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Aulanko

2024-10-05T23:10:34Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added article, information, sources, links, and images.

[[File:Aulanko Resort.jpg|thumb|Aulanko resort in 2022. ]]
[[File:Aulangon kartano.jpg|thumb|Karlberg Mansion in [[Hämeenlinna]], [[Finland]], 1912. ]]
[[File:Aulanko, Hämeenlinna, Finland (43221375434).jpg|thumb|The granite castle. ]]
[[File:Hameenlinna Aulanko Nature Reserve tower.jpg|thumb|Aulanko observation tower. ]]
[[File:Aulanko, Hämeenlinna, Finland (30071555368).jpg|thumb|Rose temple. ]]
[[File:Aulangon golfkenttä heinäkuussa 2023.jpg|thumb|Aulanko golf course. ]]
'''Aulanko''' (Swedish: '''Karlberg''') is the 14th district of [[Hämeenlinna]] in [[Finland]], known for its park forest. The park features a nature reserve as well as diverse recreational and outdoor areas. Aulanko includes attractions such as the Scandic Aulanko hotel and its associated spa, two golf courses, the adventure park Hugo Park Aulanko, Katajistonranta (formerly Katajiston manor), the Aulanko observation tower, and the Aulanko riding stable. [[Aulanko Nature Reserve|The Aulanko Nature Reserve]] was developed into its current form at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries by Colonel Hugo Standertskjöld. The Aulanko National Reserve is part of the National Urban Park established in Hämeenlinna in 2001.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Silfverhjelm |first=Eric |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/vanamo.362413 |title=Aulanko, Pohjolan kaunein turistikeskus ja suurin puisto: eversti Hugo Standertskjöld ja hänen elämäntyönsä: överste Standertskjöld och hans verk = Aulanko, the most outstanding tourist centre and the largest park in the North: colonel Hugo Standertskjöld and his work = Aulanko-Karlberg, Nordens märkligaste turistcentrum och största park |date=1965 |publisher=Helsingfors: Kirjapaino Oy Versal Boktryckeri Ab |year=1965 |edition=1st |location=Helsinki |publication-date= |language=FI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=Matka {{!}} Upporikas ja onnettomasti rakastunut eversti ei tiennyt, mihin rahansa laittaisi – syntyi yksi Etelä-Suomen upeimmista retkikohteista, joka hämmästyttää yhä |url=https://www.hs.fi/hyvinvointi/art-2000008142984.html |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Helsingin Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=susanna.lappalainen@hameenlinna.fi |date=2020-06-24 |title=Satumainen Aulanko |url=https://kansallisetkaupunkipuistot.fi/ikilumoava-aulanko/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Kansalliset kaupunkipuistot |language=fi}}</ref>

== Karlberg Mansion ==
The history of Aulanko in its current form began in 1883. Captain Hugo Standertskjöld, who later became a colonel, purchased the Karlberg estate located on the shores of Lake Vanajavesi from Major General Georg Eberhard Galindo, who, like Standertskjöld, had served in [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]].<ref name=":0" />

The transaction represented such a significant change in the area's ownership that local newspapers reported it prominently. The background to the purchase of Karlberg was that its previous owner, a friend of Standertskjöld, moved to Russia and wanted to dispose of his estate in Häme.<ref name=":0" />

Standertskjöld intended to acquire a summer residence. His winter residence was built in [[Helsinki]] at North Esplanade 3, next to [[Presidential Palace, Helsinki|the imperial palace]]. Aulanko was only a few kilometers from the Hämeenlinna railway station, making travel by train between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna convenient. The colonel himself hailed from [[Janakkala]] in [[Häme]], which is located south of Aulanko. The Vanantaan Manor, situated along the same waterway, was his birthplace. Standertskjöld initiated extensive construction works that targeted not only buildings but also the surrounding nature. A park landscape was created near the buildings, and a park forest was established between Aulanko Hill and the structures.<ref name=":0" />

The main building was constructed by expanding and altering Karlberg's old main building, which is located where the current hotel stands. Architecturally, the main building was designed in French [[Baroque Revival architecture|neo-baroque]] style. This same architectural style can still be admired in the so-called cavalier wing that the colonel built as a guesthouse.<ref name=":0" />

The main building was adorned with [[Agave|agaves]] and [[Laurel tree|laurel trees]]. The park was planted with palms, cacti, and flowers. The seedlings and plants were brought from Russia. Next to the main building, there were cypress trees, cedar trees, Siberian pines, oaks, alders, and dwarf pines. Silver poplars were planted by the shore of [[Vanajavesi|Lake Vanajavesi]]. Sculptures were erected along the waterfront. Reddish shells lined the park pathways. Large glass balls peeked out from the grass mat.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:View from Aulanko Tower - panoramio.jpg|thumb|A view from the observation tower. ]]
An English-style park was created in Aulanko from 1883 to 1938. Within the current nature reserve, there were two large swamps, from which Colonel Standertskjöld commissioned the construction of artificial ponds named Joutsenlampi "Swan Lake" and Metsälampi "Forest Lake". These ponds also feature artificial islands, although they are only used by birds. Two artificial islands intended for the use of local residents and visitors were built in Lake Vanajavesi instead. All this landscaping required as many as 250 workers at one time, along with numerous cart paths, walking trails, and the necessary plantings. In total, about 14 kilometers of new roads were constructed.<ref name=":0" />

Agriculture also played a role in the activities of the summer residence, although the colonel engaged in actual farming elsewhere. In Aulanko, the cultivation was more about a fruit and vegetable garden, which also included numerous heated greenhouses. According to information provided by journalist, writer, and diplomat Lauri Hannikainen, the garden had twelve different plant and fruit rooms in 1912, such as wine, apricot, plum, pineapple, cherry, fig, apple, and pear rooms. Peaches, nectarines, and several berry varieties were also grown in Aulanko. Hannikainen noted that there were over a thousand different seedling beds and two hundred vegetable bed windows. Each spring, more than 100,000 flower seedlings were cultivated in the greenhouses. The area of the garden spanned several hectares.<ref name=":0" />

Aulanko had its own fish farming facility, which was the first in Finland. The fish farming facility raised salmon, pike perch, rainbow trout, whitefish, and brown trout.<ref name=":0" />

Stone and quarrying works were particularly favored by Colonel Standertskjöld, as the area features numerous stone walls and terraces. Additionally, a granite castle was built in Aulanko to create the impression that there once was an old Aulanko Castle in the area. However, the largest stonework occurred at Aulangonvuori Hill, where old, primitive protective structures were cleared away. In 1907, a 33-meter-high granite observation tower designed by architect Valdemar Aspelin was constructed on the hill. From the base of the tower, a steep staircase of 322 stone steps descends to the so-called Bear Cave, which features a sculpture titled "Bears" depicting a bear family by Robert Stigell.<ref name=":0" />

Lighter park structures were also built in Aulanko, including various gazebos and temples. These provided a place for walkers or the colonel's guests to stop and rest or enjoy refreshments. Some of these gazebos and temples still remain, although many wooden structures decayed before later generations recognized their value. These park structures captivated a young schoolboy from Hämeenlinna Lyceum, [[Eino Leino]], who wrote his poem "Kell onni on, se onnen kätkeköön" inspired by the Temple of Happiness in Aulanko.<ref name=":0" />

Aulanko was home to Finland's first zoo. A hundred years ago, there were two zoos in the area that housed, among other animals, deer, [[Pheasant|pheasants]], and [[Peafowl|peacocks]]. [[Mountain goat|Mountain goats]], [[red deer]], and [[sika deer]] were brought to Aulanko from [[Hamburg]]. [[Black swan|Black swans]] were imported from [[Australia]]. [[Indian Runner duck|Indian runner ducks]] were also found in Aulanko. The peacock caused much wonder. During [[World War I]], the pheasants of Aulanko were released into the wild. The wild pheasant population in Finland originates from Aulanko.<ref name=":0" />

Colonel Standertskjöld was known for his love of extravagant celebrations, and Aulanko became a renowned venue for high-society events. At [[Midsummer|the Midsummer]] celebrations, a gramophone played songs by Italian tenor [[Enrico Caruso]] and Australian soprano [[Nellie Melba]]. Guests were transported by horse-drawn carriages from the Hämeenlinna railway station, with the drivers dressed in uniforms. The granite castle featured a small cannon that fired salutes for the honored guests. A band welcomed the large crowd, which sometimes numbered up to a thousand attendees at certain events. During dinner, 7 to 10 courses were served. [[Fireworks]], Bengal lights, colored lanterns, and other illuminations lit up the festive occasion. Grateful guests carried the colonel around the park in a golden chair. Over 700 bottles of [[champagne]] were consumed during the celebration.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title=300 miestä hevosineen huhki, kun Hugo Standertskjöld rakennutti Aulangolle näkötornin – Eversti oli kaupungin väriläiskä, jonka juhlista ei lähdetty kuivin suin |url=https://www.hameensanomat.fi/paikalliset/5308609 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Hämeen Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref>

Aulanko was home to Finland's first gramophone. The colonel had a remarkably extensive collection of recordings for his time, which included works by Caruso, Melba, [[Mattia Battistini]], [[Adelina Patti]], [[Luisa Tetrazzini]], and other singers.<ref name=":0" />

Finland's first [[Rolls-Royce]] car was brought to Aulanko. The colonel also owned a [[Mercedes-Benz]] convertible.<ref name=":0" />

The Karlberg manor represented the pinnacle of noble estate culture. It has been described as Finland's [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]] because it surpassed everything achieved in Finland at that time in terms of craftsmanship and wealth.<ref name=":0" />

Standertskjöld was one of Finland's wealthiest men.<ref name=":0" />

As Colonel Standertskjöld began to age, traveling to Aulanko became increasingly difficult for him. Since he was without family, he decided to part with Aulanko. Complicated inheritance issues also played a role, as the colonel was unmarried and childless. The last summer Standertskjöld spent at Aulanko was in 1926.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-20 |title=Aulanko on upporikkaan romantikon perintö jälkipolville |url=https://yle.fi/a/3-6701509 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref>

== Hotel Aulanko ==
In 1927, Aulanko became a hotel.<ref name=":0" />

The reputation of the Aulanko hotel had grown both domestically and internationally, and its accommodation capacity eventually became too small. Thus, in 1938, the current functionalist-style main building was completed, designed by [[Märta Blomstedt]] and Matti Lampén. Upon its completion, Aulanko was the finest hotel in Finland.<ref name=":0" />

President of the Republic of Finland [[Risto Ryti]] and Marshal [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] visited Aulanko.<ref name=":0" />

After the war, during [[1952 Summer Olympics|the 1952 Summer Olympics]], pentathletes from fourteen countries were accommodated in the Aulanko hotel and the buildings of Katajisto Manor. The area housed both training and accommodation facilities for the athletes. However, the actual competitions took place at Ahvenisto, located on the other side of the city. Aulanko served as a village for international guests.<ref name=":0" />

The Aulanko park forest was declared a nature reserve by the decision of the governor of Häme in 1930, and the area was completely transferred from the city of Hämeenlinna to state ownership in the 1960s. In 1943, a monument to Hugo Standertskjöld was unveiled in the park.<ref name=":0" />

British film director [[Alfred Hitchcock]] stayed at the hotel in 1968 while searching for filming locations for his project *The Short Night*. Hitchcock enjoyed the food and drinks at the hotel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-19 |title=Hitchcock huimaa Aulangolla |url=https://yle.fi/a/3-5865229 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-01-28 |title=Hitchcock lupasi minulle roiston roolin |url=https://www.hameensanomat.fi/paikalliset/5110323 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Hämeen Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Hämeenlinna]]

Sigurd Frosterus

2024-10-05T18:47:17Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added link.

{{Short description|Finnish architect and art critic}}
[[File:Sigurd-Frosterus.jpg|thumb]]
'''Sigurd Frosterus''' (4 June 1876 – 2 March 1956) was a [[Finland|Finnish]] architect, art critic and art collector.

Born in [[Asikkala]], Frosterus graduated from [[University of Helsinki|Helsinki University]] with a degree in art history in 1899, and earned a diploma of architecture in 1902 at [[Helsinki University of Technology|Polytechnical Institute]].<ref name="BLF">{{cite web |url=http://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=3368 |title= Frosterus, Sigurd |last= |first= |date= |website=Biografiskt lexikon för Finland |publisher= |access-date=8 January 2017 |language=sv}}</ref> In 1920 he earned his doctorate at the University with a dissertation on the use of colour in art.<ref name="AM">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.fi/arkkitehtiesittely?apid=3140 |title=Arkkitehtiesittely |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=Museum of Finish Architecture |access-date=8 January 2017 |language=fi}}</ref>

Frosterus had an architectural office in 1902–1904 with [[Gustaf Strengell]] and in 1918–1935 with [[Ole Gripenberg]].<ref name="AM"/> Frosterus and Strengell designed villas and manor houses, including [[Tamminiemi]], which was an official residence of the [[President of Finland]] from 1940 until 1981.<ref name="BLF"/>

Frosterus's best-known work is the [[Stockmann, Helsinki centre|Stockmann department store]] in Helsinki. The architecture competition was held in 1916, but the building was not finished until 1930.<ref name="AM"/>

Frosterus inspired numerous Finnish artists with his art theories and criticism. He collected post-impressionist art.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visithelsinki.fi/en/whats-on/events-in-helsinki/art-as-an-attitude-the-sigurd-frosterus-collection |title=Art as an Attitude – The Sigurd Frosterus Collection |website= Visit Helsinki |publisher= |access-date=8 January 2017 |quote=}}</ref>

Frosterus was the editor of ''Arkkitehti'' magazine in 1908–1911, and published books on art theory. He was also a talented watercolour painter.<ref name="AM"/>

== Selected works ==
* Inkeroinen power plant in [[Kymi (river)|Kymi]] 1923
* [[Vanajanlinna Manor]], 1924
* [[Stockmann, Helsinki centre]] 1930
* Isohaara power plant in [[Kemijoki]] 1949
* Helsingin säästöpankki, bank head office, 1932
* Yhdyspankki, bank head office, 1936

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control (arts)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frosterus, Sigurd}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Finnish architects]]
[[Category:Finnish art historians]]

Vanajanlinna Manor

2024-10-05T18:46:48Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added article, information, sources, links, and images.

[[File:Vanajanlinna 1.jpg|thumb|Vanajanlinna Manor in [[Hämeenlinna]], [[Finland]].]]
'''Vanajanlinna Manor''' is a historic mansion in [[Hämeenlinna]], [[Finland]]. The manor is situated next to Lake Katuma (Katumajärvi). It was designed by Finnish architect [[Sigurd Frosterus]] and built in the 1920s by Finnish business magnate [[Carl Wilhelm Rosenlew]]. Rosenlew intended the manor to serve as his hunting lodge for the Finnish political and economic elite.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/louna.562042 |title=Vanajanlinna 1924-2024: sata kiehtovaa vuotta |date=2024 |publisher=Vanajanlinnan perinneyhdistys ry = The Vanajanlinna cultural association |isbn=978-952-94-8310-5 |editor-last=Piri |editor-first=Markku |location=Harviala |editor-last2=Isosuo |editor-first2=Juha |editor-last3=Pollari |editor-first3=Mikko |editor-last4=Kaarlenkaski |editor-first4=Hillevi |editor-last5=Meriläinen |editor-first5=Sirpa |editor-last6=Vanajanlinnan perinneyhdistys}}</ref>

== History ==
The first documented reference concerning the Äikäälä estate dates back to 1374. The estate was owned by [[Finnish nobility|the Finnish nobility]] and the Catholic Bishop of Finland. Over the centuries, the estate had multiple owners.<ref name=":0" />

== Vanajanlinna Manor ==
The history of Vanajanlinna Manor dates back to 1918 when Carl Wilhelm Rosenlew purchased the Äikäälä estate and other surrounding farms. Rosenlew's vision was to build a hunting lodge where the Finnish elite could engage in deer hunting, pheasant hunting, and crab feasts. The manor had 501 hectares of land, providing plenty of space for hunting.<ref name=":0" />

Guests at the lodge included Marshal [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]], President [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]], and President [[Risto Ryti]]. Mannerheim and Karl Fazer had their own private apartments at the manor.<ref name=":0" />

The manor's construction began in 1919 and was completed in 1924. It embodies [[baroque]] and [[Renaissance architecture]] with English influences due to Rosenlew and Frosterus being [[Anglophile|Anglophiles]]. The manor's interior design exuded modernity and luxury, with bathrooms crafted from Italian marble, a Turkish bath, and the first heated indoor swimming pool in Finland. The dining room walls were constructed with [[India|Indian]] mahogany. It had a total of 80 rooms including a ball room, a library, and a billiard room.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://vanajanlinna.fi/en/vanajanlinna/info/history-of-vanajanlinna |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Vanajanlinna |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The garden was influenced by [[Palace of Versailles|the Palace of Versailles Royal Garden]] and [[English landscape garden|the English landscape garden]].<ref name=":0" />

[[Great Depression|The Great Depression]] and [[World War II]] influenced Rosenlew's financial situation, leading him to sell the manor in 1941.<ref name=":0" />

Vanajanlinna had three different owners before it was transformed into a hotel, restaurant, and golf course after 1998. Restaurant Carl Wilhelm is named after its firts owner Carl Wilhelm Rosenlew. An award-winning golf course, Linna Golf, is located at the manor.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Restaurant Carl Wilhelm {{!}} Vanajanlinna {{!}} Hämeenlinna |url=https://vanajanlinna.fi/en/vanajanlinna/restaurants/restaurant-carl-wilhelm |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Vanajanlinna |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://linnagolf.fi |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=linnagolf.fi |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Vanajanlinna 2.jpg|The main facade.
File:Vanajanlinna 3.jpg|The main entrance.
File:Vanajanlinna 4.jpg|Manor from the garden.
File:Vanajanlinna 7.jpg|The English-style garden.
File:Vanajanlinna 6.jpg|The French-style garden.
File:Vnajanlinna ilmakuva kesäaikaan (2).jpg|The manor from the air.
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

Johan Fredrik Aminoff

2024-10-01T16:07:57Z

PrinceMichailoff: Cronology.

[[File:Johan Fredrik Aminoff Portrait.jpg|thumb|Johan Fredrik Aminoff circa 1830s. Unknown painter. ]]
'''Johan Fredrik Aminoff''' ([[January 26|26 January]] [[1756]] [[Bromarv]], [[Finland]] - [[March 30|30 March]] [[1842]] [[Bromarv]] [[Finland]]) was a Finnish [[Count]], [[Baron]], General, and Statesman who had major influence in Finland during [[Gustavian era|the Kingdom of Sweden]], and later in the newly formed [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] in [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Charlotta |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/tiekko.1062719 |title=Johan Fredrik Aminoff: kustaviaani kahdessa valtakunnassa |last2=Nurmiainen |first2=Jouko |date=2022 |publisher=Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava |others=Otava, kustannusosakeyhtiö |isbn=978-951-1-46554-6 |location=Helsingissä}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Syrjö |first=Veli-Matti |date=1998-09-08 |title=Aminoff, Johan Fredrik (1756 - 1842) |url=https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/572 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=National Biography of Finland}}</ref>

== Family ==
He was born into [[Aminoff family|the Aminoff noble family]], which traced its roots to [[Holy Roman Empire|the Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Russia]]. Aminoff was born at [[Riilahti Manor]] in 1756. His parents were Master of Horse Fredrik Aminoff and Maria Elisabet Rotkirch.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
In 1763, he joined [[Nyland and Tavastehus County Cavalry Regiment|the Nyland and Tavastehus County Cavalry Regiment]]. Later, he studied at [[Royal Academy of Turku|the Royal Academy of Turku]]. After that, Aminoff moved to [[Stockholm]] to serve as a [[Page (servant)|Page]] for the King of Sweden, [[Adolf Frederick of Sweden|Adolf Frederick]], in 1770. When [[Gustav III]] became King in 1771, he favored Aminoff.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Aminoff served as an officer in the Widow Queen's Life Regiment before being transferred to the King's Life Guard. He was promoted to second lieutenant in 1773, lieutenant in 1775, army captain in 1777, sub-captain in 1781, and captain in 1782. Finally, he became a lieutenant colonel in 1787.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He took part in [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)|the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790]]. King Gustav III advanced Aminoff to the position of colonel and commander of the Pori County Regiment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

King Gustav III was assassinated in 1792 by nobleman [[Jacob Johan Anckarström]]. Gustav III was unpopular among the Swedish nobility because of his [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutism]]. Aminoff lost his status because he was a supporter of the King.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

During the Regency led by Baron [[Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm]], Aminoff was not popular. The Regency accused him of being involved in a conspiracy with the diplomat, Baron [[Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt]]. Aminoff was imprisoned for treason and sentenced to death, as well as to lose his honor, titles, and fortunes. However, his death sentence was commuted to a life sentence in 1794.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

King [[Gustav IV Adolf]] reached adulthood in 1796 and subsequently granted Aminoff his freedom, honor, titles, and fortunes. In 1799, the King promoted Aminoff to the rank of Major General.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[Finnish War|The Finnish War]] started in 1808. Aminoff was appointed to Count [[Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor]]'s army headquarters as chief of staff and advisor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In September 1808, a temporary truce was established between the Swedish and Russian forces. Aminoff was tasked with traveling to Stockholm to present the new conditions to the King. Following the meeting, Aminoff was granted the title of Baron, but he never introduced his title at [[House of Nobility (Sweden)|the House of Nobility]] in Stockholm.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

After the Kainuu armistice agreement in March 1809 between Sweden and Russia, Aminoff returned to his Riilahti Manor in Bromarv, Finland. Despite the Russian occupation, Aminoff chose to stay in Finland.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1810, Aminoff led a Finnish officer delegation to meet with [[Emperor of Russia|the Emperor of Russia]], [[Grand Duke of Finland]], [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]. Aminoff negotiated an agreement with the Emperor that allowed Finnish officers, the majority of whom were members of the nobility, to retain their salaries and estates.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1811, Emperor Alexander I invited Aminoff to become a member of [[Committee for Finnish Affairs|the Committee for Finnish Affairs]]. In the same year, he was appointed as a Privy Councillor.<ref name=":1" />

In 1812, French Emperor [[Napoleon]] invaded Russia. During [[Napoleonic Wars|the Napoleonic Wars]], Aminoff acted as the Chairman of the Committee. He again acted as the Chairman in 1814 because Count [[Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt]] passed away.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1818, he and his sons were introduced to [[House of Nobility (Finland)|the House of Nobility in Finland]].<ref name=":1" />

Emperor Alexander I visited the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1819. During his visit, he elevated Aminoff to the rank of Count.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1821, Emperor Alexander I invited Aminoff to become the Chairman of the Committee for Finnish Affairs. Aminoff declined the Emperor's invitation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Instead, he became the Vice-Chancellor of [[Royal Academy of Turku|the Imperial Academy of Turku]] in 1821, with the crown prince [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] acting as the Chancellor. Aminoff was conservative, and both the Finnish and Russian elites opposed revolutionary ideologies at the university.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aminoff |first=Jukka |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/fikka.5496009 |title=Suomen Ruotsi ja Venäjä: Suomi muuttuvien maailmanjärjestysten keskellä |date=2021 |publisher=Readme.fi |others=Readme.fi |isbn=978-952-373-254-4 |location=Helsinki}}</ref>

In 1823, Emperor Alexander I granted Aminoff the title of President.<ref name=":1" />

== Titles ==

* {{flag|Russia}} President (1823)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Russia}} Count (1819)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Russia}} [[Privy Councillor (Russia)|Privy Councillor]] (1811)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} Baron (1808)<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==

* {{flag|Russia}} Diamond snuffbox with miniature of Alexander I of Russia (1821)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Grand Cross (1808)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Komentajamerkki (1801)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Knight (1789)<ref name=":1" />

== References ==

<references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Aminoff, Johan Fredrik}}
[[Category:Finnish nobility]]

Johan Fredrik Aminoff

2024-10-01T16:06:14Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added information and links.

[[File:Johan Fredrik Aminoff Portrait.jpg|thumb|Johan Fredrik Aminoff circa 1830s. Unknown painter. ]]
'''Johan Fredrik Aminoff''' ([[January 26|26 January]] [[1756]] [[Bromarv]], [[Finland]] - [[March 30|30 March]] [[1842]] [[Bromarv]] [[Finland]]) was a Finnish [[Count]], [[Baron]], General, and Statesman who had major influence in Finland during [[Gustavian era|the Kingdom of Sweden]], and later in the newly formed [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] in [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Charlotta |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/tiekko.1062719 |title=Johan Fredrik Aminoff: kustaviaani kahdessa valtakunnassa |last2=Nurmiainen |first2=Jouko |date=2022 |publisher=Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava |others=Otava, kustannusosakeyhtiö |isbn=978-951-1-46554-6 |location=Helsingissä}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Syrjö |first=Veli-Matti |date=1998-09-08 |title=Aminoff, Johan Fredrik (1756 - 1842) |url=https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/572 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=National Biography of Finland}}</ref>

== Family ==
He was born into [[Aminoff family|the Aminoff noble family]], which traced its roots to [[Holy Roman Empire|the Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Russia]]. Aminoff was born at [[Riilahti Manor]] in 1756. His parents were Master of Horse Fredrik Aminoff and Maria Elisabet Rotkirch.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
In 1763, he joined [[Nyland and Tavastehus County Cavalry Regiment|the Nyland and Tavastehus County Cavalry Regiment]]. Later, he studied at [[Royal Academy of Turku|the Royal Academy of Turku]]. After that, Aminoff moved to [[Stockholm]] to serve as a [[Page (servant)|Page]] for the King of Sweden, [[Adolf Frederick of Sweden|Adolf Frederick]], in 1770. When [[Gustav III]] became King in 1771, he favored Aminoff.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Aminoff served as an officer in the Widow Queen's Life Regiment before being transferred to the King's Life Guard. He was promoted to second lieutenant in 1773, lieutenant in 1775, army captain in 1777, sub-captain in 1781, and captain in 1782. Finally, he became a lieutenant colonel in 1787.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He took part in [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)|the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790]]. King Gustav III advanced Aminoff to the position of colonel and commander of the Pori County Regiment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

King Gustav III was assassinated in 1792 by nobleman [[Jacob Johan Anckarström]]. Gustav III was unpopular among the Swedish nobility because of his [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutism]]. Aminoff lost his status because he was a supporter of the King.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

During the Regency led by Baron [[Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm]], Aminoff was not popular. The Regency accused him of being involved in a conspiracy with the diplomat, Baron [[Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt]]. Aminoff was imprisoned for treason and sentenced to death, as well as to lose his honor, titles, and fortunes. However, his death sentence was commuted to a life sentence in 1794.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

King [[Gustav IV Adolf]] reached adulthood in 1796 and subsequently granted Aminoff his freedom, honor, titles, and fortunes. In 1799, the King promoted Aminoff to the rank of Major General.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[Finnish War|The Finnish War]] started in 1808. Aminoff was appointed to Count [[Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor]]'s army headquarters as chief of staff and advisor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In September 1808, a temporary truce was established between the Swedish and Russian forces. Aminoff was tasked with traveling to Stockholm to present the new conditions to the King. Following the meeting, Aminoff was granted the title of Baron, but he never introduced his title at [[House of Nobility (Sweden)|the House of Nobility]] in Stockholm.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

After the Kainuu armistice agreement in March 1809 between Sweden and Russia, Aminoff returned to his Riilahti Manor in Bromarv, Finland. Despite the Russian occupation, Aminoff chose to stay in Finland.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1810, Aminoff led a Finnish officer delegation to meet with [[Emperor of Russia|the Emperor of Russia]], [[Grand Duke of Finland]], [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]. Aminoff negotiated an agreement with the Emperor that allowed Finnish officers, the majority of whom were members of the nobility, to retain their salaries and estates.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1811, Emperor Alexander I invited Aminoff to become a member of [[Committee for Finnish Affairs|the Committee for Finnish Affairs]]. In the same year, he was appointed as a Privy Councillor.<ref name=":1" />

In 1812, French Emperor [[Napoleon]] invaded Russia. During [[Napoleonic Wars|the Napoleonic Wars]], Aminoff acted as the Chairman of the Committee. He again acted as the Chairman in 1814 because Count [[Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt]] passed away.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1818, he and his sons were introduced to [[House of Nobility (Finland)|the House of Nobility in Finland]].<ref name=":1" />

Emperor Alexander I visited the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1819. During his visit, he elevated Aminoff to the rank of Count.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1821, Emperor Alexander I invited Aminoff to become the Chairman of the Committee for Finnish Affairs. Aminoff declined the Emperor's invitation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1823, Emperor Alexander I granted Aminoff the title of President.<ref name=":1" />

Instead, he became the Vice-Chancellor of [[Royal Academy of Turku|the Imperial Academy of Turku]] in 1821, with the crown prince [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] acting as the Chancellor. Aminoff was conservative, and both the Finnish and Russian elites opposed revolutionary ideologies at the university.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aminoff |first=Jukka |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/fikka.5496009 |title=Suomen Ruotsi ja Venäjä: Suomi muuttuvien maailmanjärjestysten keskellä |date=2021 |publisher=Readme.fi |others=Readme.fi |isbn=978-952-373-254-4 |location=Helsinki}}</ref>

== Titles ==

* {{flag|Russia}} President (1823)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Russia}} Count (1819)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Russia}} [[Privy Councillor (Russia)|Privy Councillor]] (1811)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} Baron (1808)<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==

* {{flag|Russia}} Diamond snuffbox with miniature of Alexander I of Russia (1821)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Grand Cross (1808)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Komentajamerkki (1801)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Knight (1789)<ref name=":1" />

== References ==

<references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Aminoff, Johan Fredrik}}
[[Category:Finnish nobility]]

Johan Fredrik Aminoff

2024-10-01T16:04:00Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added article, information, sources, and links.

[[File:Johan Fredrik Aminoff Portrait.jpg|thumb|Johan Fredrik Aminoff circa 1830s. Unknown painter. ]]
'''Johan Fredrik Aminoff''' ([[January 26|26 January]] [[1756]] [[Bromarv]], [[Finland]] - [[March 30|30 March]] [[1842]] [[Bromarv]] [[Finland]]) was a Finnish [[Count]], [[Baron]], General, and Statesman who had major influence in Finland during [[Gustavian era|the Kingdom of Sweden]], and later in the newly formed [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] in [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Charlotta |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/tiekko.1062719 |title=Johan Fredrik Aminoff: kustaviaani kahdessa valtakunnassa |last2=Nurmiainen |first2=Jouko |date=2022 |publisher=Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava |others=Otava, kustannusosakeyhtiö |isbn=978-951-1-46554-6 |location=Helsingissä}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Syrjö |first=Veli-Matti |date=1998-09-08 |title=Aminoff, Johan Fredrik (1756 - 1842) |url=https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/572 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=National Biography of Finland}}</ref>

== Family ==
Aminoff was born at [[Riilahti Manor]] in 1756. His parents were Master of Horse Fredrik Aminoff and Maria Elisabet Rotkirch.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
In 1763, he joined [[Nyland and Tavastehus County Cavalry Regiment|the Nyland and Tavastehus County Cavalry Regiment]]. Later, he studied at [[Royal Academy of Turku|the Royal Academy of Turku]]. After that, Aminoff moved to [[Stockholm]] to serve as a [[Page (servant)|Page]] for the King of Sweden, [[Adolf Frederick of Sweden|Adolf Frederick]], in 1770. When [[Gustav III]] became King in 1771, he favored Aminoff.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Aminoff served as an officer in the Widow Queen's Life Regiment before being transferred to the King's Life Guard. He was promoted to second lieutenant in 1773, lieutenant in 1775, army captain in 1777, sub-captain in 1781, and captain in 1782. Finally, he became a lieutenant colonel in 1787.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He took part in [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)|the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790]]. King Gustav III advanced Aminoff to the position of colonel and commander of the Pori County Regiment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

King Gustav III was assassinated in 1792 by nobleman [[Jacob Johan Anckarström]]. Gustav III was unpopular among the Swedish nobility because of his [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutism]]. Aminoff lost his status because he was a supporter of the King.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

During the Regency led by Baron [[Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm]], Aminoff was not popular. The Regency accused him of being involved in a conspiracy with the diplomat, Baron [[Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt]]. Aminoff was imprisoned for treason and sentenced to death, as well as to lose his honor, titles, and fortunes. However, his death sentence was commuted to a life sentence in 1794.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

King [[Gustav IV Adolf]] reached adulthood in 1796 and subsequently granted Aminoff his freedom, honor, titles, and fortunes. In 1799, the King promoted Aminoff to the rank of Major General.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[Finnish War|The Finnish War]] started in 1808. Aminoff was appointed to Count [[Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor]]'s army headquarters as chief of staff and advisor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In September 1808, a temporary truce was established between the Swedish and Russian forces. Aminoff was tasked with traveling to Stockholm to present the new conditions to the King. Following the meeting, Aminoff was granted the title of Baron, but he never introduced his title at [[House of Nobility (Sweden)|the House of Nobility]] in Stockholm.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

After the Kainuu armistice agreement in March 1809 between Sweden and Russia, Aminoff returned to his Riilahti Manor in Bromarv, Finland. Despite the Russian occupation, Aminoff chose to stay in Finland.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1810, Aminoff led a Finnish officer delegation to meet with [[Emperor of Russia|the Emperor of Russia]], [[Grand Duke of Finland]], [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]. Aminoff negotiated an agreement with the Emperor that allowed Finnish officers, the majority of whom were members of the nobility, to retain their salaries and estates.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1811, Emperor Alexander I invited Aminoff to become a member of [[Committee for Finnish Affairs|the Committee for Finnish Affairs]]. In the same year, he was appointed as a Privy Councillor.<ref name=":1" />

In 1812, French Emperor [[Napoleon]] invaded Russia. During [[Napoleonic Wars|the Napoleonic Wars]], Aminoff acted as the Chairman of the Committee. He again acted as the Chairman in 1814 because Count [[Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt]] passed away.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1818, he and his sons were introduced to [[House of Nobility (Finland)|the House of Nobility in Finland]].<ref name=":1" />

Emperor Alexander I visited the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1819. During his visit, he elevated Aminoff to the rank of Count.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1821, Emperor Alexander I invited Aminoff to become the Chairman of the Committee for Finnish Affairs. Aminoff declined the Emperor's invitation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1823, Emperor Alexander I granted Aminoff the title of President.<ref name=":1" />

Instead, he became the Vice-Chancellor of [[Royal Academy of Turku|the Imperial Academy of Turku]] in 1821, with the crown prince [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] acting as the Chancellor. Aminoff was conservative, and both the Finnish and Russian elites opposed revolutionary ideologies at the university.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aminoff |first=Jukka |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/fikka.5496009 |title=Suomen Ruotsi ja Venäjä: Suomi muuttuvien maailmanjärjestysten keskellä |date=2021 |publisher=Readme.fi |others=Readme.fi |isbn=978-952-373-254-4 |location=Helsinki}}</ref>

== Titles ==

* {{flag|Russia}} President (1823)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Russia}} Count (1819)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Russia}} [[Privy Councillor (Russia)|Privy Councillor]] (1811)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} Baron (1808)<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==

* {{flag|Russia}} Diamond snuffbox with miniature of Alexander I of Russia (1821)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Grand Cross (1808)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Komentajamerkki (1801)<ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Knight (1789)<ref name=":1" />

== References ==

<references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Aminoff, Johan Fredrik}}
[[Category:Finnish nobility]]

Paasikivi Society

2024-09-26T09:09:05Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added article, information, sources, and links.

'''The Paasikivi Society''' is [[Finland]]'s oldest foreign policy society, founded in 1958.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Apunen |first=Osmo |url=https://finna.fi/Record/arto.000602662?sid=4422343968 |title=Linjamiehet: Paasikivi-seuran historia |date=2005 |publisher=Tammi |others=Tammi (yhtiö) |isbn=978-951-31-3161-6 |location=Helsinki}}</ref>

== History ==
Its original mission was to strengthen and stabilise Finland’s official foreign policy among the nation at large. It also undertook the task of making Finland’s foreign policy known abroad.<ref name=":0" />

On the Society’s initiative, the Institute of International Affairs (Ulkopoliittinen instituutti) was established in 1964, and a journal, ''The Finnish Journal of Foreign Policy'' (''Ulkopolitiikka-lehti''), was established in 1961.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Briefly in English {{!}} Ulkopolitiikka.fi |url=https://ulkopolitiikka.fi/lehden-esittely/briefly-in-english/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.fiia.fi/en/introduction/history |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=FIIA – Finnish Institute of International Affairs |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Honorary Members ==
Former Presidents of Finland [[Urho Kekkonen]], [[Mauno Koivisto]], and [[Martti Ahtisaari]] are Honorary Members of the Society.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Foreign policy and strategy think tanks]]

Pertti Kaukonen

2024-04-19T20:05:49Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added information.

[[File:Suurlähettiläs Pertti Kaukonen.jpg|thumb|Ambassador Pertti Kaukonen. The painting was created by a portrait painter from Kuwait, whose identity remains unknown.]]
'''Pertti Lauri Juhani Kaukonen''' (born June 5, 1942 [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]) is a Finnish Ambassador.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://finna.fi/Record/arto.000746368 |title=Ulkoasiainhallinnon matrikkeli 1918-1993. 1 |date=1993 |publisher=Ulkoasiainministeriö |isbn=978-951-47-7985-5 |editor-last=Raitio |editor-first=Tuire |location=Helsinki |editor-last2=Nuorteva |editor-first2=Jussi |editor-last3=Suomi |editor-last4=Ulkoasiainministeriö}}</ref>

== Family ==
Kaukonen's father is Secretariate Counsellor [[Lauri Kaukonen]] and mother is Philanthropist Elsa Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
Kaukonen graduated as Bachelor in Political Science in 1965 and Master in Political Science in 1966 from [[University of Helsinki|the University of Helsinki]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kaukonen joined [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)|the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland]] in 1965. His first positions were in [[Paris]] and [[Bucharest]] as an attache and a secretary. He was promoted to Embassy Secretary in 1970.<ref name=":0" />

In 1972, Kaukonen was promoted to Divisional Secretary at the Ministry. In 1973 President of Finland [[Urho Kekkonen]] invited the first President of Senegal [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] to Finland. President Senghor conferred the [[National Order of the Lion|Officer of the National Order of the Lion]] award upon Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

In 1973, Kaukonen was promoted to First Secretary at the Finnish Embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. For his efforts towards strengthening the relationship between Finland and Denmark, Kaukonen received two awards - the Knight of [[Order of the Dannebrog|the Order of the Dannebrog]] and the Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Dannebrog, from [[Margrethe II|Queen Margrethe II]] of Denmark in 1973 and 1977, respectively.<ref name=":0" />.

In 1976, Kaukonen was promoted to the position of Divisional Chief at the Ministry. He was later promoted to Counsellor in 1978. <ref name=":0" />

=== Head of Diplomatic Mission in South Africa ===
In 1980, Kaukonen started serving as [[Chargé d'affaires|the Chargé d'affaires]] in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]. Although Finland and South Africa had established diplomatic relations in 1949, Finland never supported South Africa's [[Apartheid|apartheid system]]. In 1984, Kaukonen was honored with the Commander of [[Order of Good Hope|the Order of Good Hope]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland in South Africa |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/zaf/finland-in-south-africa |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Deputy Head of Mission in the United States of America ===
In 1984, Kaukonen was transferred to the Finnish Embassy in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[United States|the United States of America]], and into the role of Deputy Head of Mission. Kaukonen served in the position until 1986.<ref name=":0" />

From 1986 to 1992, Kaukonen worked as a Counsellor at the Ministry in Finland.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ambassador in Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates ===
In 1992, Kaukonen was promoted to Counsellor for Foreign Affairs. That same year, President of Finland [[Mauno Koivisto]] appointed Kaukonen as the Ambassador of Finland to [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], and [[United Arab Emirates|the United Arab Emirates]]. As the head of state, the President of Finland made his first official visit to Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates in 1996. A Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Martti Ahtisaari]] was the President of Finland between 1994 and 2000. Kaukonen held this position until 1998.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=KUNA : Finnish official describes Kuwaiti 'diwaniyas' as best form of democracy - General - 09/10/2004 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1492364&language=en |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/are/bilateral-relations |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: United Arab Emirates |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kahdenväliset suhteet |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/kwt/kahdenvaliset-suhteet |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Suomi ulkomailla: Kuwait |language=fi-FI}}</ref>

In 2004, a parliamentary delegation from Kuwait visited Helsinki in Finland. At a dinner banquet hosted by the Secretary General of the Finnish Parliament, Seppo Tiitinen, Ambassador Kaukonen gave a speech in which he described Kuwaiti [[diwaniyas]] as the best form of democracy.<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==

* [[File:SEN Order of the Lion - Officer BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Senegal}} [[National Order of the Lion]] Officer (1973)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog R1.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight (1973)
* [[File:FIN Order of the Lion of Finland 4Class BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Finland}} [[Order of the Lion of Finland]] Knight 1st Class (1976)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog K.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight 1st Class (1977)
* [[File:Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|South Africa}} [[Order of Good Hope]] Commander (1984)

== References ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaukonen, Pertti}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats]]
<references />
[[Category:People from Helsinki]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats by century]]
[[Category:20th-century Finnish diplomats]]

Pertti Kaukonen

2024-04-19T20:03:53Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added source.

[[File:Suurlähettiläs Pertti Kaukonen.jpg|thumb|Ambassador Pertti Kaukonen. The painting was created by a portrait painter from Kuwait, whose identity remains unknown.]]
'''Pertti Lauri Juhani Kaukonen''' (born June 5, 1942 [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]) is a Finnish Ambassador.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://finna.fi/Record/arto.000746368 |title=Ulkoasiainhallinnon matrikkeli 1918-1993. 1 |date=1993 |publisher=Ulkoasiainministeriö |isbn=978-951-47-7985-5 |editor-last=Raitio |editor-first=Tuire |location=Helsinki |editor-last2=Nuorteva |editor-first2=Jussi |editor-last3=Suomi |editor-last4=Ulkoasiainministeriö}}</ref>

== Family ==
Kaukonen's father is Secretariate Counsellor [[Lauri Kaukonen]] and mother is Philanthropist Elsa Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
Kaukonen graduated as Bachelor in Political Science in 1965 and Master in Political Science in 1966 from [[University of Helsinki|the University of Helsinki]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kaukonen joined [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)|the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland]] in 1965. His first positions were in [[Paris]] and [[Bucharest]] as an attache and a secretary. He was promoted to Embassy Secretary in 1970.<ref name=":0" />

In 1972, Kaukonen was promoted to Divisional Secretary at the Ministry. In 1973 President of Finland [[Urho Kekkonen]] invited the first President of Senegal [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] to Finland. President Senghor conferred the [[National Order of the Lion|Officer of the National Order of the Lion]] award upon Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

In 1973, Kaukonen was promoted to First Secretary at the Finnish Embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. For his efforts towards strengthening the relationship between Finland and Denmark, Kaukonen received two awards - the Knight of [[Order of the Dannebrog|the Order of the Dannebrog]] and the Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Dannebrog, from [[Margrethe II|Queen Margrethe II]] of Denmark in 1973 and 1977, respectively.<ref name=":0" />.

In 1976, Kaukonen was promoted to the position of Divisional Chief at the Ministry. He was later promoted to Counsellor in 1978. <ref name=":0" />

=== Head of Diplomatic Mission in South Africa ===
In 1980, Kaukonen started serving as [[Chargé d'affaires|the Chargé d'affaires]] in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]. Although Finland and South Africa had established diplomatic relations in 1949, Finland never supported South Africa's [[Apartheid|apartheid system]]. In 1984, Kaukonen was honored with the Commander of [[Order of Good Hope|the Order of Good Hope]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland in South Africa |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/zaf/finland-in-south-africa |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Deputy Head of Mission in the United States of America ===
In 1984, Kaukonen was transferred to the Finnish Embassy in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[United States|the United States of America]], and into the role of Deputy Head of Mission. Kaukonen served in the position until 1986.<ref name=":0" />

From 1986 to 1992, Kaukonen worked as a Counsellor at the Ministry in Finland.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ambassador in Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates ===
In 1992, Kaukonen was promoted to Counsellor for Foreign Affairs. That same year, President of Finland [[Mauno Koivisto]] appointed Kaukonen as the Ambassador of Finland to [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], and [[United Arab Emirates|the United Arab Emirates]]. As the head of state, the President of Finland made his first official visit to Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates in 1996. A Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Martti Ahtisaari]] was the President of Finland between 1994 and 2000. Kaukonen held this position until 1998.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=KUNA : Finnish official describes Kuwaiti 'diwaniyas' as best form of democracy - General - 09/10/2004 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1492364&language=en |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/are/bilateral-relations |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: United Arab Emirates |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kahdenväliset suhteet |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/kwt/kahdenvaliset-suhteet |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Suomi ulkomailla: Kuwait |language=fi-FI}}</ref>

In 2004, a parliamentary delegation from Kuwait visited Helsinki in Finland. At a dinner banquet hosted by the Secretary General of the Finnish Parliament, Seppo Tiitinen, Ambassador Kaukonen gave a speech in which he described Kuwaiti [[diwaniyas]] as the best form of democracy.<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==

* [[File:SEN Order of the Lion - Officer BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Senegal}} [[National Order of the Lion]] Officer (1973)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog R1.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight (1973)
* [[File:FIN Order of the Lion of Finland 4Class BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Finland}} [[Order of the Lion of Finland]] Knight (1976)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog K.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight 1st Class (1977)
* [[File:Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|South Africa}} [[Order of Good Hope]] Commander (1984)

== References ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaukonen, Pertti}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats]]
<references />
[[Category:People from Helsinki]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats by century]]
[[Category:20th-century Finnish diplomats]]

Pertti Kaukonen

2024-04-19T20:02:16Z

PrinceMichailoff: Word.

[[File:Suurlähettiläs Pertti Kaukonen.jpg|thumb|Ambassador Pertti Kaukonen. The painting was created by a portrait painter from Kuwait, whose identity remains unknown.]]
'''Pertti Lauri Juhani Kaukonen''' (born June 5, 1942 [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]) is a Finnish Ambassador.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://finna.fi/Record/arto.000746368 |title=Ulkoasiainhallinnon matrikkeli 1918-1993. 1 |date=1993 |publisher=Ulkoasiainministeriö |isbn=978-951-47-7985-5 |editor-last=Raitio |editor-first=Tuire |location=Helsinki |editor-last2=Nuorteva |editor-first2=Jussi |editor-last3=Suomi |editor-last4=Ulkoasiainministeriö}}</ref>

== Family ==
Kaukonen's father is Secretariate Counsellor [[Lauri Kaukonen]] and mother is Philanthropist Elsa Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
Kaukonen graduated as Bachelor in Political Science in 1965 and Master in Political Science in 1966 from [[University of Helsinki|the University of Helsinki]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kaukonen joined [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)|the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland]] in 1965. His first positions were in [[Paris]] and [[Bucharest]] as an attache and a secretary. He was promoted to Embassy Secretary in 1970.<ref name=":0" />

In 1972, Kaukonen was promoted to Divisional Secretary at the Ministry. In 1973 President of Finland [[Urho Kekkonen]] invited the first President of Senegal [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] to Finland. President Senghor conferred the [[National Order of the Lion|Officer of the National Order of the Lion]] award upon Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

In 1973, Kaukonen was promoted to First Secretary at the Finnish Embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. For his efforts towards strengthening the relationship between Finland and Denmark, Kaukonen received two awards - the Knight of [[Order of the Dannebrog|the Order of the Dannebrog]] and the Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Dannebrog, from [[Margrethe II|Queen Margrethe II]] of Denmark in 1973 and 1977, respectively.<ref name=":0" />.

In 1976, Kaukonen was promoted to the position of Divisional Chief at the Ministry. He was later promoted to Counsellor in 1978. <ref name=":0" />

=== Head of Diplomatic Mission in South Africa ===
In 1980, Kaukonen started serving as [[Chargé d'affaires|the Chargé d'affaires]] in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]. Although Finland and South Africa had established diplomatic relations in 1949, Finland never supported South Africa's [[Apartheid|apartheid system]]. In 1984, Kaukonen was honored with the Commander of [[Order of Good Hope|the Order of Good Hope]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland in South Africa |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/zaf/finland-in-south-africa |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Deputy Head of Mission in the United States of America ===
In 1984, Kaukonen was transferred to the Finnish Embassy in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[United States|the United States of America]], and into the role of Deputy Head of Mission. Kaukonen served in the position until 1986.<ref name=":0" />

From 1986 to 1992, Kaukonen worked as a Counsellor at the Ministry in Finland.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ambassador in Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates ===
In 1992, Kaukonen was promoted to Counsellor for Foreign Affairs. That same year, President of Finland [[Mauno Koivisto]] appointed Kaukonen as the Ambassador of Finland to [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], and [[United Arab Emirates|the United Arab Emirates]]. As the head of state, the President of Finland made his first official visit to Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates in 1996. A Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Martti Ahtisaari]] was the President of Finland between 1994 and 2000. Kaukonen held this position until 1998.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=KUNA : Finnish official describes Kuwaiti 'diwaniyas' as best form of democracy - General - 09/10/2004 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1492364&language=en |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/are/bilateral-relations |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: United Arab Emirates |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2004, a parliamentary delegation from Kuwait visited Helsinki in Finland. At a dinner banquet hosted by the Secretary General of the Finnish Parliament, Seppo Tiitinen, Ambassador Kaukonen gave a speech in which he described Kuwaiti [[diwaniyas]] as the best form of democracy.<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==

* [[File:SEN Order of the Lion - Officer BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Senegal}} [[National Order of the Lion]] Officer (1973)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog R1.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight (1973)
* [[File:FIN Order of the Lion of Finland 4Class BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Finland}} [[Order of the Lion of Finland]] Knight (1976)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog K.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight 1st Class (1977)
* [[File:Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|South Africa}} [[Order of Good Hope]] Commander (1984)

== References ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaukonen, Pertti}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats]]
<references />
[[Category:People from Helsinki]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats by century]]
[[Category:20th-century Finnish diplomats]]

Pertti Kaukonen

2024-04-19T20:01:25Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added link,

[[File:Suurlähettiläs Pertti Kaukonen.jpg|thumb|Ambassador Pertti Kaukonen. The painting was created by a portrait painter from Kuwait, whose identity remains unknown.]]
'''Pertti Lauri Juhani Kaukonen''' (born June 5, 1942 [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]) is a Finnish Ambassador.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://finna.fi/Record/arto.000746368 |title=Ulkoasiainhallinnon matrikkeli 1918-1993. 1 |date=1993 |publisher=Ulkoasiainministeriö |isbn=978-951-47-7985-5 |editor-last=Raitio |editor-first=Tuire |location=Helsinki |editor-last2=Nuorteva |editor-first2=Jussi |editor-last3=Suomi |editor-last4=Ulkoasiainministeriö}}</ref>

== Family ==
Kaukonen's father is Secretariate Counsellor [[Lauri Kaukonen]] and mother is Philanthropist Elsa Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
Kaukonen graduated as Bachelor in Political Science in 1965 and Master in Political Science in 1966 from [[University of Helsinki|the University of Helsinki]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kaukonen joined [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)|the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland]] in 1965. His first positions were in [[Paris]] and [[Bucharest]] as an attache and a secretary. He was promoted to Embassy Secretary in 1970.<ref name=":0" />

In 1972, Kaukonen was promoted to Divisional Secretary at the Ministry. In 1973 President of Finland [[Urho Kekkonen]] invited the first President of Senegal [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] to Finland. President Senghor conferred the [[National Order of the Lion|Officer of the National Order of the Lion]] award upon Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

In 1973, Kaukonen was promoted to First Secretary at the Finnish Embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. For his efforts towards strengthening the relationship between Finland and Denmark, Kaukonen received two awards - the Knight of [[Order of the Dannebrog|the Order of the Dannebrog]] and the Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Dannebrog, from [[Margrethe II|Queen Margrethe II]] of Denmark in 1973 and 1977, respectively.<ref name=":0" />.

In 1976, Kaukonen was promoted to the position of Divisional Chief at the Ministry. He was later promoted to Counsellor in 1978. <ref name=":0" />

=== Head of Diplomatic Mission in South Africa ===
In 1980, Kaukonen started serving as [[Chargé d'affaires|the Chargé d'affaires]] in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]. Although Finland and South Africa had established diplomatic relations in 1949, Finland never supported South Africa's [[Apartheid|apartheid system]]. In 1984, Kaukonen was honored with the Commander of [[Order of Good Hope|the Order of Good Hope]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland in South Africa |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/zaf/finland-in-south-africa |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Deputy Head of Mission in the United States of America ===
In 1984, Kaukonen was transferred to the Finnish Embassy in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[United States|the United States of America]], and into the role of Deputy Head of Mission. Kaukonen served in the position until 1986.<ref name=":0" />

From 1986 to 1992, Kaukonen worked as a Counsellor at the Ministry in Finland.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ambassador in Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Aran Emirates ===
In 1992, Kaukonen was promoted to Counsellor for Foreign Affairs. That same year, President of Finland [[Mauno Koivisto]] appointed Kaukonen as the Ambassador of Finland to [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], and [[United Arab Emirates|the United Arab Emirates]]. As the head of state, the President of Finland made his first official visit to Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates in 1996. A Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Martti Ahtisaari]] was the President of Finland between 1994 and 2000. Kaukonen held this position until 1998.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=KUNA : Finnish official describes Kuwaiti 'diwaniyas' as best form of democracy - General - 09/10/2004 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1492364&language=en |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/are/bilateral-relations |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: United Arab Emirates |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2004, a parliamentary delegation from Kuwait visited Helsinki in Finland. At a dinner banquet hosted by the Secretary General of the Finnish Parliament, Seppo Tiitinen, Ambassador Kaukonen gave a speech in which he described Kuwaiti [[diwaniyas]] as the best form of democracy.<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==

* [[File:SEN Order of the Lion - Officer BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Senegal}} [[National Order of the Lion]] Officer (1973)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog R1.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight (1973)
* [[File:FIN Order of the Lion of Finland 4Class BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Finland}} [[Order of the Lion of Finland]] Knight (1976)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog K.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight 1st Class (1977)
* [[File:Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|South Africa}} [[Order of Good Hope]] Commander (1984)

== References ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaukonen, Pertti}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats]]
<references />
[[Category:People from Helsinki]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats by century]]
[[Category:20th-century Finnish diplomats]]

Pertti Kaukonen

2024-04-19T19:58:59Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added category.

[[File:Suurlähettiläs Pertti Kaukonen.jpg|thumb|Ambassador Pertti Kaukonen. The painting was created by a portrait painter from Kuwait, whose identity remains unknown.]]
'''Pertti Lauri Juhani Kaukonen''' (born June 5, 1942 [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]) is a Finnish Ambassador.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://finna.fi/Record/arto.000746368 |title=Ulkoasiainhallinnon matrikkeli 1918-1993. 1 |date=1993 |publisher=Ulkoasiainministeriö |isbn=978-951-47-7985-5 |editor-last=Raitio |editor-first=Tuire |location=Helsinki |editor-last2=Nuorteva |editor-first2=Jussi |editor-last3=Suomi |editor-last4=Ulkoasiainministeriö}}</ref>

== Family ==
Kaukonen's father is Secretariate Counsellor [[Lauri Kaukonen]] and mother is Philanthropist Elsa Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
Kaukonen graduated as Bachelor in Political Science in 1965 and Master in Political Science in 1966 from [[University of Helsinki|the University of Helsinki]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kaukonen joined [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)|the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland]] in 1965. His first positions were in [[Paris]] and [[Bucharest]] as an attache and a secretary. He was promoted to Embassy Secretary in 1970.<ref name=":0" />

In 1972, Kaukonen was promoted to Divisional Secretary at the Ministry. In 1973 President of Finland [[Urho Kekkonen]] invited the first President of Senegal [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] to Finland. President Senghor conferred the [[National Order of the Lion|Officer of the National Order of the Lion]] award upon Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

In 1973, Kaukonen was promoted to First Secretary at the Finnish Embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. For his efforts towards strengthening the relationship between Finland and Denmark, Kaukonen received two awards - the Knight of [[Order of the Dannebrog|the Order of the Dannebrog]] and the Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Dannebrog, from [[Margrethe II|Queen Margrethe II]] of Denmark in 1973 and 1977, respectively.<ref name=":0" />.

In 1976, Kaukonen was promoted to the position of Divisional Chief at the Ministry. He was later promoted to Counsellor in 1978. <ref name=":0" />

=== Head of Diplomatic Mission in South Africa ===
In 1980, Kaukonen started serving as the Chargé d'affaires in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]. Although Finland and South Africa had established diplomatic relations in 1949, Finland never supported South Africa's [[Apartheid|apartheid system]]. In 1984, Kaukonen was honored with the Commander of [[Order of Good Hope|the Order of Good Hope]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland in South Africa |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/zaf/finland-in-south-africa |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Deputy Head of Mission in the United States of America ===
In 1984, Kaukonen was transferred to the Finnish Embassy in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[United States|the United States of America]], and into the role of Deputy Head of Mission. Kaukonen served in the position until 1986.<ref name=":0" />

From 1986 to 1992, Kaukonen worked as a Counsellor at the Ministry in Finland.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ambassador in Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Aran Emirates ===
In 1992, Kaukonen was promoted to Counsellor for Foreign Affairs. That same year, President of Finland [[Mauno Koivisto]] appointed Kaukonen as the Ambassador of Finland to [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], and [[United Arab Emirates|the United Arab Emirates]]. As the head of state, the President of Finland made his first official visit to Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates in 1996. A Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Martti Ahtisaari]] was the President of Finland between 1994 and 2000. Kaukonen held this position until 1998.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=KUNA : Finnish official describes Kuwaiti 'diwaniyas' as best form of democracy - General - 09/10/2004 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1492364&language=en |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/are/bilateral-relations |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: United Arab Emirates |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2004, a parliamentary delegation from Kuwait visited Helsinki in Finland. At a dinner banquet hosted by the Secretary General of the Finnish Parliament, Seppo Tiitinen, Ambassador Kaukonen gave a speech in which he described Kuwaiti [[diwaniyas]] as the best form of democracy.<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==

* [[File:SEN Order of the Lion - Officer BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Senegal}} [[National Order of the Lion]] Officer (1973)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog R1.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight (1973)
* [[File:FIN Order of the Lion of Finland 4Class BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Finland}} [[Order of the Lion of Finland]] Knight (1976)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog K.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight 1st Class (1977)
* [[File:Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|South Africa}} [[Order of Good Hope]] Commander (1984)

== References ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaukonen, Pertti}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats]]
<references />
[[Category:People from Helsinki]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats by century]]
[[Category:20th-century Finnish diplomats]]

Pertti Kaukonen

2024-04-19T19:57:36Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added article, information, sources, links, and pictures.

[[File:Suurlähettiläs Pertti Kaukonen.jpg|thumb|Ambassador Pertti Kaukonen. The painting was created by a portrait painter from Kuwait, whose identity remains unknown.]]
'''Pertti Lauri Juhani Kaukonen''' (born June 5, 1942 [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]) is a Finnish Ambassador.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://finna.fi/Record/arto.000746368 |title=Ulkoasiainhallinnon matrikkeli 1918-1993. 1 |date=1993 |publisher=Ulkoasiainministeriö |isbn=978-951-47-7985-5 |editor-last=Raitio |editor-first=Tuire |location=Helsinki |editor-last2=Nuorteva |editor-first2=Jussi |editor-last3=Suomi |editor-last4=Ulkoasiainministeriö}}</ref>

== Family ==
Kaukonen's father is Secretariate Counsellor [[Lauri Kaukonen]] and mother is Philanthropist Elsa Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
Kaukonen graduated as Bachelor in Political Science in 1965 and Master in Political Science in 1966 from [[University of Helsinki|the University of Helsinki]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kaukonen joined [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)|the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland]] in 1965. His first positions were in [[Paris]] and [[Bucharest]] as an attache and a secretary. He was promoted to Embassy Secretary in 1970.<ref name=":0" />

In 1972, Kaukonen was promoted to Divisional Secretary at the Ministry. In 1973 President of Finland [[Urho Kekkonen]] invited the first President of Senegal [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] to Finland. President Senghor conferred the [[National Order of the Lion|Officer of the National Order of the Lion]] award upon Kaukonen.<ref name=":0" />

In 1973, Kaukonen was promoted to First Secretary at the Finnish Embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. For his efforts towards strengthening the relationship between Finland and Denmark, Kaukonen received two awards - the Knight of [[Order of the Dannebrog|the Order of the Dannebrog]] and the Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Dannebrog, from [[Margrethe II|Queen Margrethe II]] of Denmark in 1973 and 1977, respectively.<ref name=":0" />.

In 1976, Kaukonen was promoted to the position of Divisional Chief at the Ministry. He was later promoted to Counsellor in 1978. <ref name=":0" />

=== Head of Diplomatic Mission in South Africa ===
In 1980, Kaukonen started serving as the Chargé d'affaires in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]. Although Finland and South Africa had established diplomatic relations in 1949, Finland never supported South Africa's [[Apartheid|apartheid system]]. In 1984, Kaukonen was honored with the Commander of [[Order of Good Hope|the Order of Good Hope]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland in South Africa |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/zaf/finland-in-south-africa |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Deputy Head of Mission in the United States of America ===
In 1984, Kaukonen was transferred to the Finnish Embassy in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[United States|the United States of America]], and into the role of Deputy Head of Mission. Kaukonen served in the position until 1986.<ref name=":0" />

From 1986 to 1992, Kaukonen worked as a Counsellor at the Ministry in Finland.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ambassador in Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Aran Emirates ===
In 1992, Kaukonen was promoted to Counsellor for Foreign Affairs. That same year, President of Finland [[Mauno Koivisto]] appointed Kaukonen as the Ambassador of Finland to [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], and [[United Arab Emirates|the United Arab Emirates]]. As the head of state, the President of Finland made his first official visit to Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates in 1996. A Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Martti Ahtisaari]] was the President of Finland between 1994 and 2000. Kaukonen held this position until 1998.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=KUNA : Finnish official describes Kuwaiti 'diwaniyas' as best form of democracy - General - 09/10/2004 |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1492364&language=en |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/are/bilateral-relations |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Finland abroad: United Arab Emirates |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2004, a parliamentary delegation from Kuwait visited Helsinki in Finland. At a dinner banquet hosted by the Secretary General of the Finnish Parliament, Seppo Tiitinen, Ambassador Kaukonen gave a speech in which he described Kuwaiti [[diwaniyas]] as the best form of democracy.<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==

* [[File:SEN Order of the Lion - Officer BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Senegal}} [[National Order of the Lion]] Officer (1973)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog R1.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight (1973)
* [[File:FIN Order of the Lion of Finland 4Class BAR.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Finland}} [[Order of the Lion of Finland]] Knight (1976)
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog K.svg|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Dannebrog]] Knight 1st Class (1977)
* [[File:Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif|link=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedosto:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Officer_BAR.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|South Africa}} [[Order of Good Hope]] Commander (1984)

== References ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaukonen, Pertti}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats]]
<references />
[[Category:People from Helsinki]]
[[Category:Finnish diplomats by century]]

Riilahti Manor

2024-04-09T13:54:23Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added word.

[[File:Riilahden kartano - Rilax Gård.jpg|thumb|Rilax Manor in Bromarv, Raasepori, Finland. ]]
'''Riilahti Manor''' (fin. '''Riilahden kartano''', swe. '''Rilax gård''') is an historical manor of the nobility in [[Bromarv]], [[Raseborg]], [[Finland]].<ref name="Nimetön">{{Kirjaviite|Tekijä=Charlotta Wolff|Nimeke=Johan Fredrik Aminoff - Kustaviaani kahdessa valtakunnassa|Vuosi=2022|Julkaisija=Otava}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Björklund |first=Kim |title=Rilax Gård - Anor, adling, skönhet |publisher=UNIKA |year=2020 |isbn=978-952-94-3218-9 |location=Keuruu}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Kirjaviite|Tekijä=Jorma Tuomi-Nikula & Päivi Tuomi-Nikula|Nimeke=Keisarit kesälomalla Suomessa|Vuosi=2002|Julkaisupaikka=Jyväskylä|Julkaisija=Atena}}</ref>

== History ==
The first mention of the Riilahti Manor in historical records dates back to 1437 and it became a [[seat farm]] in 1647. The mansion was owned by [[Lord High Chancellor of Sweden]] [[Axel Oxenstierna]] in the 17th century.<ref name=":0" />

== House of Aminoff ==
[[File:Gangut cross.jpg|thumb|The Battle of Gangut war memorials at Riilahti Manor in Finland. ]]
The [[Aminoff family]] has owned the mansion since 1725. The current main building was designed by [[Johan Fredrik Aminoff]], [[Gabriel Bonsdorff]], [[Johan Albrecht Ehrenström]], and Architect [[Pehr Granstedt]]. The main building was completed in 1806. Architect [[Georg Theodor Chiewitz|Georg Theodor Policron Chiewitz]] expanded the main building with a new wing during the 1850s.<ref name="Nimetön" /><ref name=":0" />

== Imperial visits ==
Finland was conquered from [[Sweden|the Kingdom of Sweden]] in [[Finnish War|the Finnish War]] in 1808-1809. The new [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] was created by [[Russian Empire|the Russian Empire]] in 1809. Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] granted Johan Fredrik Aminoff the title of count in 1819.<ref name="Nimetön" />

Johan Fredrik Aminoff's son [[General of the Infantry (Imperial Russia)|General of the Infantry]], Count Adolf Aminoff hosted Emperor [[Alexander III of Russia]]'s visit to Riilahti Manor in 1884.<ref name=":0" />

Emperor [[Nicholas II|Nicholas II of Russia]] visited the manor in 1907 with his majesty's imperial yacht [[Russian yacht Standart|Standart]]. Nicholas II visited the mansion and the Battle of Gangut war memorial.<ref name=":1" />

== The Battle of Gangut War Memorials ==
[[Battle of Gangut|The Battle of Gangut]] was fought next to the manor in 1714 during [[Great Northern War|the Great Northern War]]. The Russian navy lead by Emperor [[Peter the Great]] defeated the Swedish royal navy for the first time in its history.<ref name=":1" />

Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia]] erected a war memorial to honor all sailors and soldiers in 1870. The granite cross is located in the estate next to [[Baltic Sea|the Baltic Sea]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1925, King of Sweden [[Gustaf V]] made an official state visit to Helsinki, Finland. During the state visit, destroyer Vidar from [[Swedish Navy|the Swedish Royal Navy]] made a visit to the memorial.<ref name=":0" />

Other war memorial was erected in 1928. It commemorates Swedish and Finnish soldiers who died during the battle.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Manor houses]]
[[Category:Raseborg]]
[[Category:Finland]]
[[Category:Aminoff family]]

Riilahti Manor

2024-04-09T13:49:16Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added article, information, sources, links, and pictures.

[[File:Riilahden kartano - Rilax Gård.jpg|thumb|Rilax Manor in Bromarv, Raasepori, Finland. ]]
'''Riilahti Manor''' (fin. '''Riilahden kartano''', swe. '''Rilax gård''') is an historical manor of the nobility in [[Bromarv]], [[Raseborg]], [[Finland]].<ref name="Nimetön">{{Kirjaviite|Tekijä=Charlotta Wolff|Nimeke=Johan Fredrik Aminoff - Kustaviaani kahdessa valtakunnassa|Vuosi=2022|Julkaisija=Otava}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Björklund |first=Kim |title=Rilax Gård - Anor, adling, skönhet |publisher=UNIKA |year=2020 |isbn=978-952-94-3218-9 |location=Keuruu}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Kirjaviite|Tekijä=Jorma Tuomi-Nikula & Päivi Tuomi-Nikula|Nimeke=Keisarit kesälomalla Suomessa|Vuosi=2002|Julkaisupaikka=Jyväskylä|Julkaisija=Atena}}</ref>

== History ==
The first mention of the Riilahti Manor in historical records dates back to 1437 and it became a [[seat farm]] in 1647. The mansion was owned by [[Lord High Chancellor of Sweden]] [[Axel Oxenstierna]] in the 17th century.<ref name=":0" />

== House of Aminoff ==
[[File:Gangut cross.jpg|thumb|The Battle of Gangut war memorials at Riilahti Manor in Finland. ]]
The [[Aminoff family]] has owned the mansion since 1725. The current main building was designed by [[Johan Fredrik Aminoff]], [[Gabriel Bonsdorff]], [[Johan Albrecht Ehrenström]], and Architect [[Pehr Granstedt]]. The main building was completed in 1806. Architect [[Georg Theodor Chiewitz|Georg Theodor Policron Chiewitz]] expanded the main building with a new wing during the 1850s.<ref name="Nimetön" /><ref name=":0" />

== Imperial visits ==
Finland was conquered from [[Sweden|the Kingdom of Sweden]] in [[Finnish War|the Finnish War]] in 1808-1809. The new [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] was created by [[Russian Empire|the Russian Empire]] in 1809. Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] granted Johan Fredrik Aminoff the title count in 1819.<ref name="Nimetön" />

Johan Fredrik Aminoff's son [[General of the Infantry (Imperial Russia)|General of the Infantry]], Count Adolf Aminoff hosted Emperor [[Alexander III of Russia]]'s visit to Riilahti Manor in 1884.<ref name=":0" />

Emperor [[Nicholas II|Nicholas II of Russia]] visited the manor in 1907 with his majesty's imperial yacht [[Russian yacht Standart|Standart]]. Nicholas II visited the mansion and the Battle of Gangut war memorial.<ref name=":1" />

== The Battle of Gangut War Memorials ==
[[Battle of Gangut|The Battle of Gangut]] was fought next to the manor in 1714 during [[Great Northern War|the Great Northern War]]. The Russian navy lead by Emperor [[Peter the Great]] defeated the Swedish royal navy for the first time in its history.<ref name=":1" />

Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia]] erected a war memorial to honor all sailors and soldiers in 1870. The granite cross is located in the estate next to [[Baltic Sea|the Baltic Sea]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1925, King of Sweden [[Gustaf V]] made an official state visit to Helsinki, Finland. During the state visit, destroyer Vidar from [[Swedish Navy|the Swedish Royal Navy]] made a visit to the memorial.<ref name=":0" />

Other war memorial was erected in 1928. It commemorates Swedish and Finnish soldiers who died during the battle.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Manor houses]]
[[Category:Raseborg]]
[[Category:Finland]]
[[Category:Aminoff family]]

User talk:PrinceMichailoff

2022-10-14T16:49:12Z

PrinceMichailoff: /* AfC notification: Draft:House of Cope has a new comment */ Reply

{{Talk header}}

== [[WP:AfC|AfC]] notification: [[Draft:House of Cope]] has a new comment ==
<div style="border:solid 1px #9accf6;background:#f1f9ff;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:1em;color:black;margin-bottom: 1.5em;"> [[File:AFC-Logo.svg|50px|left]]
I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at [[Draft:House of Cope]]. Thanks! [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 13:08, 14 October 2022 (UTC) </div>

:This is the format, which every other notable family has. Check [[:Category:English gentry families]]. [[User:PrinceMichailoff|PrinceMichailoff]] ([[User talk:PrinceMichailoff#top|talk]]) 16:41, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
:[[Arden family]], [[Babington family]], [[Boleyn family]], [[Bulmer family]], [[Spring family]], and other family profiles are good examples. The House of Cope requires its own profile because not all Cope baronets are related to each other. [[User:PrinceMichailoff|PrinceMichailoff]] ([[User talk:PrinceMichailoff#top|talk]]) 16:49, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

User talk:PrinceMichailoff

2022-10-14T16:41:14Z

PrinceMichailoff: /* AfC notification: Draft:House of Cope has a new comment */ Reply

Spencer family

2022-10-13T20:29:27Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added a new marriage to notable marriages.

{{Short description|Aristocratic family in the United Kingdom}}
{{About|the British noble family|other people with the surname|Spencer (surname)}}
{{Infobox noble house
|surname=Spencer
|other_name=Spencer-Churchill
|coat of arms=Spencer Arms.svg
|image_size=170px
|motto=''Dieu défend le droit''
|motto_trans={{Langnf||French|God defends the law}}
|type=[[Landed gentry]] then [[noble family]]
|country={{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flag|England}}
*{{flag|Wales}}
|estates=[[Althorp]] [[Spencer House, London|Spencer House]] [[Blenheim Palace]] [[Wormleighton Manor]]
|titles=* [[Duke of Marlborough (title)|Duke of Marlborough]]
* [[Earl of Sunderland]]
* [[Earl Spencer (peerage)|Earl Spencer]]
* [[Viscount Churchill]]
* [[Viscount Althorp]]
* [[Baron Spencer of Wormleighton]]
* [[Spencer baronets#Spencer of Yarnton (1611)|Baronet of Yarnton]]
* [[Spencer baronets#Spencer of Offley (1627) First creation|Baronet of Offley]]
* [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
|founded={{Start date and age|1469}}
|founder=[[John Spencer (died 1522)|Sir John Spencer]]
|current head=[[James Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke of Marlborough]]
|cadet branches=* [[Earl Spencer (peerage)|Spencers of Althorp]]
|members=
* [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]]
* [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]
|other_families=* [[British royal family]]
* [[Churchill family]]
}}
[[File:Funeral display of Sir John Spencer.png|thumb|right|150px|The funeral honours of [[John Spencer (died 1600)|Sir John Spencer, Kt.]] (1546–1599). He displays both the Despencer arms, adopted after c. 1595 and the blue and white arms granted in 1504.]]

The '''Spencer family''' is an aristocratic family in the [[United Kingdom]]. Founded in the 15th century, it has spawned numerous aristocratic titles including the [[Duke of Marlborough (title)|dukedom of Marlborough]], the earldoms of [[Earl of Sunderland|Sunderland]] and [[Earl Spencer (peerage)|Spencer]], and the [[Baron Churchill (1815 creation)|Churchill barony]]. Two prominent members of the family during the 20th century were [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]] and [[Diana, Princess of Wales]].

==History==
===Descent and claims===

[[File:Henry le despenser crest.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Seal of Henry Le Despenser]]

The House was founded in the 15th century by Henry Spencer (died c. 1478), from whom all members descend. In the 16th century the claim arose that the Spencers were a [[cadet branch]] of the ancient House [[Baron Le Despencer|Le Despencer]], though this theory has since been debunked, in particular by [[J. Horace Round]] in his essay ''The Rise of the Spencers''. The Spencers were first granted a coat of arms in 1504, ''"Azure a fess Ermine between 6 sea-mews’ heads erased Argent,"'' but this bears no resemblance to the arms used by the family after c. 1595, which were derived from the Despencer arms, ''"Quarterly Argent and Gules in the second and third quarters a Fret Or overall on a Bend Sable three Escallops of the first"'' (the scallops standing for the difference as a cadet branch). Round argued that the Despencer descent was fabricated by Richard Lee, a corrupt [[Clarencieux King of Arms]].<ref>Round, pp. 292–309</ref> Citing Round, ''[[The Complete Peerage]]'' dismissed the alleged Despencer descent as an "elaborate imposture" which "is now incapable of deceiving the most credulous."<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo04coka#page/258/mode/2up The Complete Peerage, vol. 4, p. 259]. See also [https://archive.org/stream/ancestorquarterl02londuoft#page/188/mode/2up the Nov. 1902 edition of The Ancestor Quarterly], which described the Spencers as "that pushful house of shepherd kings" with a "brand new and more than doubtful pedigree." Sounding a more gentle tone, Don Steel in the March 1996 edition of [http://www.sole.org.uk/factand.htm Soul Search] noted sadly that the pedigree forgery "obscures the real achievement of the Spencers of Althorpe. Alone, perhaps among the English nobility, the Spencers owed their riches and their rise not to the favour of a king or to the spoils of monasteries, nor even to a fortune made in trade, but to successful farming."</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.baronage.co.uk/bphtm-02/moa-01.html#Anchor-Despencers-47857| title = The Spencers and The Despencers| last = Round| first = J. Horace| date = 1901| website = The Baronage| publisher = The Baronage Press Ltd and Pegasus Associates Ltd| access-date = 1 January 2017|quote="So it was Clarencieux King of Arms who foisted this pedigree on Sir John Spencer in 1595. The family had, by that time, largely increased its wealth, for Sir John's mother was a daughter of the well-known Sir Thomas Kytson, who had acquired a great fortune as a mercer in London. Lee, to whom Queen Elizabeth said that "if he proved no better" than his predecessor Cooke, Clarencieux, "yt made no matter yf hee were hanged," must have felt that it was Sir John's duty to "pay, pay, pay" for a new pedigree and coat. For a hungry King of Arms he was a marked man. Now we can understand how it was that the monument erected in or after 1596 displays the Despencer coat, while those already existing in the interesting Spencer chapel became bedecked, right and left, with the fruits of Lee's discovery. When the heralds next visited the county (1617-8), the new baronial pedigree was entered in all its splendour. The shepherd peer was now of the stock of "ye Earles of Winchester and Glocester." A year later he had soared higher; he was in direct male descent from "Ivon Viscount de Constantine," who had married, even before the Conquest, a sister of the "earl of Brittany." And now let me once more insist on the modus operandi of Clarencieux Lee, the original rascal and the "onlie begetter" of this precious pedigree. He took from the records Spencers and Despencers wherever he could lay hands on them, fitted them together in one pedigree at his own sweet will, rammed into his composition several distinct families, and then boldly certified the whole as gospel truth. It is needless, after this exposure, to pursue further. We are, once more, simply dealing with one of those lying concoctions hatched within the walls of the Heralds' College, certified by its Kings of Arms, and still "on record" among its archives. This, be it observed, is no case of a tradition rashly or credulously accepted. Clarencieux compiled the pedigree, as he said he had done, from records; but, with these records before him, he deliberately and fraudulently invented a descent which their evidence proves to be false. He knew, therefore, perfectly well that what he officially certified to be true was a lie of his own invention. Recorded by Vincent at the Visitation of 1617, accepted by Garter Segar, certified by Garter Heard: even in the present century, this impudent concoction is an instance of what we owe to the College of Arms. The pedigrees with which it is hardest to deal are those in which fact and fiction are cunningly intertwined. Here, for instance, it is perfectly true that John le Despencer married Joan, daughter (and heiress) of Robert le Lou (Lupus), who brought him the manor of Castle-Carlton, Lincolnshire. This we learn from the Lincolnshire Inquest taken after his death, which proves that Joan died without surviving issue, and that John held the manor, by the courtesy of England, until his death. John himself had inherited the manor of Martley, Worcestershire, which had been granted to his father by Henry III. The heralds must have seen the difficulty caused by its not descending to his alleged sons, but being, on the contrary, afterwards found in the hands of the Hugh Despencers. For they "doctored" the pedigree accordingly. But their real crime was providing John with a wholly fictitious second wife, in order to make him the father of men with whom he had nothing to do."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.baronage.co.uk/bphtm-01/books-6a.html| title = The Spencer Family | last = Round| first = J. Horace| date = 1901| website = The Baronage| publisher = The Baronage Press Ltd and Pegasus Associates Ltd| access-date = 1 January 2017|quote="In 1504, John Spencer, an innovative and entrepreneurial yeoman, considered himself sufficiently successful to justify petitioning for a grant of arms. He was awarded Azure a fess Ermine between 6 sea-mews' heads erased Argent and could thenceforward be accounted a gentleman. (He was subsequently knighted by Henry VIII. ) At this time English society was still restructuring itself after the turmoil of the Wars of the Roses, and the gentry and the peerage were being restocked with new families seeking gentility. If at this time, 1504, John Spencer had any thought that he might be descended from the great mediaeval family of the Despencers, if there had been any legend among his kinsmen that this could be so, if there had been any chance that the suggestion would be taken seriously by the heralds, then he must have asked for arms similar to those of the Despencers and a note of his request and of its grounds would have been made in the records. As it was, the arms he was awarded could hardly be more dissimilar from those of the Despencers (here on the right), and there is no note. The arms granted in 1504 were used at least as late as 1576, and probably remained so in use until 1595, the year Richard Lee, Clarenceux King of Arms, visited the Spencer seat at Althorpe and "discovered" the family's descent as cadets of the great Despencers. The consequences of this visit included a monument to the memory of his host's father being erected with the ancient Despencer arms (with the addition of three escallops in bend) displayed instead of the Spencer arms, and an earlier monument to the 1504 grantee, the first Sir John Spencer, having the 1504 Spencer arms removed and replaced with the Despencer arms. This rewrote history."}}</ref>

===Rise to wealth===
A close relative of Henry Spencer (died c. 1478) was John Spencer, who in 1469 had become [[feoffee]] (trustee) of [[Wormleighton Manor|Wormleighton]] in [[Warwickshire]] and a tenant at [[Althorp]] in [[Northamptonshire]] in 1486. His nephew, [[John Spencer (died 1522)|Sir John Spencer]] (died 1522), first made a living by trading in livestock and other commodities and eventually saved enough money to purchase both the Wormleighton and Althorp lands. Wormleighton was bought in 1506, the manor house was completed in 1512. In 1508, Spencer also purchased the estate of Althorp with its moated house and several hundred acres of farmland.<ref name= 800years>H. Gawthorne/S. Mattingly/G. W. Shaeffer/M. Avery/B. Thomas/R. Barnard/M. Young, Revd. N.V. Knibbs/R. Horne: "The Parish Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Great Brington. 800 Years of English History", published as "Brington Church: A Popular History" in 1989 and printed by Peerless Press.</ref> He had grazed sheep here from the 1480s. Impressed by the quality of the land, he eventually bought it and rebuilt the house in 1508.<ref name=spencerofalthorp>Sir John Spencer 1455–1522 {{cite web |url=http://www.spencerofalthorp.com/heritage/unique-family/sir_john_spencer |title=Sir John Spencer » Spencer of Althorp |access-date=2013-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724063324/http://www.spencerofalthorp.com/heritage/unique-family/sir_john_spencer |archive-date=2013-07-24 }} (access date 20 July 2013)</ref> At that time, his estate and mansion in Warwickshire were considerably larger, and the house in Wormleighton was four times the size of Althorp.<ref name="spencerofalthorp"/> In 1511 he made further purchases to acquire the villages of [[Little Brington]] and [[Great Brington]] as well their parish church of [[St Mary the Virgin Church, Great Brington|St Mary the Virgin]], from [[Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset]].<ref name="800years"/> By putting down roots at Althorp, Spencer provided what was to become a home for the next 19 generations.<ref name="spencerofalthorp"/> In 1519 he was knighted by [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]], died three years later and was buried in the new family chapel at Great Brington.<ref name="800years"/>

The Spencers rose to opulent prominence during the 16th century. [[John Spencer (died 1522)|Sir John Spencer]]'s grandson [[John Spencer (sheriff)|Sir John Spencer]] (d. 1586) was a [[Knight of the Shire]] for [[Northamptonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Northamptonshire]]. The Spencers’ administration of their Northamptonshire and Warwickshire estates was admired and often emulated by gentlemen all over England. Sheep from their pastures were purchased for breeding and it is probable that the family's success as farmers was rarely equalled in the century.<ref name="History of Parliament Online">Sir John Spencer, History of Parliament Online [http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/spencer-john-1549-1600] (access date 20 July 2013)</ref>

In the late 16th century, the latter [[John Spencer (sheriff)|Sir John Spencer]]'s grandson [[Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton|Sir Robert Spencer]] (1570–1627) represented [[Brackley (UK Parliament constituency)|Brackley]] in Parliament. In 1601, he was made a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]], and created Baron Spencer, of Wormleighton, in the [[Peerage of England]] in 1603. During the reign of [[James VI and I|King James I]] he was reputed to be the richest man in England. The humble origins of the Spencers as sheep farmers once caused a heated exchange of words between wealthy yet then upstart Spencers with the more established [[Howard family|Howards]] whose [[FitzAlan (name)|FitzAlan]] ancestors had been the [[Earl of Arundel|Earls of Arundel]] since the 13th century. During a debate in the House of Peers, Lord Spencer was speaking about something that their great ancestors had done when suddenly the Earl of Arundel cut him off and said "My Lord, when these things you speak of were doing, your ancestors were keeping sheep". Lord Spencer then instantly replied, "When my ancestors as you say were keeping sheep, your ancestors were plotting treason."<ref>{{cite book
| last = de Thoyras
| first = Rapin
| title = The History of England
| publisher = John and Paul Knapton (orig. French M. Paul)
| series = book xviii
| volume = 2
| edition = 3
| date = 1743
| location = London, Ludgate Street
| pages = 205
| language = en
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fX9cAAAAcAAJ&q=my+lord+while+my+ancestors+were+tending+sheep+yours+were+plotting+treason&pg=RA2-PA205
| quote = in Parliament 1621: Lord Arundel, “My Lord, when these things you speak of were doing, your ancestors were keeping sheep.” Spencer instantly replied,“when my ancestors (as you say) were keeping sheep, yours were plotting treason.”}}</ref>

[[Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton|Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer]], was succeeded in his peerage and estates by his eldest surviving son, [[William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton|William]]. He had previously represented Northamptonshire in Parliament. Two of his sons received additional peerages: His eldest son, [[Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland|Henry]] (1620–1643), succeeded as 3rd Baron Spencer in 1636 and was created [[Earl of Sunderland]] in the Peerage of England in 1643. The younger son, [[Robert Spencer, 1st Viscount Teviot|Robert]] (1629–1694), sat in the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] from 1660 to 1679 and was created [[Viscount Teviot]] in the Peerage of Scotland in 1685.

The senior branch of the Spencers (later known as the Spencer-Churchill family) is currently represented by [[Jamie Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke of Marlborough]], direct descendant via the eldest male-line of [[John Spencer (died 1522)|Sir John Spencer]], who was knighted by [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] in 1519 while the cadet branch of the family, the Spencers of Althorp who descends via the male-line from the younger son of the 3rd Earl Sunderland is represented by [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]].

===Spencer, later Spencer-Churchill===
[[Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland]], was [[Lord President of the Council]] from 1685 to 1688 and a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]]. His son [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland|Charles, 3rd Earl of Sunderland]], was [[Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland]], [[Lord Privy Seal]], Secretary of State for both the Northern and Southern Departments, [[Lord President of the Council]], [[First Lord of the Treasury]] and a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]]. His second wife was [[Anne Spencer, Countess of Sunderland (1683–1716)|Lady Anne Churchill]], the second daughter of the distinguished soldier [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]]. After Churchill's death in 1722, the Marlborough titles first passed to his eldest daughter [[Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough|Henrietta]] (1681–1733), then to Anne's second son, [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough|Charles]]. After the death of his elder brother, [[Robert Spencer, 4th Earl of Sunderland|Robert]], in 1729, Charles Spencer had already inherited the titles of 4th ''[[Earl of Sunderland]]'' and ''Baron Spencer'' of [[Wormleighton Manor|Wormleighton]] as well as the Spencer family estates. In 1733, he succeeded to the Churchill family estates and titles and became the 3rd [[Duke of Marlborough (title)|Duke of Marlborough]] as well as a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]], while the Spencer estates in [[Bedfordshire]], [[Northamptonshire]] (including [[Althorp]]) and [[Warwickshire]] passed to his younger brother [[John Spencer (British politician)|John]] (1708–1746).

In 1815, [[Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill|Francis Spencer]], the younger son of [[George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough]], was created [[Baron Churchill of Whichwood|Baron Churchill]], of [[Wychwood]] in the [[Oxfordshire|County of Oxford]], in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. In 1902, his grandson, the [[Victor Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill|3rd Baron]], was created [[Viscount Churchill]], of Rolleston in the [[Leicestershire|County of Leicester]], also in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]].

In 1817, [[George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of Marlborough|George Spencer, 5th Duke of Marlborough]], obtained permission to assume and bear the additional [[surname]] of Churchill in addition to his own surname of Spencer, in order to perpetuate the name of his illustrious great-great-grandfather. At the same time he received Royal Licence to quarter his paternal arms of Spencer with the [[coat of arms]] of Churchill.<ref name=Courtenay>Paul Courtenay, The Armorial Bearings of Sir Winston Churchill {{cite web |url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/reference/armorial-bearings-of-wsc |title=The Armorial Bearings of Sir Winston Churchill |access-date=2013-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718222952/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/reference/armorial-bearings-of-wsc |archive-date=2013-07-18 }} (access date 20 July 2013)</ref> The modern Dukes of Marlborough thus originally bore the surname "[[Spencer (surname)|Spencer]]". The [[double-barrelled name|double-barrelled surname]] of "Spencer-Churchill" as used since 1817 has remained in the family to this day, though some members have preferred to style themselves merely "Churchill". The 7th Duke of Marlborough was the paternal grandfather of [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]] (1874–1965), the [[British prime minister]]. The latter's widow, [[Clementine Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill|Clementine]] (1885–1977), was created a [[life peer]]ess in her own right as Baroness Spencer-Churchill in 1965.

The family seat of the Dukes of Marlborough is [[Blenheim Palace]] in [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire|Woodstock]], [[Oxfordshire]]. Most Spencer-Churchills are interred in the churchyard of [[St Martin's Church, Bladon]], a short distance from the palace; only the Dukes and Duchesses are buried in the Blenheim Palace chapel.

=== Spencer, of Althorp House ===
[[Image:Johnspencer.jpg|thumb|[[John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer]], by [[Thomas Gainsborough]]]]
In 1761, [[John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer|John Spencer]] (1734–1783), a grandson of the [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland|3rd Earl of Sunderland]], was created Baron Spencer of Althorp and Viscount Spencer in the [[Peerage of Great Britain]] by [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]]. In 1765, he was further created Viscount Althorp and [[Earl Spencer (peerage)|Earl Spencer]], also in the Peerage of Great Britain. In 1755, he had privately married [[Georgiana Spencer, Countess Spencer|Margaret Poyntz]] (1737–1814) in his mother's dressing room at Althorp. They had five children, including the [[George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer|2nd Earl Spencer]], who later became [[Home Secretary]] from 1806 to 1807 and a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]]. His older son, the [[John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer|3rd Earl Spencer]] was [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] under [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|Lord Grey]] and [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|Lord Melbourne]] from 1830 to 1834. The 2nd Earl's youngest son [[Ignatius Spencer|George]] (1799–1864) converted from [[Anglicanism]] to the [[Roman Catholic]] Church, became a priest and took the name of ''Father Ignatius of St Paul''. He worked as a [[missionary]] and is a candidate for [[beatification]]. His older brother, who eventually became the [[Frederick Spencer, 4th Earl Spencer|4th Earl Spencer]], was a naval commander, courtier and [[Whig (British political faction)|Whig]] politician. He initially served in the [[Royal Navy]] and fought in the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and the [[Greek War of Independence]], eventually rising to the rank of [[Vice-Admiral]], and was made a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]] in 1849. His son, the [[John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer|5th Earl Spencer]], who was known as the "Red Earl" because of his distinctive long red beard, was a close friend of prime minister [[William Ewart Gladstone]]. He served twice as [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]] and was made a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]] in 1864. He was succeeded in 1910 by his half-brother, the [[Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer|6th Earl Spencer]], who had been made Viscount Althorp, of Great Brington in the County of Northamptonshire, in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]], in 1905 and served as [[Lord Chamberlain]] from 1905 to 1912. He became a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]] in 1913, and was succeeded in the earldom and estates by his son, the [[Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer|7th Earl Spencer]], in 1922. His son, the [[John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer|8th Earl Spencer]], succeeded to the earldom and estates in 1975. He married [[Frances Shand Kydd|Frances Ruth Roche]] in 1954 and had a daughter, [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]], who [[Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer|married Prince Charles]] in 1981.

The family seat of the Earl Spencer is [[Althorp]] in [[Northamptonshire]], their traditional burial place is the parish church of [[St Mary the Virgin Church, Great Brington]]. The family estate includes significant land holdings in other parts of the country, including the village of [[North Creake]] in [[Norfolk]].

==Members of the family==

[[Image:The 1st Duke of Marlborough's genealogy.PNG|thumb|The Duke of Marlborough's genealogy. With no surviving male heir, Henrietta became the [[Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough|2nd Duchess of Marlborough]]. On her death in 1733, [[Anne Churchill|Anne]]'s son Charles became the [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough|3rd Duke of Marlborough]].]]

===Spencer Knights===
* [[John Spencer (died 1522)|Sir John Spencer, Kt.]] of Snitterfield & Wormleighton (1447–1522) married Isabel, daughter of Sir Walter Graunt, of Snitterfield
* [[William Spencer (Sheriff)|Sir William Spencer, Kt.]] of Wormleighton & Althorp (1483–1532) married Susan, daughter of Sir Richard Knightley, of Fawsley, Northants
* [[John Spencer (died 1586)|Sir John Spencer, Kt.]] of Wormleighton & Althorp (1524–1586) married Katherine, daughter of Sir Thomas Kitson, of Hengrove, Suffolk<ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/spencer-sir-john-1524-86 Member of Parliament Biography]</ref>
* [[John Spencer (died 1600)|Sir John Spencer, Kt.]] (1546–1600) married Mary, daughter of Sir [[Robert Catlyn]], of Berne, Dorset
* [[Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton|Sir Robert Spencer]] (1570–1627), was made ''1st Baron Spencer''

===Spencer Baronets===
{{main|Spencer Baronets}}
This now extinct line descended from two younger sons of [[John Spencer (died 1586)|Sir John Spencer]] (1524–1586) and his wife Katherine Kitson:
* Their third son William was a landowner in [[Yarnton]], [[Oxfordshire]]; his son Thomas was created ''[[Spencer Baronets|Baronet of Yarnton]]'' in 1611.
* Their fourth son Richard was the ambassador of [[James I of England|James I]] to the [[Dutch Republic]]; his son, John, was a landowner in [[Great Offley]], [[Hertfordshire]] and was created ''[[Spencer Baronets|Baronet of Offley]]'' in 1627.

===Barons Spencer===
* [[Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton|Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer]] (1570–1627), married Margaret, daughter of Sir [[Francis Willoughby (1547-1596)]], Kt.
* [[William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton|William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer]] (1591–1636), married Penelope, daughter of [[Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton]]
* [[Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland|Henry Spencer, 3rd Baron Spencer]] (1620–1643), royalist in the English Civil War, was made ''1st Earl of Sunderland''

===Earls of Sunderland===
{{main|Earl of Sunderland}}
* [[Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland]] (1620–1643), royalist in the English Civil War
* [[Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland]] (1640–1702), politician
* [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland]] (1675–1722), politician
*[[File:Johnspencer1708.jpg|thumb|Hon, [[John Spencer (British politician)|John Spencer]], (not to be confused with the 1st Earl Spencer), his only son, and their servant Caesar Shaw.<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Lives in England: Servants |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/the-slave-trade-and-abolition/sites-of-memory/black-lives-in-england/servants/ |website=Historic England |access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>]][[Robert Spencer, 4th Earl of Sunderland]] (1701–1729)
* [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough|Charles Spencer, 5th Earl of Sunderland]] (1706–1758), succeeded his maternal aunt as ''3rd Duke of Marlborough''

===Dukes of Marlborough===
{{main|Duke of Marlborough (title)}}
[[File:MarlboroughCoatOfArms.jpg|thumb|right|Simple arms of the Spencer Dukes of Marlborough before they changed their name to "Spencer-Churchill" and took the modern arms.]]
[[File:Duke of Malborough COA.svg|thumb|right|Spencer-Churchill Duke of Malborough coat of arms]]
[[File:Sir Winston S Churchill.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]] (1874–1965), [[British prime minister]], grandson of the [[John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough|7th Duke of Marlborough]]]]

* [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough|Charles Spencer, 5th Earl of Sunderland, 3rd Duke of Marlborough]] (1706–1758), general and politician
* [[George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough]] (1739–1817), politician
* [[George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of Marlborough]] (1766–1840), elder son of the 4th Duke, changed his surname from "Spencer" to "Spencer-Churchill"
* [[George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough]] (1793–1857), eldest son of the 5th Duke
* [[John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough|John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough]] (1822–1883), eldest son of the 6th Duke (and paternal grandfather of [[Sir Winston Churchill]])
* [[George Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough|George Charles Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough]] (1844–1892), eldest son of the 7th Duke
* [[Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough|Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough]] (1871–1934), only son of the 8th Duke
* [[John Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke of Marlborough|John Albert William Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke of Marlborough]] (1897–1972), elder son of the 9th Duke
* [[John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough|John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough]] (1926-2014), elder son of the 10th Duke
* [[Jamie Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke of Marlborough|Charles James Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke of Marlborough]] (born 1955), eldest son of the 11th Duke

===Barons and Viscounts Churchill===
{{main|Viscount Churchill}}
This line of the family descends from [[Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill|Francis Spencer]], younger son of the [[George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough|4th Duke of Marlborough]]. In 1902, his grandson, the [[Victor Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill|3rd Baron]], was created ''Viscount Churchill''. Holders of these titles include
*[[Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill|Francis Almeric Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill]] (1779–1845)
*[[Victor Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill|Victor Albert Francis Charles Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill]] (1864–1934)

===Earls Spencer===
{{main|Earl Spencer (peerage)}}
[[File:Diana, Princess of Wales 1997 (2).jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Diana, Princess of Wales]] (1961–1997), [[British princess]], daughter of the [[John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer|8th Earl Spencer]]]]

* [[John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer]] (1734–1783), a grandson of the 3rd Earl of Sunderland through his third and youngest son
* [[George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer|George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer]] (1758–1834), politician and book collector
* [[John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer|John Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer]] (1782–1845), better known as Lord Althorp, politician
* [[Frederick Spencer, 4th Earl Spencer]] (1798–1857)
* [[John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer|John Poyntz Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer]] (1835–1910), politician
* [[Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer|Charles Robert Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer]] (1857–1922)
* [[Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer|Albert Edward John Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer]] (1892–1975)
* [[John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer|(Edward) John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer]] (1924–1992), father of Diana, Princess of Wales
* [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer|Charles Edward Maurice Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]] (born 1964), younger brother of Diana, Princess of Wales

===Notable marriages===
* Jane Spencer, daughter of Sir John Spencer of Hodnell, married [[William Cope (cofferer)|Sir William Cope]]
* Jane Spencer, daughter of Sir William Spencer (1483–1558) of Wormleighton and Althorp, married Sir [[Richard Brydges]], Kt.
* [[Alice Spencer]] (1559–1637), daughter of [[John Spencer (died 1586)|Sir John Spencer]] (1524–1586), married [[Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby]]. Their daughter [[Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven|Anne]] (1580–1647) was heiress presumptive to the English throne upon the death of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] according to the [[will of Henry VIII]] and the [[Third Succession Act]]. As Lady Derby, Alice was a noted patron of the arts and to whom poet [[Edmund Spenser]] represented the character "Amaryllis" in his eclogue Colin Clouts Come Home Againe in 1595 and dedicated his poem ''[[The Teares of the Muses]]'' in 1591.
* [[Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Lady Georgiana Spencer]] (1757–1806), daughter of the [[John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer|1st Earl Spencer]], married [[William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire]]
* [[Diana Russell, Duchess of Bedford]] (born Lady Diana Spencer), daughter of the [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland|3rd Earl of Sunderland]], married in 1731 [[John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford]]
* [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] (born The Hon. Diana Spencer), daughter of the [[John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer|8th Earl Spencer]], [[Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer|married]] in 1981 [[Charles III|Charles, Prince of Wales]] (later King Charles III), and had issue. They separated in 1992 and divorced in 1996.
* [[Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon|Clarissa Spencer-Churchill]], daughter of [[John Strange Spencer-Churchill|Jack Spencer-Churchill]] (younger brother of [[Sir Winston Churchill]]), married Sir [[Anthony Eden]], Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
* [[Sir Winston Churchill]] (1874–1965), [[British prime minister|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], grandson of the [[John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough|7th Duke of Marlborough]], married [[Clementine Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill|Clementine Hozier]] (1885–1977), later a [[life peer]]ess in her own right as ''Baroness Spencer-Churchill''.
* The [[Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough|9th Duke of Marlborough]] married [[Consuelo Vanderbilt]], member of the prominent American [[Vanderbilt family]].
* The [[John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough|11th Duke of Marlborough]] married in 1961 [[Athina Livanos]], former wife of [[Aristotle Onassis]]. In 1972 he married [[Rosita Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Countess Rosita Douglas-Stjernorp]], daughter of Swedish nobleman and diplomat Count Carl Douglas-Stjernorp. They were divorced in 2008. Her elder sister Elisabeth (b. 1940) is married to [[Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria]], heir presumptive to the Headship of the Royal House of Bavaria. As an artist, she is known professionally as Rosita Marlborough.
* [[Mary Soames, Baroness Soames|Mary Spencer-Churchill]], daughter of [[Sir Winston Churchill]], married [[Christopher Soames, Baron Soames]], and was made a [[Order of the Garter|Lady of the Garter]] in 2005.
* The [[Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer|7th Earl Spencer]], when heir to the earldom and styled ''Viscount Althorp'', married in 1919 Lady [[Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer|Cynthia Hamilton]], daughter of the [[James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn|3rd Duke of Abercorn]].
* The [[John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer|8th Earl Spencer]], when heir to the earldom and styled ''Viscount Althorp'', married in 1954 the Hon. [[Frances Shand Kydd|Frances Ruth Roche]], daughter of the [[Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy|4th Baron Fermoy]].
*The [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer|9th Earl Spencer]], then Viscount Althorp, married [[Victoria Aitken|Victoria Lockwood]], a British fashion model, in 1989. They divorced in 1997. He married his third wife [[Karen Spencer, Countess Spencer|Karen Gordon]], a Canadian philanthropist, in 2011.

===Other notable members===
* [[Lady Diana Beauclerk]] (née Spencer) (1734–1808), eldest child of the [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough|3rd Duke of Marlborough]], was artist and [[Lady of the Bedchamber]] to [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Queen Charlotte]] from 1762 to 1768.
* [[Lord Charles Spencer]] (1740–1820), second son of the [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough|3rd Duke of Marlborough]], was [[Postmaster General of the United Kingdom]] from 1801 to 1806 and [[Master of the Mint]] in 1806.
* [[William Spencer (poet)|William Robert Spencer]] (1769–1834), younger son of [[Lord Charles Spencer]], became a poet and wit.
* [[Aubrey Spencer|Aubrey George Spencer]] (1795–1872), son of the poet [[William Spencer (poet)|William Robert Spencer]], became the first [[Diocese of Newfoundland#Bishops|Bishop of Newfoundland]] in 1839, later Bishop of Jamaica.
* [[George Spencer (bishop)|George John Trevor Spencer]] (1799–1866), son of the poet [[William Spencer (poet)|William Robert Spencer]], became [[Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India|Bishop of Madras]] in 1837.
* [[Ignatius Spencer|George Spencer]] (1799–1864), son of the 2nd Earl Spencer.<ref name=catencyc>{{cite web|title=The Hon. George Spencer|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14214b.htm|publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia|access-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> He was first an Anglican priest, converted to Catholicism to become a [[Roman Catholic]] priest as ''Father Ignatius'', worked as a [[missionary]] and is now a candidate for [[beatification]].
* General [[Augustus Spencer|Sir Augustus Almeric Spencer]], [[Most Honourable Order of the Bath|GCB]] (1807–1893), third son of [[Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill|Francis Almeric Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill]] (1779–1845).
* [[Lord Randolph Churchill|Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill]], publicly known as ''[[Lord Randolph Churchill]]'' (1849–1895), son of the 7th Duke of Marlborough, [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] and [[Leader of the House of Commons]], father of [[Sir Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill]].
* The Reverend [[Canon (priest)|Canon]] [[Henry Spencer Stephenson]], [[Master's degree|M.A.]] (1871-1957), Chaplain to [[George VI|King George VI]] and [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]].<ref name="The Windsor Peerage for 1890-1894, 3rd Baron Churchill">{{cite book|last1=Walford|first1=Edward|title=The Windsor Peerage for 1890-1894|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ick-AAAAYAAJ&q=%22augusta+melita%22+spencer&pg=PA118|publisher=Chatto & Windus, Piccadilly, London, England|access-date=7 June 2014|page=118|year=1893|quote=See entry for Churchill, 3rd Baron}}</ref>
* [[Randolph Churchill|Randolph Frederick Edward Spencer-Churchill]], publicly known as ''[[Randolph Churchill]]'' (1911–1968), son of [[Sir Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill]].
* [[Lady Rosemary Spencer-Churchill]] (born 1929), maid of honour to [[Elizabeth II]] at her coronation in 1953.
* [[Lady Kitty Spencer]] (born 1990), daughter of [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]]
* [[Louis Spencer, Viscount Althorp]] (born 1994), son of Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer

== Members of the Order of the Garter ==
Many members of the Spencer family have also been knights or dames of the [[Order of the Garter]]. The following is a list is of all Spencer members of this order, across all branches of the family, along with their year of investiture.

* 1601 – [[Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton|Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer]]
* 1687 – [[Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland]]
* 1719 – [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland]]
* 1741 – [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough]]
* 1768 – [[George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough]]
* 1799 – [[George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer]]
* 1849 – [[Frederick Spencer, 4th Earl Spencer]]
* 1865 – [[John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer]]
* 1868 – [[John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough]]
* 1902 – [[Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough]]
* 1913 – [[Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer]]
* 1953 – [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]]
* 2005 – [[Mary Soames, Baroness Soames|Mary, Baroness Soames, née Spencer-Churchill]]

==Coat of arms==

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal |align = center | width = 150 | footer_align = center | footer = '''Arms of the Spencer family'''
|image1 = Blason Thomas Le Despencer.svg
|alt1 = Despenser Arms|caption1 = Arms of the [[Baron le Despencer|Le Despencer]] family, Barons Le Despencer, [[Earl of Winchester|Earls of Winchester]]
|image2 = Spencer Coat of arms original with Seamews.jpg
|alt2 = Orig Spencer Arms|caption2 = Original coat of arms granted to the Spencer family in 1504
|image3 = Spencer Arms.svg
|alt3 = Spencer Arms post 1595|caption3 = The (De)Spencer arms, assumed without hereditary right after c. 1595
}}

==Family tree==

{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;|align=center}}

{{tree chart|border=0|||||||||||||||||pri|
pri=[[File:Spencer Coat of arms original with Seamews.jpg|50px]] {{smallcaps|Spencer family}}
}}

{{tree chart|border=0|||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart|border=0||||||||||alt||com||||yar||ofl|
alt=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|50px]] {{smallcaps|Line of Althorp}}|
com=[[File:Spencer (OfAshburyDevon) Arms.png|50px]] {{smallcaps|Spencer of Spencercombe}}|
yar=[[File:Spencer Coat of arms original with Seamews.jpg|50px]] {{smallcaps|Baronet of Yarnton}}|
ofl=[[File:Spencer Coat of arms original with Seamews.jpg|50px]] {{smallcaps|Baronet of Offley}}|}}

{{tree chart|border=0|||||||||||!|}}
{{tree chart|border=0||||||||||wor|
wor=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|50px]] {{smallcaps|[[Baron Spencer of Wormleighton]]}}|}}

{{tree chart|border=0|||||||||||!|}}
{{tree chart|border=0||||||||||sun|
sun=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|50px]] {{smallcaps|[[Earls of Sunderland]]}}|}}

{{tree chart|border=0|||||||,|-|-|-|^|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart|border=0||||||mar|||||spe|
mar=[[File:Arms of Winston Churchill.svg|50px]] {{smallcaps|[[Dukes of Marlborough]]}}|
spe=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|50px]] {{smallcaps|[[Earl Spencer (peerage)|Earls Spencer]]}}|}}

{{tree chart|border=0||||,|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart|border=0|||chu||||win|vis|
chu=[[File:Coat of arms of the duke of Marlborough.png|50px]] {{smallcaps|Spencer-Churchill [[Dukes of Marlborough]]}}|
win=[[File:Coat of Arms of Winston Churchill.svg|50px]] {{smallcaps|Descent to [[Winston Churchill]]}}|
vis=[[File:Arms of Winston Churchill.svg|50px]] {{smallcaps|Spencer [[Viscount Churchill|Barons and Visconts Churchill]]}}|}}
{{tree chart/end}}

===Spencer origins===

{{hidden|Spencer origins family tree|{{tree chart/start| style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | Tho | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tho=Thomas Spencer 1366-?}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | Hen |-|v|-| Isa | | | | | | | | | |Hen=Henry Spencer 1392-1476|Isa=Isabel Lincoln}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | Joh | | Tho | | | | | Wil | | Nic | | | | | |Joh=John Spencer 1420-1486|Tho=Thomas Spencer|Wil=William Spencer|Nic=Nicholas Spencer}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | |!| | | |:| | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{tree chart | Eli |-|v|-| Wil | | Des | | | | | Joh | | |Eli=Elizabeth Empson|Wil=William Spencer ?-1498|Des=Spencer of Hodnell|Joh=Sir John Spencer of Snitterfield}}
{{tree chart | | |,|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }}
{{tree chart | | Joh |-|v|-| Isa | | Jan |-|-| Ste | | | | | | | Tho | | |Joh=Sir John Spencer 1447-1522|Isa=Isabel Graunt|Jan=Jane Spencer|Ste=Stephen Cope|Tho=Thomas Spencer}}
{{tree chart | | |,|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |:| | }}
{{tree chart | | Ant | | | Jan |-|-| Ric | | Wil |-|v|-| Sus | | Des | | | |Ant=Anthony Spencer|Jan=Jane Spencer|Ric=Richard Knightley|Wil=Sir William Spencer 1496-1532|Sus=Susan Knightley|Des=Spencer of Badby (emigrated to America in XVII century) }}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | }}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | | Kat |-|v|-| Joh | | | | | Des | | |Kat=Katherine Kitson|Joh=Sir John Spencer 1524-1586|Des=altre 5 figlie}}
{{tree chart | | |,|-|v|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|.| | | }}
{{tree chart | | Ann |!| Eli |-| Geo | | | Tho |-| Ali |-|-| Fer | |!| | Joh |~|~|V|~|~| Mar | |Ann=Anne, lady Mounteagle ?-1618|Eli=Elizabeth, lady Hunsdon 1552-1618|Geo=George Carey, II barone Hunsdon 1547-1603|Tho=Thomas Egerton 1540-1617|Ali=Alice Spencer 1559-1637|Fer=[[Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby]] 1559-1594|Joh=Sir John Spencer 1549-1600|Mar=Mary Catlin}}
{{tree chart | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |:| |}}
{{tree chart | | | | Ric |-|v|-| Hel | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wil | | | | | |:| | |Ric=Sir Richard Spencer 1559-1624|Hel=Helen Elinora Brocket|Wil=Sir William Spencer 1555-1609}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | |:| |}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | Des | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | De2 | | | | | Con | | |Des='''Spencer of Offley''' (extinct in 1699)|De2='''Spencer of Yarnton''' (extinct in 1741)|Con='''[[Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton|Robert Spencer, I Baron Spencer of Wormleighton]] From here descends Spencer, [[Baron Spencer of Wormleighton]], [[earl of Sunderland]]'''}}
{{tree chart/end}}
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff|bodystyle=text-align:center}}

===Barons Spencer of Wormleighton and Earls of Sunderland===

{{hidden|Spencer Barons of Wormleighton and Earls of Sunderland family tree|{{tree chart/start| style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rob |-|v|-| Mar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Rob=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|30px]] [[Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton|Robert Spencer, I Baron Spencer of Wormleighton]] [[File:Sir-Robert-Spencer-513x800.jpg|75px]] 1570-1627|Mar=[[File:Blason Robert de Willoughby (selon Gelre).svg|75px]] '''Margaret Willoughby''' 1560-1597}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | Joh | | |!| | | Mar | | | | | | Ric | | Edw | | | | | | | | | |Joh=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''John Spencer''' 1590-1610 a [[Blois]]|Mar=[[File:Arms of Diana, Princess of Wales (1996-1997).svg|75px]] '''Mary Spencer''' 1588-1592|Ric=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Richard Spencer''' '''Member of Parliament''' 1593-1661|Edw=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Edward Spencer''' '''Member of Parliament''' 1595-1656}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | Wil |-|-|v|-| Pen | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Wil=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|30px]] [[William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton|William Spencer, II Baron Spencer of Wormleighton]] [[File:2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton.jpg|75px]] 1591-1636|Pen=[[File:Southampton motto (Resized).gif|30px]] '''Penelope Wriotheslay''' [[File:Penelope wriothesley by loc.jpg|75px]] 1598-1667}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| He1 |-|-| El1 | | |!| | Hen |-| Ali | | Wil |-| Eli | | Mar |-| Ant | | Rob |-| Jan | | | |He1=[[File:Thomas Howard Arms.svg|75px]] '''Henry Howard''' m.1663|El1=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Elizabeth Spencer''' 1618-1672|Hen=[[File:Moore family crest.gif|75px]] '''Henry Moore, 1st Earl of Drogheda''' 1628-1675|Ali=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Alice Spencer''' 1625-1675|Wil=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''William Spencer of Ashton''' 1625-1688|Eli= '''Elizabeth Gerard'''|Mar=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Margaret Spencer''' 1627-1693|Ant=[[File:Earl of Shaftesbury.svg|30px]] [[Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury]] [[File:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury.jpg|75px]] 1621-1683|Rob=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Robert Spencer, visconte Teviot''' 1629-1694|Jan=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Jane Spencer of Yarnton''' 1657-1689}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | Hen |-|-|v|-|-| Dor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Hen=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|30px]] [[Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland]] [[File:Henryspencer1620.jpg|75px]] 1620-1643|Dor=[[File:Sydney.svg|30px]] [[Dorothy Spencer, Countess of Sunderland|Dorothy Sidney]] [[File:Dorothy Countess of Sunderland.jpg|75px]] 1617-1684}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | Geo |-|-| Dor | | | | | | Pen | | Rob |-|v|-| Ann | | | | | | | |Geo=[[File:Savile arms.gif|30px]] [[George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax]] [[File:George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax.jpg|75px]] 1633-1695|Dor=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|30px]] '''Dorothy Spencer''' [[File:Dorothyhalifax.jpg|75px]] 1640-1670|Pen=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Penelope Spencer''' 1644-1645|Rob=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|30px]] [[Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland]] [[File:2nd Earl of Sunderland.jpg|75px]] 1641-1702|Ann=[[File:Digby-Crest.jpg|30px]] [[Anne Spencer, Countess of Sunderland (died 1715)|Anne Digby]] [[File:Anne Digby Countess of Sunderland.jpg|75px]] 1646-1715}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | Rob | | Ann |-| Jam | | | | Isa | | Eli |-| Don | |!| |Rob=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Robert Spencer''' 1666-1688|Ann=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Anne Spencer''' 1667-1690|Jam=[[File:Douglas hamiltonCoA.png|30px]] [[James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton]] [[File:4thDukeOfHamilton.jpg|75px]] 1658-1712|Isa=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Isabella Spencer''' 1668-1684|Eli=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Elizabeth Spencer''' 1671-1704|Don=[[File:Earl of Clancarty COA.svg|75px]] '''Donough MacCarthy, IV Earl of Clancarty''' 1668-1734}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | Ann |-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| Cha |-|-|-|-|v|-| Ara | | |Ann=[[File:Coat of arms of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough.svg|30px]] [[Anne Churchill]] [[File:Anne Churchill, Countess of Sunderland by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg|75px]] 1683-1716|Cha=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|30px]] [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland]] [[File:Charles Spencer 3rd Earl of Sunderland.jpg|75px]] 1675-1722|Ara=[[File:Cavendish arms.svg|75px]] '''Arabella Cavendish''' 1673-1698}}
{{tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | |)|-|-|.| | |!| | | | }}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | |!| | | | | | |!| | |!| | | |!| | Jud | |!| | Fra |-| Hen | |Jud=[[File:Tichborne-coat of arms.gif|75px]] '''Judith Tichborne''' 1702-1749|Fra=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Frances Spencer''' 1696-1742|Hen=[[File:Earl of Carlisle COA.svg|75px]] [[Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle]] 1694-1758}}
{{tree chart| | Rob | | Ann |-| Wil | |!| | |!| | | |!| | |,|-|-|'| |Rob=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] [[Robert Spencer, 4th Earl of Sunderland]] 1701-1729|Ann=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''Anne Spencer''' 1702-1769|Wil=[[File:Bateman-wales.gif|30px]] '''William Bateman, I visconte Bateman''' [[File:Portrait of William 1st Viscount Bateman.jpg|75px]] 1695-1744|}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|'| | |!| | | |!| | |!| | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|'| | | |!| | |`|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | Cha | | Jo1 | | | | Joh |-| Dia | | | | No1 | | No2 | | Wil | |Cha=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|30px]] [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough]] [[File:3rd duke of marlborough.jpg|75px]] 1706-1758|Jo1=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|30px]] [[John Spencer (British politician)|John Spencer]] [[File:Johnspencer1708.jpg|75px]] 1708-1746|Joh=[[File:Russell arms.svg|30px]] [[John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford]] [[File:4thDukeOfBedford.jpg|75px]] 1710-1771|Dia=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|30px]] [[Diana Spencer (1710-1735)|Diana Spencer]] [[File:AnneChurchillanddaughter.JPG|75px]] 1710-1735|No1=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''NN''' 1718-1718|No2=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''NN''' 1719-1719 |Wil=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] '''William Spencer''' 1720-1722}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | De1 | | De2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |De1=[[File:Arms of Winston Churchill.svg|75px]] ''Spencer-Churchill'' ''[[Duke of Marlborough|Dukes of Marlborough]]''|De2=[[File:Spencer Arms.svg|75px]] ''[[Earl Spencer (peerage)|Earls Spencer]]''}}
{{tree chart/end}}
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff|bodystyle=text-align:center}}

===Dukes of Marlborough===

{{transcluded section|part=yes|Duke of Marlborough (title)}}
{{trim|{{#section::Duke of Marlborough (title)|FamilyTree}}}}

{{transcluded section|part=yes|Descendants of Winston Churchill}}
{{trim|{{#section::Descendants of Winston Churchill|FamilyTree}}}}

===Earls Spencer===

For the Earls Spencer from John Spencer to present see: [[Earl Spencer (peerage)#Family Tree|Family Tree of the Earls Spencer]].

===Barons and Viscounts Churchill===

{{transcluded section|part=yes|Baron Churchill (1815 creation)}}
{{trim|{{#section::Baron Churchill (1815 creation)|FamilyTree}}}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Round, J.H. (1901) ''Studies in Peerage and Family History,'' A. Constable and Company, London.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090806182522/http://www.althorp.com/downloads/familytree.pdf Spencer Family Tree, Althorp.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110209092128/http://sixthromeo.com/spencerdynasty.html Origins of the Spencer family]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050309161839/http://www.hierarchypedia.com/~hierarch/wiki/index.php/Spencer_family Family tree and information] – Archived link
* http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~djmurphy/conn/washington.htm
* [http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/spencerarms.htm The Heraldry of the Early Spencers]
* [http://www.europeanheraldry.org/united-kingdom/families/families-s/house-spencer/ Heraldry of the House of Spencer]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spencer Family}}
[[Category:Spencer family| ]]
[[Category:Noble families of the United Kingdom]]

William Cope (cofferer)

2022-10-13T20:24:06Z

PrinceMichailoff: Added title and source.

[[File:CopeArms.png|thumb|Arms of Cope of Hanwell: ''Argent, on a chevron azure between 3 roses gules slipped proper 3 fleurs-de-lys or''<ref>John Burke, Bernard Burke, General Armory of England, Scotland, and Ireland</ref>]]
'''Sir William Cope''' [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|PC]] (died 7 April 1513) was an English courtier who was Cofferer to Henry VII. <ref> {{cite book|title=The History of Banbury|first=Abfr|last=Beesley|page=190}} </ref>

He was born into the well-to-do Cope family of Oxfordshire. In addition to the lands he inherited from his family he also acquired more estates, particularly that of Hanwell around 1500, which became the family seat for many generations.

He served as [[Cofferer of the Household]] of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] from 1494 to 1505. Cope was a member of the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haydn |first=Joseph |title=The Book of Dignities |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |year=1851 |location=London}}</ref> In the absence at that time of a [[Treasurer of the Household]] he carried out the duties of that office as well. In 1498 he was granted the Lordships of [[Wormleighton]] and [[Fenny Compton]], part of the lands of [[Simon de Montford]] who had been attainted in 1495. He later sold the lands to the [[Spencer family]], later of [[Althorp]].

He was made [[Constable of Portchester Castle|Keeper of Portchester Castle]] in 1509.

He died in 1513 and was laid to rest in Banbury church. He had married twice. He firstly married Agnes, the daughter and coheiress of Sir Robert Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, with whom he had a son, Stephen, who also became a courtier. He secondly married Jane, the daughter and coheiress of Sir John Spencer of Hodnell, Warwickshire. With the latter he had three sons, [[Anthony Cope (author)|Anthony]], William and John.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cope, William, Sir}}
[[Category:People from Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:1513 deaths]]
[[Category:English courtiers]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Court of Henry VIII]]