are generally unknown elsewhere.

===List of words of Arabic origin===
This is an open list of Spanish words acquired ''directly'' from [[Classical Arabic|Classical]] and [[Andalusi Arabic]], listed in alphabetical order. This list includes the Spanish meaning of the word as well as the Arabic [[etymology]]. No fixed standard of [[Arabic transliteration]] is used.

'''Rationale for inclusion'''

''Due to the large influence of Arabic on Spanish vocabulary, this list is relatively restrictive:
''
*This list has been edited to include only words which are considered to appertain to the Spanish language and the [[Hispanic culture]] and society. Arabic words which may be understood by Spanish speakers, but remain foreign to the Hispanic civilisation such as [[ayatollah|Ayatolá]], [[Jihad]], or [[shia Islam|Chiita]], are excluded from this list.

*Only words which have passed directly from Arabic are included. Arabic words which entered the Spanish language through other, non-[[Iberian peninsula|Iberian]], [[Indo-European languages]] (such as ''[[ayatollah|Ayatolá]]'', ''Beduino'', ''Sofá'', or ''sorbete'') are not included. Included as exceptions to this rule are ''álcali'' and ''álgebra'', words of Arabic origin which are thought to have entered Spanish through "[[Late Latin|Low Latin]]"<ref>Corominas, Joan (1973). ''Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana'' (Madrid: Gredos)</ref>—as suggested by their initial stress (the Arabic definite article ''al-'' is not normally borrowed as a stressed syllable).

*Generally, only Spanish root words are listed, derivations not being included. For example, ''aceite'' (from ''az-zeit'', oil) is included but not ''aceitería'', ''aceitero'', ''aceitón'' or ''aceitoso''. On the other hand, ''aceituna'' ([[olive]]) is included since it derives not from ''az-zeit'' but from ''az-zeituna'' in Arabic, even though the root of the ''Arabic'' word is the same. ''Aceituno'' (olive tree), on the other hand, would not be included, since it shares the same root as ''aceituna''. An exception to this rule may be made when the derived word is much more commonly used than the [[Root (linguistics)|root word]], when the meaning of the derivative has no evident connection with the root word or when it is not clear that one is derived from the other (e.g. horro and ahorrar).

*Words derived from [[Mozarabic]] are not included (Mozarabic being fundamentally a [[Romance language]]), unless the Mozarabic word is itself derived from classical or Andalusi Arabic.

*Words acquired from [[Berber languages|Berber]] or [[Hebrew languages|Hebrew]] (or other [[Afro-Asiatic languages]]) are not included.

The etymology and meaning of most of these words can be verified on the site of the [http://www.rae.es Real Academia de la Lengua Española], although a small minority are only available in other sources or past editions of this dictionary.

Many of these words will be unfamiliar to Spanish speakers because their use is restricted to certain regions or they are no longer in regular use.

====A (Ababol to Alguaza)====
[[Image:Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas).jpg|thumb|right|''Ababol'', poppy]]
#'''ababol''': [[Poppy]]. In [[Aragon]], [[Navarre]], [[Albacete]] and [[Murcia]]. From Andalusian Arabic ''Happapáwr'', a fusion of the Arabic word ''Hab'' (حب) "seed" and the Latin ''papāver''.
#'''abacero''': owner of an '''abacería''', small food shop. From Andalusi Arabic ''*ṣaḥb azzád'' (صاحب الزاد) "owner of supplies."
#'''abadí''': descendant/lineage of ''Mohammed ben Abad'', founder of the Taifa Kingdom of Seville in the 11th century AD. From Andalusi Arabic '' 'abbādī'' (عبّادي).
#'''abalorio''': cheap jewellery or jewellery beads. From Andalusi Arabic '' al ballúri لبلوري ''(made of) glass From Classical Arabic: billawr. Ultimately from Greek βήρυλλος, "beryl"
#'''abarraz''': stavesacre (''[[Delphinium staphisagria]]''), a medicinal plant. From Andalusi Arabic ''ḥább arrás'' (حب الرأس) "head seeds."
#'''abasí''': pertaining to the [[Abbasid dynasty]], which overthrew the [[Umayyad]]s in the 8th century.
#'''abelmosco''': [[musk seed]]s, an aromatic plant. From Andalusi Arabic ''ḥabb al musk'' (حب المسك) literally "musk seeds." Classical Arabic: ḥabbu 'l musk.
#'''abencerraje''': used in expression: "''Zegríes y abencerrajes''", which means "partisans of opposite interests". The ''Abencerrajes'' (in Arabic ''{{unicode|aban as-sarráǧ}}'') was an Arabic family of the Kingdom of Granada, rivals of the Zegríes in the 15th century.
#'''abenuz''': [[ebony]]. From Arabic ''abanus'' (أبنوس) of the same meaning.
#'''abismal''': screw in head of a spear. From Arabic ''al-mismar'' (المسمار) "nail."
#'''abitaque''': a cut of wood used in construction of a certain shape and dimension. From Arabic ''Tabaqa'' (طبقة) "layer" or "intermediate chamber."
#'''acebibe''': raisin. From Arabic ''zabib'' (زبيب) of the same meaning.
#'''acebuche''': wild olive tree, or wood from such a tree. From Andalusi Arabic ''{{unicode|azzabbúǧ}}''.
#'''aceche''': [[Copper(II) sulfate|copper]], [[Iron(II) sulfate|iron]] or [[Zinc sulfate|zinc sulphate]]. From Hisp-Ar. *azzáj, < az-zāj, < From Classical Arabic الزاج az-zāj.
#'''aceifa''': Muslim summer military expedition. From Arabic ''Sa'ifah'' "harvest" or "summer expedition."
#'''aceite''': oil. From Arabic ''az-zayt'' (الزيت) "oil."
#'''aceituna''': olive. From Arabic الزيتون (''az-zaytun'') "olive."
#'''aceituní''': precious cloth from the Orient. From Arabic ''az-zaytuni'', a possible adaptation of the Chinese city Tsö-Thung.
#'''acelga''': [[Chard]]. From Arabic ''as-silqa'' of the same meaning.
#'''acémila''': [[Working animal|beast of burden]]; tax formerly paid in Spain. From Arabic ''az-zamilah'' "beast of burden."
#'''acemite''': wheat husk; a type of wheat porridge. From Arabic ''as-samid'' (السميد).
#'''acenefa''' see '''cenefa'''.
#'''aceña''': [[watermill]]. From Arabic ''as-saniyah'' "the lifter."
#'''acequia''': irrigation canal. From Arabic ''as-saqiyah'' (الساقية)"the irrigator."
#'''acerola''': fruit of the trees ''[[Malpighia]] [[Malpighia emarginata|emarginata]]'' or ''[[Malpighia glabra|M. glabra]]'', generally found in the Americas, of the [[Malpighiaceae]] family. This should be differentiated from the European Service Tree (''[[Sorbus domestica]]''), family [[Rosaceae]]. From Arabic ''zu 'rūrah'' (زعرورة). Originally from Syriac ''za‘rārā''.
#'''acetre''': bucket or cauldron used to extract water from a well; small cauldron used to spray [[holy water]] in [[Christian liturgy]]. From Arabic ''as-saTl'' (السطل).
#'''aciar''': (or '''acial'''): instrument used to keep farm-animals still by squeezing their ear or snout. From Arabic ''az-ziyār''.
#'''acíbar''': [[aloe]] (both the plant and its bitter juice); bitterness, grief, distaste. From Arabic ''aS-Sabr'' (الصّبر).
#'''acicalar''': to clean or polish ('''Acicalarse''' in reflexive form); to make oneself look good by combing, shaving etc. From Arabic ''aS-Siqal'', an instrument used for polishing things.
#'''acicate''': spurs or the spikes on spurs; incentive. From Arabic ''(Muzil) as-siqaT'' "what takes away weaknesses."
#'''acidaque''': Muslim dowry. From Arabic ''as-Sidaq'', [[dowry]] in [[Sharia|Islamic law]].
#'''acimut''': azimuth, an astrological concept - the angle with which the meridian forms a vertical circle which passes through a point in the globe. From Arabic ''assumut'' plural of ''samt''.
#'''ación''': handle on the stirrup. From Arabic ''suyūr'' (سيور), plural of ''sayr'' (سير) "strap."
#'''acirate''': line of soil used to separate different plots of land; path between two lines of trees. From Arabic ''SirāT'' (صراط).
#'''acitara''' or '''citara''': thin wall, normally on a bridge. From Arabic ''sitārah'' (ستارة), wall to avoid falls.
#'''achacar''': to blame. From Arabic ''tashakkà'' (تشكى): to complain or to blame.
#'''adafina''': pot used by Hebrews to cook. It is buried in embers on Friday night, where it cooks until Saturday. From Arabic: ''dafina'' (دفينة) "buried."
#'''adalid''': leader; general of Spanish militia. From Arabic ''dalil'' (دليل).
#'''adaraja''': each of the gaps made by the bricks in a horizonally unfinished wall. From ''daraja'' (درجة).
#'''adarga''': leather shield. From Arabic ''daraqah''.
#'''adárgama''':(rarely used today) flour. From Arabic ''darmaka''.
#'''adarme''': small portion of something; type of measurement. From Arabic ''dirham'' (درهم).
#'''adarvar''': to shock. From Arabic ''darb'' (ضرب) "blow."
#'''adarve''': wall of a fortress; protection, defense. From Arabic ''darb'' (ضرب)
#'''adaza''': sorghum. From Arabic ''duqsah''.
#'''adefera''': a small, square wall or floor tile. From Arabic ''add-ddafeera''.
#'''adehala''': that which is granted or taken as obligatory with the price in the leasing or sale of a property. From Mozarabic ''ad ihala'' and originally from Arabic ''ihala'' "offering credit."
#'''adelfa''': [[oleander]]. From Arabic ''ad-difla'' (الدفلى) of the same meaning.
#'''ademán''': gesticulation which expresses the will to do something. From Arabic ''aD-Daman'' (الضمان), literally meaning legal guarantees. The change of meaning is due to the exaggerated promises and gesticulations which were offered in such a plea.
#'''ademe''': wooden structures used to strengthen tunnels in mines. From Arabic ''di'mah''.
#'''aderra''': cord used to press grapes or olives in order to obtain their juice. From Andalusi Arabic ''ad-dirra'' a noose or cord used to punish those who were guilty of fraud.
#'''adiafa''': present or refreshment given to sailors when back from a voyage. From Arabic ''[[Diyafa]]'' (ضيافة) "present of hospitality."
#'''adivas''': a disease provoking throat inflammation in animals. From Arabic ''aD-Dibbah'' "wolverine" - which is the old Arabic name for this disease.
#'''adive''': a type of canid similar to a fox. From Arabic ''di'b'' (ذئب).
#'''adobe''': brick made from clay. From Arabic ''at-tuba'' (الطوبة from Coptic ''tôbe'') of the same meaning, and from ''ad-dabba''.
#'''adoquín''': paving-stone, cobble; block. From Arabic ''Dukkan'' bench of rock or wood.
#'''ador''': in regions where water for irrigation is restricted and shared out by local authorities, irrigation-time for each farm/field. From Arabic ''dawr''.
#'''aduana''': customs house; customs. From Arabic ''diwan'' (ديوان).
#'''aduar''': semi-permanent rural settlement, normally used for Gypsies, bedouins or Amerindians in South America. From Bedouin Arabic ''duwwar''.
#'''adúcar''': type of silk made from the outside of the silk-worm's cocoon. From Andalusi Arabic ''Haduqa''.
#'''adufe''':tambourine used by Spanish Muslims. From Arabic ''Duff'' (دف).
#'''adul''': in Morocco, asessor of the ''Cadí''. From Arabic ''adl'' "trustworthy person."
#'''adula''': see '''dula'''.
#'''adunia''': (adverb) lots. From Andalusi Arabic ''addunya'', originally from classical Arabic ''duniya'' (الدنيا) "the (whole) world."
#'''adutaque''': same meaning as '''adárgama'''. From Arabic ''duqaq'' (دقاق) "fine flour."
#'''afán''': effort; desire; zeal. From '''afanar'''.
#'''afanar''': to steal; to work with passion. From Arabic ''{{Unicode|fanaaʔ}}'' (فناء) "extinction", "annihilation through passion."
#'''aguajaque''': the whitish resin of fennel. From Arabic ''aw-washaq'' "contaminated with water."
#'''agüela''': Renta de los derechos sobre préstamos consignados en documento público. From Arabic ''Hawalah''.
#'''ajabeba''': Moorish flute. From Classical Arabic ''sabbabah''.
#'''ajaquefa''': Roof. Same origin as ''Azaquefa''.
#'''ajaraca''': Ornamental loop in Andalusian and Arabic architecture. From Andalusi Arabic ''Ash-sharakah'' "loop".
#'''ajarafe''': terrace. From Classical Arabic ''saraf'' "commanding height."
#'''ajebe''': [[Alum]]; [[Para rubber tree]]. From Arabic ''as-Shabb''.
#'''ajedrea''': plant in the genus ''[[Savory (genus)|Satureja]]'' (family [[Lamiaceae]]), about three decimeters in height, with many branches and dark, narrow leaves. It is cultivated as an ornamental in gardens. From Arabic ''assariyya'' or ''assiriyya'', ultimately from Latin ''satureia''.[[Image:ChessSet.jpg|thumb|right|''Ajedrez'', chess]]
#'''ajedrez''': [[chess]]. From Arabic ''ash shitrang'' (الشطرنج) which is from the [[Sanskrit]] ''Chaturang'' (four armed) as was the shape of the original chess board in India
#'''ajenuz''': nutmeg flower or Roman Coriander (''[[Nigella sativa]]''). From Andalusi Arabic ''Shanuz'' and ultimately Classical Arabic ''Shuniz''.
#'''ajimez''': bent; window divided in the center by a vertical divider; salient balcony done of wood and with lattice windows. From Arabic ''samis''.
#'''ajomate''': pluricellular [[alga]] formed by very thin filaments, without knots, bright and of intense green color. It abounds in fresh waters of Spain. From Classical Arabic ''gumam''.
#'''ajonjolí''': [[sesame]]; herbaceous, [[annual plant]] of the family of the [[Pedaliaceae]], a meter high, straight stem, serrate and almost triangular leaves, white or rosy corolla, and fruit with four delicate, yellowish, oily and edible capsules and many seeds. From Classical Arabic ''gulgulan'' "sesame."
#'''ajorca''': bangle; type of gold hoop, silver or another metal, used by the women to adorn the wrists, arms or the feet. From Classical Arabic ''shuruk'', ultimately from the word ''shirāk'' "strap."
#'''ajorrar''': To drag, to tow. See '''Jorro'''.
#'''ajuagas''': equine animal ulcers. From Classical Arabic ''shuqaq''.
#'''ajuar''': a collection of household and personal items (clothes, furniture, jewelry etc...) which women in Spain traditionally prepare from a young age for the day in which they marry and move in with their husband. From Arabic ''Shawar''.
#'''alacena''': cupboard. From Classical Arabic ''ẖizānah'' (خزانة).
#'''alacet''': foundation of a building. From Classical Arabic ''asas'' (أساس).[[Image:Black scorpion.jpg|thumb|right|''Alacrán'', scorpion]]
#'''alacrán''': [[scorpion]]. From Classical Arabic ''aqrab'' (عقرب) of same meaning.
#'''aladar''': Tuft of hair which falls on either side of the head. From Arabic ''idar''.
#'''aladroque''': Anchovy. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al Hatruk'', "big mouthed".
#'''alafa''': wage; pay. From Classical Arabic ''alafah'' "subsistence allowance."
#'''alafia''': grace; pardon; mercy. From Andalusian Arabic ''al afya'' ultimately from Classical Arabic ''afiyah'' (عافية) "health."
#'''alahílca''': tapestry to adorn the walls. Perhaps of ''alailaca'' from Andalusian Arabic ''ilaqa'', and this of Classical Arabic ''ilāqah'' (علاقة) perhaps meaning "hanger."
#'''alajor''': Tax which was paid to owners of land where buildings were built. From Arabic ''Ashur'', period of ten days before Easter when debts were paid and alms were given.
#'''alajú''': Andalusian cake made of almonds, nuts, [[pine nut]]s, bread, spices and cooked honey. From ''al Hashu'' "filling".
#'''alamar''': A type of decorative attachment which is buttoned on clothing. From Andalusi Arabic ''Alam'', decoration (in clothes).
#'''alambique''': alembic. From Arabic ''al-anbiq'' "the cup/container holding water", in turn fr Greek.
#'''alambor''': Two meanings in Spanish with two different etymologies. 1)Embankment, from Andalusi Arabic Harabul "rim", from classical Arabic verb ''Hawwala'', "to alter". 2) Type of Orange tree. From Catalan ''l'ambor'', singular of ''els zambors'', derived from Andalusi Arabic ''Azzambu''.
#'''alamín''': Village judge who decided on irrigation distribution or official who measured weights. From Arabic ''al amin''.
#'''alamud''': Steel bar used to close windows. From Arabic ''amud''.
#'''alaqueca''': A type of blood-coloured quartz. From Arabic 'aqiq.
#'''alárabe''': Arab. From Andalusi Arabic (maintaining the definite article ''al arabi''.
#'''alarde/alardear''': To boast/to show off. From Arabic ,show (Alaard العرض)
#'''alarife''': 1)Architect 2) Builder (in mining) 2) Astute or quick witted person (in Argentina and Uruguay). From Arabic ''al 'arif'': The expert.
#'''alarije (uva)''': A type of grape. From Arabic ''al'aris''.
#'''alaroz''': Crossbar which divides a window or a door. From Arabic ''al'arud'': Obstacle placed to block entry.
#'''alaroza''': Fiancée or newly wed wife. From Arabic Andalusi Arabic ''al arusa''.
#'''alatar''': Drug, spice or perfume dealer. From Arabic ''al attar''.
#'''alatrón''': Nitrate foam. From Arabic ''nattrun''.
#'''alazán/alazano''': Reddish cinnamon coloured. (Used commonly to describe horses). From Arabic ''al ashab''.
#'''alazor''': [[safflower]]. From Arabic ''al usfur''.
#'''albacara''': Wall around a fortress (within which cattle were normally kept. From Arabic ''bab al-baqqara'' The cattle door. ''baqara'' (بقرة) means "cow" in Arabic.
#'''albacea''': executor (of a will). From Andalusi Arabic ''Sahb al Wassiya'' (صاحب الوصية); "the owner of the will".
#'''albacora''': Albacore. From Arabic ''al-bakura'' "premature" or ''al-bakrah'' "young camel."
#'''albadena''': Type of tunic or silk dress. From Arabic ''badan'': Type of shirt which covers the torso.
#'''albahaca''': [[Basil]]. From Arabic ''habaqah''.
#'''albahío''': Pale yellowish colour (used commonly for cattle). From Arabic ''bahi'': Shining.
#'''albalá''': Official document. From Arabic ''al bara'ah''.
#'''albaida''': Anthyllis cystoides (Flowering plant). From Arabic ''al baida'': "The white one".
#'''albanega''':1) Net used for hair. 2) Rabbit trap. From Arabic ''al baniqa''.
#'''albañal''': Sewer. From Andalusi Arabic ''al ballá'': "Swallower".
#'''albañil''': Construction worker. From Andalusi Arabic ''al banni''. Originally from classical Arabic ''banna''.
#'''albaquía''': The remainder. From Arabic ''al-baqi'' (الباقي) of the same meaning.
#'''albarán''': Invoice. From Arabic ''al-bara'ah''.
#'''albarazo''': [[Vitiligo]]. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al-Barash''.
#'''albarda''': Pack-saddle. From Arabic ''al-barda'ah''.
#'''albardán''': Clown or fool. From Andalusi Arabic ''albardán'': "insolent". Originally from Classical Arabic ''bardan'': "Idiot (Cold headed)".
#'''albardín''': Plant endemic to the Spanish steppes, similar in nature and use to [[Esparto]]. From Arabic "al-bardi": "papyrus".
#'''albaricoque''': Apricot. From Arabic ''al-barqouq'' (البرقوق) "plum" or "early-ripe."
#'''albarrada''': 1) Same meaning as '''alcarraza''' (Clay vase). 2) Stone Wall. From Arabic '''al-barradah''': "the cooler".
#'''albarrán''': 1) Farm boy 2) Shepherd 3)Person with no fixed residence. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-barrani'': "Outsider".
#'''albatoza''': Small, covered boat. From Arabic ''al-gattosha'': [[grebe]] (Due to the Arabic custom of giving names of birds to vessels.
#'''albayalde''': [[Cerrusite]]. From Arabic ''al-bayad''.
#'''albéitar''': Vet. From Arabic ''al-baytar''.
#'''albenda''': Decorated white linen. From Arabic ''al-band''.
#'''alberca''': Water deposit for irrigation. In [[Mexico]] and [[Honduras]] it is also the term of choice for [[swimming pool]]. From Arabic ''al-birka''.
#'''albérchigo''': Apricot tree. From Andalusi Arabic ''albershiq''.
#'''albihar''': [[Mayweed]]{{disambiguation needed|date=April 2012}}. From Arabic ''Al-Bahar''.
#'''albitana''': 1)Fence to protect plants in gardening. 2) Prolongation of the keel or stern post of a ship. From Arabic ''al-bitana''.
#'''alboaire''': The craft of decorating churches and domes with "azulejos". From Andalusi Arabic ''al buhaira'': Lagoon.
#'''[[albogue]]''': Single-reed clarinet used in Spain. From Arabic ''al-bûq'' (البوق): The horn or the trumpet.
#'''alboheza''': [[Malva]], from Andalusi Arabic ''Hubayza''.
#'''albohol''': [[Morning glory]], from Andalusi Arabic ''al hubuul'': "rope".
#'''albollón''': Drainage or sewage. From Mozarabic ''Ballaón'' and ultimately from Classical Arabic ''balla'ah''.
#'''albóndiga''': Meatball; ball. From Arabic ''al-bunduqa'' (البندقة) "the ball."
#'''albórbola''': Joy, celebratory noise. From Arabic ''walwalah''.
#'''alborga''': Matweed sandal. From Arabic albúlḡa
#'''albornía''': A type of large vase. From Arabic ''barniya''.
#'''albornoz''': Bath-robe. From ''al-burnos'' (البرنس); "bathrobe".
#'''alboronía''': A type of Andalusian vegetable stew. From Arabic ''al buranniya'' "Buran's (stew)." Buran was the wife of Caliph Ma'moun.
#'''alboroque''': 1) A present or prize given in exchange of a service. 2) The kind treatment and lavish attention offered and recieved in anticipation of a commercial transaction. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-borok'', possibly ultimately from Classical Arabic ''arbun''.
#'''alboroto''': Riot, joy. Comes from arabism ''alborozo'' (joy), from andalusí-arab ''al-burúz'' derived from [[Classical Arabic]] ''al-burūz'', "military parade previous to a campaign".
#'''alborozo''' :Extreme chaos or happiness. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al buruz'': Military parade prior to an expedition.
#'''albotín''': [[Pistacia terebinthus|Turpentine Tree]]. From Arabic ''butm'' of the same meaning.
#'''albricias''': 1) Term used to congratulate someone. 2) Present or gift provided to a bringer of good news. From Arabic ''Bushra''.
#'''albudeca''': A bad [[watermelon]]. From Andalusi Arabic ''al batiHa''.
#'''albufera''': Lagoon. From Arabic ''al buhaira''.
#'''albur''': This term has a wide range of meanings: 1) [[Flathead mullet]] (Spain and Cuba), 2) a card combination in a card game known as Banca, 3) a chance occurence on which an enterprise hedges its bets, 4) an expression which has a double or hidden meaning (Mexico and Dominican Republic) 4)an amourous affair (Nicaragua), 5) a lie, slander or rumour (Puerto Rico and Honduras). From Arabic ''al-boori''.
#'''[[alcabala]]''': 1) A tax on commercial transactions. 2) Police checkpoint outside cities and on main roads (Colombia and Venezuela). From Andalusi Arabic ''al qabala''.
#'''alcabor''': Hollow interior of a chimeney or oven. From Arabic ''al qabw''.
#'''alcabtea''': A type of linen. From Arabic ''al qubtiya'', meaning "egyptian" or "coptic".
#'''alcacel''' or '''alcacer''': 1) Green Barley 2) A Barley field. From Arabic ''al qasil''.
#'''alcachofa''': Artichoke. From ''al-ẖarshoof'' of the same meaning.
#'''alcaduz''': Water pipe. From Arabic ''Qâdûs'' (قادوس) meaning "water-wheel scoop"
#'''alcafar''': Limbs of a cuadruped (normally a horse). From Arabic ''al kafal''.
#'''alcahaz''': Birdcage. From Arabic ''{{Unicode|qafaṣ}}'' (قفص) of the same meaning
#'''alcahuete''': Accomplice, a person who helps another in a love affair, specially an illicit one; gossipy person. Alcahuete comes from hispanic arabic ''alqawwad'' (the messenger), and this from [[Classical Arabic]] ''qawwad''. This "messenger" carried messages to a married woman's lover. By extension it became commonly known as any person who sets up a love affair, generally illicit.
#'''alcaicería''': In Granada and other towns of the former Nasarid Kingdom, an establishment where silk farmers presented their produce under the rights reserved to the Muslim rulers. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al-Qaysariya'', originally from the Latin ''Cesarea''.
#'''alcaide''': Alcaide is a term which historically referred to various positions of government authority. In modern Spanish it most commonly refers to a prison warden. From Arabic ''al qa'id'', "military commander".
#'''alcalde''': Mayor. From Arabic ''al-qadi'' (the judge). ''Qadi'' comes from the verb ''qada'' (to judge).
#'''álcali''': alkali. From Arabic ''qalawi'' (قلوي) of the same meaning.
#'''alcaller''': Clay artisan or his helper. From Andalusi Arabic ''al qallal''.
#'''alcamiz''': An obsolete term referring to a list of soldiers. Its etymology is an erroneous transmision of ''at-taymiz'', "Military inspection" in Andalusi Arabic and "Distinction" in Classical Arabic.
#'''alcamonías''': Seeds used in spice mixes such as anisseed or cumin. It is also a now obsolete expression referring to the act of hiding things. From Arabic ''kammuniya'', a cumin-based concoction.
#'''alcana''': Henna or Henna tree. From Arabic, ''Hinna''.
#'''alcaná''': Commercial street or neighbourhood. From Arabic ''qanaah'': Drains or water pipes.
#'''alcancía''': Clay money box, penny or [[piggy bank]]. From Andalusi Arabic ''alkanzíyya'', derived from classical Arabic ''kanz'': treasure.
#'''alcándara''': Hook used to hang clothes or fowl. From Arabic ''Kandarah''.
#'''alcandía''': [[Sorghum]]. From Andalusi Arabic ''qatniyya''.
#'''alcandora''': A type of shirt. From Arabic ''qandura''.
#'''alcanería''': A now obsolete rural term for a type of artichoke. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-qannariya'', an Arabic rendering of the Latin ''cannaria''.
#'''alcanfor''': [[Camphor]]. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al-Kafur''.
#'''alcántara/alcantarilla''': drain; From Arabic ''al-qantarah'' meaning bridge.
#'''alcaparra''': caper. From Andalusian Arabic ''al-kaparra''. Via Latin and Greek.
#alcaraván
#alcaravea
#alcarceña
#alcarraza
#'''alcarria''':
#alcatanes
#alcatara (or alquitara)
#alcatifa
#'''alcatraz''': Cormorant. From Arabic ''القطرس al-qaṭrās'', meaning sea eagle.
#'''alcaucil''', artichoke. From Spanish Arabic: alqabsíl[a], that comes from mozarab diminutive {{Unicode|kapićéḻa}}, and this from Spanish Latin: capĭtia, head. (Standard latin, ''Caput-itis'')
#alcavela
#alcazaba
#'''alcázar''': citadel; palace. From Arabic ''al-qasr'' (القصر) "the citadel."
#alcazuz (or orozuz)
#'''alcoba''': alcove. From Arabic ''al-qubba'' "the vault" or "the arch."
#alcohela
#'''alcohol''': from Arabic ''al-kuhul'' (الكحول) fine powder of [[Stibnite|antimony sulfide]] used as eye makeup.
#alcoholar
#alcolla
#alcor
#alcora
#alcorcí
#alcorque
#alcorza
#alcotán
#alcotana
#alcrebite
#alcuacil
#alcubilla
#alcuña
#alcuza
#alcuzcuz
#alchub
#aldaba
#aldea/aldeano: Village/Villager.
#aldiza
#alefriz
#aleja
#alejija
#alema
#alerce
#aletría
#aleve/alevoso/alevosía
#aleya
#alfaba
#alfábega
#alfadía
#'''alfaguara''': Geyser. From Arabic ''fawwâra'' (فوارة): spout, fountain, jet d'eau
#alfahar/alfaharería
#alfaida
#alfajeme
#'''alfajor''': Sweet almond shortbread. From Spanish Arabic ''fašúr'', and this from Persian ''afšor'' (juice).
#'''alfalfa''': alfalfa. From Arabic ''al-fafaa'' literally "the best kind of fodder"
#alfaneque (two meanings, a type of bird, from Arabic ''al-fanak'' and a tent from Berber ''afarag'')
#'''alfanje''': A type of sword. From The Arabic al-janyar "dagger"
#alfaque
#alfaqueque
#alfaquí
#alfaquín
#alfaraz
#alfarda (two meanings from ''al-farda'' and from ''al-fardda'')
#alfarero: potter
#alfardón
#alfareme
#alfarje
#alfarrazar
#alfaya
#alfayate
#alfazaque
#'''alféizar''': Window ledge. From Arabic ''al-Hayzar'' "the one which takes possession".
#alfeñique
#alferecía
#alferez
#alferraz
#alferza
#alficoz
#'''alfil''': bishop, in chess. From Arabic ''al-feel'' (الفيل) "the elephant."
#alfilel/alfiler
#alfinge
#alfitete
#alfiz
#alfolí
#'''alfombra''' (two meanings from ''al-jumra'' and ''al-humra'')
#'''alfóncijo''': pistachio. From Arabic ''al-fustuq''.
#alfóndega
#alforfón
#'''alforja''': saddlebag. From Arabic ''al-khurj'' ( الخرج ) "saddle-bag", portmanteau
#alforre
#alforrocho
#alforza
#alfóstigo
#'''alfoz''': Neighborhood, district. From Arabic ''hauz'' (حوز) meaning "Precinct" or "City limits"
#algaba
#algadara
#algaida
#algalaba
#algalia
#algalife
#algar
#algara
#algarada
#'''algarabía''': incomprehensible talk; gabble; gibberish. From Arabic ''al-'arabiya'': "Arabic".
#algarivo
#'''algarazo''': Short rainstorm. From Arabic ''al 'ard'': "cloud".
#algarrada
#'''algarrobo''': carob. From Arabic ''al-kharouba'' "the carob."
#algavaro
#algazafán
#algazara
#algazul
#'''álgebra''': algebra. From the name of [[al-Khwarizmi]]' book ''[[Hisab al-jabr w’al-muqabala]]'' "''The Calculus of Subtraction and Equality''."
#algecireño
#'''algodón''', "cotton", from Arabic "al-qúţun (قطن)", meaning "the cotton"
#algorfa
#'''algoritmo''', [[algorithm]], that comes from the name of [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], محمد بن موسى ا'''لخوارزمي''', famous mathematician.
#algorza:
#'''alguacil''', "Sherrif", from Arabic "al-wazîr (الوزير)", meaning "Minister"
#'''alguaquida''': fuel for a fire. From Arabic ''waqîda'' (وقيدة) meaning "Fuel"
#'''alguaza''': Window or door hinge.From Arabic ''wasl'' "juncture".

====A (Alhadida to Azumbre)====
#'''alhadida''': Old Spanish term for [[Hadith]].
#'''alhaite''': jewel. From Arabic ''al hayt'' "string".
#'''alhaja''': jewel. From Arabic ''al-hagah'' "the valuable thing."
#'''alhamar''': Red matress or bed cover. From Arabic ''hanbal'': fur bedcover.
#'''alhamel''': (Andalusian Spanish) Beast of burden or human porter. From Arabic ''hammal''.
#'''alhamí''': Stone bench normally covered with [[azulejos]]. Refers to the Grenadine town of Alhama.
#'''alhandal''': [[Colocynth]]. From Arabic ''Alhanzal''.
#'''alhanía''': 1) Bedroom 2) cupboard 3) A type of small mattress. From Andalusi Arabic ''al haniyya'': Alcove.
#'''alhaquín''': Weaver. From Arabic plural ''Al Hayikeen''. Weavers.
#'''alharaca''': Violent reaction to a small issue. From Arabic ''haraka''.
#'''alhavara''': Flour. From Arabic ''huwara''.
#'''alhelí''': [[Aegean Wallflower]]. From Arabic ''hiri''.
#'''alheña''': Spanish word for [[Henna]] and the plant from which it is derived.
#'''alholva''':[[Fenugreek]]. From Arabic ''hulbah''-
#'''alhorí''': Same meaning and etymology as more commonly used term '''Alfolí'''.
#'''alhorre''': 1) Feaces of newly born child. From Arabic ''hur'': feaces. 2)Skin rash common in babies. Commonly used in expression ''yo te curaré el alhorre'' when threatening to beat a child. From Arabic ''Shakatu el hurr'', skin infection.
#'''alhorría''': (or '''ahorría'''): Expression used for when a slave is freed. From Arabic ''al-hurriya'': Freedom.
#'''alhucema''': [[Lavender]]. From Arabic: ''huzama''.
#'''alhuceña''': [[Woodruff]]. From Arabic ''uhshina''.
#'''aliara''': Drinking horn. From Andalusian Arabic ''al fiyara''.
#'''alicante''': Vernacular name of two different types of posionous snakes present in Spain and Northern Mexico respectively. From Arabic ''al aqrab'': scorpion.
#'''alicatar''': To till. From Arabic ''qat'' "to cut".
#'''alicate''': Pliers. From Arabic ''laqaat'': "tongs.
#'''alidada''': [[Alidade]]. From Andalusian Arabic: ''al'idada''.
#'''alifa''': (Used in Andalusian and Mexican Spanish) Sugar cane which is two years old. From Arabic ''halifa'': "successor".
#'''alifafe''': 1)Light indisposition. 2) Type of tumor which develops on the legs of horses from excessive work. From Arabic: ''ifash'': Sowing bag.
#alifara
#alijar
#alimara
#alioj
#alirón
#alizace
#alizar
#aljaba
#aljabibe
#aljama
#aljamía/aljamiado: Medieval Romance Spanish or Mozarabic written in Arabic script.
#aljaraz
#aljarfa
#aljébana
#aljerife
#aljez
#aljibe
#aljófar/aljofarar
#aljofifa
#aljor (or ''aljez'')
#aljuba
#aljuma
#añagaza
#almacabra
#'''almacén''': deposit, dry goods store. From Arabic ''al-majzan'' of ''makhzan'' (المخزن) "the storage" or "the depot."
#almacería
#almáciga
#almadén
#almádena
#almadía
#'''[[almadraba]]''': Tuna fishing in Andalusia and particularly in Cadiz province. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al-madraba'', "place where one beats something or fights", in reference to the fishing technique.
#almadraque
#almagazén
#almagra
#almahala
#almaizar
#almaja
#almajaneque
#almajar
#almajara
#almalafa
#'''almanaque''': [[almanac]] (see etymology section in the article for further discussion). From Arabic ''al-manakh'' (المناخ) "the climate." Or possibly from Greek ''almenichiakon'' "calendar."
#almacebe
#almarada
#almarbate
#almarcha
#almarjo
#almarrá
#almarraja or almarraza
#almártaga (two meanings, from ''al-marta'a'' and ''al martak'')
#almástica
#almatroque
#almazara: olive press. From Arabic "al-ma3Sara" (المعصرة), "juicer".
#almazarrón
#almea (two meanings, from ''almay'a'' and '''alima'')
#almejía
#almenara (two meanings, from ''al-manara'' and ''al-minhara'')
#almez
#almíbar
#almicantarat
#almijar
#almijara
#almijarra
#almimbar
#alminar
#almiraj/almiraje/almiral
#almirez
#'''almirón''': [[Dandelion]]. From Andalusian Arabic: ''al Mirun''.
#almizate
#almizcle/almizque
#almocadén
#almocafre
#almocárabe
#almoceda
#almocrebe
#almocrí
#almodón
#almófar
#almofariz
#almofía
#almofrej/almofrez
#almogama
#almogávar
#almohada: Pillow, from Arabic ''al-makhada'' with the same meaning.
#almohade
#almoharrefa
#almohaza
#almojábana
#almojama (see mojama)
#almojarife
#almojaya
#almona
#almoneda
#almoraduj/almoradux
#almorávide:
#almorí
#'''almoronía''': See '''alboronía'''.
#almotacén
#almotalafe
#almotazaf/almotazán
#almozala/almozalla
#almud
#almuédano
#almuerzo
#almunia
#alpargata
#alpechín
#alpiste
#'''alquería''': farmhouse. From Arabic ''al-qaria'' "the village."
#aloque
#aloquín
#alpargata
#alquequenje
#alquería
#alquermes
#alquerque (Two meanings from ''al-qirq'' and ''al-qariq'')
#alquez
#alquezar
#alquibla
#alquicel
#alquilar: Rent.
#alquimia
#alquinal
#alquitira
#alquitrán
#alrota
#altabaca
#altamía
#altramuz
#'''alubia''': pea bean
#aludel
#aluquete/luquete
#alloza
#amán
#ámbar
#ámel
#amín
#amirí
#anacalo
#anacora
#anafaga
#anafalla/anafaya
#anafe
#anaquel
#andorra
#andrajo
#anea
#anejir
#anorza
#anúteba
#añacal
#añacea/añacear
#añafea
#añafil
#añagaza
#añascar
#añazme
#añicos
#añil (ultimately from Sanskrit ''nilah'' "dark blue")
#arabí
#arancel
#arbellón/arbollón
#archí
#argadillo
#argamandel
#argamula
#argán
#argel
#argolla
#arguello/arguellarse
#arije
#arimez
#arjorán
#arnadí
#arrabá
#arrabal
#arracada
#arráez
#arrayán
#arrecife
#arrejaque/arrejacar
#arrelde
#arrequife
#arrequive
#arriate
#arricés
#arroba
#arrobda
#arrocabe
#arrope
#arroz: Rice.
#áscar/áscari
#asequi
#'''asesino''': assassin. From Arabic ''hashshshin'' "someone who is addicted to hashish (marijuana)." Was originally used to refer to the followers of the Persian [[Hassan-i-Sabah]] (حسن صباح), the [[Hashshashin]].
#atabaca
#atabal
#atabe
#'''atacar''' : to tie, to button up. From Andalusi Arabic ''tákka'', originally from classical Arabic ''tikkah'', ribbon used to fasten clothes. Not to be confused with ''atacar'' with the meaning of "to attack", of Italian origin.
#atacir
#atafarra/ataharre
#atafea
#atahona
#atahorma
#ataifor
#ataire
#atalaya
#atalvina
#atambor
#atanor
#atanquía
#ataracea
#atarazana
#atarfe
#atarjea
#atarraga
#atarraya
#ataúd: Coffin.
#ataujía
#ataurique
#atifle
#atijara
#atíncar
#atoba
#atocha
#atracae
#atoque
#atríaca/atriaca
#atún: Tuna.
#atutía
#auge: Surge/rise.
#aulaga
#avería
#ayatolá
#azabache
#azabara
#azacán
#azacaya
#azache
#azafate/azafata
#'''azafrán''': saffron. From Arabic ''za'firan'' of the same meaning. Perhaps from ''safra'' "yellow."
#'''azahar''': White flower, especially from the orange tree. From Spanish Arabic ''azzahár'', and this from Classic Arabic ''zahr'', flowers
#azalá
#azamboa
#azándar
#azaque
#'''azaquefa''': Covered portico or patio. From Andalusi Arabic ''assaqifa'', portico.
#'''azar''': luck; chance. From Arabic ''az-zahr'' "the dice." or North African Arabic ''az-zhar'' "luck".
#azarbe
#azarcón
#azarja
#azarnefe
#azarote
#azófar
#azofra/azofrar
#azogue (two meanings: from ''az-za'uq'' and from ''as-suq'')
#azolvar
#azorafa
#'''azote''': Smacking, beating, scourge. From Arabic ''Sawt''.
#'''azotea''': Flat roof or terrace. From Andalusi Arabic ''assutáyha'', diminutive of ''sath'', terrace in classical Arabic.
#azoya
#'''azúcar''': sugar. From Arabic (سكر) ''sukkar'' of the same meaning.
#azucarí
#azucena
#azuche
#azud
#azufaifa/azufaifo
#'''azul''': Blue. Derived from Arabic ''Azraq'' (ازرق).
#azulaque (or zulaque)
#azulejo
#azúmbar
#'''azumbre''': Measurement for liquids equivalent to around two litres. From Del Andalusi Arabic ''aTTúmn'', and this from classical Arabic: ''Tum[u]n'', "an eighth".

====B====
#'''babismo''': Babism. From Arabic ''باب'' "door."
#'''babucha''': Slippers. From Arabic ''Baboush'', derived from Persian "Papoosh" literally meaning "foot covering". The transition from Persian "p" to Arabic "b" occurs due to lack of the letter p in the Arabic alphabet. "Pa-" in Persian means foot and "poosh" means covering. Persian "pa" or foot shares the same root with other Indo-European languages, i.e. Latin ''pede[m]'', French "pied", Spanish "pie" and "pata",etc.
#'''badal''': Cut of meat from the back and ribs of cattle, close to the neck. From Andalusi Arabic ''bad'a'' "Calf muscle" derived from classical Arabic ''bad'ah'' "piece".
#'''badán''': Trunk of an animal. From Arabic ''badan''.
#'''badana''': 1) Sheepskin, 2) hat lining 3) Lazy person. From Arabic ''bitana'', "lining".
#'''badea''': 1) Watermelon or Melon of bad quality. 2) Insipid cucumber 3) Weak person 4) Unimportant thing. From Arabic ''battiha'': "bad melon".
#'''badén''': Dip in land, road, sidewalk or ford. From Arabic ''batin'': Sunken (land).
#'''bagarino''': Free or hired sailor, as opposed to a press-ganged or enslaven one. Same origin as '''baharí'''.
#'''bagre''': a freshwater fish that has no scales and has a chin. From Arabic ''baghir'' or ''baghar''.
#'''baharí''': [[Bird of prey]]. From Arabic ''bahri'': "from the sea".
#'''baja''': pasha, Turkish officer or governor of high rank. From Arabic ''basha'' ultimately from Turkish ''pasha'' of the same meaning.
#'''baladí''': 1) Unimportant thing or matter. 2) Something of the land our country. From Arabic ''baladiy'' "From the country".
#'''balaj/balaje''': Purple ruby. From Arabic ''Balahshi'': From Balahshan (region in central Asia where these stones are found).
#balate
#balda (and baldío)
#baldar
#'''balde''': 1)Free. 2) without cause or 3) in vain. from Arabic ''batil'' "false" or "useless."
#bancal
#baño
#baraka
#barbacana
#barcino
#bardaje
#bardoma/bardomera
#barragán
#barrio/barriada: Area, district or neighbourhood in a town. From Arabic ''barri'' "outside".
#bata (either from Arabic ''batt'' of French ouate)
#batán
#batea
#baurac
#bayal
#baza (either Arabic or Italian origin)
#bazar-bazaar
#belez
#'''bellota''': acorn, the fruit or seed of the oak tree. From Arabic ''balluta'' of the same meaning.
#ben
#benimerín
#benjui
#berberí
#berberís
#bereber
#berenjena/berenjenal
#bezaar/bezoar
#biznaga
#bocací
#bodoque/bodocal
#bófeta
#bórax
#borní
#boronía
#botor
#bujía
#bulbul
#burche
#buz
#buzaque

====C====
#'''cabila''': tribe of Berbers or Bedouins. From Arabic ''qabila'' "tribe."
#cachera
#cadí
#cadira
#'''café''': coffee. From ''qahwa'' (قهوة) of the same meaning.
#cáfila
#cafiz (or cahiz)
#cafre
#caftán
#cáid (same origin as alcaide)
#caimacán
#cala
#'''calabaza''': Pumpkin or squash. From Arabic ''qerabat'' (قربات), plural of ''qerbah''(قربة), meaning wineskin.
#calafate/calafatear
#calahorra
#calí (same root as álcali)
#cálibo/calibre
#cambuj
#camocán
#canana-cartridge belt
#cáncana/cancanilla
#cáncano
#cande (in azúcar cande)
#canfor
#caraba
#cárabe
#'''cárabo''': owl; dog. Taken from ''qaraab'' and ''kalb'' "dog", respectively.
#caracoa
#caramida
#caramuzal
#caravana
#caravasar
#carcajada/carcajear
#carcax
#'''carmen'''/'''carme''': From Spanish Arabic ''kárm'', and this from Classic Arabic ''karm'', vine.
#'''carmesí''': crimson. From ''quirmizi''
#carmín
#carraca
#carrafa
#cártama/cártamo
#catán
#catifa
#cazurro
#cebiche
#cebtí
#ceca
#cedoaria
#cegatero
#cegrí
#ceje
#celemí/celemín/celeminero
#cenacho
#cendolilla
#cenefa
#ceneque
#cení
#cenia
#cenit
#cequí
#cerbatana
#'''cero''': zero. From ''sifr'' of the same meaning.
#cetís
#ceutí
#chafariz
#chafarote
#chaleco
#charrán
#chifla
#chilaba (from Moroccan Arabic)
#chiquero
#chirivía
#chisme
#chivo
#choz
#chupa
#chuzo
#cianí
#cibica
#cica
#cicalar
#cicatear
#cicatero (cicatero has a different root to cicatear)
#ciclán
#ciclar
#ciclatón
#cid
#cifaque
#cifra/cifrar
#címbara
#cimboga
#cimitarra
#circón
#citara
#civeta/civeto
#coba/cobista
#cofa
#coima
#coime
#colcótar
#cora
#Corán: from ''qur'aan'' (قرآن), the Muslim holy book.
#corbacho
#corma
#cotonía
#cubeba
#cúrcuma
#curdo
#cuscuta

====D, E====
#'''dado''': die (cube or stamp). From Classical Arabic ''a'dad'' "numbers."
#daga - dagger
#dahír
#daifa
#dante
#darga (or adarga)-shield
#dársena-dock/basin
#daza
#derviche
#descafilar
#destartalado
#dey
#dirham
#diván-divan/couch
#droga-drug
#druso
#dula/dular
#edrisí
#ejarbe
#elche
#elemí
#embelecar/embeleco
#emir (or amir)
#encaramar
#'''enchufar/enchufe''': 1) To plug in/plug; 2) To connect, 3) to offer an unmerited job or a post through personal connections. From Andalusi Arabic ''Juf'' derived from Classical Arabic ''Jawf'': stomach; internal cavity.
#engarzar-to set/thread
#enjalma
#enjarje
#enjeco
#'''escabeche''': Pickle or marinade. From Arabic ''as-sukbaj''. Originally from Persian ''Sekba''.
#escafilar (see descafilar)
#escaque/escaquear
#espinaca-spinach
#exarico

====F, G====
#faca
#falagar
#falca
#falleba
#faltriquera-pocket
#falúa/faluca
#fanega/hanega
#fanfarrón
#faranga (or [[wikt:haragán|haragán]]), lazy, idler, loafer
#farda
#fardacho
#farfán
#fárfara
#farnaca
#farota
#'''farruco''': Insolent or "cocky". From Andalusian Arabic ''Farrouj'': Cock.
#felús
#fetua
#fez
#fideo
#filelí
#foceifiza
#fondolí
#fondac/fonda
#foz
#fulano, "any one" without naming, X of people. Arabic: Fulan.
#fustal
#fustete
#gabán
#gabela
#gacel/gacela
#gafetí
#galacho
#galanga
#galbana
#gálibo
#galima
#gandula/gandula
#gañan
#garama
#garbino
#gardacho
#garfa
#gárgol
#garra
#garrafa
#garrama
#garroba
#gazpacho
#gilí
#gomer
#granadí
#grisgrís
#guadamací
#guájara
#guájete
#guala
#guarismo
#guifa
#guilla
#gumía
#gurapas

====H, I====
#'''habiz''': Donation of real estate under certain conditions to muslim religious institutions. From Classical Arabic: ''ḥabīs'': amortized.
#'''habús''': Same meaning as "Habiz" is Morroco. From Arabic ''ḥubūs'': Property belonging to the deceased used for charity.
#'''hachís''': Hashish. From Classical Arabic ''Hashish": Grass.
#'''hacino''': Miser or From Andalusian Arabic ''ḥazīn".
#'''hadruba''': Hump (on someone's back): From Andalusian Arabic ''ḥadúbba''.
#'''hafiz''': Guard or Minder. From Andalusian Arabic ''ḥāfiẓ''.
#'''hálara''': (Same meaning and etymology as "Fárfara") 1) Interior lining of egg. 2) Coldsfoot. Form Andalusian Arabic: ''falḡalála''.
#'''hamudí''': Descendants of Ali Ben Hamud, founders of the Málaga and Algericas Taifas during the 11th century.
#'''haragán''': 1) Someone who refuses to work. 2) In Cuba and Venezuela, a type of mop. From Andalusian Arabic: ''khra kan'': "Was shit".
#'''harambel''': See "arambel".
#harbar
#harén
#harma
#harón
#Hasaní
#'''hasta''': "Until". From Arabic ''hatta'' (same meaning). Influenced by Latin phrase 'ad ista'<ref name=rae>The [http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=hasta Diccionario de la Lengua Española] of the [[Real Academia Española]]</ref>
#hataca
#hazaña
#'''he''': Adverb used in following manner: ''"he aquí/ahí/allí"'': Here it is/there it is. From Arabic ''haa''.<ref name=rae/>
#hégira
#hobacho/hobacha
#'''holgazán''': Lazy person. From Arabic ''Kaslan''. Influenced by ''Holgar''.
#holgar
#hoque/oque
#horro/horra
#imam, imán
#imela
#islam

====J, K====
#'''jabalí''' : Wild Boar. From Arabic ''jebeli'': From the mountains. Perhaps originally from ''Khanzeer Jebelí'': Mountain Pig.
#jabalón
#jábega
#jabeca
#jabeque
#'''jabí''' : A type of apple and type of grape. From Andalusi Arabic ''sha‘bí'', a type of apple.
#jácara
#jácena
#jacerino
#jadraque
#jaez
#jaguarzo
#jaharí
#jaharral
#jaharrar
#jaima
#jaique
#jalear
#jalma (or enjalma)
#jaloque
#jamacuco
#jametería
#jámila
#japuta
#jaque
#'''jaqueca''': Migraine. From Arabic ''Shaqiqa'', with same meaning.
#jáquima
#jara
#'''jarabe''': Syrup. Usually in the context of cough syrup or linctus.
#jaraíz
#jarcha
#jareta
#jaricar
#jarifo/jarifa
#jarquía
#'''jarra''': Pitcher or other pot with handle(s). From ''{{Unicode|ǧarrah}}'', same as english ''jar''.
#jatib
#jazarino/jazarina
#jazmín: jasmine. From Arabic ''yasmin'' then from Persian word the same word
#jebe
#jeliz
#jemesía
#jeque: From Arabic ''shaikh'' or ''[[sheikh]]'', older
#'''jerife''': From Arabic ''[[sharif]]'', noble, respected.
#'''jeta''': Snout, face, cheek (in both literal and figurative sense). From Arabic ''khatm'': "snout".
#jifa
#jinete
#'''jirafa''': giraffe. From ''ziraffa'' of the same meaning.
#jirel
#'''jofaina''': a wide and shallow basin for domestic use. From ''{{Unicode|ǧufaynah}}''.
#jofor
#jorfe
#joroba
#jorro
#juba/aljuba/jubón
#julepe
#jurdía
#jurel
#kermes

====L, M====
#'''laca''': resinous substance tapped from the [[Lacquer Tree]]. From Arabic ''lak'', taken from Persian ''lak'', ultimately from Sanskrit ''laksha'' literally meaning "one hundred thousand" referring to the large number of insects that gather and sap out all the resin from the trees.
#lacre
#'''lapislázuli''': [[lapis lazuli]], a deep blue mineral. From Arabic lazaward (لازورد) from Persian lagvard or lazward, ultimately from Sanskrit ''rajavarta'' literally meaning "ringlet of the king."
#'''latón''': brass. From Arabic ''latun'' from Turkish ''altın'' "gold."
#'''laúd''': lute. From Arabic ''al 'ud'' (العود) "the lute."
#'''lebeche''': Southeasterly wind on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. From Andalusi Arabic ''Labash''.
#'''lebení''': a Moorish beverage prepared from [[soured milk]]. From Arabic ''labani'' (لباني) "dairy."
#'''leila''': from Arabic ''layla'' (ليلة) "night."
#'''lelilí''': Shouts and noise made by moors when going into combat or when celebrating parties. From ''la illaha ila allah''( لا إله إلا الله): There is no god but Allah; ''Ya leilí'' (ياليلي) : Night of mine; ''ya 'ayouni'' (يا عيوني) : My eyes.
#'''lima''': lime. From Arabic ''limah'' of the same meaning.
#'''limón''': lemon. From ''laymoon'' (ليمون), derived from the Chinese word ''limung''.
#'''loco''': crazy. From Arabic ''lawqa'' "fool."
#macabro
#macsura
#madraza
#magacén
#magarza/magarzuela
#maglaca
#maharon/maharona
#maharrana/marrana/marrano
#mahozmedín
#maimón
#majareta
#majzén
#mamarracho
#mameluco
#mamola
#mandeísmo
#mandil
#maquila
#marabú
#maravedí
#marcasita
#marchamo
#márfega
#marfil
#marfuz/a
#margomar
#marjal
#marlota
#marojo
#maroma
#'''marrano''' pig; cf. Arabic ''muharram'' "forbidden".
#marras
#márraga
#'''masamuda''': (adj) Individual from the Berber ''Masmuda'' tribe, from which originate the Almohades, a movement which ruled Spain and North Africa in the 12th century. From Arabic: ''Masamuda''.
#matafalúa
#mártaga
#máscara
#matarife
#mate
#matraca
#matula
#mauraca
#mazapán
#mazarí
#mazarrón
#mazmodina
#'''mazmorra''': Dungeon. From Arabic ''matmura'' "silo".
#'''mazorca''': corn cob; roll of wool or cotton. From Andalusi Arabic: ''Masurqa'', derived from classical Arabic ''Masura'' (ماسورة) : a tube used as a bobbin (sewing) .
#'''meca''': Place which is attractive because of a particular activity. From Arabic ''Mekkah''(مكة).
#mechinal
#mejala
#mejunje
#mendrugo
#'''mengano/mengana''': Expression of similar meaning as '''fulano''' or '''zutano''', used always after the former but after the latter, meaning "whoever". From Arabic ''man kan'' meaning "whoever".
#'''mequetrefe''': Nosy or useless person. From Andalusi Arabi ''qatras'' meaning person of boastful demeanor.
#mercal
#metical
#mezquino
#'''mía''': A military term, formerly designating a regular native unit composed of 100 men in the Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco; by analogy, any colonial army. From Arabic ''Mi'ah'': one hundred(مئة).
#'''mihrab''':
#miramamolín
#moaxaja
#mogataz
#mogate
#moharra
#moharracho
#mohatra
#mohedal
#mohino
#'''[[mojama]]''' (originally almojama): Delicacy of phoenician origin from the region of Cadiz. It consists of filleted salt-cured tuna. From the Arabic ''al mushama'': "momified or waxed".
#mojí
#momia
#mona
#monfí
#morabito
#moraga
#morapio
#mozárabe
#mudéjar
#muftí
#mujalata
#mulato: Likely from Muwallad, as with the [[Muladi]]. Walad (ولد ) means, "descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one". According to [[DRAE]], from ''mulo'' (mule), in the sense of ''hybrid''.
#mulquía
#muslim / muslime: (Adjective) Muslim.<ref>[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=muslime DRAE: 'muslime']</ref> A rare alternative to '''musulmán'''. From Arabic ''Muslim'' (مسلم).

====N, O, P, Q====
#'''nabí''': Prophet among arabs. From Arabic ''nabiy''.
#'''nacar''': Innermost of the three layers of a seashell. From Catalan ''nacre'', derived from Andalusi Arabic ''naqra'', small drum.
#'''nácara''': Type of small metallic drum used historically by the Spanish cavalry. Same etymology as '''nacar'''.
#'''nadir''': Nadir, the point on the celestial sphere opposite the zenith directly below the observer. From ''nadheer''.
#'''nádir''': In Morocco, administrator of a religious foundation.
#'''nagüela''': Small hut for human habitation. From Andalusi Arabic ''nawalla'': hut.
#'''naife''': High quality diamond. From Andalusi Arabic ''nayif''. Originally from classical Arabic ''na'if'': excellent.
#'''naipe''': Playing card. From Catalan ''naíp''. Originally from Arabic ''ma'ib''.
#'''naranja''': Orange. from Arabic ''nāranja'', fr Persian ''nārang'', fr Sanskrit ''nāranga'', fr a Dravidian language akin to Tamil ''naŗu'' "fragrant".
#narguile
#natrón
#'''nazarí''': Related to the [[Nasrid]] kingdom or dynasty of [[Granada]].
#'''nenúfar''': [[Nymphaeaceae|Water-lily]]. From Arabic ''naylufar'' from Persian ''nilofer, niloofar, niloufar.''
#'''nesga''':
#'''noria''': [[Watermill]], [[Ferris wheel]]. From Arabic ''na'urah''.
#'''nuca''': Nape of the neck. From Arabic ''nuḫā''' ''نخاع ، منخع'', via Medieval Latin ''nucha''.
#'''ojalá''': "I hope"; "I wish that...". From ''{{Unicode|law šhaʾ allāh}}'' "God willing." <ref>http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=ojalá DRAE entry</ref>
#'''¡ole!''' (or '''olé'''): The most famous expression of approval, support or encouragement, possibly comes from ''[[Wallah (arabic)|wa-llah]]'' '''و الله''', by Allah!
#'''omeya''': adj. Related to the [[Umayyad]].
#orozuz
#'''ox''': Expression to scare away wild and domesticated birds. From Andalusi Arabic ''Oosh''.
#papagayo
#quermes
#quilate/quirate: Carat or Karat. From Andalusi Arabic ''Qirat''.
#quilma
#quina
#'''quintal''': weight unit of about 46 kg. In its current use under the metric system, it represents 100 kg. From Andalusi Arabic ''Qintar'', through Syriac and ultimately Latin.

====R, S, T====
#rabadán
#rabal
#rabazuz
#rabel
#rábida
#rafal
#rafe
#ragua
#rahez
#ramadán
#rambla
#rauda
#rauta
#'''real''': Military encampment; plot where a fair is organized; (in Murcia region) small plot or garden. From Arabic ''rahl'': camping.
#rebato
#rebite
#recamar
#recua
#redoma
#rehala
#rehalí
#'''rehén''': Hostage or captive. From Arabic ''رهينة'', captive, ransom.
#'''rejalgar''': [[realgar]]. From Andalusi Arabic ''reheg al-ghar'': "powder of the cave"
#requive
#resma
#retama
#'''rincón''': Corner. From Andalusi Arabic ''rukan'', derived from classicar Arabic ''Rukn''.
#robda
#robo (or arroba)
#roda
#romí/rumí
#ronzal
#roque
#sajelar
#salema
#'''sandía''': Watermelon. From Arabic ''Sindiya'' "from Sindh (province in India)".
#'''sarasa''': Homosexual or effeminate man. From "Zaraza".
#sarraceno
#sebestén
#secácul
#serafín
#siroco
#sofí
#sófora
#soldán
#soltaní
#sufí
#sura
#tabal (or atabal)
#tabaque
#tabefe
#tabica
#tabique
#taca
#tafurea
#tagarino/tagarina
#tagarnina
#taha
#tahalí
#tahona
#tahúr
#'''[[taifa]]''': Refers to an independent [[Muslim]]-ruled principality, an [[emirate]] or [[petty kingdom]], of which a number formed in the [[Al-Andalus]] ([[Moors|Moorish]] Iberia) after the final collapse of the [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph of Córdoba|Caliphate of Córdoba]] in 1031. Used in numerous expressions. Can also mean 1) a faction 2) a group of people of ill judgement. 3) ''un reino de Taifas'' (a kingdom of Taifas) can also refer to a chaotic or disorderly state of affairs. From classical Arabic ''Ta'ifah'': faction.
#tajea
#talco
#talega
#talvina
#támara
#tamarindo
#tambor
#tara
#taracea
#taraje
#tarasí
#tarbea
#tarea
#tareco
#tarida
#tarifa
#tarima
#tarquín
#tarraya
#'''taza''': cup. From ''Tasa''.
#tértil
#tíbar
#tochibí
#tomín
#toronja
#toronjil
#trafalmejas
#truchimán/na
#trujamán/na
#tuera
#tumbaga
#Tunecí
#turbit
#turquí (in Azul Turquí)
#tutía (or atutía)

====V, X, Y, Z====
#'''vacarí''': from Arabic ''baqari'' (بقري) "bovine."
#'''valencí''': Uva Valencia. A type of grape from Murcia region in South East Spain.
#'''velmez''': from Arabic ''malbas'' (ملبس) "clothing."
#'''verdín''': Spontaneous growth of grass or sprouting. From Arabic ''bardi'' (Same etymology as albardín). Influenced by Spanish word "Verde".
#'''visir''': vizier. From Arabic ''wazir'' (وزير) "minister."
#'''yébel''': from Arabic ''jabal''; "mountain"
#'''zabalmedina''': in the Middle Ages, judge with civil and criminal jurisdiction in a city. From Arabic ''Sahib al Medina'' "Chief of the City."
#'''zabarcera''': women who sells fruits and other food. Same origin as '''abacero'''
#'''zabazala''': imam who leads Islamic prayer. From Arabic '' SaHb aS-Salah'' "Leader of prayer."
#'''zabazoque''': same meaning as '''almotacén'''. From Arabic ''SáHb as súq'' "Leader of the Market."
#'''zábila''': [[aloe vera]] (used mainly in Latin America) From Andalusi Arabic ''sabíra'', originally from classical Arabic ''Sibar''.
#'''zabra''': type of vessel used in the Bay of Biscay in the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age. From Arabic ''zauraq''.
#'''zacatín''': in some villages, a square where clothes are sold. From ''saqqatin'', plural of ''saqqat'': seller of clothes.
#'''zafar''': a number of meanings in Spain and Latin American countries: To free, to untie, to ignore, to unknit among others. From Arabic ''azaHa'': to take away.
#'''zafarí''': ''Granada zafarí'': a type of pomegranate. ''Higo zafarí'': a type of fig. From Arabic ''Safr''.
#'''zafariche''': Structure used for placing clay urns. Same etymology as '''jaraíz''' (see above).
#'''zafio''': Uncouth. From Andalusi Arabic ''Fellah safi'': "Mere peasant".
#'''zafrán''': See '''Azafran'''.
#'''zaga''': Backside of something. Cargo on the back of a truck. From Arabic ''Saqah'': Rear, rearguard.
#'''zagal''': boy. From Andalusian Arabic ''zaḡál'', traditional Arabic ''zuḡlūl''. Same meaning.
#zagaya (or azagaya)
#zagua
#'''zaguán''': hall. From Andalusian Arabic ''istawán'', traditional Arabic ''usṭuwān''(''ah'').
#zagüía
#zaharrón
#zahén
#zahón
#'''zahora''': (Mainly used in Spanish region of La Mancha): Large meal accompanied by dancing or partying. From Arabic Islamic term [[suhoor]].
#zahorí
#zaida
#zaino
#zala
#zalamelé
#zalea/zalear
#zalema/zalama
#'''zalmedina''': Same meaning and origin as '''zabalmedina'''.
#zalona
#zamacuco
#'''zambra''': Traditional festivity of the Moriscos in Spain which is maintained by the Gypsy community of Sacromonte, Granada. From Andalusi Arabic ''Zamra'', originally from classical Arabic ''Zamr''.
#'''zanahoria''': carrot, presumably from Andalusi Arabic. The only [[Arabic dialect]] with a [[cognate]] form is [[Libyan Arabic|Libyan]] [[Tunisian Arabic|Tunisian]] with ''sfinaria'', meaning "The Sword of Fire" (السيف الناري).
#'''zaque''': Leather recipient for wine or extracting water from a well. Drunken person. From Andalusi Arabic zaqq. Originally from classical Arabic ziqq.
#zaquizamí
#zaragüelles
#zaranda/zarandillo/zarandaja
#'''zarandear''': To shake vigorously / push around / toss about. From ''Zaranda''.
#'''zaratán''': [[Breast cancer]]. From the Arabic ''saratan'': crab.
#'''zarazán''':
#zarco
#zarracatín
#zarzahán
#zatara
#zéjel
#'''zoco''' (or azogue): market. From Arabic ''souk'' of the same meaning.
#zofra
#'''zorzal''': Thrush, intelligent person. From Andalusi Arabic ''Zurzal'', originally from classical Arabic ''zurzur''.
#'''zubia''': Place where a large amount of water flows. From Arabic ''Zubya''.
#zulaque
#zulla
#'''zumaque''': sumac. From Arabic ''simaq'' of the same meaning.
#'''zumo''': fruit juice. From Arabic ''zum''.
#'''zuna''': Sunnah, from Arabic Sunnah
#'''zurriaga''' or '''zurriago''': Refers to a type of whip and to a lark. From Andalusi Arabic ''surriyaqa''

===Words with a coincidental similarity to Arabic===

* '''el'''. The Spanish definite [[Article (grammar)|articles]] ''el'' / ''la'' / ''lo'' / ''los'' / ''las'', like most definite articles in the [[Romance languages]], derive from the [[Latin]] demonstratives ''ille'' / ''illa'' / ''illud''. The similarity to the Arabic article ''al'' is a mere coincidence.
* '''usted'''. The formal second-person pronoun ''usted'' is derived from a shortening of the old form of address ''Vuestra merced'', as seen in dialectal Spanish ''vosted'', [[Catalan language|Catalan]] ''vostè'', etc. The possibility of a link with the Arabic word ''ustādh'' ('mister'/'professor'/'doctor') seems very remote.

==Other influences==

#'''The suffix í'''. Arabic has a very common type of adjective, known as the nisba or relationship adjective, which is formed by adding the suffix -ī (masc.) or ية -iyya (fem.) to a noun. This has given Spanish the suffix -í (both masc. and fem.), creating adjectives from nouns which indicate relationship or belonging. Examples are Marbellí, Ceutí, Maghrebí, Zaragocí, Andalusí or Alfonsí.
#'''Expressions'''. A number of expressions such as "¡''Ole''!" (sometimes spelled "''olé''" ), possibly from ''wa'llah'', or ''ojalá'', from ''law sha'a Allah'', have been borrowed directly from Arabic. Furthermore, many expressions in Spanish might have been [[calque]]d from their Arabic equivalent. Examples would be ''si Dios quiere'', ''que Dios guarde'' or ''bendito sea Dios''.

==Toponyms (place names) in Iberia of Arabic origin==

There are hundreds if not thousands of place names derived from Arabic in the Iberian peninsula including provinces and regions, cities, towns, villages and even neighborhoods and streets. They also include geographical features such as mountains, mountain ranges, valleys and rivers. Toponyms derived from Arabic are common in all of Spain (including much of the North of the country) except for those regions which never came under Muslim rule or where it was particularly short-lived. These regions include [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and the Northern coast ([[Asturias]], [[Cantabria]] and the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque country]]) as well as northern [[Catalonia]] and [[Aragon]]. Regions where place names of Arabic origin are particularly common are the Eastern Coast ([[Valencia (autonomous community)|Valencia]] and [[Murcia]]) and the region of [[Andalusia]]. In Portugal, the frequency of Arabic toponyms increases as one travels south in the country.

Those toponyms which maintained their pre-Islamic name during the Muslim period were generally Arabized, and the mark of either the old [[Arabic phonology|Arabic pronunciation]] or the popular pronunciation from which it derived is noticeable in their modern names: e.g. Hispalis - Ishbiliya - [[Sevilla]].

===Major towns, cities and regions===
*'''[[Albarracín]]''' City of Aragón. Derived from ''Al Banū Razin'', name of the Berber family of the town.
*'''[[Alcalá de Henares]]''' City in the Community of Madrid. Derived from ''al-qal'a'' (القلعة), meaning citadel or fortress.
*'''[[Axarquía]]''' Eastern region of [[Málaga]] province, From Arabic ''Ash-sharquía''(الشرقية): The eastern/oriental (region).
*'''[[Andalusia|Andalucía]]''' Most populated and 2nd largest [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] in Spain. Derived from الأندلس, [[Al Andalus]], the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia.
*'''[[Albacete]]''' city and province of [[Castilla-La Mancha]]. Derived from Arabic Al Basit (البسيط) ''(the plain)''.
*'''[[Algarve]]''' Region of southern Portugal. From Arabic al gharb(الغرب), ''the west''.
*'''[[Algeciras]]''' City and port in Cadiz province. Derived from ''Al Jazeera Al Khadra'' (الجزيرة الخضراء) meaning the ''green island''.
*'''[[Almería]]''' City and province of Andalucía. From Al Meraya, the watchtower.
*'''[[Alpujarras]] (originally Alpuxarras)''' Region extending South of Granada into Almería. From Arabic ''Al-Busherat'': The grasslands.
*'''[[Calatayud]]''' City of Aragón. Derived from ''Qal'at Ayyūb'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] قلعة أيوب) meaning ''"(Ayyūb) Job´s Fortress"''.
*'''[[Gibraltar]]''' British overseas territory and name given to surrounding area in Southern Spain (Campo de Gibraltar). From Arabic ''Jbel Tariq'', "Mountain of Tariq", or ''Gibr Tariq'' meaning "Rock of Tariq".
*'''[[Province of Guadalajara|Guadalajara]]''' City and province of Castilla la Mancha. From ''{{Unicode|Wādī al-Ḥijārah}}'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] '''وادي الحجارة'''), ''River or canyon of Stones''.
*'''[[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]''' City and province of Andalusia From Arabic ''Jayyan'', crossroads of caravans.
*'''[[Madrid]]''' Capital of Spain. Derived from original Arabic name: ''al-MagrīT'', '''المجريط''': ''"Source of water"'', which pertains to [[Manzanares (river)|Rio Manzanares]] that flows through it.
*'''[[Medina-Sidonia|Medina Sidonia]]''': Town and municipality in [[Cadiz]] province, from ''madina'', city.
*'''[[Tarifa]]''' town in Cadiz province, Andalusia. Originally ''Jazeera Tarif'' (جزيرة طريف): the island of Tarif. Derived form the first name of the Berber conqueror [[Tarif ibn Malik]].
*'''[[La Sagra]]''', an arid region between Toledo and Madrid. Name derived from arabic Sahra '''صحراء''' ''"desert"''.
*'''[[Valladolid]]''', a northern town. ''Balad al-Walid'', meaning 'Land of Walid', has been suggested but other sources are considered more likely.
*'''[[Ubeda]]''', a town in Jaén province, Andalusia. From the Arabic ''Ubadat el Arab''.

===Geographical features===
*'''[[Guadiana]] river'''. Meaning "River ''Anae''" (from the original Latin name ''Fluminus Anae'', "River of Ducks").
*'''[[Guadalquivir]] river'''. Derived from Arabic: al-wādĩ al-kabir '''الوادي الكبير''', ''"the big river"''.
*'''[[Javalambre]]'''. Mountain in southern Aragon, ''Jabal 'Amr'', meaning "Mountain of 'Amr".
*'''[[Mulhacén]]'''. Highest mountain in peninsular Spain. Named after 15th century Sultan of Granada [[Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada|Ali Muley Hacén Abu al-Hasan]].
*'''[[Pico Almanzor]]'''. Mountain in the [[Sierra de Gredos|Gredos Mountains]] of Central Spain. Named after "Almanzor" [[Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir]], defacto ruler of [[Al Andalus]] in late 10th - early 11th centuries.
*'''[[Cape Trafalgar]]'''. From Andalusi Arabic ''Taraf-al-ghar''.

==Given names and surnames==

;Given names

[[Almudena]] (from the [[Virgin of Almudena]], patroness of Madrid, Spain) and [[Fatima (name)|Fátima]] (derived from [[Our Lady of Fátima]]) are very common Spanish names rooted in the country´s Roman Catholic tradition, but both of which share Arabic etymologies originating in place names of religious significance. Guadalupe, a name present throughout the Spanish-speaking world, but particularly in Mexico, also shares this feature.

A number of given names of Arabic origin have been popular throughout the Spanish-speaking world for some time, such as [[Omar (name)|Omar]] or [[Soraya]] (probably popularized after the late [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]]){{citation needed|date=June 2012}}. More recently, some other names have become popular, particularly in the Caribbean area, such as [[Zahira]].

;Surnames

Surnames of indirect Arabic origin, such as Medina, Almunia, Guadarrama or Alcaide are very common, often referring to toponyms or professions, but they don't have Arabic origin properly speaking. No Arabic surnames remain as a result of Muslim descendence, except for recent immigrants. The reason for it is that, throughout Spanish history, it was common practice for ethnic and religious minorities to change their surnames to escape persecution by the Catholic Church. Furthermore, Spanish Muslims were compelled to adopt Christian surnames by a series of royal decrees in the 16th century. 17th century Morisco leader [[Aben Humeya|Muhammad Ibn Ummaya]], for example, was born to the Christian name Fernando de Córdoba y Valor.

==See also==
* [[Influences on the Spanish language]]
* [[Influence of Arabic on other languages]]
* [[List of Arabic loanwords in English]]
* [[List of French words of Arabic origin]]
* [[List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Suggestions for further research==

In the English language, search the online catalogs of United States university libraries using the Library of Congress (LC) subject heading, "Spanish language foreign elements".

When searching Spanish language Web sites, use the subject term, "arabismos".

===Selected reference works and other academic literature===

These works have not necessarily been consulted in the preparation of this article.

*Abu-Haidar, J. A. 1985. Review of Felipe Maíllo Salgado, ''Los arabismos del castellano en la baja edad media (consideraciones históricas y filológicas)''. ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 48(2): 353-354. University of London. Stable URL: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X%281985%2948%3A2%3C353%3ALADCEL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X%281985%2948%3A2%3C353%3ALADCEL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X]

*Cabo Pan, José Luis. [http://www.sgci.mec.es/be/media/pdfs/articulos/Mosaico083.pdf El legado del arabe]. ''Mosaico'' 8:7-10. Revista para la Promoción y Apoyo a la Enseñanza del Español. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia del Reino de España, Consejería de Educación y Ciencia en Bélgica, Países Bajos y Luxemburgo. [Article with convenient, short word lists, grouped by theme. In PDF. Refer to [http://www.sgci.mec.es/be/publicaciones/mosaico/articulos.htm ''Mosaico'''s portal page.] ]

*Corominas, Joan. 1980-1991. ''Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico''. Madrid: Gredos. The first edition, with the title ''Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana'' (1954–1957) includes an appendix that groups words according to language of origin.

*Corriente, Federico. 2003. ''Diccionario de arabismos y voces afines en iberorromance''. (2nd expanded ed.; 1st ed. 1999) Madrid: Gredos. 607 p.

*Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy). [http://www.rae.es ''Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE)''], online.

*Maíllo Salgado, Felipe. 1991/1998. ''Los arabismos del castellano en la Baja Edad Media : consideraciones históricas y filológicas''. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. 554 p. [2nd ed., corrected and enlarged; 1st ed. 1983]

*Ibid. 1996. ''Vocabulario de historia árabe e islámica''. Madrid: Akal. 330 p.

* [[Francisco A. Marcos-Marín|Marcos Marín, Francisco]] 1998 ''Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos''. Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335-341.

* Ibid. 1998 ''Toledo: su nombre árabe y sus consecuencias lingüísticas hispánicas''. Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid, XXX, 1998, 93-108.

*Sola-Solé, Josep María. 1983. ''Sobre árabes, judíos y marranos y su impacto en la lengua y literatura españolas''. Barcelona: Puvill. 279 p.

*Spaulding, Robert K. 1942/1971. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vl8lFy4qQX4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22how+spanish+grew%22+spaulding&source=bl&ots=eS3j6QZDOY&sig=f2hwmxrgIMJ47fBineBX_F_OrxY&hl=en&ei=jSU-TOioEsP7lwfr6Kz5BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false How Spanish Grew]''. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chapter 5: "Arabic Spain", pp. 53–62.

*Toro Lillo, Elena. ''La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español''. In the [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/scclng/01350531966682286190680/p0000001.htm Cervantes Virtual Library]. Includes a brief list of historical sound changes. Useful bibliography.

===Selected resource pages of universities and research institutes===
* [http://www.ieiop.com/publicaciones/buscador.php Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo. Search results consisting of Institute publications whose entries contain the word "arabismos"]
* [http://adrastea.ugr.es/search*spi/dArabismos/darabismos/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CB/exact&FF=darabismos&1%2C14%2C Universidad de Granada. Holdings under the subject "arabismos"]

==External links==
* [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/scclng/01350531966682286190680/p0000001.htm La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español], by Elena Toro Lillo; Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
*[http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/arabicspanish.htm Arabic Influences in Various Languages]



{{DEFAULTSORT:Arabic Influence On The Spanish Language}}
[[Category:Spanish etymology]]
[[Category:Lists of Spanish words of foreign origin]]
[[Category:Spanish language]]
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Arabic loanwords]]
[[Category:Arabic language|L]]
[[Category:Islam in Spain]]

[[ar:تأثير اللغة العربية في اللغة الإسبانية]]
[[eo:Influo de la araba en la hispana lingvo]]
[[es:Influencia del árabe en el español]]
[[ms:Pengaruh bahasa Arab pada bahasa Sepanyol]]
[[ru:Арабизмы в испанском языке]]

Hispanophone

2012-10-13T21:32:21Z

Remux: eo:Hispanosfero

'''Hispanophone''' ({{lang-es|hispanohablantes, hispanoparlantes ''or'' hispanofonía}}) or '''Hispanosphere''' denotes [[Spanish language]] speakers and the Spanish-speaking world. The word derives from the [[Latin language|Latin]] political name of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], [[Hispania]], which comprised basically the territory of the modern states of [[Spain]], [[Portugal]] and [[Andorra]].

Hispanophones are estimated at between 450<ref>[http://www.fundacionblu.org/noticias.htm I Acta Internacional de la Lengua Castellana]</ref> and 500 million<ref>Instituto Cervantes ([http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/espanol/segundo/idioma/estudia/mundo/Instituto/Cervantes/elpepucul/20070426elpepucul_8/Tes Noticias de "El País"],[http://actualidad.terra.es/cultura/articulo/comunidad_europea_asia_instituto_cervantes_847855.htm Noticias en "Terra"]), Universidad de México ([http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:v5IUdEETu40J:www.lllf.uam.es/~fmarcos/coloquio/Ponencias/MMelgar.doc+%22En+el+mundo+lo+hablan+aproximadamente+400+millones+de+personas%22+%22Adicionalmente+100+millones+de+personas+hablan+espa%C3%B1ol+como+segunda+lengua%22&hl=es&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=es uam.es], [http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:gEqh4n6EQ14J:www.educar.org/articulos/ellenguajequenosidentifica.asp+%22es+el+idioma+materno+de+unos+400+millones+de+personas,+y+otros+100+millones+lo+hablan+como+segunda+lengua,+de+acuerdo+a+una+investigaci%C3%B3n+realizada+por+la+Universidad+de+M%C3%A9xico%22&hl=es&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=es educar.org]), [http://www.babel-linguistics.com/idiomas.htm Babel-linguistics]</ref><ref name=Es2009>[http://www.krysstal.com/spoken.html krysstal.com], 5th International Congress on Spanish Language ([http://www.la-moncloa.es/IDIOMAS/9/ActualidadHome/29012009_CongresoLengua.htm la-moncloa.es]), [http://www.uis.edu/clas/Online/factsaboutspanish.html uis.edu], Antonio Molina, director of the Instituto Cervantes in 2006 ([http://terranoticias.terra.es/cultura/articulo/espanol_sera_segunda_lengua_comunicacion_848372.htm terranoticias.es], [http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/04/26/cultura/1177610767.html elmundo.es], [http://www.fundeu.es/Noticias.aspx?frmOpcion=NOTICIA&frmFontSize=2&frmIdNoticia=74 fundeu.es]), Luis María Anson of the Real Academia Española ([http://www.elcultural.es/version_papel/OPINION/24251/Estados_Unidos-_mas_hispanohablantes_que_en_Espana elcultural.es]), [http://www.congresovaloridioma.es/pag/bienvenida.html International Congress about Spanish, 2008], Mario Melgar of the México University ([http://www.lllf.uam.es/~fmarcos/coloquio/Ponencias/MMelgar.doc lllf.uam.es]), Feu Rosa - Spanish in Mercosur ([http://congresosdelalengua.es/valladolid/ponencias/unidad_diversidad_del_espanol/5_espanol_y_portugues/rosa_f.htm congresosdelalengua.es]), [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/carreras/capital/humano/500/millones/razones/saber/espanol/elpepueconeg/20100124elpnegser_4/Tes elpais.com], [http://www.eumed.net/rev/cccss/05/jrz.htm eumed.net], [http://www.babel-linguistics.com/idiomas.htm babel-linguistics.com].</ref> globally, making Spanish the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|second most spoken language]] in terms of native speakers. Around 360 million live in [[Hispanic America]] and 40 million in [[Spain]]. There are a large number of [[Spanish in the United States|Spanish speakers in the United States]], comprising more than 34 million.<ref name="2007 survey">Stateside only {{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=306&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=
|title=Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2007|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> There are also smaller Hispanophone groups in [[Canada]], northern [[Morocco]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Western Sahara]]<ref>[http://www.lavozdegalicia.com/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm As Saharawis we want to keep conserving Spanish][http://www.diagonalperiodico.net/spip.php?article6301 WS needs cooperation]</ref> the [[Philippines]] and [[Brazil]] as well as in many other places around the world, particularly large cities in [[Western Europe]], and [[Australia]].

In a cultural, rather than merely linguistic sense, the notion of "Hispanophone" goes further than the above definition. The [[Hispanic culture]] is the legacy of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial empire]], and so the term can refer to people whose cultural background is primarily associated with Spain, regardless of [[ethnicity|ethnic]] or geographical differences. In a cultural sense, the whole of Hispanophones are sometimes called the ''[[Hispanidad]]''.

==Hispanosphere==
{{See also|Hispanicity|Spanish Empire}}

During the Spanish colonial period between 1492 to 1898, many people from Spain [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|migrated to the new lands they had conquered]]. The Spaniards brought with them their language and culture,
and integrated within the society they had settled, creating a [[Spanish Empire|large empire]] that stretched all over the world and producing several multiracial populations. Their influences are found in the following continents and countries that were originally colonized by the [[Spaniards]].

===List of countries with Spanish-speaking populations===
{{See also|List of countries where Spanish is an official language}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
| Rank || Country/territory/entity || Population || Source ||Secondary also || Area (km) || Area (mi)
|-
| 1 || align=left| {{flag|Mexico}} || 112,336,538 || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=234 CONAPO 2010]||110,651,490||1,970,552||761,606
|-
| 2 || align=left| {{flag|Spain}} || 46,987,819 || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ine.es/ Official INE estimate 1/1/2011]||46,585,009||504,030||195,364
|-
| 3 || align=left| {{flag|Colombia}} || 46,952,875 || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Official Colombian Population clock]||45,632,000||1,141,748||440,831
|-
| 4 || align=left| {{flag|Argentina}} || 40,900,496 || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.indec.mecon.ar/ Official INDEC estimate]||40,655,093||2,766,880||1,068,302
|-
| 5 || align=left| {{flag|United States}} || 35,468,501 || style="font-size: 75%"|U.S. Census Bureau<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G2000_C16001&-format=&-CONTEXT=dt |title=C16001. LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER - Universe: POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER |accessdate=2010-11-08 |work=2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}} This includes 32,538,981 million Hispanic and Latino Americans ({{cite web |url=http://www.factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G2000_B16006&-format=&-CONTEXT=dt |title=B16006. LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER (HISPANIC OR LATINO) |accessdate=2010-11-08 |work=2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}})</ref>||50,000,000
|-
| 6 || align=left| {{flag|Peru}} || 29,797,694 || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.inei.gob.pe/Sisd/index.asp Official INEI estimate]||25,804,803||1,285,216||496,225
|-
| 7 || align=left| {{flag|Venezuela}} || 29,210,000 || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ine.gov.ve Official Venezuelan Population clock]||28,859,480||916,445||353,841
|-
| 8 || align=left| {{flag|Chile}} || 17,248,450 || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf Official INE projection]||17,127,711||756,950||292,183
|-
| 9 || align=left| {{flag|Ecuador}} || 14,170,000 || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.inec.gov.ec/web/guest/inicio Official Ecuador Population clock]||13,851,720||283,561||109,415
|-
| 10 || align=left|{{flag|Guatemala}} || 11,204,000 || style="font-size: 75%"|UN 2009 estimate||
|-
| 11 || align=left| {{flag|Cuba}} || 11,268,000 || style="font-size: 75%"|UN 2009 estimate||
|-
| 12 || align=left| {{flag|Bolivia}} || 10,426,154 || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.ine.gov.bo/indice/visualizador.aspx?ah=PC20410.HTM Official INE projection (2010)]||
|-
| 13 || align=left| {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || 10,090,000 || style="font-size: 75%"|UN 2009 estimate||
|-
| 14 || align=left| {{flag|Honduras}} || 7,876,197 || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://www.ine-hn.org/ Official INE projection (2010)]||
|-
| 15 || align=left| {{flag|El Salvador}} || 6,857,000 || style="font-size: 75%"| UN estimate||
|-
| 16 || align=left| {{flag|Paraguay}} || 6,127,000 || style="font-size: 75%"| UN estimate||
|-
| 17 || align=left| {{flag|Nicaragua}} || 5,603,000 || style="font-size: 75%"| UN estimate||
|-
| 18 || align=left| {{flag|Costa Rica}} || 4,468,000 || style="font-size: 75%"| UN estimate||
|-
| 19 || align=left| ''{{flag|Puerto Rico}}'' || 3,991,000 || style="font-size: 75%"| UN estimate||
|-
| 20 || align=left| {{flag|Panama}} || 3,343,000 || style="font-size: 75%"| UN estimate||
|-
| 21 || align=left| {{flag|Uruguay}} || 3,340,000 || style="font-size: 75%"| UN estimate||
|-
| 22 || align=left| {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} || 507,000 || style="font-size: 75%"| UN estimate||
|-
| 23 || align=left|{{flagicon|SADR}} ''[[Republica Arabe Saharaui Democratica|Sahara Occidental]]''|| 430.000 || style="font-size: 75%"| UN estimate||
|}

===Europe===
====Spain====
{{Main|Nationalities in Spain}}
[[File:Languages of Spain.svg|thumb|450px|'''The languages of Spain'''
{| width="100%" style="background:none;"
| align=top |{{legend|#FF0000|'''[[Spanish language|Spanish]]''' official; spoken all over the country}}
{{legend|#FF33FF|'''[[Catalan language|Catalan/Valencian]]''', co-official }}
{{legend|#339999|'''[[Basque language|Basque]]''', co-official }}
{{legend|#FFFF99|'''[[Galician language|Galician]]''', co-official }}
| align=top |
{{legend|#33FF66|'''[[Aranese language|Aranese]]''', co-official (dialect of [[Occitan language|Occitan]])}}
{{legend|#009900|'''[[Asturian language|Asturian]]''', recognised}}
{{legend|#9999FF|'''[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]''', unofficial }}
{{legend|#FFFF00|'''[[Leonese language|Leonese]]''', recognised}}
{{legend|#3a713a|'''[[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]''', unofficial }}
{{legend|#a06511|'''[[Fala language|Fala]]''', unofficial }}
|}]]

The modern day people that live in the region of ancient [[Hispania]] are the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]], [[Andorra]] and [[Gibraltar]] people. [[History of Spain|Historically]], the modern country of Spain was formed by the accretion of several independent [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] kingdoms through dynastic inheritance, conquest and the will of the local elites. These kingdoms had their own nationalistic loyalties and political borders.

Today, there is no single Castilian-Spanish identity for the whole country. Many Spanish citizens feel no conflict in recognizing their several Spanish identities at the same time. Spain is a culturally heterogeneous country, home to a wide range of subcultures, each one with its own customs and [[tradition]]s. Some such subcultures have [[Languages of Spain|their own language]]. Since the beginning of the [[transition to democracy in Spain]], after the [[Francisco Franco]] dictatorship, there have been many movements towards more autonomy in certain regions of the country, some with the aim of achieving full independence and others with the goal of autonomous community.

Spain's various subcultures coexist in Spain's provinces, and each one has its own traditions and [[idiosyncrasies]]. Some even have [[Languages of Spain|their own language]], all of them along the dialectal continuum of Romance languages, with the exception of the [[Basque language]].

The existence of multiple distinct cultures in Spain allows an analogy to be drawn to the [[United Kingdom]]. Using the term Spanish for someone of Spanish descent would then be expected to be equivalent to using [[British people|Briton]] to describe someone descending from some part of the United Kingdom. Cultures within the United Kingdom, such as [[English people|English]], [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], and [[Welsh people|Welsh]], would then correspond in this analogy to cultures within Spain such as [[Castilian people|Castilian]], [[Catalan people|Catalan]], [[Galician people|Galician]] and [[Basque people|Basque]] among others. In contrast with Spain, because of centuries of gradual and mutual consolidation across the Iberian peninsula, such distinctions tend to be blurred. It is a subtle, yet important, distinction.

In Spain, as in the United Kingdom, the economically dominant territories ([[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[England]]) spread their language for mutual communication. However, the political dominance in the UK tends to be sharper compared to Spain, where the [[History of Spain#Kingdom of Spain|medieval territories]] don't exist anymore. For example, people never refer to King Juan Carlos I of Spain as "the King of Castile," whereas the British sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, is sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Queen of England."

===Americas===
====Hispanic America====
{{Main|Hispanic America}}
{{See|Spanish colonization of the Americas}}

Spanish is the official language in a great part of the Americas.

====United States====
{{Hispanic and Latino Americans}}
{{Main|Hispanic and Latino Americans|History of Hispanic people in the United States|l1=Hispanics in the United States}}

=====Origins and demography=====
Hispanic Americans are citizens of the [[United States]] whose ancestry or national origin is of any of the nations composing the Hispanosphere. A Hispanic person's status is independent from whether or not he or she speaks the Spanish language, for not all Hispanic Americans speak Spanish. A Hispanic person may be of any race (White, Amerindian, Black, Asian or Pacific islander). As of July 1, 2004, Hispanics accounted for 14.1% of the population, around 41.3 million people. The Hispanic growth rate over the July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004 period was 3.6% — higher than any other ancestral group in the United States — and more than three times the rate of the nation's total population (at 1.0%). The projected Hispanic population of the United States for July 1, 2050, is 105.6 million people. According to this projection, Hispanics will constitute 25% of the nation’s total population by the year 2050.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/001720.html | title = Census Bureau Projects Tripling of Hispanic and Asian Populations in 50 Years; Non-Hispanic Whites May Drop To Half of Total Population }}</ref>

Historically, a continuous Hispanic presence in the territory of the United States has existed since the 16th century, earlier than any other group after the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. Spaniards pioneered the present-day United States. The first confirmed European landing on the continent was that of [[Juan Ponce de León]], who landed in 1513 on the shore he christened ''[[Florida|La Florida]]''. Within three decades of Ponce de León's landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the [[Appalachian Mountains]], the [[Mississippi River]], the [[Grand Canyon]], and the [[Great Plains]]. Spanish ships sailed along the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], penetrating to present-day [[Bangor, Maine]], and up the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]] as far as [[Oregon]]. From 1528 to 1536, four castaways from a Spanish expedition, including a "black [[Moors|Moor]]," journeyed all the way from Florida to the [[Gulf of California]], 267 years before the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]].

In 1540 [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]] undertook an extensive exploration of the present US. In the same year [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado]] led 2,000 Spaniards and Mexican Indians across today's [[Arizona]]-[[Mexico]] border and traveled as far as central [[Kansas]], close to the exact geographic center of what is now the continental United States. Other Spanish explorers of the US make up a long list that includes, among others, [[Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón]], [[Pánfilo de Narváez]], [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]], [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]], [[Gaspar de Portolà]], [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca]], [[Tristán de Luna y Arellano]], and [[Juan de Oñate]]. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt at [[Roanoke Island]] in 1585.

The Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at [[St. Augustine, Florida]], in 1565. [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]] also predates [[Jamestown, Virginia]] (founded in 1607) and [[Plymouth Colony]] (of ''[[Mayflower]]'' and [[Pilgrims]] fame, founded in 1620). Later came Spanish settlements in [[San Antonio]], [[Tucson]], [[San Diego]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[San Francisco]], to name just a few. The Spanish even established a [[Jesuit]] mission in [[Virginia]]'s [[Chesapeake Bay]] 37 years before the founding of Jamestown.

Two iconic American stories have Spanish antecedents, too. Almost 80 years before [[John Smith of Jamestown|John Smith]]'s alleged rescue by [[Pocahontas]], a man by the name of [[Juan Ortiz de Zárate|Juan Ortiz]] told of his remarkably similar rescue from execution by an Indian girl. Spaniards also held a [[thanksgiving]] — 56 years before the famous Pilgrims [[Harvest festival|festival]] — when they feasted near St. Augustine with Florida Indians, probably on stewed pork and garbanzo beans. As late as 1783, at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]], Spain held claim to roughly half of today's continental United States; in 1775, Spanish ships even reached [[Alaska]]. From 1819 to 1848, the United States and its army increased the nation's area by roughly a third at Spanish and Mexican expense, including three of today's four most populous states: [[California]], [[Texas]], and [[Florida]]. Hispanics became the first American citizens in the newly acquired [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] territory and remained the ancestral majority in several states until the 20th century. (See also [[New Spain]].)

Hispanic Americans have fought in all the [[List of United States military history events|wars of the United States]] and have earned some of the highest distinctions awarded to U.S. soldiers ([http://www4.army.mil/otf/speech.php?story_id_key=9575] [http://www.senate.gov/~pryor/newsroom/details.cfm?id=263773&] [http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/memorial.html] [http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/17.3.pdf] [[List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients]]). Historic figures in the United States have been Hispanic from early times. Some recent famous people include actress [[Rita Hayworth]] and baseball legends [[Lefty Gomez]] and [[Ted Williams]].

===== National Hispanic Heritage Month =====
The National Hispanic Heritage Month is celebrated in the USA from September 15 to October 15.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/feature/hispanic/ National Hispanic Heritage Month]</ref>

====Cuisine====
"Hispanic cuisine" as the term is applied in the Western Hemisphere, is a misnomer. What's usually understood as 'Hispanic' cuisine in the United States is mostly [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] and [[Central American]] cuisine. Mexican cuisine is composed of Spanish and indigenous American influences.

The cuisine of Spain has many regional varieties, with [[Mediterranean]] flavors based on [[olive oil]], garlic, and [[tomato]]es, and a great selection of fish and [[seafood]] due to its long Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines, while in the Castilian interior, there is a great culture of cured pork meats, as well as roasts and stews, based on beef, pork, lamb, and poultry. The European and Arab heritage of Spain is reflected in its food, along with cosmopolitan influences beginning in the many new ingredients brought in from the New World since the 16th century, e.g. tomatoes, potatoes, or chocolate, and the more modern tastes introduced from Europe since the 19th century, especially French and Italian dishes. It is only in the last ten years that Latin American dishes have been introduced in Spain. Whereas in the US, the number of "Spanish" restaurants is in a growing trend, following the "Tapas" fashion that spread in the 90's.

Cuban, Dominican, and Puerto Rican cuisines, on the other hand, tend to use a lot of [[pork]] and can depend heavily on starchy [[root vegetable]]s, [[plantain]], and [[rice]]. The most prominent influences on their Spanish culinary traditions were introduced by African slaves, and to a lesser degree, French influence from Haiti and later Chinese immigrants. Hot, spicy foods are practically unknown in traditional Spanish-Caribbean dishes. The cuisine of Haiti, a Latin American country (with, however, a [[Francophone]] majority), is very similar to its regional neighbors in terms of influences and ingredients used.

The [[Argentine cuisine|Argentine]] diet is heavily influenced by the country's position as one of the world's largest [[beef]] and [[wine]] producers, and by the impact that [[European ethnic groups|European]] immigration had on its national culture. Grilled meats are a staple of most meals as are [[pasta]]s, potatoes, rice, [[paella]] and a variety of vegetables (Argentina is a huge exporter of agricultural products). Italian influence is also seen in the form of [[pizza]] and [[ice cream]], both of which are integral components of national cuisine. Chilean cuisine is similar to that of Argentina, though seafood is much more dominant in this coastal nation. As another one of the world's largest producers, wine is as much a staple drink to Chileans as beer is to Germans.

In [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Peru]], potato dishes are typical since the potato is originally from this region. Beef and [[chicken]] are common sources of meat. In the Highlands is the ''cuy'', a South American name for [[guinea pig]], a common meat. Given the coastal location, both countries have extensive fishing fleets, which provide a wealth of seafood options, including the signature South American dish, [[ceviche]]. While potato is an important ingredient in the Highlands, Rice is the main side dish on the coast.

This diversity in staples and cuisine is also evident in the differing regional cuisines within the national borders of the individual countries.

In the United States, with its growing Hispanic population, food staples from the [[Mexican cuisine]] and other Latin countries have become widely available as have unique American forms such as the [[Tex-Mex cuisine]]. This cuisine, which originated in Texas, is based on maize products, heavily spiced ground beefs, cheese and tomato sauces with chilies. This cuisine is widely available not just in the U.S. but across other countries, where American exports are found. In Florida, Cuban food is widely available. All of these "Hispanic" foods in the U.S. have evolved in character as they are commercially Americanized by large restaurant chains and food companies.

====Racial diversity====
The term "Hispanic" is cultural and not racial. The racial diversity found among Hispanics stems from the fact that Hispanic America has always been, since 1492, an area of immigration until late in the 20th century, when the region has increasingly become an area of emigration. Even outside the broad U.S. definition of Hispanic, the term encompasses a very racially and ethnically diverse population. While in the United States, Hispanics are often treated as a group apart from [[white (people)|whites]], [[black (people)|blacks]] or other races, they actually include people who may identify with any or all of those racial groups.

In the mass media as well as popular culture, "Hispanic" is often incorrectly used to describe a subject's [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] or [[human physical appearance|physical appearance]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} In general, Hispanics are assumed to have traits such as dark hair and eyes, and brown skin. Many others are viewed as physically intermediate between [[whites]], [[Black people|blacks]] and/or [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindians]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}

Hispanics with mostly [[Caucasoid]] or [[Negroid]] features may not be recognized as such in spite of the ethnic and racial diversity of most Latin American populations. Hispanics who do not look like the stereotypical Hispanic may have their ancestral status questioned or even challenged by others.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Actors [[Martin Sheen]] and [[Cameron Diaz]], for example, are Hispanic even though they may be presumed not to be so because, being white, they do not fit the stereotype.

A great proportion of Hispanics identify as [[mestizo|half-caste]] (mixed European and Amerindian) regardless of national origin.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} This is largely because most Hispanics have their origins in majority half-caste Latin American countries. [[El Salvador]], [[Paraguay]], and [[Mexico]] are examples of mostly half-caste populations, with 90% of Salvadorans, 95% of Paraguayans, and 70% <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Mexico%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia Mexico - Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> of Mexicans identifying as mestizo, with Mexico having the largest total mestizo population at over 66 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ |title=The World Factbook |accessdate=2008-06-23 |date=July 2008 estimates |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency }}</ref>

Many individuals identified as "Hispanics" (based on the U.S. definition) are of unmixed [[Indigenous Peoples of the Americas|Native American]] ancestry. For example, many of those from [[Bolivia]], [[Guatemala]], and [[Peru]] constitute a majority or plurality of the population as do a considerable proportion in [[Mexico]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

Many Hispanics born in or with descent from the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Venezuela]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Colombia]], [[Cuba]], [[Uruguay]], and other countries may be of African descent, be it [[mulatto]] (mixed European and black African), [[zambo]] (mixed Amerindian and black African), [[Multiracial|triracial]] (specifically European, black African, and Amerindian), or unmixed black African.

The majority of people in [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] are largely of European descent; not only of [[Spaniards|Spanish]] Europeans, but [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[German people|German]], [[Polish people|Polish]], [[Irish people|Irish]], etc. In countries like [[Mexico]], [[Chile]], [[Cuba]] or [[Puerto Rico]], people of [[European ethnic groups|European]] descent comprise an important minority of the population. Many [[white Mexicans]], though labeled "Hispanic" by the U.S. definition because of their assimilated culture and country of birth, trace their ancestries to European countries other than Spain, and some to non-European countries (see next paragraph). Nevertheless, in most cases, they have some Spanish ancestry, as the waves of European immigrants to these countries tended to quickly assimilate, intermarrying with the country's local population.

Likewise, a percentage of Hispanics as defined by the U.S. government trace their ancestries to the [[Middle East]], for example [[Colombia]]ns, [[Ecuador]]ians, [[Chile]]ans, and [[Mexico|Mexican]]s of [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] or [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] ancestry. Many Hispanics are of [[East Asia]]n ancestry, as in the case of [[Cubans]], [[Mexicans]], and [[Peru]]vians. If they were to migrate to the United States, the definition most frequently advocated would consider them Hispanic. ''See also: [[Asian Latin American]] and [[Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans]]''.

The presence of these mentioned ethnic groups are not country-specific, since they can be found in every Latin American country, whether as larger of smaller proportions of their respective populations. Even in Spain, the European [[motherland]] of Hispanicity, recent decades has seen a growing population of mestizos and mulattos due to the reversal of the historic [[Old World]]-to-[[New World]] migration pattern.

Of the over 35 million Hispanics counted in the [[United States Census, 2000|Federal 2000 Census]], 47.9% identified as [[White (people)|white]] (termed "[[white Hispanic and Latino Americans|white Hispanic]]" by the Census Bureau); 42.2% "Some other race"; 6.3% Two or more races; 2% Black or African American; 1.2% American Indian and Alaska Native; 0.3% Asian; and 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf | title = Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin | accessdate = 2006-12-27 |date= 2001-03 | format=PDF}}</ref> Note that even among those Hispanics who reported one race only, most would also possess at least some ancestral lineage from one or more other races, despite the fact that only 6.3% reported as such. (This is also applicable to the Non-Hispanics counted in the U.S. Census, although maybe in less proportion.)

According to one study (Stephens et al. 2001), "From the genetic perspective, Hispanics generally represent a differential mixture of European, Native American, and African ancestry, with the proportionate mix typically depending on country of origin." [http://shrn.stanford.edu/workshops/revisitingrace/Risch_confound.pdf]

The populations of Iberia (both Spain and Portugal), like all European populations, have received multiple other influences, even though they are still largely descended from the prehistoric European populations, and to a greater degree than any other major group.<ref>* [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03 Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004]</ref> The ancestry of Iberians has thus received many, (limited and often very localized) influences from the many people who settled on its territory throughout history, including [[Phoenicians]], [[Greeks]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Punics]], [[Celts]], [[Vandals]], [[Suebi]], [[Buri (Germanic tribe)|Buri]], [[Visigoths]], [[Alans]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], [[Slavic peoples|Slavs]] ([[saqaliba]]), [[Berber people|Berbers]], [[Arabs]], [[Magyars]], [[Jews]], and—particularly in Andalusia—[[Romani people|Roma]].<ref>See [[Genetic history of Europe]]</ref>

===Africa===
====Angola====
The former Portuguese colony has a community of Afro-Cubans known as Amparos. They descend from Afro-Cuban soldiers brought to the country in 1975 as a result of the Cuban involvement in the [[Cold War]]. [[Fidel Castro]] deployed thousands of troops to the country during the [[Angolan Civil War]]. As a result of this era, there exists a small Spanish-speaking community in [[Angola]] of Afro-Cubans numbering about 100,000.

====Equatorial Guinea====
{{Main|Spanish Guinea}}
In the former Spanish colony of [[Equatorial Guinea]], the majority of the population speak Spanish{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}, there is a small minority of African people who possessed Spanish and other European ancestry. These individuals form less than 1% of the population.

====Morocco====
{{Main|Spanish Morocco}}
In the former Spanish protectorate of [[Morocco]], Spanish speakers are present in small numbers, located in the northern coastal region of the country. However the majority of Moroccan people are predominantly Muslims of [[Berber people|Berber]] and African ancestry.

====Nigeria====
The small Amaro population are descendents of repatriated [[Afro-Cuban]] indentured servants.

====Plazas de Soberanía====
{{Main|Plazas de soberanía|Ceuta|Melilla|Islas Chafarinas|Peñón de Alhucemas|Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera}}
Since the [[Reconquista]], the [[Spanish people|Spanish]] have held numerous emplacements in [[North Africa]]. Most of them were promptly lost, but to date, with an approximate population of 143,000 people, the [[Autonomous Communities of Spain|Autonomous Cities]] of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], which constitute the two ''Plazas de Soberanía Mayores'' (or Major Places of Sovereignty) remained Spanish, and the [[Islas Chafarinas]], the [[Peñón de Alhucemas]] and the [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]], which constitute the three ''Plazas de Soberanía Menores'' (or Minor Sovereignty Places), still forming part of the Spain.

====Western Sahara====
{{Main|Spanish Sahara}}
In the former Spanish colony of [[Western Sahara]], Spanish speakers are present in small numbers and Spanish is ''de facto'' official (However, in the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], one of the claimants to the territory, it is ''de jure'' co-official.<ref>http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/cr/471/471192/471192fr.pdf</ref>); however, most people in the country speak Arabic as their first language and also practice [[Arab culture]].

===Asia-Pacific===
====Philippines====
{{Main|Spanish East Indies|Spanish language in the Philippines}}
In the former Spanish colony of the [[Philippines]], a part of the population possess Spanish or Latin American ancestry (esp. from Mexico), or both. The size of this population is unknown due to emigration to Spain, Latin America, and the United States{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}, following the bombing of [[Intramuros, Manila|Intramuros]], home to thousands of Spanish-speaking families. Many emigrated {{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}also during the [[Ferdinand Marcos]] regime. After its decline in the 20th century there has been a revival of interest in Spanish in the first decade of the 21st century plus during the Arroyo Macapagal administration the instruction of Spanish was re-introduced into the education system and there are also radio programmes on Radio Manila, entitled "Filipinas Ahora Mismo" (Spanish), "Filipinas Ora Mismo" (Tagalog).

====Guam and Mariana Islands====
{{Main|Guam|Mariana Islands}}
In the former Spanish colonies of Guam and Mariana Islands where most if not all of people who possess Spanish ancestry(There are almost no pure Chamorros the local people of Guam and the CNMI)(You will come across last names like "Santos" "Delahoya" "Delgado" "Calvo" San Nicolas" "Arriola" "Terlaje" "Guerrero" "Ocampo" "Untalan" "Sanchez" "Reyes" "Cruz" "Tudela" "Garcia" "Quituga" "Jose" "Santiago" and much much more. However they have since integrated with the [[United States|American]] way of life. The people living on these islands while the majority no longer speaking Spanish (though there are still Spanish-speakers) do partake of certain Spanish-influenced activities like fiestas(And cockfighting is legal in some parts of Guam). Also, the native [[Chamorro language]] exhibits a noticeable Spanish influence.
Spanish surnames are prevalent in Guam and the custom of the women keeping their maiden name after marrying is a by-product of Spanish culture on these islands.

==Map of Hispanophone==
[[File:Ibero-Romance.PNG|thumb|750px|center|{{legend|#FFFF00|Countries where Spanish has official language status, in yellow.}}
{{legend|#F8DE7E|Countries and regions where the Spanish language is spoken without official recognition, or where Spanish-based créole languages are spoken with or without official recognition.}}]]

==See also==
*[[Hispanic]]
*[[Hispanicity]]
*[[Panhispanism]]
*[[Flag of the Hispanic People]]
*[[List of hispanophones]]
*[[Sprachraum]]
*[[World language]]

{{Phones}}
{{Countries and languages lists}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Spanish language]]
[[Category:Spanish diaspora]]
[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries| ]]
[[Category:Cultural spheres of influence]]
[[Category:Country classifications]]

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[[eo:Hispanosfero]]
[[es:Distribución geográfica del idioma español]]
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[[ko:스페인어 사용자]]
[[pl:Rozmieszczenie geograficzne języka hiszpańskiego]]
[[pt:Hispanofonia]]
[[ta:இசுபானோபோன்]]
[[th:ความแพร่หลายของภาษาสเปน]]

Category:Steel

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{{Commons cat|Steel}}

General topics related to [[steelmaking]] and processing. ''For specific alloys, refer to [[:Category:Steels|Steels]]''.

:{{Cat main|Steel}}

[[Category:Ferrous alloys]]
[[Category:Metallurgy]]
[[Category:Iron]]

[[Category:Metals]]

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[[eo:Kategorio:Ŝtalo]]
[[es:Categoría:Aceros]]
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[[fa:رده:فولاد]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Acier]]
[[ko:분류:강철]]
[[io:Kategorio:Stalo]]
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[[lt:Kategorija:Plienas]]
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[[ru:Категория:Сталь]]
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[[sr:Категорија:Челик]]
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Jaime Garzón

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{{Infobox person
| name = Jaime Garzón
| image =
| caption = Colombian journalist and comedian Jaime Garzón
| birthname = October 24, 1960
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Bogotá]]
| death_date = August 13, 1999
| death_place = Bogotá
| education = [[Universidad Nacional de Colombia|National University]] ([[Law]], 1980.)
| occupation = [[Journalist]], [[comedian]], television producer, lawyer and peace activist.
| alias =
| title =
| family =
| spouse =
| domestic_partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| ethnicity = [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]
| nationality = [[Colombia]]n
| religion = [[Catholic]]
| years_active= 
| credits =
| agent =
| URL =
}}

'''Jaime Hernando Garzón Forero''' (October 24, 1960 – August 13, 1999 in Bogotá) was a [[Colombia]]n [[journalist]], a [[comedian]], [[lawyer]], [[peace activist]] and [[Political satire|political satirist]]. He was very popular on [[Colombian television]] during the 1990s, especially for his political satire. In addition to his work on television, he also had roles as a [[Colombian armed conflict (1964–present)|peace negotiator]] in the release of [[List of political hostages held by FARC|FARC guerrillas' hostages]]. He was murdered by suspected [[right-wing]] [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia|paramilitary forces]] in 1999, although the case remains opened and unsolved.

== Life ==

Jaime Garzón was born in [[Bogotá]] on October 24, 1960. He studied [[law]] and [[political science]] at the [[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]], but his active involvement in politics and television did not allow him to finish.<ref name="Expresión, UCPR, agosto-septiembre 2009">{{cite book |title=Jaime Garzón, 10 años de impunidad |last= |first=|authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2009 |publisher=Revista Expresión, periodismo universitario |location=Pereira |isbn=1909-5694 |page= |pages= |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/18551885/Jaime-Garzon-10-anos-de-impunidad |accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref>

=== Mayor of Sumapaz ===

Garzón joined the political campaign of [[Andrés Pastrana Arango]] for mayor of Bogotá. After winning the elections, Pastrana nominated him as mayor of [[Sumapaz]], an underdeveloped rural locality in the district, in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ciudadviva.gov.co/marzo09/periodico/4/index.php |title=Sumapaz: el más grande páramo del mundo, es una importante localidad de Bogotá |author=Otto Patiño |date= |work= |publisher=Ciudad Viva |accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref> Garzón tried to improve the standard of living in Sumapaz. In a year, he created a health center, the school was improved<ref>As a homage, it has its name as ''[http://www.bogotamiciudad.com/Directorio/Detalles.aspx?BMC=130354 Colegio Campestre "Jaime Garzón"]''.</ref> and the only street of town was paved.

But his originality was not well seen by the central administration of Pastrana. Asked in a telegram to notify the number of legal brothels in Sumapaz, he answered: "''Después de una inspección visual, informo que aquí las únicas putas, son las putas [[FARC]]''",<ref name="Jaime Garzón, el genial impertinente">{{cite web |url=http://issuu.com/cosianfiro/docs/vagabundo |title=Jaime Garzón, el genial impertinente |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Vagabundo |accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref> a sarcastic answer typical of his sense of [[black humor]], roughly translated as "After a visual inspection, I report that the only whores around here are the fucking FARC", a wordplay, as in Colombian Spanish the word 'putas' can signify both 'whores' as noun, and 'fucking' as an [[intensifier]] adjective. That answer and other eccentricities, brought to the conclusion by the central administration that he ''had founded a [[brothel]] in Sumapaz''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=37963 |title=Jaime Garzón, 1960 - 1999 |author= |date=13 de septiembre de 1999 |work= |publisher=Revista Semana |accessdate=4 de junio de 2010}}</ref> The municipal government secretary, Volmar Pérez Ortiz, signed his destitution.<ref name="Jaime Garzón, el genial impertinente"/> For this reason, Garzón sued Pastrana's administration; the case was ruled in his favor only in 1997.

Between 1990 and 1994 he worked at the [[Casa de Nariño|Nariño House]] during the presidency of [[César Gaviria]]. He helped in the translations of the new [[Colombian Constitution of 1991]] into the indigenous languages and as a presidential adviser in communications.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://periodicoelcrucero.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159:diez-anos-sin-jaime-garzon&catid=65:colombia&Itemid=130 |title=Diez años sin Jaime Garzón |accessdate=6 de junio de 2010 |author=Antonio Morales Riveiro |date=13 de septiembre de 2009 |editorial=El Crucero |language= |cite= }}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1987, the director of the [[Noticiero de las Siete|''Noticiero de las 7'']], Antonio Morales Riveira, knew of the fame of the Mayor of Sumapaz in imitating politicians. He brought Garzón to the newscast; it was the first time he would appear on television.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revistanumero.com/38garzon.htm |title=Cuatro años sin Jaime Garzón |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author=Antonio Morales Riveiro |year=2003 |editorial=RevistaNumeroUno.com |language= |cite= }}</ref>

He worked on various television parodies, becoming famous with the TV show [[Zoociedad]] (Zoociety) in the 1990s which contained humor about materialistic society and politics. Garzón then started working on a program called "¡Quac! El Noticero", collaborating with actor Diego León Hoyos until 1997.

Garzón created many different and instantly recognizable fictional characters, the last of which was his debut as "Heriberto de la Calle", a shoe polisher who interviewed different personalities, including politicians.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center"
! '''Year''' || '''Program''' || '''Character''' || '''Producer and channel'''
|-
|1990–1993||[[Zoociedad]]||Émerson de Francisco con Elvia Lucía Dávila ||[[Producciones Cinevisión]]: [[Canal Uno|Cadena Uno]] and [[Canal A|Cadena Dos]]
|-
|1995–1997||[[¡Quac! El noticero]]|| With [[Diego León Hoyos]] as María Leona Santodomingo: Nestor Elí, Inti de la Hoz, 'companion' Jhon Lenin, 'reporter' Wiliam Garra, Godofredo Cínico Caspa|| [[RTI Producciones|RTI]]: Cadena Uno
|-
|1997||La Lechuza||[[Heriberto de la Calle]]||[[Caracol Radio]]
|-
|}

== Peace activist ==

On March 23, 1998, 200 [[FARC]] guerrillas kidnapped 32 persons on the [[Villavicencio]] - [[Bogotá]] road. Among the hostages were four US citizens and an Italian.<ref name="Romaña">{{cite web |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-3327877 |title=Guerrillero conocido como 'Romaña' fue condenado a 40 años de prisión por secuestro masivo |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date= |editorial=El Tiempo |language= |cite= }}</ref>

On March 27 a commission, with the authorization of anti-kidnapping czar José Alfredo Escobar and led by Garzón, allowed the release of nine of the hostages.<ref name="Romaña"/>

On May 6, 1998, General Jorge Enrique Mora Rangel, commander of the [[Colombian Army]], publicly asked Escobar to investigate Garzón for his participation in the release of the hostages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elclavo.com/agenda/a-jaime-garzon/ |title=A Jaime Garzón |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author=César López |date=13 de agosto de 2009 |editorial=El Clavo |language= |cite= }}</ref><ref name="PeriferiaAlternativa">{{cite web |url=http://www.periferiaprensa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=300:a-pesar-de-la-impunidad-no-olvidamos-a-garzon&catid=68:-edicion-43-agosto-2009&Itemid=60 |title=A pesar de la impunidad, no olvidamos a Jaime Garzón |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author=Angela Cardona |date= |editorial=Periferia Prensa Alternativa |language= |cite= }}</ref> On June 4, Escobar, defended the role of Garzón in the release of the hostages as a humanitarian mission.<ref name="PeriferiaAlternativa" /> Garzón tried to have an appointment with General Mora Rangel, but he was not accepted. The journalist sent a telegram to the military where he said: "''General, do not look for enemies among the Colombians that risk their life everyday to build a proud nation as I want and as you are fighting for.''"<ref name="Expresión">{{cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/18551885/Jaime-Garzon-10-anos-de-impunidad |title=Jaime Garzón, 10 años de impunidad |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author=Fabián Cristancho Ossa |date=agosto-septiembre de 2009 |editorial=Revista Expresión, Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda |language= |cita= }}</ref>

In May 1999 Garzón said in a cocktail before some personalities, among them the US Ambassador, that General Mora ''was accusing him to be a collaborator of the FARC''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ilsa.org.co:81/biblioteca/dwnlds/taq/taq04/Taq04-12.pdf |title=El Moustro Bueno |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date= |editorial= |language= |cita= }}</ref>

On May 25, 1999, Senator [[Piedad Córdoba]] was kidnapped by the paramilitary group of [[Carlos Castaño]], and she was accused by him of being a ''collaborator of the guerrilla''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piedadcordoba.net/piedadparalapaz/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1920 |title=Senadora Piedad Córdoba revela que su hija menor desapareció hace tres años |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date= |editorial=Agencia EFE |language= |cite= }}</ref> According with Senator Córdoba, Castaño also mentioned Garzón. Once she was released, she met the journalist and warned him of the danger.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piedadcordoba.net/piedadparalapaz/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1944 |title=Lo dije hace siete años y como siempre, rechazaron mis declaraciones |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=19 de abril de 2009 |editorial=Piedad Córdoba.net |language= |cite="Sentada en el Restaurante El Patio le dije a Jaime Garzón que lo iban a matar los paramilitares y lo dije cuando salí del secuestro, al igual que le dije lo mismo a Rodrigo Pardo, quien afortunadamente sigue vivo, pero ni el país ni las autoridades le dieron credibilidad a mis palabras" }}</ref>

The participation in the process of the FARC's hostage releases and the intention to promote a dialogue of peace brought him many threats, but the most noticeable were those from Castaño.<ref name="Expresión"/>

== Murder ==

[[Image:Quacelnoticierojaimegarzon.png|thumb|right|200px|'''Jaime Garzón''' while producing his politically charged satires TV show "Quac, El Noticiero" (Quac, the news). Poster by [[RTI Colombia|RTI]] (1995)]]

On Tuesday, August 10, 1999, Garzón visited the paramilitary leader [[Ángel Gaitán Mahecha]], who was in the Modelo Prison in Bogotá with the intention to arrange a meeting with Carlos Castaño. The meeting was to be held on August 14 in the [[Córdoba Department]].<ref name="Expresión"/>

On Wednesday, August 11, Garzón said to his wife and a makeup artist that he was going to be killed the next day.<ref name="Expresión"/>

On Friday, August 13, at 5:45, [[Bogotá|local time]], Garzón was approaching the [[Radionet]] station in his gray [[Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee]].<ref name="Crímenes contra periodistas">{{cite web |url=http://www.impunidad.com/index.php?showreporte=44&pub=107&idioma=sp |title=Caso Jaime Garzón |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date= |editorial=Crímenes contra periodistas, proyecto impunidad |language= |cite= }}</ref> When he was turning toward the south coming from 26th Street in the Barrio Quinta Paredes sector, in front of [[Corferias]], two men riding a high velocity white motorcycle with hidden plates<ref name="Crímenes contra periodistas"/> approached the car and called his name, then shot him five times. He was 38 years old.<ref name="Expresión"/>

The word quickly spread as his own colleagues at Radionet were the first to give the news to Colombia.<ref name="Radionet">{{cite web |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-1574189 |title=Radio Net Sale Del Aire |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=21 de mayo de 2004 |editorial=El Tiempo |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref> Hundreds of persons went out into the streets. The vehicular traffic worsened when a pedestrian bridge fell onto the North Highway, near 122nd Street, because a group of people thought wrongly that the funeral would pass by the site. Three people died and 30 were injured.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-961541 |title=Acontecimientos trágicos |accessdate=7 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=13 de septiembre de 1999 |editorial=El Tiempo, Archivo |language= |cite= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revistanumero.com/38garzon.htm |title=Un adiós de carnaval |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author=Antonio Morales Riveira |year=2003 |editorial=Revista Número |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref>

On that Friday night, sport presenter César Augusto Londoño for Noticiero [[CM&]] had to introduce a memorial note to Heriberto de la Calle, one of the characters of his murdered companion. He introduced the note saying: "''and sports here ... country of shit!''".<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-5cPRSY0_8</ref>

== Investigation ==

According to Judge Julio Roberto Ballén Silva, the AUC reacted against his involvement in negotiations for the release of guerrilla-held hostages on behalf of their family members. There are several versions of what happened in the days preceding his murder. In one of them Garzón was informed of an order to assassinate him; he then contacted Castaño, who scheduled a meeting with him to take place just the day after his murder and sent a counter order to abort the assassination. The order apparently either never reached the actual killers, or came after it was too late. This led some to speculate that the meeting was a trap.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.impunidad.com/cases/jaimegarzon22marzo.html |title=Jaime Garzón case |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=2010-06-09}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

An investigation conducted by the TV program Contravía directed by [[Holman Morris]] shows evidence of the participation of agents of the [[Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad]] (DAS, the state intelligence agency) by using false witnesses, and therefore the investigation turned away from the real events.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKGPeLn2EK4] YouTube</ref> Likewise, the paramilitary leader [[Freddy Rendón Herrera]] aka "El Alemán" accused members of the military forces of being intellectual authors of the murder.<ref>{{YouTube|watch?v=tIxI8O_6pkM|El asesinato de Jaime Garzón}}</ref>

=== Castaño is accused of being the mastermind of the crime ===

On September 13, 1999, the authorities reacted promptly to guarantee the arrest of the assassins of the journalist. Four persons participated in the first investigations as key witnesses of the crime: María Amparo Arroyave Mantilla, Wilson Llano Caballero alias El Profe, Maribel Pérez Jiménez and Wilson Raúl Ramirez Muñoz.<ref name="Reporteros sin Fronteras">{{cite web |url=http://arabia.reporters-sans-frontieres.org/imprimir.php3?id_article=4159 |title=Asesinato del periodista Jaime Garzón : manipulaciones en la investigación? |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=24 de octubre de 2002 |editorial=Reporteros sin Fronteras |language= |cite= }}</ref>

Although it was too early at the moment of the crime and María Amparo Arroyave was on the 4th floor of the building (100 meters from the place of the assassination) and the two criminals wore helmets, she gave a detailed description of one of the assassins' face and clothing.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón">{{cite web |url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/colombia/doc/alegato.html |title=Texto completo del alegato para sentencia en el caso del asesinato del periodista y humorista Jaime Garzón. |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author=Alirio Uribe Muñoz |date=9 de diciembre de 2003 |editorial=Equipo Nizkor |language= |cite= }}</ref>

On August 19, 1999, the Minister of Defense, Luis Fernando Ramírez, along with several commanders of the National Army, did a public declaration as an answer to the suggestion of a journalist, who said that the responsibility for the crime of Garzón fell on the military superiors. They said that such suggestion is defamatory and that they reject and condemn the crime of ''one of the best journalists of the end of the century, the best humorist and the sharpest critic of the Colombian society of the last decades.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caracol.com.co/nota.aspx?id=16855 |title=Militares rechazan sugerencia de prensa sobre nexos en muerte Garzón |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=18 de agosto de 1999 |editorial=[[EFE]] |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref>

On January 6, 2000, the [[National Police of Colombia|Police of Medellín]] arrested Juan Pablo Ortiz Agudelo, alias Bochas. According to the [[Administrative Department of Security]], he was the assassin that shot Garzón and was recognized by María Amparo Arroyave.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/>

On April 24 [[Carlos Castaño Gil]], top leader of the AUC, was formally accused of being the mastermind of the crime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiscalia.gov.co/pag/divulga/Bol2002/marzo/bol70.htm |title=Acusados Castaño Gil, Alias "Bochas" y Alias "Toño" por homicido de Jaime Garzón |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=marzo de 2000 |editorial=Fiscalía General de la Nación, Boletín de Prensa No. 70 |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref> On June 6 he was declared absent defendant.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/>

On September 24, 2001, the Police arrested Edilberto Antonio Sierra Ayala in [[Belén de Umbría]] under the accusation of being the other criminal that drove the motorbike.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/>

On January 3, 2002, the tribunal made official the closure of the process. The request of the civil part to review the case was ignored by the tribunal.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/>

=== Complaints of manipulation of the investigation ===

On January 21, 2000, the [[Attorney General]] was the first entity to put in doubt the veracity of the testimony of María Teresa Arroya Montoya. The Attorney ordered a careful inspection of the place she argued that she saw the crime.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/> According to lawyer Alirio Uribe Muñoz, the Attorney concluded that from the place she said that she saw the crime, it is impossible to observe the details of the assassins. The Attorney found several contradictions in her description and little coincidences with other witnesses, who were more near to the place of the crime: none of them could remember the face of the assassins, because they were very fast, but none of these inconsistencies were reviewed in the record.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/> But Arroyave Montoya disappeared<ref name="Reporteros sin Fronteras"/> and the Attorney General Office did not allow the investigation of DAS official Juan Ángel Ramírez García, who contacted Montoya.<ref name="Caso Jaime Garzón"/>

In October 2002, [[Reporters Without Borders]] and [[Red Damocles]] questioned the veracity of another witness that was considered a ''key witness'' during the first investigation: Wilson Llano Caballero, alias El Profe, who was presented as an ''Informant of DAS''. He provided with pictures and information about the allegedly murders, alias “Bochas” and “Toño”. He convinced his girlfriend, Maribel Pérez Jiménez, and his neighbor, Wilson Raúl Ramírez, to declare against the two suspects.<ref name="Reporteros sin Fronteras"/>

=== Confessions of paramilitary leaders ===

On March 11, 2004, Judge Julio Roberto Ballén Silva acquitted the two alleged assassins of the journalist. The sentence allowed the opening of the investigation to agents, officials and false witnesses of the first process.<ref name="Crimenes contra periodistas">{{cite web |url=http://www.impunidad.com/index.php?showreporte=44&pub=109&idioma=sp |title=Caso Jaime Garzón |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author=Diana Calderón |date=marzo de 2004 |editorial=Crimenes contra periodistas, proyecto impunidad |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref> The tribunal concluded once more that [[Carlos Castaño Gil]] was the mastermind of the crime and sentenced him to 38 years in prison and a fine of 790 million [[Colombian peso|pesos]].<ref name="Crimenes contra periodistas"/> In April of that very year, Castaño was killed probably by disputes among the same paramilitary members.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_5314000/5314594.stm |title=Misterio de Carlos Castaño, develado |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author=Hernando Salazar |date=4 de septiembre de 2006 |editorial=BBC Mundo |language=Spanish |cite= |work=BBC News}}</ref>

On May 9, 2008, the former Paramilitary leader [[Diego Fernando Murillo]] alias Don Berna, said that members of the criminal gang ''La Terraza'' of Medellín, that served Carlos Castaño, were the assassins of Garzón.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canalcaracol.com/nota_interna.aspx?hid_id=34412 |title=Sicarios de "La terraza" ultimaron a Jaime Garzón |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date= |editorial=Canal Caracol |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref>

In June 2008, paramilitary leader Jorge Iván Laverde, alias El Iguano, declared before [[Law of Justice and Peace (Colombian Paramilitary Peace Process)|Law of Justice and Peace]] that the former sub-director of the DAS, [[José Miguel Narváez]], instigated Carlos Castaño to kill Jaime Garzón.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=112812 |title=Paramilitar involucra a ex subdirector del Das en crimen de Jaime Garzón |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=junio de 2008 |editorial=Revista Semana |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref> A month later, in July, another paramilitary former member, Ever Veloza García alias HH, gave to the Attorney General a USB drive that belonged to Carlos Castaño. He said that in the USB there was the prove that he ordered to ''La Terraza'' gang to assassinate Jaime Garzón. Veloza said also that Castaño said in different moments that the crime of Garzón ''was a mistake'' and that "''it was done to make a favor to some friends of the National Army''".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/articulo-alias-hh-entrega-memoria-usb-testamento-de-carlos-catano |title=Alias 'HH' entrega memoria USB con testamento de Carlos Castaño |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=9 de julio de 2008 |editorial=El Espectador |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref>

In October 2009 former paramilitary leader Freddy Rendón Herrera, alias "El Alemán", said to Justice and Peace process that Carlos Castaño ordered the killing of the journalist under "''specific request of senior military leaders of the time''".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caracoltv.com/articulo154710-crimen-de-jaime-garzon-fue-favor-de-auc-a-oficiales-del-ejercito |title=Crimen de Jaime Garzón fue favor de las AUC a oficiales del Ejército |accessdate=8 de junio de 2010 |author= |date=5 de octubre de 2009 |editorial=Caracol TV |language=Spanish |cite= }}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Empty section|date=January 2011}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/57395 Carlos Castaño Gil convicted for murder of journalist Jaime Garzón] - [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]]
* [http://www.revistanumero.com/38garzon.htm]
* [http://edificiocolombia.blogspot.com Edificio Colombia. Blog with Garzón's Tv appearances.]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ta9Wa50IdAc "La sonrisa inteligente": song about Jaime's thoughts, life and death.]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03-wQg-NY2o Interview with Jaime Garzon - English Captions]
* [http://mikesbogotablog.blogspot.com/2011/08/memorial-for-jaime-garzon.html Memorial for Garzon on Bogotá's Plaza Bolivar]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Garzon, Jaime
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bogotá]]
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 24, 1960
| DATE OF DEATH = August 13, 1999
| PLACE OF DEATH = Bogotá
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garzon, Jaime}}
[[Category:Assassinated journalists]]
[[Category:Colombian journalists]]
[[Category:Colombian comedians]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated Colombian people]]
[[Category:People murdered in Colombia]]
[[Category:Pacifists]]

[[bs:Jaime Garzón]]
[[eo:Jaime Garzón]]
[[es:Jaime Garzón]]
[[fr:Jaime Garzón]]

Academia Colombiana de la Lengua

2012-08-04T04:41:29Z

Remux: eo:Kolombia Akademio de la lingvo

{{Infobox organization
|name = Academia Colombiana de la Lengua
|image = Academia Colombiana de la Lengua.JPG
|caption = Headquarters
|motto = ''La lengua es la patria''
|formation = {{Start date and years ago|1871|05|10}}
|type = NGO
|headquarters = Carrera 3, 17-34 [[Bogotá, D.C.]], [[Colombia]]
|language = [[Colombian Spanish]]
|leader_title = Director
|leader_name = Jaime Posada Díaz
|parent_organization = [[Real Academia Española]]
|affiliations = [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]]
|website =
}}

The '''Academia Colombiana de la Lengua ''' (Spanish for ''Colombian Academy of Language'') is an association of academics and experts on the use of the [[Spanish language]] in [[Colombia]]. It is a member of the [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]], being the oldest member from the Americas.

Founded in 1871 by a group of [[writer]] and [[philology]] specialist, including [[Manuel María Mallarino]] and [[Rufino José Cuervo]], the father of Hispanic-American philology, and [[Miguel Antonio Caro]], the Academia Colombiana de la Lengua is the first official Spanish language Academy to be founded outside of Spain. It is based in [[Bogotá]]. Since 1960 it officially assesses the Colombian government in language affairs and has obtained the passing of several regulations and laws favouring the Spanish language in the nation. Also in 1960 it hosted the third Congress of the Academies, in which the Bogotá Agreement was presented and signed.

==External links==
*[http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-130142.html A description of the academy (in Spanish only)]
*[http://www.epigrafe.com/articulos/acad_lengua.asp A complete presentation of the academy (in Spanish only)]

{{SpanishLanguageAcademies}}

[[Category:Spanish language]]
[[Category:Spanish language academies]]
[[Category:Education in Colombia]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Colombia]]

[[eo:Kolombia Akademio de la lingvo]]
[[es:Academia Colombiana de la Lengua]]
[[pt:Academia Colombiana da Língua]]

Category:1867 novels

2012-08-02T06:02:23Z

Remux: eo:Kategorio:Romanoj de 1867

{{novelyr|186|7}}

[[eo:Kategorio:Romanoj de 1867]]
[[es:Categoría:Novelas de 1867]]
[[fa:رده:رمان‌های ۱۸۶۷ (میلادی)]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Roman paru en 1867]]
[[it:Categoria:Romanzi del 1867]]
[[ka:კატეგორია:1867 წლის რომანები]]
[[pl:Kategoria:Powieści z 1867]]
[[ro:Categorie:Romane din 1867]]
[[ru:Категория:Романы 1867 года]]
[[sv:Kategori:Skönlitteratur 1867]]
[[tr:Kategori:1867 romanları]]

Category:Valle del Cauca Department

2012-08-02T05:52:33Z

Remux: eo:Kategorio:Valo de Kaŭko

{{Commons cat|Valle del Cauca}}
{{Cat main|Valle del Cauca Department}}
[[Category:Departments of Colombia]]

[[de:Kategorie:Valle del Cauca]]
[[eo:Kategorio:Valo de Kaŭko]]
[[es:Categoría:Valle del Cauca]]
[[tr:Kategori:Valle del Cauca]]
[[war:Category:Valle del Cauca (departamento)]]

María (novel)

2012-08-02T05:38:19Z

Remux: eo:María (Romano)

{{infobox Book | 
| name = María
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = 
| image_caption = Maria Monument in [[Santiago de Cali|Cali]] depicts the characters of the novel
| author = [[Jorge Isaacs]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = {{COL}}
| language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| series =
| genre = [[Romanticism|Romantic novel]]
| publisher =
| release_date =
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]])
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''María''''' is a novel written by [[Colombia]]n writer [[Jorge Isaacs]] between 1864 and 1867. It is a [[costumbrism|costumbrist novel]] representative of the [[Spanish literature|Spanish]] [[Romanticism|romantic]] movement. It may be considered a precursor of the [[criollist novel]] of the 1920s and 1930s in [[Latin America]].

Despite being Isaacs' only novel, ''María'' is considered one of the most important works of 19th century Spanish American literature. Alfonso M. Escudero characterized it as the greatest Spanish-language romantic novel.<ref name=Escudero>Alfonso M. Escudero, [http://www.canalsocial.net/GER/ficha_GER.asp?id=9242&cat=literatura Costumbrismo Il. Literatura Hispanoamericana], Ediciones Rialp S.A. Gran Enciclopedia Rialp, 1991. Accessed online 2010-01-21.</ref> The romantic style of the novel has been compared to the one of [[Chateaubriand]]'s [[Atala]]. Notable are the description of the landscape and the artistic style of the prose.

The novel has several [[autobiography|autobiographical]] elements, such as both main characters being natives of [[Valle del Cauca]], or Efraín's departure to [[Bogotá]] to pursue his studies. It has been claimed that Maria herself is based, at least in part, upon a cousin of the author. The [[hacienda]] "''El Paraíso''", owned by Isaacs' family, also figures as an important location throughout the novel; it is currently preserved as a museum.

The story narrates the idyllic and tragic love between María and her cousin Efraín, both natives of [[Valle del Cauca]]. In the middle of a romantic and bucolic landscape, the young characters fall in love with each other but circumstances prevent the full realization of their love. The first hurdle is Efraín's departure for six years to Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, in order to pursue his high school education. After Efraín returns to [[Valle del Cauca]] the couple is able to live together, albeit for only three months, before he is forced to travel to [[London]] in order to study medicine. Two years later Efraín returns to Colombia to find that María has died of illness. Heart-broken, Efraín decides to leave Cauca definitely, this time without a fixed destination.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
*[[Jorge Isaacs]]
*[[Colombian literature]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.aabcomp.com/photo/paraiso ''El Paraíso'' Museum photo gallery ]
* [http://www.feedbooks.com/userbook/9311 Online text in Feedbooks ]

[[Category:Colombian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Colombia]]
[[Category:1867 novels]]

[[de:María]]
[[es:María (novela)]]
[[eo:María (Romano)]]
[[fr:María (roman)]]

Deportivo Cali

2012-07-12T23:09:10Z

Remux: ia:Asociación Deportivo Cali

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Deportivo Cali
| image = [[File:Deportivo cali crest.svg|central|150px|logo]]
| fullname = Asociación Club Deportivo Cali
| nickname = ''Los Verdiblancos'' (the white and greens) ''Los Azucareros'' (the sugarmakers) ''La Amenaza Verde'' (the green menace/threat) ''La Tromba Verde'' (the green waterspout/whirlwind)''
| founded = 1912
| ground = [[Estadio Deportivo Cali]] [[Palmira]], [[Colombia]]
| capacity = 52,000
| chairman = {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Óscar Astudillo]]
| manager = {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Julio Avelino Comesaña]]
| league = [[Fútbol Profesional Colombiano]]
|season=[[2011 Categoría Primera A season|2011]]|
|position=11th
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'''Asociación Deportivo Cali''' is a Colombian sports club based in [[Cali]], [[Colombia]]. Mostly known for its [[Association football|football]] (soccer) team, it also sponsors [[basketball]], [[volleyball]] and swimming. Deportivo Cali is one of the most successful football teams in Colombia (South America) winning eight national championships (1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, and 2005) since 1948.

The new stadium, [[Estadio Deportivo Cali]], with a capacity for 55,000, is the biggest football stadium in Colombia, was officially inaugurated on November 19, 2008. Deportivo Cali's old home stadium was [[Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero]], with capacity for 50,000.

Four of the major companies that sponsor Deportivo Cali are: [[Mitre Sports International|Mitre]], [[Honda]], [[Aguardiente]] Blanco del Valle, and the international cell phone carrier [[UNE]].

==History==
===Amateur era===
Cali Foot-ball Club was formed in 1908, by students who came back from Europe bringing football to the city of Cali, but in 1912 the students organized the team and renamed it as Deportivo Cali beginning practice under their first coach, [[Catalan people|Catalan]] born [[Francisco Villa Bisa]]. Their first match was between CFC "A" and CFC "B" in the [[Versailles]] pitch, the attendance was 300 spectators. By 1928 the name was changed to "Deportivo Cali A" and the club represented the [[Valle del Cauca]] [[Department (country subdivision)|Department]] in the National Olympics, earning the titles between 1928–1930.

In 1945 several clubs decided to become part of the club adding new sports to the institution like [[athletics (track and field)|athletics]], [[basketball]] and swimming. During the next several years the club played against different teams from the country and by 1948 the team was ready to play its first professional season in the first division (Division Mayor de Football: Primera A). The first game was a defeat against [[Junior Barranquilla|Junior]] 2–0. Their first victory was against [[Atletico Nacional]] (then Atletico Municipal) 4–1. They would end the season in 8th place with a record of 6 victories, 4 draws and 8 defeats.<ref name="season">{{cite web |title=RSSSF statistics |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/col48.html |accessdate=2008-08-19 }}</ref><ref name="Historia">{{cite web |title=Historia del Deportivo Cali |url=http://www.deporcali.com/deporcali/notas/Julio162003/resena.php |accessdate=2008-08-20 }}</ref>
[[Image:CFC.svg|thumb|Cali's first logo]]

===Golden years===
Between 1965–1974 Deportivo Cali saw its golden age era. During this period, Deportivo Cali achieved 11 finals, from which they won 5 of their 8 Colombian championship titles in the [[Copa Mustang]]. It was then that Deportivo Cali was one of the top teams from the national league in Colombia. In 1978 Deportivo Cali reached the [[Copa Libertadores de America]] final losing against Boca Juniors from Argentina. During the 1980s Deportivo Cali began to fall behind in championship titles and lost three finals against its home rival América de Cali. Among the key players in Deportivo Cali were [[Carlos Valderrama (footballer)|Carlos "El Pibe" Valderrama]] and [[Bernardo Redín]]. In 1996, twenty two years after Deportivo Cali won its last championship title (1974), The Green Ones raised another star under the guidance of coach [[Fernando "El Pecoso" Castro]], and famous goal keeper [[Miguel Calero|Miguel "El Show" Calero]]. Two years later, during the 1998–1999 season Deportivo Cali won Copa Mustang in 1998 and reached the 1999 [[Copa Toyota Libertadores]] final for the second time in its history. Unfortunately, luck wasn't on their side and they lost to [[Palmeiras]] of Brazil during PK's (Deportivo Cali Shot Takers: Dudamel, Gaviria, Yepes, Bedoya (missed), Martín Zapata (Missed). Palmeiras 4, Dep. Cali 3, 4–3 Final Penalty Score, over a 2–2 aggregate score. It was during this time period that Deportivo Cali had many of the best players to come across the Colombian soccer league. This team included: Jose Rosendo Toledo, "El Moño" Muñoz, Miguel Escobar, Oscar Lopez, Mario Sanclemente, German "El Burrito" Gonzalez, Jose Yudica, Miguel Angel "El Mago" Loayza, Jairo "El Maestrico" Arboleda, Oscar Mario "Tranvia" Desiderio, Diego Edison Umaña, Henry "La Mosca" Caicedo, Iroldo Rodriguez de Oliveira, Jorge Ramirez Gallego, Roberto Alvarez, Quarentinha, Bernardo "El Cunda" Valencia, and Ricardo Pegnoty. Unfortunately, most of these players did not receive international fame, yet Jairo Arboleda could have been one of the best players Colombia has had in midfield along with Carlos Valderrama. Similar to Valderrama, Arboleda used a variety of skill and "magic" that left opponents lost and beaten, which gave rise to his nickname "El Maestrico". He is mostly recognized in Cali as one of Colombia's best players ever. This is true in most parts of Colombia except for Antioquia, where their pride dominates and mislead people to believe the best players come from Antioquia, especially Medellín. Jairo Arboleda was unfortunate to be called to the Colombian National team at a time when the team was not fully developed and organized, fading away his skill at an international level.

===Recent years===
In recent years (2000–2007), the Colombian club of Deportivo Cali from the city of [[Santiago de Cali]], has seen a major downfall in quality of players, quality of team and general managers, and overall result in both [[Copa Mustang]], and [[Copa Toyota Libertadores]]. During this time frame, Cali won 1 more championships (2005), but lost finals to the underdog teams such as [[Deportes Tolima]], and [[Deportivo Pasto]]. Not only this, but during this time, Deportivo Cali, for the first time in Copa Mustang history, did not make it to what the [[DIMAYOR]] calls the "Cuadrangulares", or the "semi-finals" of the cup. In the recent 2007 Finalization season, Deportivo for the second time in club history, failed to make it to the cuadrangulares. Spectators say that the down fall of the 2007 season way a result of the major injury of [[Sergio Herrera]], and the departure of [[Martin Cardetti]]. During the time frame of 2006–2007, the club from [[Santiago de Cali]] have seen over 3 different coaches, and 2 different ones in the 2007 Finalization season alone. Some of the coaches which served Deportivo Cali during this time are: Omar Labruna, Nestor Otero, and Pedro Sarmiento. Deportivo Cali fans and the Board of Directors of Club Asociación Deportivo Cali hoped that the newly elected coach, [[Uruguay]]an Jose Daniel Carreño, would have changed the face of the club, and re-enter them back to their glory days, he failed and was replaced by Ricardo Martinez before the end of the "Cuadrangulares" during the Copa Mustang I 2008. With new a stadium and having [[Adidas]] as a sponsor, Deportivo Cali made it to the 2010–2011 quarter finals even when people were saying that they were already eliminated since they had the worst start in Deportivo Cali's history by losing the first 4th games. In the quarter finals they were eliminated in a penalty shoot-out by [[Atlético Nacional]], in a match that could've gone either way. Deportivo Cali is also going to be present in the [[2011 Copa Sudamericana]] which is holding the draw on June 28, 2011.

===Daniel Carreño era===
Deportivo Cali, during the management of Daniel Jose Carreño, had an above average Apertura season in the [[Copa Mustang]], coming in 6th place which qualified them for the semifinals of the Copa Mustang. In the [[Copa Colombia]], they finished 3rd place, not qualifying for further play, which was a real embarrassment, as Deportivo Cali was the favorite to win the group. During the semifinals of the Copa Mustang, Cali failed to win the first 4 matches, losing 2, and drawing 2, and winning the fifth one, 2–1 against [[Deportivo Independiente Medellín]]. After the failing to win the fourth game, it was ultimately decided by the official council of Deportivo Cali for him to be sacked, and be replaced. The successor of Daniel Carreño is [[Ricardo Martínez]].

===Start of the Ricardo Martínez era===
On July 10, 2008, the successor of Daniel Carreño was ultimately decided to be [[Ricardo Martínez]]. He was the assistant manager of the club under the management of Daniel Carreño. His first game with the club will be on July 28, when the [[Copa Mustang]] begins. His main focus right now is to bring in players from both the national squads, and other foreign players. The other candidate for the position, Santiago Escobar, was chosen as the new manager for [[Independiente Medellín]]. On December 2009, the executives decided to re-hire José Eugenio "Cheché" Hernández as the new coach. This is the second time "Cheché" takes the team, last time he guided the team to the Championship of 1998 and to the runners-up of the Copa Toyota Libertadores of 1999 that lost against Palmeiras from Brazil after penalty kicks shootout.

===International competitions===
Deportivo Cali was the first Colombian side to dispute a [[Copa Libertadores]] final in 1978. Under coach [[Carlos Bilardo]] Deportivo Cali played against [[Boca Juniors]]. The first match in Cali ended 0–0. The second match in [[Buenos Aires]] resulted in a 4–0 victory for the Argentines.
In 1999 they also disputed the final, this time it was against Brazilian side [[Palmeiras]]. The first match in Cali was a victory for the home side 1–0. The second match was a 2–1 defeat. The cup was decided on penalty kicks where Deportivo Cali lost 4–3. Beside [[Copa Libertadores]] the club has also disputed the [[Merconorte]] final and participated in the [[Copa Sudamericana]]. Deportivo Cali is currently ranked 3rd on the Colombian club ranking by the [[Conmebol]][http://www.conmebol.com/ranking_pais_index.jsp?pais=col&slangab=S].

==Support==
Deportivo Cali's longtime rival is [[América de Cali|América]]. The derby is known either as the "Clasico de San Fernando" because of the location of the [[Pascual Guerrero]] stadium or the [[Valle del Cauca]] Derby.[[Image:Cali vs amer.jpg|right|thumb|]] The first derby was played in 1931 when the final of the Valle del Cauca league was disputed by the two teams. The result was a victory for América de Cali 1–0.<ref name="Historia2">{{cite web |title=Primer Clasico (Español) |url=http://www.nuevoestadio.com/docu/equipos1.htm |accessdate=2008-08-20 }}</ref> The first derby in the professional era was played in 1948. The first leg was a victory for América 1–0 while on the second leg of the tournament it was a Cali victory 4–3.On October 10, 2010 Deportivo Cali, for the first time in the history of its new stadium, won against América de Cali, with a final score of 6–3 which including a hat trick from Argetine player Martin Gerardo Morel, and three of the most highlighted goals of the tournament.<ref name="season"/>
* '''Total matches played:''' 266 <ref name="Clasico de San Fernando">{{cite web |title=El Pais – Clasico Caleño |url=http://www.elpais.com.co/paisonline/deportes2003/notas/Marzo232008/clasico.html |accessdate=2008-08-19 }}</ref>
**'''Deportivo Cali Victories''': 101
** '''América Victories''': 86
** '''Draws:''' 81

==Honors==
*'''[[Categoría Primera A|Primera A]] (8)''': 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, 2005
*'''[[Copa Colombia]] (1)''': 2010

==Current Squad==
''As of January 17, 2012.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.houstondynamo.com/players|title=Players|publisher=Houston Dynamo|accessdate = December 15, 2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:Green; color:#ffffff;" scope=col|No.
!style="background-color:Green; color:#ffffff;" scope=col|Position
!style="background-color:Green; color:#ffffff;" scope=col|Player
!style="background-color:Green; color:#ffffff;" scope=col|Nation
|-
{{Fs player2 sort |no=1 |nat=COL |pos=GK |first=Faryd |last=Mondragón}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=2 |nat=COL |pos=DF |first=Diego |last=Peralta}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=3 |nat=COL |pos=DF |first=German |last=Mera}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=4 |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Alexander |last=Viveros}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=5 |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Andrés Eduardo |last=Pérez}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=8 |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Gustavo |last=Cuellar}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=9 |nat=URU |pos=FW |first=Gustavo |last=Biscayzacu}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=11 |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Carlos |last=Lizarazo}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=12 |nat=COL |pos=GK |first=Jaiber |last=Cardona}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=13 |nat=COL |pos=DF |first=Helibelton |last=Palacios}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=14 |nat=COL |pos=DF |first=Luis |last=Payares}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=15 |nat=COL |pos=DF |first=Camilo |last=Ceballos}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=17 |nat=COL |pos=DF |first=Dany |last=Aguilar}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=18 |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Daniel |last=Giraldo}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=19 |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Yerson |last=Candelo}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=20 |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Felix |last=Micolta}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=21 |nat=COL |pos=DF |first=Jefferson |last=Murillo}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=22 |nat=COL |pos=GK |first=Leandro |last=Castellanos}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=23 |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Álvaro |last=Domínguez}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=24 |nat=COL |pos=DF |first=Luis |last=Calderon}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=25 |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Cristian |last=Higuita}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=27 |nat=COL |pos=FW |first=Cristian |last=Lasso}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=33 |nat=COL |pos=DF |first=Edgar |last=Zapata}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=34 |nat=COL |pos=FW |first=Brayan |last=Perea}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=55 |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Alexis |last=Hinestroza}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=77 |nat=COL |pos=FW |first=Harold |last=Reina}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=90 |nat=COL |pos=FW |first=Cristian |last=Nazarit}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=-- |nat=COL |pos=GK |first=Johan |last=Wallens}}
{{Fs player2 sort |no=-- |nat=COL |pos=MF |first=Vladimir |last=Marin}}
|}

==Notable players==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ronald Pablo Baroni]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Pablo Batalla]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Martin Morel]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ruben Ponce de Leon]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Gerardo Reinoso]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Emiliano Rey]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Federico Vairo]]
* {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[José Carlos Fernández González|José Carlo Fernández]]
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Jorge Orlando Aravena Plaza|Jorge Aravena]]
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Jaime Riveros]]
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Richard Zambrano]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Abel Aguilar]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Víctor Bonilla]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Miguel Calero]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Mayer Candelo]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Óscar Córdoba]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Álvaro Domínguez]]
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Andrés Estrada]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Hermán Gaviria]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Giovanni Hernández]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jhon Kennedy Hurtado]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Edison Mafla]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Faryd Mondragón]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fredy Montero]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Tressor Moreno]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Elkin Murillo]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jámison Olave]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Willington Ortiz]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Ever Palacios]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Andrés Eduardo Pérez|Andrés Pérez]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[John Wilmar Pérez]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Léider Preciado]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bernardo Redín]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Hamilton Ricard]]
{{col-3}}
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Nelson Rivas]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Hugo Rodallega]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Carlos Valderrama (footballer)|Carlos Valderrama]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Iván Valenciano]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Gustavo Victoria]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Mario Yepes]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Cristián Zapata]]
* {{flagicon|Panama}} [[Blas Pérez]]
* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Darío Caballero]]
* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Jorge Amado Nunes]]
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Miguel Ángel Loayza]]
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Valeriano López]]
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Roberto Palacios]]
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Juan Guillermo Castillo]]
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Javier Delgado]]
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Waldemar Victorino]]
* {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Rafael Dudamel]]
{{col-end}}

==Managers==
{{col-start}}
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Washington Etchamendi]]
*{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Vladica Popović]] (1974)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Carlos Bilardo]] (1976–79)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Eduardo Luján Manera]] (1979–80)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Óscar Tabárez]] (July 1988–Dec 88)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Luis Pinto]] (1990–91)
*{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Miguel Company]] (Jan 1992–June 93)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fernando Castro Lozada|Fernando Castro]] (1995–96)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Reinaldo Rueda]] (1997–98)
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Luis Fernando Suárez]] (2001)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Néstor Otero]] (July 2001–Dec 01)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Fernando Castro Lozada|Fernando Castro]] (2002)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Javier Álvarez Arteaga|Javier Álvarez]] (2003)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bernardo Redín]] (2004)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Pedro Sarmiento]] (July 2005–June 06)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Omar Labruna]] (2006–07)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Néstor Otero]] (July 2007–Nov 07)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[José Daniel Carreño]] (2008)
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[José Eugenio Hernández|José "Cheché" Hernández]] (Jan 2009–Dec 09)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Luis Bernal]] (Jan 2010–March 10)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Cruz (footbaler)|Jorge Cruz]] ''(interim)'' (April 2010–June 10)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jaime de la Pava]] (Aug 2010–June 11)
*{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Cruz (footbaler)|Jorge Cruz]] (March 2011–Sept 11)
*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Rubén Darío Insúa]] (Oct 2011–12)
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Julio Avelino Comesaña]] (2012–)
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
* [http://www.deportivocali.com.co/ Official website]

{{Colombian Football}}

[[Category:Deportivo Cali]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Colombia]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1908]]

[[ast:Asociación Deportivo Cali]]
[[ca:Asociación Club Deportivo Cali]]
[[de:Deportivo Cali]]
[[es:Asociación Deportivo Cali]]
[[eo:Asociación Deportivo Cali]]
[[fr:Asociación Deportivo Cali]]
[[ia:Asociación Deportivo Cali]]
[[it:Asociación Deportivo Cali]]
[[he:דפורטיבו קאלי]]
[[hu:Deportivo Cali]]
[[nl:Deportivo Cali]]
[[ja:デポルティーボ・カリ]]
[[pl:Deportivo Cali]]
[[pt:Asociación Deportivo Cali]]
[[ro:Deportivo Cali]]
[[ru:Депортиво Кали]]
[[simple:Deportivo Cali]]
[[tr:Deportivo Cali]]
[[uk:Депортіво Калі]]

Inquisition (metal band)

2012-07-12T09:26:29Z

Remux: es:Inquisition

{{About|the Heavy Metal band||Inquisition (disambiguation)}}
{{Primary sources|date=December 2007}}

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Inquisition
| image = Inquisition_by_Christian_Misje.jpg
| caption = Live at Hole In The Sky, Bergen Metal Fest 2008
| image_size =
| landscape = yes
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Cali]], [[Colombia]] & [[Seattle]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| genre = [[Thrash metal]] (early) [[Black metal]]
| years_active = 1988—present
| label = Sylphorium Records Defiled Records War Hammer Records NWN Recs 
[[No Colours Records]]
| associated_acts =
| website =
| current_members = Dagon Incubus
| | notable_instruments =
}}
The band '''Inquisition''' was formed in 1988 in [[Cali]], [[Colombia]] by Dagon. The band started as a [[thrash metal]] act, and in 1994 evolved into raw [[black metal]].

In 1996, Dagon left Colombia and moved back to [[the United States]] to continue Inquisition and search for a new drummer. That same year Dagon met Incubus, who joined the band on drums and the creation of their debut full length album began. This line-up has remained stable for more than ten years and is now seen as the classic Inquisition line-up.

Inquisition resides north of Seattle, [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], USA.

The band's style of black metal involves slow, deep and dark riffing combined with sudden tempo changes to faster sections based around blast beats and high-speed riffing; at times adding melodic solos. The classic Inquisition sound involves the combination of old school thrash metal-influenced riffs with darker and more chaotic black metal, primarily involving fast, tremolo picked minor-key guitar riffs, thus creating the trademark "Inquisition sound".

[[File:Inquisition by Christian Misje 02.jpg|thumb|left|Live at Hole In The Sky 2008]] Another notable element of the Inquisition sound is Incubus' [[blast beat]] style, in which the snare works together with the hi-hat or ride while alternating the two bass drums, as opposed to alternating the snare and kick, the more traditional form. This style is somewhat uncommon in black metal, being used much more prevalently in [[brutal death metal]].

Dagon's voice is rather monotonous, with the intention of inducing a trance-like feeling. Dagon has said that the vocals he expresses are not to reflect that of a human, but rather that of an unseen entity in demonic form and screaming or shouting will not connect the message correctly.

==Past members==
John Santa - Drums 1988 - 1994
 
Endhir Xo Kpurtos - Drums 1996
 
Debandt - Bass
 
Cesar Santa - Bass 1989
 
Carlos Arcila - Keyboards and Flute

==Current members==
* Dagon - Vocals, Guitars (1988-)
* Incubus - Drums (1996-)

==Discography==
The Colombian Demo years:
* ''Anxious Death'' (1990, [[Extended play|EP]])
* ''Forever Under'' (1993, [[Demo (music)|demo]])
* ''Summoning The Black Dimensions In The Farallones/ Nema''(1996, [[Split album]])

The United States Black Metal years:
* ''Into the Infernal Regions of the Ancient Cult'' (1998, [[Album]])
* ''Invoking the Majestic Throne of Satan'' (2002, [[Album]])
* ''Magnificent Glorification of Lucifer'' (2004, [[Album]])
* ''Nefarious Dismal Orations'' (2007, [[Album]])
* ''Ominous Doctrines of the Perpetual Mystical Macrocosm'' (2010, [[Album]])

==Rarities==
* ''Incense of Rest'' (1996, [[Extended play|EP]] on Defiled Records. This was the first original c.d. version before released as a split with Profane Creation)
* ''Unholy Inquisition Rites'' (2004, [[Extended play|EP]] this was used as an advance of the upcoming full length with a live bonus song)
* ''Anxious Death/Forever Under'' (2006, Compilation album on Nuclear War Now! Prod.)

==External links==
* [http://www.myspace.com/inquisitionusa Official Myspace page]
* [http://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Inquisition/6665 Inquisition on Encyclopedia Metallum]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inquisition}}
[[Category:Colombian black metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1989]]
[[Category:Colombian thrash metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Colombian heavy metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical duos]]

[[de:Inquisition (Band)]]
[[es:Inquisition]]
[[it:Inquisition]]
[[ru:Inquisition]]

Category:Colombian heavy metal musical groups

2012-07-12T09:21:08Z

Remux: es:Categoría:Grupos de heavy metal de Colombia

[[Category:Colombian musical groups|Heavy metal]]
[[Category:Heavy metal musical groups by nationality]]

[[bg:Категория:Колумбийски метъл групи]]
[[es:Categoría:Grupos de heavy metal de Colombia]]
[[sco:Category:Colombie hivy metal muisical groups]]

Encyclopaedia Metallum

2012-07-12T03:04:30Z

Remux: eo:Encyclopaedia Metallum

{{Primary sources|date=May 2009}}
{{Infobox Website
| name = Encyclopaedia Metallum
| logo = [[Image:Metal-archives.jpg|300px]]
| url = [http://www.metal-archives.com/ http://www.metal-archives.com/]
| commercial = No
| type = Music database, reviews
| registration = Optional
| owner = Morrigan, Hellblazer
| author = Morrigan, Hellblazer
| launch date = July 2002
| current status = Active
| alexa = 8,164<ref>[http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/http://www.metal-archives.com Encyclopaedia Metallum] at [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]]</ref>
}}
'''Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives''' (commonly known as '''Metal Archives''' per the URL or just '''MA''') is a [[website]] which lists bands from various forms of [[heavy metal music]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.buffalonews.com/entertainment/gusto/story/369201.html
|title=Club Chatter
|work=[[The Buffalo News]]
|accessdate=2009-05-05
|last=Miers
|first=Jeff
|date=June 13, 2008
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
</ref> Encyclopaedia Metallum was described by Matt Sullivan of ''[[Nashville Scene]]'' as "the Internet's central database for all that is 'tr00' in the metal world."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nashvillescene.com/2009-12-24/music/the-indie-fication-of-metal-2009/|title=The indie-fication of metal, 2009|last=Sullivan|first=Matt|date=December 22, 2009|work=Nashville Scene|publisher=City Press LLC|accessdate=December 31, 2009}}</ref> ''[[Terrorizer (magazine)|Terrorizer]]'' described the site as "a fully-exhaustive list of pretty much every metal band ever, with full discographies, an active forum and an interlinking members list that shows the ever-incestuous beauty of the metal scene".<ref>"A Decade in Downloading", ''[[Terrorizer (magazine)|Terrorizer]]'s Secret History of... the Decade'', December 2009</ref> Nevertheless, there are exceptions for bands which fall under disputed genres not accepted by the website.

Encyclopaedia Metallum attempts to provide comprehensive information on each band, such as a discography, logos, pictures, lyrics, line-ups, biography, trivia and user-submitted reviews. The site also provides a system for submitting bands to the archives. As of December 2011, the site had 83,500+ bands listed, 205,000+ releases, 1,380,000+ tracks, 62,000+ reviews and 281,000+ registered users (205,000+ of whom are "currently active").<ref>[http://www.metal-archives.com/stats Encyclopaedia Metallum' statistics]</ref> The website is free of advertisements and is run completely independently.

==User interaction==
As an incentive to get people to submit data, the site uses a "point" system, in which registered users gain points and move up ranks with the amount and value of data and information they submit. When joining as a member of the site all new members start off with the ranking of "[[Emo#Fashion_and_stereotype|mallcore kid]]". The more valuable and complete the information, the more points are awarded. Also submitting reviews of band releases is another way to gain points on the site. Typically though, the website offers more points to those who submit info about a band itself. The most points are given to users when actual bands they submit to the site are accepted.

== Accepted bands ==
The site has extremely strict rules, especially those which mandate band submissions. Encyclopaedia Metallum only accepts bands which it deems metal, but many bands that once were rejected were accepted later on, and vice versa. The only exceptions are: side projects of members of metal bands that have a release on a label with worldwide distribution, bands that are no longer considered to be metal but were in the past, and [[grindcore]] bands that bear close similarities to [[death metal]], [[groove metal]] bands (e.g. [[Lamb Of God (band)|Lamb Of God]] and [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]]) are also allowed.

[[Heavy metal music|Traditional heavy metal]] genres and eras, such as the [[NWOBHM]] have stringent rulings; users are warned in the rules section to consider bands submitted under these classifications as "''ambiguous''", in the sense that if a band is submitted with these terms as their genre, the music will be extensively reviewed by the moderators before they decide whether or not to accept the band onto the website.<ref>[http://metal-archives.com/guidelines.php#bands Websites "rules"... heavy metal/hard rock to be considered "ambiguous"]</ref> This is because in the past, some submissions labeled with those genres have turned out not to be metal, according to the site's guidelines. Some bands which are commonly referred to as traditional heavy metal and NWOBHM, such as [[Def Leppard]] and [[Stryper]], are on the website due to only one or two of the bands' albums meeting the website's specifications.

Additionally, there are some non-metal bands featured on the site that are considered to be part of the metal scene despite not being metal themselves (usually [[dark ambient]] and [[Folk music|folk]] bands, examples being [[Mortiis]], [[Elend (band)|Elend]], [[Nest (band)|Nest]], [[Of The Wand & The Moon|:Of The Wand & The Moon:]], [[Autumn Tears]], [[Stille Volk]], etc.). These bands are selected by the moderators "in an admittedly arbitrary fashion," and their submission by normal users is discouraged.<ref>[http://www.metal-archives.com/guidelines.php Encyclopaedia Metallum's Guidelines]</ref>

===Bands excluded by the website===
Genres that are sometimes associated with extreme metal, such as [[grindcore]] and [[metalcore]], are also absent as they are seen to have more in common with [[Punk music|punk]] than metal. Some grindcore bands are accepted if they are more associated with [[death metal]] (e.g. [[Napalm Death]], and [[Pig Destroyer]]). Many users believe that [[metalcore]] bands have been completely banned from the website since a bulletin was posted that simply stated, "''Please stop submitting -core bands. Please.''"<ref>[http://metal-archives.com/news.php?months=09-2005 Encyclopaedia Metallum's news archive]</ref> However, this is false; many metalcore bands appear on the archives and many more have been added since the bulletin was posted, but the moderators have become more strict on what metalcore bands can be added and generally work case-by-case rather than saying all, or zero, metalcore bands will be accepted. [[Glam metal]] is rejected if the website owners consider the band more hard rock than metal. [[Industrial metal]] is only allowed if the site's staff consider it "more metal related than industrial", for example; the band [[Rammstein]] is not allowed, while industrial rock pioneers [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]] were accepted in March 2006 based on their album ''[[Rio Grande Blood]]''.<ref>http://www.metal-archives.com/board/viewtopic.php?p=1792967#p1792967</ref> Another recent accepted band once blocked by the administration is the industrial group [[Pitchshifter (band)|Pitchshifter]], based on their first three metal-influenced albums. Encyclopaedia Metallum can only accept [[grunge]] bands if owners consider them "metal"; [[Melvins|The Melvins]], [[Soundgarden]] and [[Alice in Chains]] have all been accepted, while [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] and [[Pearl Jam]] are not allowed on the site.

Bands that are associated with the [[nu metal]] label are forbidden and have been since the website started. However, certain bands which are commonly regarded as nu metal were accepted, if the moderators considered certain albums "metal" enough, what happened with [[Extrema (band)|Extrema]] and [[Synthetic Breed]]. This particular loophole was exploited to comedic effect on [[April Fools' Day]] 2009 by the site's staff when popular nu metal band [[Korn]] was briefly added to the database, whereupon a series of staged arguments between moderators appeared throughout the day on the site's forum. [[Soulfly]], who were once a nu metal band, were accepted in April 2012 based on their eighth studio album ''[[Enslaved (Soulfly album)|Enslaved]]''.<ref>http://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Soulfly/3540344931</ref>

The site runners have standards which exclude some bands that are considered by some sites (such as [[Allmusic]]<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p4739|pure_url=yes}} Allmusicguide.com naming Led Zeppelin "the definitive heavy metal band"]</ref> and others) as founding and definitive heavy metal acts, such as [[Led Zeppelin]] and [[Blue Cheer]]; the website's runners consider these acts as [[hard rock]]. However, there are some websites specializing in rock and metal music that, like Encyclopaedia Metallum, also exclude Led Zeppelin<ref>[http://www.metal-rules.com/review/search.php?band=led%20zeppelin Metal-rules.com does not cover Led Zeppelin]</ref> or just mention Led Zeppelin as "hard rock".<ref>[http://www.musicmight.com/linkto/artist/{2901A529-7688-474F-AE04-E60FE92 MusicMight classifies Led Zeppelin as "hard rock"]</ref>

In fact, many of what are often viewed as the original 1970s rock / heavy metal bands are missing from the website, such as [[Blue Öyster Cult]], [[Uriah Heep (band)|Uriah Heep]], [[Vanilla Fudge]], [[Cactus (band)|Cactus]], [[Dust (band)|Dust]], [[AC/DC]], [[Van Halen]], [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] and [[UFO (band)|UFO]] (who were once accepted but deleted from the website in February 2003 as one of the owners described them as "not metal"<ref>[http://www.metal-archives.com/news/index/p/5 News archives]</ref>). A small amount of users have questioned these exclusions on the website's message board in the past.<ref>[http://www.metal-archives.com/board/viewtopic.php?t=19055 1970 Heavy metal]</ref> On the other hand, other 1970s bands such as [[Black Sabbath]], [[Judas Priest]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Sir Lord Baltimore]], [[Rush (band)|Rush]], [[Rainbow (band)|Rainbow]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[Budgie (band)|Budgie]] and [[Pentagram (band)|Pentagram]] are accepted.

== History ==
The Encyclopaedia Metallum was founded in July 2002 by two Canadians from Montreal using the pseudonyms HellBlazer and Morrigan. They have been interviewed three times about their site. The first interview was given to the now defunct MetalGospel.com site. The second interview was given to the Finnish magazine [http://www.miasma.org Miasma] during May and June 2005,<ref>[http://www.miasma.org/vanhat-numerot/miasma-magazine-10 Miasma magazine #10]</ref> and the issue was published in mid-October of the year. The last to date was given to the Québécois magazine [http://www.arseniczine.com Arsenic] during December 2007, which was published in June 2008.

On 9 April 2011, version 2.0 went online.

On 1 April 2012, the site posted an FBI logo on the main page suggesting that the site was suspended by FBI as a result of promoting internet piracy. On the same day it was found out that it was just an April Fools' Day joke. The FBI logo could be bypassed by double-clicking on it, thereby redirecting visitors to the site's main page.

==See also==
* [[List of online music databases]]
* [[List of online encyclopedias]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.metal-archives.com Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives]
* [http://www.facebook.com/metal.archives Official Facebook page]
* [http://www.metal-archives.com/miasmainterview.php Translated interview from Miasma Magazine]
* [http://www.metal-archives.com/arsenicinterview.php Translated interview from Arsenic Magazine]

[[Category:Online encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Online music and lyrics databases]]
[[Category:Heavy metal publications]]

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