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Library and Archives Canada

2023-08-21T16:06:27Z

Ouvrard: Updated the number of FTEs according to the 2021-22 Departmental Results Report.

{{short description|National library and archive of Canada}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox library
| library_name = Library and Archives Canada
| image = Library and Archives Canada.JPG
| caption = Library and Archives Canada building in Ottawa
| type = [[National library]] and [[List of national archives|national archives]]
| established = {{start date and age|2004|5|21}}{{notetag|Library and Archives Canada was formed in May 2004, as a result of a merger between National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada. The former National Archives traces its origins to the Dominion Archives established in 1872, while the former National Library was established in 1953.}}
| ref_legal_mandate =
| location = 395 [[Wellington Street (Ottawa)|Wellington Street]], [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], Canada{{notetag|The main building is situated on Wellington Street. The institution operates several other facilities throughout the [[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]].}}
| num_branches = 
| items_collected = Aboriginal magazines; albums and scrapbooks; architectural drawings; art; artifacts; Canadian children's literature; Canadian comic books; Canadian newspapers; Canadian periodicals; electronic publications; electronic records; English-language pulp literature; ethnic community newsletters; ephemera; fiction and non-fiction; films; globes; government publications; government records; government websites; Hebraica and Judaica; Indian residential school records; journals and diaries; livres d’artistes; manuscripts; maps; microfilms; photographs; poetry; portraits; rare books; sheet music; sketchbooks; sound recordings; stamps; textual archives; theses and dissertations; trade catalogues; videos<ref>{{cite web|title=Discover the Collection: Canada's Continuing Memory – Browse by Product Type |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/discover/product/index-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=June 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603230331/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/discover/product/index-e.html |archive-date=June 3, 2013 }}</ref>
| collection_size = 22 million books and publications (periodicals, newspapers, microfilms, literary texts, and government publications); 250 km of government and private textual records; 3 million architectural drawings, maps, and plans; 30 million photos; 350,000 hours of film; 425,000 works of art (including paintings, drawings, watercolours, posters, prints, medals, and caricatures); 547,000 musical items; over 1 billion [[megabyte|MB]] of digital content<ref name=Collection/><ref>"[https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/stay-connected/Pages/infographic.aspx Infographic]," Library and Archives Canada (November 9, 2016)</ref>
| criteria = Canadiana, documents published in Canada and materials published elsewhere of interest to Canada; records documenting the functions and activities of the Government of Canada; records of heritage value that document the historical development and diversity of Canadian society<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Collection Development Policy|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/collection/003-200-e.html|publisher=LAC|date=February 1, 2006|access-date=June 2, 2013}} Refer section on Selection and Acquisition Criteria applicable to both digital and other media.</ref>
| legal_deposit = Yes<ref>{{cite web|title=Legal Deposit |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/legal-deposit/041008-0200-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530060228/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/legal-deposit/041008-0200-e.html |archive-date=May 30, 2013 }}</ref>
| annual_circulation =
| budget = [[Canadian dollar|CDN$]]98,346,695 (2013–14)<ref>{{cite web|title=2013–14 Estimates|url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/est-pre/20132014/me-bpd/me-bpd-eng.pdf|publisher=Treasury Board Secretariat|page=II–201|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref name=RPP201314/>
| director = [[Leslie Weir]]<ref name=LACProfile>{{cite web|title=Organization Profile – Library and Archives of Canada|url=http://appointments.gc.ca/prflOrg.asp?lang=eng&OrgID=LAC%20%20%20#PersonID_23889|publisher=Government of Canada|work=Governor in Council Appointments|date=June 5, 2014|access-date=July 1, 2014}}</ref>
| num_employees = 853 [[Full-time equivalent|FTE]] (2021–22)<ref name=RPP202122>{{cite web|title=2021-22 Departmental Results Report|date=August 2023|url=https://library-archives.canada.ca/eng/corporate/transparency/reports-publications/departmental-results-reports/2021-2022-drr/Pages/2021-2022-drr.aspx#toc5b|publisher=LAC|access-date=August 21, 2023}}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/Pages/home.aspx|bac-lac.gc.ca}}
| module = {{Infobox government agency
| child = yes
| name =
| keydocument1 = ''Library and Archives of Canada Act''<ref name=JLW>{{cite web|title=Justice Laws Website: An Act to establish the Library and Archives of Canada, to amend the Copyright Act and to amend certain Acts in consequence |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/L-7.7/index.html |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=May 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329035248/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/L-7.7/index.html |archive-date=March 29, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=House Government Bill – C-8, Royal Assent (37-3)|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?doc=C-8&File=24&language=E&parl=37&pub=bill&ses=3|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref>
| parent_agency = [[Department of Canadian Heritage|Canadian Heritage]]
| minister1_name = [[Hon.]] [[Pascale St-Onge]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]]
}}
}}

'''Library and Archives Canada''' ('''LAC'''; {{lang-fr|Bibliothèque et Archives Canada}}) is the [[Government of Canada|federal]] institution, tasked with acquiring, preserving, and providing accessibility to the documentary heritage of [[Canada]].<ref name=JLW/> The [[national archive]] and [[national library|library]] is the [[List of largest libraries|fifth largest library in the world]]. The LAC reports to the [[Parliament of Canada]] through the [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]].

LAC traces its origins to the '''Dominion Archives''', formed in 1872, and the '''National Library of Canada''', formed in 1953. The former was later renamed as the '''Public Archives of Canada''' in 1912, and the '''National Archives of Canada''' in 1987. In 2004, the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada were merged to form Library and Archives Canada.

==History==
===Predecessors===
[[File:Dominion Archives 1923.jpg|thumb|The Public Archives of Canada building in 1923, prior to its 1925 expansion. The institution was housed at 330 [[Sussex Drive]] from 1906 to 1967.]]
The Dominion Archives was founded in 1872 as a division within the [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|Department of Agriculture]] tasked with acquiring and transcribing documents related to [[Canadian history]]. In 1912, the division was transformed into an autonomous organization, Public Archives of Canada, with the new responsibility of managing government documents on all types of [[Media (communication)|media]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada|url=http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf/repo-bac.html?l=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225722/http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf/repo-bac.html?l=en|archive-date=March 3, 2016|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=Canada–France Archives|quote=In 1872, the Canadian government created an Archives Division within the Department of Agriculture; its mandate was to acquire and transcribe documents related to Canadian history. In 1912, parliamentary legislation transformed this division into an autonomous organization, the Public Archives of Canada, and confirmed its responsibility to manage government documents. The mandate of the new institution focused on the acquisition of documents on all types of media, putting into practice the innovative concept of 'total archives.' Further legislation in 1987 clarified and reinforced the role and responsibilities of the Public Archives of Canada, which was then renamed the National Archives of Canada. In October 2002, in order to improve access to Canada's documentary heritage, the government announced the creation of a new institution, Library and Archives Canada, which united the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada (founded in 1953).|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The organization would be renamed in 1987 as the National Archives of Canada.<ref name=":0" />

With the efforts of people like [[Freda Farrell Waldon]], the first president of the [[Canadian Library Association]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Waldon, Freda Farrell|url=https://www.hpl.ca/inductee/freda-farrell-waldon|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Hamilton Public Library|language=en}}</ref><ref name="brief">{{cite web|title=History of LH&A: Freda Farrell Waldon | HPL|url=http://www.hpl.ca/articles/history-lha-freda-farrell-waldon|access-date=2016-08-11|publisher=Hpl.ca}}</ref> the National Library of Canada was founded in 1953.<ref name=":0" />

===21st century===
In 2004, under the initiative of former National Librarian [[Roch Carrier]] and National Archivist [[Ian E. Wilson]], the functions of the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada were combined to form Library and Archives Canada.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Ian E.|title='A Noble Dream': The Origins of the Public Archives of Canada|journal=[[Archivaria]]|publisher=ACA|year=1982|issue=15|pages=16–35|url=http://journals.sfu.ca/archivar/index.php/archivaria/article/view/10966/11899|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Speech – Posthumous Tribute to Jean-Pierre Wallot|date=March 26, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/speeches/Pages/Speech-Posthumous-Tribute-to-Jean-Pierre-Wallot.aspx|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=May 30, 2013|quote=Following his appointment in the spring of 1985, he was given the task of reviewing the Public Archives Act of 1912, which led to the federal institution's first name change. The institution that had been known as the Public Archives of Canada since 1872 was renamed the National Archives of Canada.}}</ref><ref>Snyder, Lorraine. [2006 February 7] 2015 June 5. "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/library-and-archives-canada Library and Archives Canada]." ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Canada.</ref> LAC was established per the ''Library and Archives of Canada Act'' (Bill C-8), proclaimed on April 22, 2004, with a subsequent [[Order in Council|Order-in-Council]] on May 21, which formally united the collections, services, and personnel of the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=House Government Bill C-8 (37-3)|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=1188185&Mode=1&View=6&Language=E|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=26 May 2013|quote=Last Stage Completed: Royal Assent (2004-04-22). Coming Into Force: Her Excellency the Governor General in Council hereby fixes May 21, 2004 as the day on which that Act comes into force, other than sections 21, 53 and 54, which came into force on assent.}}</ref> Wilson assumed the position as the first Librarian and Archivist of Canada in July that year.

====Modernization====
In June 2004, LAC issued a discussion paper titled ''Creating a New Kind of Knowledge Institution'';<ref>{{cite web|title=Creating a New Kind of Knowledge Institution|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/012012/f2/01-e.pdf|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref> after consultation in June 2006, it issued ''LAC Directions for Change'', a document setting out five key directions to define the new institution, including being a new kind of knowledge institution; becoming a truly national institution, a collaborative institution that works to stregnthen Canada's documentary heritage; a learning destsination; and an institution in government information management.<ref>{{cite web|title=LAC Directions for Change|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/012016/f2/012016-1000-e.pdf|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref>

LAC's modernization policy provides for transformation from an institution focused on the acquisition and preservation of analogue (non-digital) materials to one that excels in digital access and [[digital preservation]].<ref name=Mod>{{cite web|title=Modernization |url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/modernization/Pages/default.aspx |publisher=LAC |access-date=May 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611165743/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/modernization/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=June 11, 2013 }}</ref> A Documentary Heritage Management Framework developed in 2009 seeks the right balance between resources dedicated to analogue and digital materials and is based on:
*three main business pillars: acquisition, preservation and resource discovery (''resource discovery'' includes description, discovery, access and services to the public)
*four guiding principles for fulfilling its documentary heritage mandate, i.e. significance, sufficiency, sustainability and society (broad social context)
*four key roles, i.e. foundation building (relationship building), collaboration, program (integrated collection management processes) and transfer (formal agreements with third parties to fulfill its legislated mandate).
Eight pilot research projects were initiated to validate the framework, including projects on military documentary heritage, aboriginal documentary heritage, and stewardship of newspapers in a digital age.<ref name=DHMF>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada |url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/maf-crg/assessments-evaluations/2009/bal/bal-eng.asp |publisher=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=2009 |quote=Under the guidance of the new Deputy Head, Library and Archives Canada (LAC) has identified new strategic directions for the organization and implemented a change management agenda. More broadly, LAC continues to adapt to technological changes in dealing with its mandate to preserve and make available the documentary heritage of Canada. LAC has commenced a modernization initiative and has also established a "Documentary Heritage Management Framework" to meet the challenges of collecting and preserving information in an environment that is transitioning from analogue production to digital production. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603124540/http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/maf-crg/assessments-evaluations/2009/bal/bal-eng.asp |archive-date=June 3, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Documentary Heritage Management Framework|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/modernization/012004-2010-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328154945/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/modernization/012004-2010-e.html|archive-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Levene |first=Mark |title=Documentary Heritage Development Framework |url=http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=aca-ubc_symposium_2010--levene_2-2.pdf |publisher=LAC |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703074415/http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=aca-ubc_symposium_2010--levene_2-2.pdf |archive-date=July 3, 2014 }}</ref> In March 2010 LAC issued its final report on Canadian Digital Information Strategy stakeholder consultations initiated in accordance with its mandate to facilitate co-operation among Canadian knowledge communities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian Digital Information Strategy (CDIS): Final Report of consultations with stakeholder communities 2005 to 2008|url=http://datalib.library.ualberta.ca/data/CDIS_FinalReport_eng_REVISED_Final.pdf|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6M3NUTR2P?url=http://datalib.library.ualberta.ca/data/CDIS_FinalReport_eng_REVISED_Final.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 22, 2013|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref> In the same month it issued ''Shaping Our Continuing Memory Collectively: A Representative Documentary Heritage'', a document which outlines how it plans to achieve its modernization objectives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaping Our Continuing Memory Collectively: A Representative Documentary Heritage|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/013/f2/013-449-e.pdf|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref>

Despite LAC's stated objectives of continuing to fulfill its mandate by adapting to changes in the information environment and collaboration with others, the actual experience since 2004 has been a reduction in both services and collaboration.<ref name=Mod/><ref name=DHMF/><ref name=TSEd>{{cite news|title=Stephen Harper should appoint a pro to head Canada's library and archives: Editorial|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/2013/05/21/stephen_harper_should_appoint_a_pro_to_head_canadas_library_and_archives_editorial.html|access-date=June 5, 2013|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=May 21, 2013|quote=Caron oversaw $10 million in budget cuts in recent years, laying off dozens of staff, eliminating grants to independent archives across the country and, most controversially, ending an interlibrary loan program that massively expanded the reach of the government collections.}}</ref> Federal funding cuts since 2004 have also impacted on LAC services and acquisitions.<ref name=Hall/><ref name=CobbMay3/><ref name=TSEd/><ref name=MooreNADP/><ref name=CobbJune10/> A detailed timeline of relevant developments and the decline in LAC services since 2004 has been compiled by the Ex Libris Association.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ex Libris Association Timeline on Library and Archives Canada Service Decline|url=http://www.exlibris.ca/doku.php?id=activities:letters:ex_libris_association_timeline_on_library_and_archives_canada_service_decline_after_2004|publisher=Ex Libris Association|access-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref>

====Budget cuts====
Following the announcement in the [[2012 Canadian federal budget|2012 federal budget]] of a [[Canadian dollar|CDN$]]9.6 million funding cut over the three years commencing in 2012–13,<ref>{{cite news|title=National museums, Canada Council spared cuts|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/03/29/ottawa-budget-museums-spared-cuts.html|date=March 29, 2012|newspaper=CBC News|access-date=May 26, 2013|quote=The federal government's 2012 budget outlined cuts of $9.6 million over three years to Library and Archives Canada}}</ref> more than 400 LAC employees received notices which indicated their jobs may be affected and the department announced a 20% reduction of its workforce of about 1,100 over the following three years.<ref name=Curry>{{cite news|last=Curry|first=Bill|title=Visiting Library and Archives in Ottawa? Not without an appointment|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/visiting-library-and-archives-in-ottawa-not-without-an-appointment/article2418960/|access-date=May 31, 2013|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=May 1, 2012|quote=A spokesman for Library and Archives Canada confirmed to The Globe and Mail that the current workforce of 1,065 will be reduced to 850 people over the next three years, as a result of the 2012 federal budget cuts.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Federal libraries, archives shutting down|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/05/02/ottawa-libraries-archives-closing-budget-cuts.html|access-date=May 31, 2013|newspaper=CBC News|date=May 2, 2012|quote=The federal government is eliminating a series of libraries and archives throughout different departments as part of the latest budget cuts. Library and Archives Canada alone has received or will still receive more than 400 affected notices and the department announced 20 per cent of its workforce would be let go.}}</ref><ref name=CLAPR>{{cite press release|last=Fontaine |first=Alana |title=CLA dismayed by impact of budget cuts on federal libraries |date=May 2, 2012 |url=http://www.cla.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=12920&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm |publisher=CLA |access-date=May 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116025527/http://www.cla.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=12920&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm |archive-date=November 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Kirkup/> The "harsh" wording of a 23-page code of conduct for employees effective January 2013, which "spells out values, potential conflicts of interest and expected behaviours", has been criticized by the [[Association of Canadian Archivists]] and the [[Canadian Association of University Teachers]] among others. The code describes personal activities including teaching and speaking at or attending conferences as "high risk" activities "with regard to conflict of interest, conflict of duties and duty of loyalty" and participation in such activities is subject to strict conditions. In a section on duty of loyalty, it also cautions employees about expressing personal opinions in [[social media]] forums. Only authorized LAC spokespersons may issue statements or make public comments about LAC's mandate and activities, which includes controversial changes related to modernization and budget cuts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Munro|first=Margaret|title=Federal librarians fear being 'muzzled' under new code of conduct that stresses 'duty of loyalty' to the government|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/03/15/library-and-archives-canada|access-date=May 26, 2013|newspaper=National Post|date=March 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fodden|first=Simon|title=The Loyalty Policy at Library and Archives Canada|date=March 19, 2013|url=http://www.slaw.ca/2013/03/19/the-loyalty-policy-at-library-and-archives-canada/|publisher=Slaw|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Munro|first=Margaret|title=Federal librarians face new 'behaviour regulation' code|url=https://leaderpost.com/technology/story.html?id=8123506|access-date=June 4, 2013|newspaper=The Regina Leader-Post|date=March 20, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629160245/http://www.leaderpost.com/technology/story.html?id=8123506|archive-date=June 29, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=CobbMay12>{{cite news|last=Cobb |first=Chris |title=Library and Archives boss chastised by heritage minister for taxpayer-funded Spanish lessons |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+boss+chastised+heritage+minister+taxpayer+funded/8373968/story.html |access-date=May 31, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=May 12, 2013 |quote=The code says employees may accept speaking invitations as long as they don't speak about LAC's mandate and activities. Caron has countered criticism by saying he has to work within the budget imposed by the federal government and his focus must be less on collecting artifacts and books and more on preserving Canada's digital record. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630022949/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+boss+chastised+heritage+minister+taxpayer+funded/8373968/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Changes introduced under the management of [[Ian E. Wilson]] and [[Daniel J. Caron]] have been the subject of controversy and public criticism.<ref name=TSEd/><ref name=KarstensSmith>{{cite news|last=Karstens-Smith |first=Gemma |title=Librarians give heritage minister wishlist for top job |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/Library+archival+organizations+across+country+have+made/8433091/story.html |access-date=May 31, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=May 24, 2013 |quote='The community has great concerns about the direction of Library and Archives Canada, and has had for a few years now.' ... Those concerns include where cuts are being made and how modernization is occurring, Marrelli said. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630024630/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/Library+archival+organizations+across+country+have+made/8433091/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Caron asserted that radical change is needed to cope with the influx and demand for digital material and they are subject to [[Canadian federal budget|federal budget]] constraints.<ref name=CobbMay12/><ref name=CobbMay16>{{cite news|last=Cobb |first=Chris |title=Librarian community calls on minister to appoint professional librarian to replace Caron as head of LAC |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Canada+librarians+archivists+urging+federal+government/8397103/story.html |access-date=May 26, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=May 16, 2013 |quote=Hervé Déry, assistant deputy minister of policy and collaboration at LAC, will temporarily replace Caron, who had been critical of the archivist and librarian community for resisting the necessary push to collecting digital born material and digitizing more popular items at LAC. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630032554/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Canada+librarians+archivists+urging+federal+government/8397103/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Several individuals and organizations voiced concerns about these changes. In 2011, the [[Canadian Association of University Teachers]] launched the Save Library & Archives Canada campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savelibraryarchives.ca/ |title=Save Library & Archives Canada |publisher=CAUT |access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> On May 2, 2012, the [[Canadian Library Association]] expressed concern about budget cuts to libraries, both in federal departments and at LAC.<ref name=CLAPR/><ref name=Kirkup>{{cite news|last=Kirkup |first=Kristy |url=http://www.ottawasun.com/2012/05/02/librarians-fighting-mad-over-federal-cuts |title=Librarians fighting mad over federal cuts |newspaper=Ottawa Sun |date=May 2, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> In August 2012, the [[Bibliographical Society of Canada]] wrote to every [[Member of Parliament]] urging them to ensure budget cuts do not compromise LAC's legislated mandate. In a follow-up letter to Heritage Minister [[James Moore (Canadian politician)|James Moore]] in November 2012, the Society singled out the termination of [[interlibrary loan]]s as a particularly harmful decision.<ref>{{cite web|title=President's Letters about Library and Archives Canada|url=http://www.bsc-sbc.ca/en/news.html#lac|publisher=Bibliographical Society of Canada|access-date=May 26, 2013|archive-date=September 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907224620/http://bsc-sbc.ca/en/news.html#lac|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bibliophile blogger Nigel Beale characterizes LAC as "Canada's national disgrace" in his blog ''Literary Tourist''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beale|first=Nigel|url=http://literarytourist.com/2012/03/library-and-archives-canadas-national-disgrace/ |title=Library and Archives, Canada's National disgrace (Part 1 of 3) |publisher=Literary Tourist |date=March 18, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> Academic Ian Milligan describes LAC's "rhetoric of modernization" as a "smokescreen" for cutting services in light of the insignificance of and limited accessibility to LAC's online collections on the ActiveHistory.ca website.<ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Ian|title=The Smokescreen of 'Modernization' at Library and Archives Canada|url=http://activehistory.ca/2012/05/the-smokescreen-of-modernization-at-library-and-archives-canada/|publisher=ActiveHistory.ca|access-date=May 31, 2013|date=May 22, 2012}}</ref> Historian Valerie Knowles outlines the impact of government cutbacks at LAC and federal government libraries in her article "Closing doors on Canada's history" on the ''[[iPolitics]]'' website.<ref>{{cite web|last=Knowles |first=Valerie |url=http://www.ipolitics.ca/2012/08/10/val-knowles-closing-doors-on-canadas-history/ |title=Closing doors on Canada's history |publisher=iPolitics |date=August 10, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619120805/http://www.ipolitics.ca/2012/08/10/val-knowles-closing-doors-on-canadas-history/ |archive-date=June 19, 2013 }}</ref>

On May 31, 2012, the [[Association of Canadian Archivists]] announced its withdrawal from forums of LAC's Pan-Canadian Documentary Heritage Network, stating that it does not believe the network can meet the needs and interests of [[archive]]s across Canada previously met by the National Archival Development Program abruptly terminated by LAC following the 2012 federal funding cut.<ref name=MooreNADP>{{cite news|title=Heritage minister looks at restoring local archives program|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2013/06/09/pol-james-moore-funding-to-library-and-archives.html|access-date=June 11, 2013|newspaper=CBC|date=June 10, 2013}}</ref><ref name=CobbJune10>{{cite news|last=Cobb |first=Chris |title=Heritage Minister James Moore wants axed Library and Archives Canada NADP program restored |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/business/Library+Archives+Canada+needs+change+hints+Heritage+Minister/8506142/story.html |access-date=June 11, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=June 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130619222633/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Library+Archives+Canada+needs+change+hints+Heritage+Minister/8506142/story.html |archive-date=June 19, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="archivists.ca">{{cite web|title=Letter from the Association of Canadian Archivists to the Director General of LAC|date=May 31, 2012|url=http://www.archivists.ca/sites/default/files/Attachments/Advocacy_attachments/pcdhn_forum-lac_may-12-web.pdf|publisher=ACA|access-date=May 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514101103/http://archivists.ca/sites/default/files/Attachments/Advocacy_attachments/pcdhn_forum-lac_may-12-web.pdf|archive-date=May 14, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Following Caron's resignation in May 2013, a stakeholder coalition issued a joint statement on the qualities of a successful Librarian and Archivist of Canada for official consideration in what they consider a "matter of great national significance":<ref name=KarstensSmith/><ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Statement on Qualities of a Successful Librarian and Archivist of Canada|url=http://www.cdncouncilarchives.ca/Joint_Statement_24May_EN.pdf|access-date=June 6, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907123818/http://cdncouncilarchives.ca/Joint_Statement_24May_EN.pdf|archive-date=September 7, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> {{blockquote|A broad coalition of Canadian stakeholder organizations has developed the following list of qualities we believe the Librarian and Archivist of Canada should have in order to be successful in this critical position of public trust and responsibility. We believe it is essential that the person appointed to this position at this time possess the necessary qualities to meet the tremendous challenges of dealing with the complex issues of the digital environment in an era of limited financial and human resources and the demands of providing increased public access to the irreplaceable treasures of Canadian documentary heritage.}}

In June 2013 the Heritage Minister said speeding up the digitization of records will be a priority for the new Librarian and Archivist of Canada. Moore also said he will ask the person appointed to revisit the termination of the National Archival Development Program.<ref name=MooreNADP/><ref name=CobbJune10/>

==== Truth and Reconciliation Commission ====
During the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], Library and Archives Canada initially failed to produce records requested by the commission in a timely and comprehensive manner and was ordered by an [[Ontario Superior Court of Justice|Ontario Superior Court]] judge to do so.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationnews.ca/federal-budget-cuts-to-the-library-archives-of-canada-stall-truth-and-reconciliation-commission/|title=Federal budget cuts to the Library & Archives of Canada stall Truth and Reconciliation Commission {{!}} The Nation: Cree News|date=2013-09-23|work=The Nation: Cree News|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US|archive-date=March 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301220334/http://www.nationnews.ca/federal-budget-cuts-to-the-library-archives-of-canada-stall-truth-and-reconciliation-commission/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ultimately, LAC did provide the records, but many were not in digitized and searchable formats as required by the commission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/04/22/60000_boxes_of_new_documents_land_at_truth_and_reconciliation_commission.html|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission gets access to thousands more documents|last=Rennie|first=Steve|date=2014-04-22|work=The Toronto Star|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-CA|issn=0319-0781}}</ref>

The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada)#Calls to action|Calls to Action]] of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission explicitly referenced Library and Archives Canada as follows:<blockquote>We call upon Library and Archives Canada to: fully adopt and implement the [[United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]] and the United Nations Joinet-Orentlicher principles, as related to [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples]]' inalienable right to know the truth about what happened and why, with regard to [[human rights]] violations committed against them in the [[Canadian Indian residential school system|residential schools]]; ensure that its record holding related to residential schools are accessible to the public; [and] commit more resources to its public education materials and programming on residential schools.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/truth-and-reconciliation-94-calls-to-action-1.3362258|title=94 ways to redress the legacy of residential schools and advance reconciliation|work=CBC News|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action|date=2015|access-date=February 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615202024/http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf|archive-date=June 15, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>Library and Archives Canada has begun to address these concerns by dedicating funding to hire Indigenous archivists, build relationships with Indigenous communities, and support [[digitization]] efforts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/archivists-look-to-decolonize-canada-s-memory-banks-1.3809132|title=Archivists look to 'decolonize' Canada's memory banks|date=2018-02-19|work=CTVNews|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-CA}}</ref> However, Indigenous-led organizations have drawn attention to the fact that Indigenous communities have been conducting this type of work for decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Indigitization/status/968656923238125568|title=Indigitization Commentary on LAC Initiatives [Thread]|date=February 27, 2018|website=Twitter|access-date=February 28, 2018}}</ref>

LAC also holds and provides access to archival copies of the websites of organizations related to the TRC, in collaboration with the [[National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://umanitoba.ca/nctr/ |title=University of Manitoba - National Research Centre for Truth and Reconciliation |website=umanitoba.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003005115/http://umanitoba.ca/nctr |archive-date=2015-10-03}}</ref> the [[University of Winnipeg]] Library, and [[University of Manitoba]] Libraries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/Pages/truth-reconciliation-commission-web-archive.aspx|title=Library and Archives Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission Web Archive - Library and Archives Canada|last=Canada|first=Library and Archives|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities==
{{Multiple image|total_width = 330
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| image1 = Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (20564114800).jpg
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| caption1 = Southwestern façade
| image2 = Bibliotheque et Archives Canada - 07.jpg
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| caption2 = Southern façade
| footer = Exterior of the Library and Archives Canada building at 395 [[Wellington Street (Ottawa)|Wellington Street]]
}}
The building at 395 [[Wellington Street (Ottawa)|Wellington Street]] in [[downtown Ottawa]] is the main physical location where the public may access the collection in person. The building was officially opened on June 20, 1967.<ref name=VisitUs>{{cite web|title=Visit Us|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/visit-us/index-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013|quote=Much of Library and Archives Canada's collection has not been digitized and is only available in physical form. To use this material, you will have to visit one of our locations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Behind-the-Scenes Look at LAC: Services for the Public Available in Ottawa|date=November 15, 2012|url=http://thediscoverblog.com/2012/11/15/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-lac-services-for-the-public-available-in-ottawa/|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> With the de-emphasis on physical visits, in-person services have been curtailed—for example, since April 2012, [[Reference interview|reference services]] are by appointment only—and the role of this building is decreasing.<ref>{{cite web|title=LAC begins implementation of new approach to service delivery |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-560-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=June 5, 2013 |quote=Our website now gets close to half a million visits per month. In contrast, LAC's in-person service hub located at 395 Wellington Street, receives about 2,000 visits per month. These two service points are also trending in opposite directions, with online consultations increasing rapidly, and in-person visits declining slowly but steadily. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529195737/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-560-e.html |archive-date=May 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reference by Appointment|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/005/005-2100-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Curry/> There are also administrative offices in [[Gatineau|Gatineau, Quebec]], and preservation and storage facilities throughout Canada for federal government records.<ref name=VisitUs/><ref name=Numbers/><ref name=BehindScenes/><ref>{{cite web|title=Government Records Accessible Outside Ottawa|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/the-public/005-3050-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529202003/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/the-public/005-3050-e.html|archive-date=May 29, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Preservation Centre in the city centre of Gatineau, about 10 kilometres away from the Ottawa headquarters, was designed to provide a safe environment for the long-term storage and preservation of Canada's valuable collections. It was built at a cost of [[Canadian dollar|CDN$]]107 million, and the official opening took place on June 4, 1997. It is a unique building containing 48 climate-controlled preservation vaults and state-of-the-art preservation laboratories.<ref name=BehindScenes>{{cite web|title=A Behind-the-Scenes Look at LAC: The Gatineau Preservation Centre|date=January 19, 2012|url=http://thediscoverblog.com/2012/01/19/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-lac-the-gatineau-preservation-centre/|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1997 December Report of the Auditor General of Canada|url=http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_oag_199712_36_e_8139.html#0.2.L39QK2.4FNW9F.61EJQE.AA1|publisher=Office of the Auditor General of Canada|access-date=June 3, 2013|quote=As part of a composite project to respond to the needs of the National Archives of Canada, including the need to arrest the deterioration of records in existing storage facilities, a new conservation and laboratory building was constructed in the city centre of Gatineau, Quebec, at a total project cost of $107 million.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The LAC Preservation Centre: What's there? |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/preservation/003003-2000-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530033557/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/preservation/003003-2000-e.html |archive-date=May 30, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada Preservation Centre|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/13/1302_e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> In 2000, the [[Royal Architectural Institute of Canada]] named it one of the top 500 buildings constructed in Canada during the last millennium.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ty-a.ca/Citizen/top500.htm|title=Cultural consequence|last=Cook|first=Maria|date=May 11, 2000|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|access-date=October 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606070316/http://www.ty-a.ca/Citizen/top500.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2013}}</ref>
{{Multiple image|total_width = 330
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| image1 = Gatineau Preservation Centre.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Gatineau Preservation Centre
| image2 = Ouverture de la nouvelle installation pour la préservation des films sur support de nitrate.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Nitrate Film Preservation Facility
| footer = Library and Archives Canada maintains several facilities throughout the [[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]]
}}
A Nitrate Film Preservation Facility on the [[Communications Research Centre Canada|Communications Research Centre]] campus in [[Shirleys Bay]], on the outskirts of Ottawa, houses Canada's cellulose [[nitrate film]] collection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitrate Film Preservation Facility|date=January 1994|url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/dfrp-rbif/pn-nb/20580-eng.aspx|publisher=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> The collection contains 5,575 film reels dating back to 1912, including some of the first Canadian motion pictures and photographic negatives.<ref name=Numbers/><ref>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada Marks the Opening of the New Nitrate Film Preservation Facility|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-528-e.html|date=June 21, 2011|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 28, 2013}}</ref> The film material is highly sensitive and requires precise temperatures for its preservation. The state-of-the-art facility, which was officially opened on June 21, 2011,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Official Opening of Library and Archives Canada's Nitrate Film Preservation Centre|url=http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/media-advisory-official-opening-library-archives-canadas-nitrate-film-preservation-centre-1528098.htm|date=June 17, 2011|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 28, 2013}}</ref> is an eco-designed building featuring an [[environmentally friendly]] roof that provides better insulation and minimizes energy expenditures.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Behind-the-Scenes Look at LAC: The Nitrate Film Preservation Facility|date=January 24, 2012|url=http://thediscoverblog.com/2012/01/24/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-lac-the-nitrate-film-preservation-facility/|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref>

A planned key activity for 2013–14 was to rehouse analogue (non-digital) information resources in a new state-of-the-art high-density storage facility in Gatineau, where the national newspaper collection and records of [[World War II|Second World War]] veterans will be stored.<ref name=RPP201314/><ref>{{cite news|title=Library and Archives Canada preparing for big move|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2012/07/28/library-archives-canada-move.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|newspaper=CBC News|date=July 28, 2012}}</ref> The facility will feature a [[Warehouse#Automation and optimization|high bay]] metal shelving system with a suitable environment to better protect Canada's published heritage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minutes of the Depository Services Program Library Advisory Committee (DSP-LAC) Meetings, 2009|url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/depositoryLibraries/dsp-lac/meetingMinutes2009.html|publisher=Government of Canada|date=August 24, 2009|access-date=May 28, 2013|quote=It was recently announced that funding was received from Treasury Board to convert a building (formerly, a Zellers department store) in Gatineau into a high-density storage facility.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Montel Awarded the Library and Archives Canada New Collection Storage Facility High Bay Metal Storage Shelving Contract|date=January 18, 2012|url=http://www.montel.com/en/news/montel-awarded-the-library-and-archives-canada-new-collection-storage-facility-high-bay-metal-storage-shelving-contract|publisher=Montel|access-date=May 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Butler>{{cite news|last=Butler |first=Don |title=Museums mostly unconcerned about loss of federal funding |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/travel/Museums+mostly+unconcerned+about+loss+federal+funding/8031905/story.html |access-date=27 May 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=February 28, 2013 |quote=Much of the $20-million decrease in the Library and Archives Canada budget is accounted for in the conversion of the building in Gatineau to a high-density shelving collection storage facility, which is nearly complete. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630024923/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/travel/Museums+mostly+unconcerned+about+loss+federal+funding/8031905/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In January 2019, Library and Archives Canada announced that negotiations for a new facility to be built next to the existing one in Gatineau were starting, with an opening date in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pilieci |first1=Vito |title=Government moves closer on $400-million document preservation facility |url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/2019/negotiations-second-preservation-centre.aspx |access-date=March 23, 2019 |publisher=Library and Archives Canada |date=January 31, 2019}}</ref>

LAC's online collection is accessible via its website and LAC provides ongoing information online via its [[blog]], [[podcast]]s, the [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] [[social networking service]]s, the [[Flickr]] [[Image hosting service|image-sharing site]], and the [[YouTube]] [[Video hosting service|video-sharing site]]. [[RSS]] feeds provide links to new content on the LAC website and news about LAC services and resources.<ref name=Electronic/><ref>{{cite web|title=Stay Connected|date=June 8, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/stay-connected/Pages/stay-connected.aspx|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Shamrock and the Maple Leaf|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ireland/index-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> A new modernized website is being developed and is scheduled for completion in 2013, with both new and old websites accessible during the transition period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada Revamped Web Presence|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/lac-revamped-web-presence.aspx|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611175552/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/lac-revamped-web-presence.aspx|archive-date=June 11, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Collection==
[[File:National Archives Microfilm Room, Ottawa.jpg|thumb|Storage units for the institution's microfilm collection at the Library and Archives Canada building.]]
The Library and Archives of Canada's holdings include:<ref name="Collection" />
[[File:Views of icebergs taken at sea, off Scott Inlet, Baffin Island Photos d’icebergs prises en mer, sur le bras Scott, au large de l’île de Baffin (48188946567).jpg|thumb|A photo album of icebergs from the Library and Archives of Canada's collection.]]
* 250 linear kilometres of [[Government of Canada|Canadian Government]] and representative private textual records
** textual archives for various individuals and groups who have contributed to the cultural, social, economic and political development of Canada
* 22 million books and publications acquired largely through [[legal deposit]]
* 24 million photographic images (including [[Photographic printing|prints]], [[Negative (photography)|negatives]], [[Film slides|slides]], and [[Digital photography|digital photos]])
* over 3 million architectural drawings, plans, and maps
* over 90,000 films (including short and full-length films, documentaries, and silent films)
* over 550,000 hours of audio and video recordings
* over 425,000 works of art (including watercolours, oil paintings, sketches, caricatures and miniatures, as well as medals, seals, posters and coats of arms)
* about 550,000 musical items (including the largest collection of Canadian [[sheet music]] in the world; documentation related to music in Canada; and recordings on disks and records of all formats, including [[piano roll]]s, reels and [[Spooling|spools]], and [[8-track tape]]s)
* the [[Canadian Postal Museum|Canadian Postal Archives]];
* [[national newspaper]]s from across Canada, including [[daily newspaper]]s, [[List of student newspapers in Canada|student newspapers]], Indigenous magazines, and ethnic community newsletters.

Notable items in the collection include:<ref name="Numbers">{{cite news|date=May 3, 2013|title=Library and Archives Canada – By the numbers|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+Canada+numbers/8335604/story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=June 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527011049/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+Canada+numbers/8335604/story.html|archive-date=May 27, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*the Proclamation of Canada's ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]'', which bears marks left by raindrops during a ceremony on [[Parliament Hill]] in April 1982 when [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] signed it;<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3782519|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628051937/http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3782519|archive-date=June 28, 2013|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=This original copy of the Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982 is the one which was signed by HM Queen Elizabeth II on Parliament Hill, 17 April 1982. Damaged slightly by rain during the signing ceremony, this version is informally known as the 'raindrop' copy.}}</ref>
*a copy of the ''[[Constitution Act, 1867]]'' (aka the ''British North America Act''), which features editing changes made by the first [[Prime Minister of Canada]], [[John A. Macdonald|Sir John A. Macdonald]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir John A. Macdonald: Canada's Patriot Statesman|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-7030.1-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Constitutional Achievements|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/primeministers/h4-2221-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>
*''[[Antiquities of the Jews|De antiquitate Judaica]]: [[The Jewish War|De bello Judaico]]'' ('[[Antiquities of the Jews]] and the [[The Jewish War|Judean War]]')—the oldest book in the collection—written by 1st-century historian [[Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] and printed in 1470;<ref>{{cite web|title=Jacob M. Lowy Collection|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/lowy-collection/index-e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604071608/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/lowy-collection/index-e.html|archive-date=June 4, 2013|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Israeli Foreign Minister Views Rare Book Collection During Visit to Library and Archives Canada|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-286-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Josephus|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/6/6/s6-215-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>
*the chair used by world-renowned pianist [[Glenn Gould]] while he played and recorded.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Glenn Gould Archive|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/glenngould/028010-1050.02-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>

=== Digitization ===
LAC also houses more than a [[petabyte]] of [[digital content]].<ref name="Collection">{{cite web|title=LAC at a glance – About Us|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/012/012-514-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 29, 2013|quote=The LAC collection... 20 million books, periodicals, newspapers, microfilms, literary texts and government publications; 167,000 linear metres of government and private textual records; 3 million architectural drawings, maps and plans; 24 million photographs; 350,000 hours of film; 425,000 pieces of art, including paintings, drawings, watercolours, posters, prints, medals and caricatures; 547,000 musical items; more than a billion megabytes of digital content}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Overview – About the Collection|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/collection/003-300-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> Some of this content is available [[Online and offline|online]], primarily books, Canadian theses, and census material—equating to around 5 thousand [[TeraByte|terabytes]] of information in electronic format.<ref name="Electronic">{{cite web|title=Electronic Collection|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/electroniccollection/index-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Library and Archives|date=2013-08-30|title=About the Collection|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/about-collection/Pages/about.aspx|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.bac-lac.gc.ca}}</ref> Many items have not been [[Digitization|digitized]] and are only available in physical form.<ref name="VisitUs" /> As of May 2013, only about 1% of the collection had been digitized, representing "about 25 million of the more popular and most fragile items."<ref>{{cite news|title=Library and archives interlibrary loans soon eliminated|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/11/06/ottawa-library-and-archives-canada-interlibrary-loans-cancelled.html|access-date=June 2, 2013|newspaper=CBC News|date=Nov 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hall">{{cite news|last=Hall|first=Joseph|title=Historical letters not wanted at Library and Archives Canada, critics say|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2013/03/10/historical_letters_not_wanted_at_library_and_archives_canada_critics_say.html|access-date=May 26, 2013|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=March 10, 2013}}</ref><ref name="CobbMay3">{{cite news|last=Cobb|first=Chris|title=Record breaking|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Record+breaking/8335572/story.html|access-date=June 2, 2013|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|date=May 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530100159/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Record+breaking/8335572/story.html|archive-date=May 30, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Operations==
Since its inception, LAC has reported to [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]] through the [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Financial Administration Act – Schedule I.1|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/F-11/page-71.html#h-74|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=May 31, 2013|archive-date=May 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530155237/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/F%2D11/page-71.html#h-74|url-status=dead}}</ref> LAC's stated mandate is:<ref name="JLW" /><ref name="LACProfile" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Our Mandate|date=March 27, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/Pages/our-mandate.aspx|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>
*to preserve the documentary heritage of Canada for the benefit of present and future generations;
*to be a source of enduring knowledge accessible to all, contributing to the cultural, social and economic advancement of Canada as a free and democratic society;
*to facilitate in Canada co-operation among communities involved in the acquisition, preservation and diffusion of knowledge;
*to serve as the continuing memory of the Government of Canada and its institutions.

LAC is expected to maintain "effective recordkeeping practices that ensure transparency and accountability".<ref>{{cite web|title=Directive on Recordkeeping|date = June 16, 2009|url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/pol/doc-eng.aspx?section=text&id=16552|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>

===Management===
The '''Librarian and Archivist of Canada''' has the same seniority level as a [[Deputy minister (Canada)|deputy minister]] of a federal department.<ref name=LACProfile/>

On May 27, 2019, [[Leslie Weir]] was appointed Librarian and Archivist of Canada for a four-year term commencing August 30, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/news/2019/05/minister-rodriguez-announces-appointment-to-library-and-archives-canada.html|title=Minister Rodriguez Announces Appointment to Library and Archives Canada|last=Heritage|first=Canadian|date=2019-05-27|website=gcnws|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> Weir is the first woman to hold this role.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2014-01-07|title=Librarian and Archivist of Canada|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/Pages/librarian-archivist-canada.aspx|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Library and Archives Canada}}</ref> Her term has been extended another four years to provide continuity through some major building projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |date=2023-03-15 |title=Minister Rodriguez announces reappointment of Leslie Weir as Librarian and Archivist of Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/news/2023/03/minister-rodriguez-announces-reappointment-of-leslie-weir-as-librarian-and-archivist-of-canada.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref>

The head of Canada's national archives was known as the '''Dominion Archivist''' from 1872 to 1987 and the '''National Archivist''' from 1987 to 2004.<ref name="Chabot">{{cite web|last=Chabot|first=Victorin|title=Jean-Pierre Wallot, The Historian Archivist, 1985-1997|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/015/002/015002-2150-e.html|access-date=May 29, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=After lengthy consultations with government departments, a Bill was tabled in the House of Commons and was enacted into law on March 25, 1987. The institution which had been known as the Public Archives of Canada since 1872 was renamed the National Archives of Canada, and the Federal Archivist became the National Archivist.}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Librarians and Archivists of Canada
!Name
!Period in office
!Note
|-
! colspan="3" |Librarian and Archivist of Canada
|-
|[[Leslie Weir]]
|2019–''incumbent''
|first woman to hold this role<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Guy Berthiaume]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Guy Berthiaume appointed as Librarian and Archivist of Canada|url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=838739|date=April 14, 2014|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|2014–19
|
|-
|[[Daniel J. Caron]]<ref name="CobbMay16" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Dr. Daniel J. Caron|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-395-e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511070928/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-395-e.html|archive-date=May 11, 2017|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=He was appointed the Librarian and Archivist of Canada on April 24, 2009.}}</ref>
|2009–13
|
|-
|[[Ian E. Wilson]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr. Wilson's Biography|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-391-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=Ian E. Wilson has just retired as the first Librarian and Archivist of Canada. Appointed as National Archivist in 1999, he and the National Librarian, Roch Carrier, OC, developed and led the process to create a new knowledge institution for Canada in the 21st century, the integrated Library and Archives of Canada. When the legislation came into force in May, 2004, Ian Wilson took on this new responsibility.}}</ref><ref name="WilsonTerm">{{cite web|title=Fellows of ICA: Ian E. Wilson|url=http://www.ica.org/?lid=12673&bid=1089|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608121739/http://www.ica.org/?lid=12673&bid=1089|archive-date=June 8, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=International Council on Archives|quote=Dr. Wilson served as National Archivist of Canada, 1999 to 2004, and then as head of the newly amalgamated Library and Archives Canada. He retired in 2009 and received the unusual honour of being named Librarian and Archivist of Canada Emeritus.|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|2004–09
|Wilson held the position of National Archivist from 1999, and transitioned from there into the role of the Librarian and Archivist of Canada with the establishment of the LAC.
|-
! colspan="3" |National Librarian of Canada
|-
|[[Roch Carrier]]<ref name="CarrierScott">{{cite press release|last=Gagnaire|first=Catherine|title=Appointments to the Positions of National Archivist and of National Librarian|date=July 5, 1999|publisher=Office of the Minister of Canadian Heritage|quote=Minister of Canadian Heritage Sheila Copps announced today the appointments of Ian Wilson to the position of National Archivist of Canada and Roch Carrier as National Librarian of Canada. Mr. Carrier will replace the current National Librarian, Marianne Scott, who has held the position since 1984.}}</ref>
|1999–2004
|
|-
|[[Marianne Scott]]<ref name="CarrierScott" />
|1984–99
|
|-
|[[Guy Sylvestre]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Guy Sylvestre fonds|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/literaryarchives/027011-200.130-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=He was Associate National Librarian (1956-1968) and then National Librarian (1968-1983) at the National Library of Canada.}}</ref>
|1968–83
|
|-
|[[William Kaye Lamb]]<ref>{{cite web|title=W. Kaye Lamb fonds [multiple media]|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/public_mikan/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=fre&rec_nbr=99199|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628050829/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/public_mikan/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=fre&rec_nbr=99199|archive-date=June 28, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=Dr. Lamb was appointed as Canada's first national librarian in 1953 ... Dr. Lamb retired as national librarian in 1968 and as Dominion archivist in January 1969.}}</ref>
|1953–68
|
|-
! colspan="3" |National/Dominion Archivist
|-
|[[Ian E. Wilson]]<ref name="WilsonTerm" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Ian E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_L3dTD3H6QC|title=Archives, documentation, and institutions of social memory : essays from the Sawyer Seminar|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2005|isbn=9780472114931|editor=Blouin, Francis X.|edition=1st pbk.|location=Ann Arbor|page=341|chapter='The Gift of One Generation to Another': The Real Thing for the Pepsi Generation|quote=The position of national archivist was vacant for more than two years, from the retirement of Dr. Jean-Pierre Wallot on June 6, 1997, to the announcement of my appointment on July 5, 1999.|editor2=Rosenberg, William G.}}</ref>
|1999–2004
|''National Archivist'' until the role was merged with that of the National Librarian of Canada following the establishment of the LAC. Wilson would continue as the Librarian and Archivist of Canada until 2009.
|-
|[[Jean-Pierre Wallot]]<ref name="Chabot" />
|1985–97
|''Dominion Archivist'' until position was renamed ''National Archivist'' in 1987.
|-
|[[Wilfred I. Smith]]<ref name="LambSmith">{{cite web|last=Laplante|first=Normand|title=Before Mr. Lamb and Mr. Smith went to Ottawa|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/015/002/015002-2140-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=The first is known as a pioneer of archival administration in Canada whose work as Dominion Archivist from 1948 to 1968 made the Public Archives of Canada a truly modern institution ... Most of their personal papers kept at the NA relate to the period in which they led the institution from 1948 to 1984.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wilfred I. Smith fonds [multiple media]|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2013-05-30T14%3A50%3A52Z&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=106930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Apam&lang=eng|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628050206/http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2013-05-30T14:50:52Z&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=106930&rfr_id=info:sid/collectionscanada.gc.ca:pam&lang=eng|archive-date=June 28, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=He joined the Public Archives of Canada in Ottawa in 1950. From 1963 to 1968, Smith held various managerial positions within the Archives: chief of the Manuscript Division (1963-1964), director of the Historical Branch (1964-1965), Assistant Dominion Archivist (1965-1968) and Acting Dominion Archivist (1968-1970). In 1970, he was appointed Dominion Archivist, a position he held until his retirement in 1984.}}</ref>
|1970–84
|''Dominion Archivist''
|-
|[[William Kaye Lamb]]<ref name="LambSmith" />
|1948–68
|''Dominion Archivist''
|-
|[[Gustave Lanctot]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Bélanger|first=Claude|title=Quebec History – Gustave Lanctot (1883-1975)|url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/bios/gustavelanctotbio.htm|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=Marianopolis College|quote=In 1937 he was appointed deputy minister and Dominion Archivist, a position he would hold until his retirement in 1948.}}</ref>
|1937–48
|''Dominion Archivist''
|-
|James F. Kenney<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view/10966/11899|access-date=October 18, 2020|journal=Archivaria|title="A Noble Dream": The Origins of the Public Archives of Canada|date=January 1982|pages=16–35|last1=Wilson|first1=Ian E.}}</ref>
|1935-37
|''Acting Dominion Archivist''
|-
|Sir [[Arthur Doughty|Arthur George Doughty]]<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Sir Arthur George Doughty (1860-1936)|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/king/023011-1050.16-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>
|1904–35
|''Dominion Archivist''. A statue of Doughty is located on the north side of the LAC building in Ottawa.<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[Douglas Brymner]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online – Brymner, Douglas|url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=6586|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=University of Toronto}}</ref>
|1872–1902
|''Dominion Archivist''
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Ontario}}
* [[Books in Canada]]
* [[List of archives in Canada]]
* {{Lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]|italic=no}}

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Council of Federal Libraries (Canada): Readers' Services Committee. ''Basic Readers' Services'' = ''Principaux services offerts aux lecteurs''. Ottawa, Ont.: National Library of Canada, cop. 1980, t.p. 1979. ''N.B''.: The English and French texts are printed ''tête-bêche'' one to the other. {{ISBN|0-662-50668-5}}
* Delvaux, Alex, and Yves Marcoux. ''Public Archives Library'' = ''Bibliothèque des Archives publiques''. In "General Guide Series: 1983". [Ottawa]: Public Archives Canada, 1983. Text, printed tête-bêche, in English and in French. {{ISBN|0-662-52580-9}}
* Kallmann, Helmut. "The Music Division of the National Library: the First Five Years", ''The Canada Music Book'', vol. 10, [no. 1] (Spring/Summer 1975), p. 95-100. ''N.B''.: Also printed as a fold. offprint.
* Library and Archives Canada. ''Legal Deposit at the [then named] National Library of Canada'' = ''Le Dépôt légal à la Bibliothèque nationale du Canada''. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1982. ''N.B''.: Text, printed tête-bêche, in English and in French. {{ISBN|0-662-52131-5}}
* Library and Archives Canada. ''Music Collection [of the] National Library of Canada['s] Music Division'' = ''Collection de musique [de la] Division de la musique, Bibliothèque nationale du Canada''. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1989. ''N.B''.: Texts in English and in French, printed tête-bêche. {{ISBN|0-662-57231-9}}
* Library and Archives Canada. ''National Film, Television, and Sound Archives'' = ''Archives nationales du film, de la television et de l'enregistrement sonore'', in ''General Guide Series''. Ottawa: Public Archives Canada, 1983. 45 p. (English) + 47 p. (French), ill. with b&w photos. ''N.B''.: The English and French texts are printed ''tête-bêche'' one to the other. {{ISBN|0-662-52650-3}}
* Library and Archives Canada: Sound Archives Section. ''Sound Archives, Guide to Procedures'' = ''Les Archives sonores, guide méthodologique''. 3rd ed. ... rev. ... and updated, [in] collaboration between ... Michel Bourbonnais et al.; Josephine Langham ... responsible for the revision of the text in the English-language version. Ottawa: Public Archives Canada, 1979. ''N.B''.: Texts in English and in French, printed tête-bêche one to the other. {{ISBN|0-662-50363-5}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[https://library-archives.canada.ca/ Library and Archives Canada]

{{Coord|display=title|45|25|11|N|75|42|28.5|W|region:CA_type:landmark}}
{{Government Departments of Canada}}
{{North America topic|title=North American national archives|prefix=National Archives of}}
{{North America topic|prefix=National Library of | title=[[National library|National libraries]] of [[North America]]}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archives in Canada]]
[[Category:State archives]]
[[Category:Federal departments and agencies of Canada]]
[[Category:Film preservation]]
[[Category:Libraries in Canada]]
[[Category:National archives|Canada]]
[[Category:National libraries|Canada]]
[[Category:Department of Canadian Heritage]]
[[Category:Museums in Ottawa]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Ontario]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 2004]]
[[Category:Deposit libraries]]
[[Category:Canadian government information]]

Rimouski

2023-08-02T21:47:38Z

Ouvrard:

{{Other uses}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rimouski
| official_name = {{lang|fr-CA|Ville de Rimouski}}
| settlement_type = [[City (Quebec)|City]]
| image_skyline = Rimouski.jpg
| image_caption = Skyline of Rimouski with the St. Lawrence River in the background
| image_flag =
| image_blank_emblem = Logo_of_Rimouski.gif
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| seal_size = 160px
| image_shield = Blason ville ca Rimouski (Québec).svg
| shield_size = 80px
| motto = ''Legi patrum fidelis'' {{nowrap|(Fidèles à la loi de nos pères)}}
| image_map = Rimouski Quebec location diagram.png
| map_caption = Location within Rimouski-Neigette RCM
| pushpin_map = Canada Eastern Quebec
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in eastern Quebec
| coordinates = {{coord|region:CA-QC|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<ref name="toponymie"/>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{CAN}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{QC}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region (Quebec)|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bas-Saint-Laurent]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Regional county municipality|RCM]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rimouski-Neigette Regional County Municipality|Rimouski-Neigette]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| established_title1 = Constituted
| established_date1 = January 1, 2002
| government_footnotes = <ref name="mamrot"/>
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = [[Guy Caron]]
| leader_title1 = [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts|Federal riding]]
| leader_name1 = [[Rimouski-Neigette—Témiscouata—Les Basques]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of Quebec provincial electoral districts|Prov. riding]]
| leader_name2 = [[Rimouski (provincial electoral district)|Rimouski]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="mamrot"/><ref name="census2016"/>
| area_total_km2 = 529.50
| area_land_km2 = 339.64
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_footnotes = <ref name="census2016"/>
| area_urban_km2 = 23.24
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="cp2011-CA"/>
| area_metro_km2 = 631.22
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2016">{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census: Rimouski, Ville [Census subdivision], Quebec and Rimouski [Population centre], Quebec |date = 8 February 2017|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2410043&Geo2=POPC&Code2=0709&SearchText=rimouski&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=December 28, 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 48935
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 143.3
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="census2016"/>
| population_urban = 36,942
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1589.6
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="census2016metro">{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census: Rimouski, Ville [Census subdivision], Quebec and Rimouski [Census agglomeration], Quebec |date = 8 February 2017|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2410043&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=404&SearchText=rimouski&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=December 28, 2019}}</ref>
| population_metro = 55,349 ([[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|59th]])
| population_density_metro_km2 = 61.8
| population_blank1_title = Change {{small|2011-2016}}
| population_blank1 = {{increase}} 3.8%
| population_blank2_title = Dwellings
| population_blank2 = 24,262
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| postal_code_type = [[Canadian postal code|Postal code(s)]]
| postal_code = [[List of G postal codes of Canada|G5L to G5N]]
| area_code = [[Area codes 418 and 581|418 and 581]]
| blank_name = Highways {{jct|state=QC|A|20}}
| blank_info = {{jct|state=QC|QC|132}} {{jct|state=QC|QC|232}}
| blank1_name = [[geocoding|Geocode]]
| blank1_info = 24 10043
| population_demonym = Rimouskois, Rimouskoise
| website = {{URL|www.ville.rimouski.qc.ca}}
}}
'''Rimouski''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|ɪ|m|uː|ˈ|s|k|i}} {{respell|RIM|oo|SKEE}}) is a city in [[Quebec]], Canada. Rimouski is located in the [[Bas-Saint-Laurent]] region, at the mouth of the [[Rimouski River]]. It has a population of 48,935 (as of [[2021 Canadian Census|2021]]).<ref name="census2021"/> Rimouski is the site of [[Université du Québec à Rimouski]] (UQAR), the [[Cégep de Rimouski]] (which includes the [[:fr:Institut maritime du Québec|Institut maritime du Québec]]) and the [[Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec]]. It is also the home of some ocean sciences research centres ([[Rimouski#Maritime sector|see below]]).

==History==
The name Rimouski most likely derived from a [[Micmac]] word meaning "land of the moose".<ref> https://www.britannica.com/place/Rimouski </ref> The city was founded by Sir [[René Lepage de Ste-Claire]] in 1696. Originally from [[Ouanne]] in the [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]] region, he exchanged property he owned on the [[Île d'Orléans]] with Augustin Rouer de la Cardonnière for the [[Seigneurial system of New France|Seigneurie]] of Rimouski, which extended along the St. Lawrence River from the Hâtée River at Le Bic to the Métis River. De la Cardonnière had been the owner of Rimouski since 1688, but had never lived there. René Lepage moved his family to Rimouski, where it held the seigneurie until 1790, when it was sold to the Quebec City businessman [[Joseph Drapeau]].

[[File:Maison Lamontagne.jpg|thumb|left|"Maison Lamontagne"]]
The "Maison Lamontagne" was built in 1750 per Marie-Agnès Lepage, granddaughter of [[René Lepage de Ste-Claire]]. It carries now the surname of the family that resided at it in 1844. It is one of the oldest half-timbered houses in Quebec and is within what is now called the District of Rimouski-Est.

Today, a boulevard, park and monument at the western entrance of Rimouski bear the name of René Lepage.

===The "Red Night"===
On May 6, 1950, Rimouski suffered a severe fire, in which 319 houses burned to the ground. This event is known as ''La nuit rouge'' ([[French language|French]] for ''Red Night''). The fire originated in the {{ill|Price Brothers and Company|fr}} yard on the left shore of the Rimouski River and quickly crossed the river and spread throughout the city pushed by strong winds, destroying half of the city. No one died in the blaze. Legend has it that a priest sprinkled holy water around the city's cathedral and that the fire would not cross the line.

==Geography==
===Climate===
Rimouski has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'') with cold, snowy winters and warm, rainy summers.

{{Weather box
|location = Rimouski (1981−2010)
| width=auto
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 14.5
|Feb record high C = 12.5
|Mar record high C = 21.1
|Apr record high C = 29.0
|May record high C = 32.8
|Jun record high C = 35.0
|Jul record high C = 36.0
|Aug record high C = 33.9
|Sep record high C = 33.0
|Oct record high C = 26.5
|Nov record high C = 21.5
|Dec record high C = 15.0
|year record high C = 36.0
|Jan high C = −7.4
|Feb high C = −5.3
|Mar high C = 0.0
|Apr high C = 7.3
|May high C = 14.8
|Jun high C = 20.6
|Jul high C = 23.3
|Aug high C = 22.1
|Sep high C = 17.2
|Oct high C = 10.0
|Nov high C = 3.2
|Dec high C = -3.3
|year high C = 8.5
|Jan mean C = -11.4
|Feb mean C = -9.4
|Mar mean C = -4.1
|Apr mean C = 3.3
|May mean C = 9.9
|Jun mean C = 15.4
|Jul mean C = 18.3
|Aug mean C = 17.3
|Sep mean C = 12.9
|Oct mean C = 6.6
|Nov mean C = 0.3
|Dec mean C = -6.7
|year mean C = 4.4
|Jan low C = −15.4
|Feb low C = −13.5
|Mar low C = −8.1
|Apr low C = -0.8
|May low C = 4.9
|Jun low C = 10.2
|Jul low C = 13.3
|Aug low C = 12.6
|Sep low C = 8.5
|Oct low C = 3.1
|Nov low C = −2.6
|Dec low C = −10.0
|year low C = 0.2
|Jan record low C = −33.0
|Feb record low C = −32.0
|Mar record low C = −25.5
|Apr record low C = −22.0
|May record low C = −7.2
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 3.0
|Aug record low C = 0.0
|Sep record low C = −1.1
|Oct record low C = −7.8
|Nov record low C = −16.5
|Dec record low C = −30.6
|year record low C = −33.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 71.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 64.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 60.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 65.4
|May precipitation mm = 84.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 84.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 91.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 85.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 87.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 91.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 83.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 87.6
|year precipitation mm = 958.5
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 8.0
|Feb rain mm = 8.2
|Mar rain mm = 14.6
|Apr rain mm = 50.8
|May rain mm = 83.5
|Jun rain mm = 84.9
|Jul rain mm = 91.3
|Aug rain mm = 85.5
|Sep rain mm = 87.9
|Oct rain mm = 89.7
|Nov rain mm = 56.7
|Dec rain mm = 25.4
|year rain mm = 686.5
|Jan snow cm = 63.1
|Feb snow cm = 56.4
|Mar snow cm = 45.8
|Apr snow cm = 16.1
|May snow cm = 1.3
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 1.8
|Nov snow cm = 26.8
|Dec snow cm = 62.2
|year snow cm = 273.5
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 15.1
|Feb precipitation days = 12.3
|Mar precipitation days = 11.5
|Apr precipitation days = 12.7
|May precipitation days = 14.4
|Jun precipitation days = 14.6
|Jul precipitation days = 15.3
|Aug precipitation days = 13.8
|Sep precipitation days = 14.2
|Oct precipitation days = 15.4
|Nov precipitation days = 13.3
|Dec precipitation days = 14.2
|year precipitation days = 166.7
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|Jan rain days = 1.4
|Feb rain days = 1.6
|Mar rain days = 3.4
|Apr rain days = 10.1
|May rain days = 14.3
|Jun rain days = 14.6
|Jul rain days = 15.3
|Aug rain days = 13.8
|Sep rain days = 14.2
|Oct rain days = 15.3
|Nov rain days = 8.6
|Dec rain days = 3.0
|year rain days = 115.6
|unit snow days = 0.2 cm
|Jan snow days = 14.2
|Feb snow days = 11.2
|Mar snow days = 8.4
|Apr snow days = 3.4
|May snow days = 0.46
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.43
|Nov snow days = 6.0
|Dec snow days = 11.9
|year snow days = 56.0
|Jan sun = 52.8
|Feb sun = 89.3
|Mar sun = 134.3
|Apr sun = 155.4
|May sun = 192.2
|Jun sun = 217.2
|Jul sun = 231.5
|Aug sun = 221.1
|Sep sun = 157.7
|Oct sun = 95.8
|Nov sun = 55.3
|Dec sun = 51.9
|year sun = 1654.5
|Jan percentsun = 19.4
|Feb percentsun = 31.3
|Mar percentsun = 36.5
|Apr percentsun = 38.0
|May percentsun = 40.8
|Jun percentsun = 45.1
|Jul percentsun = 47.7
|Aug percentsun = 49.8
|Sep percentsun = 41.6
|Oct percentsun = 28.5
|Nov percentsun = 19.9
|Dec percentsun = 19.9
|year percentsun = 34.9
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name="CCN">{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=5836&lang=e&dCode=0&province=QUE&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12
| title = Rimouski, Quebec
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
|date = 31 October 2011| access-date = May 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name="climate">{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200717213354/ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2020-07-17
| title = Rimouski, Quebec
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
| access-date = November 25, 2013}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

== Demographics ==
In the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], Rimouski had a population of {{val|48935|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|23470|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|24849|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:48935-48664}}|48664|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|48664|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|339.13|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|48935|339.13|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021census>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000224 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=August 29, 2022}}</ref>

The 2021 census found that French was the mother tongue of 97.8% of the population. The next most common mother tongues were English (1.2%), Arabic (0.3%), Spanish (0.3%), and Swahili (0.1%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Mother tongue by single and multiple mother tongue responses: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810018001 |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=17 August 2022}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Maritime sector===
One of Rimouski's primary economic fields is its maritime sector. Around 1900, the port was important for operating [[mail tender]]s such as ''[[HMCS Lady Evelyn]]'' for transatlantic liners. These could take mail from an arriving ship in the mouth of the St Lawrence, then speed it by rail to Quebec, arriving long before the ship. The town welcomes students at the Institut Maritime du Québec, which offers exclusively marine-related programs of studies. Rimouski is also the home of many marine research centres, such as the [[:fr:Institut des sciences de la mer|Institut des sciences de la mer]] (ISMER), the [[:fr:Centre de recherche sur les biotechnologies marines|Centre de recherche sur les biotechnologies marines]] and the [[:fr:Centre interdisciplinaire de développement en cartographie des océans|Centre interdisciplinaire de développement en cartographie des océans]].

Rimouski is also home to the headquarters of the [[St. Lawrence Global Observatory]],[2] an inter-institutional group seeking to provide, through its Internet portal, an integrated and rapid access to data and information concerning the global ecosystem of the St. Lawrence, in order to promote sustainable management.

A ferry used to cross over from [[Forestville, Quebec|Forestville]] twice daily from May to September, but it is not currently running<ref>{{Cite web |last=spéciale |first=Johanne Fournier, Collaboration |date=2023-03-22 |title=Pas de traversier entre Rimouski et Forestville cet été? |url=https://www.lesoleil.com/2023/03/22/pas-de-traversier-entre-rimouski-et-forestville-cet-ete-8925e07b4349616481c5a731e82b2245/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Le Soleil |language=fr}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.quebecmaritime.ca/en/company/rimouski-forestville-ferry/transportation|title=Rimouski–Forestville Ferry : transportation|website=Québec maritime}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.traversier.com/accueil.html |title=Traverse Rimouski-Forestville: "Accueil" |access-date=2014-01-14 |archive-date=2013-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207141634/http://traversier.com/accueil.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The port operates five berths ranging from 130 to 213 metres in length, with a water depth of 7.3 metres, and is mainly used for the [[transshipment]] of salt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qsl.com/en/ports/rimouski.html|title=Arrimage Quebec: "Port of Rimouski"}}</ref>

The tide station located at Pointe-au-Père serves as the reference point for measuring mean sea level for the [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]], which is the reference point for determining altitude in North America.<ref>{{cite web |title=North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) |url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/datums/vertical/north-american-vertical-datum-1988.shtml |website=National Geodetic Survey |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

==Arts and culture==
Rimouski has an active cultural life, being host of festivals like [[Festi Jazz International de Rimouski|Festi Jazz International]] since 1982, the {{ill|Grandes Fêtes du Saint-Laurent|fr|Les Grandes Fêtes Telus}}, a familial musical event taking place the first week-end of July and an international film festival, the [[Carrousel international du film de Rimouski]].

In November, the town is the host of the yearly Salon du Livre de Rimouski, the oldest event of its kind in the province of Quebec. It was created in 1964 by a group of women with a passion for literature, who wished to make literature more accessible to young readers. Every year, more than 125 authors from the region and its surroundings participate in the event, and over 300 Quebec Publishers distribute about 75 stands among themselves. Supported by Canada Heritage, the Canada Council of the Arts, the Society of development of the cultural companies of Quebec and the city of Rimouski, the event attracts more than 8000 visitors per year.

The Music Conservatory of Quebec at Rimouski, founded in 1973, is one of musical institutions that form the network of the [[Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec|Conservatoire of Music and Drama in Quebec]].

Several renowned musicians, among others [[André Laplante]], [[Marcelle Deschênes]], Stéphane Lemelin,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephane Lemelin, pianist |url=http://www.stephanelemelin.net/biography.php |access-date=2023-04-05}}</ref> Gaston Brisson,<ref >{{Cite web|title=Gaston Brisson |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gaston-brisson-emc |access-date=2023-04-05 |work=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> [[David Jalbert (pianist)|David Jalbert]], [[Duo Caron|Josée and Martin Caron]], Gilles Rioux and [[Joseph Rouleau]], were born in the city or in the surrounding area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music in Rimouski |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rimouski-que-emc |access-date=2019-03-20 |work=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]}}</ref>

==Attractions==
One of the town's main tourist attractions is the [[Site historique maritime de la Pointe-au-Père]], which features an exhibit on the [[RMS Empress of Ireland (1906)|RMS ''Empress of Ireland'']] disaster and the [[Pointe-au-Père lighthouse]]. The museum's exhibit on the RMS Empress of Ireland disaster commemorates the loss of 1,012 persons in the most fatal peacetime shipwreck in the 20th century, after the infamous ''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'' tragedy.

==Sports==
The town is also enthusiastic about sporting events. The town hosted the [[Jeux du Québec]] in 2001 and was the host of the [[Memorial Cup]] Tournament in 2009.

Since 1995, the town has been home to a [[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League|QMJHL]] team, the [[Rimouski Océanic]]. Former Océanic players include [[Sidney Crosby]], [[Vincent Lecavalier]], [[Michel Ouellet]], [[Brad Richards]] and [[Alexis Lafrenière]].

==Government==
The city is divided into 11 districts. Six of those districts (Pointe-au-Père, Sainte-Blandine, Rimouski-Est, Sainte-Odile-sur-Rimouski and Le Bic) were small communities but were [[Municipal reorganization in Quebec|merged]] within Rimouski in 2002, except for Le Bic, which was merged in 2009. The municipal council is composed of the [[mayor]] and eleven councillors, each one representing a district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annuaire-mairie.fr/canada.html|title=Canada : toutes les informations pratiques - Annuaire des Mairies|website=www.annuaire-mairie.fr}}</ref>

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1"
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:silver"
! style="color: White; text-align: center" width="100px" | mandate
! style="color: White" width="200px" | fonctions
! style="color: White" width="350px" | name(s)
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left;"
| rowspan="13" style="text-align: center; background-color:#E0E0E0; color:white;"| 2021-2025
| Mayor
| Guy Caron
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| Districts
|
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #1 Sacré-Coeur
| Sébastien Bolduc
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #2 Nazareth
| Rodrigue Joncas
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #3 Saint-Germain
| Philippe Cousineau Morin
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #4 Rimouski-Est
| Cécilia Michaud
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #5 Pointe-au-Père
| Julie Carré
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #6 Sainte-Odile
| Gregory Thorez
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #7 Saint-Robert
| Jocelyn Pelletier
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #8 Terrasse Arthur-Buies
| Réjean Savard
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #9 Saint-Pie X
| Mélanie Bernier
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #10 Sainte-Blandine/Mont-Lebel
| Dave Dumas
|- style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left; background-color:#EFEFEF"
| #11 Le Bic
| Mélanie Beaulieu
|}
Source: Ville de Rimouski<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ville.rimouski.qc.ca/fr/citoyens/nav/conseil/membres.html?iddoc=140536 |title=Conseil municipal: Membres du conseil |publisher=Ville de Rimouski |access-date=December 28, 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
{{See also|List of crossings of the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes|History of bus transport via Rimouski}}

[[File:Promenade de la mer Rimouski.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The Walk of the Sea at Rimouski.]]
The city is served by the municipal [[Rimouski Airport]] ([[IATA airport code]] YXK), which caters to general aviation and cargo aircraft, and by the regional [[Mont-Joli Airport]] (YYY), 35 km to the east of Rimouski, which caters to commercial passenger aircraft. There are daily passenger flights to destinations in Quebec (Quebec City, Montreal, and others) and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]].

Between April and October, the CNM Evolution, a [[ferry]] service, operates across the [[Saint Lawrence River]] between Rimouski and [[Forestville, Quebec]]. This ferry is the fastest in the province of [[Quebec]], crossing the river in only 55 minutes.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

One end of the [[Nordik-Express]] line is in Rimouski; other stops (on the North Shore) of this weekly 1150 km-long line are in [[Sept-Îles, Quebec|Sept-Îles]], [[Port-Menier, Quebec|Port-Menier]], [[Havre-Saint-Pierre, Quebec|Havre-Saint-Pierre]], [[Natashquan, Quebec (municipality)|Natashquan]], [[Kegaska, Quebec|Kegaska]], [[La Romaine, Quebec|La Romaine]], [[Harrington Harbour, Quebec|Harrington Harbour]], [[Tête-à-la-Baleine, Quebec|Tête-à-la-Baleine]], [[La Tabatière, Quebec|La Tabatière]], [[Pointe-à-la-truite, Quebec|Pointe-à-la-truite]], [[Blanc Sablon, Quebec|Blanc Sablon]] and [[St. Barbe, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. Barbe]].<ref>[https://www.mtq.gouv.qc.ca/portal/page/portal/Librairie/Publications/fr/maritime/CarteTraversesDesertesMaritimes.pdf gouv.qc.ca: "Traverses et dessertes maritimes du Quebec"]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> All stops are in the Quebec, except St. Barbe, which is in Newfoundland and Labrador.

The [[Canadian National]] south shore railway passes through town, and there is a [[VIA Rail]] [[Ocean (train)|service]] three times weekly in each direction, which heads westbound toward Quebec City (Sainte-Foy) and Montreal and eastbound toward Moncton and Halifax.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.viarail.ca/en/plan/train-schedules|title=Arrivals and departures|website=VIA Rail}}</ref>

The [[Orleans Express]] bus service also serves Rimouski; [[Rimouski station]] is on the main thoroughfare from Quebec City to the maritime provinces.

===Health===
[[Image:Hôpital de Rimouski.jpg|thumb|right|Regional Hospital of Rimouski]]
The largest employer in Rimouski and the region is the Regional Hospital of Rimouski with 2200 employees and 170 doctors. It handles a budget of more than 150 million dollars. Since 2004 the hospital is known as CSSS Rimouski-Neigette. The hospital serves the large majority of patients in the region as far as [[Gaspé, Quebec|Gaspé]]. Several medical specialties are present at the hospital such as cardiology, endocrinology, fertility, gastroenterology, hematology, obstetric-gynecology, neurology, oncology, otorhinolaryngology, orthopedic, pediatric, rheumatology, surgery, and urology. The hospital also has several departments such as emergency, intensive care, and pharmacy. Several medical clinics surround the hospital located on Rouleau Avenue. The CLSC however is located in front of the obstetrics and gynecology clinic on du Gouverneur Street.

==Sister cities==
Rimouski is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Westmount, Quebec|Westmount]], Quebec, Canada ''(since 1968)''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.westmount.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/A-View-Of-Their-Own-the-Story-of-Westmount_1579.pdf|title=A View of Their Own: The Story of Westmount|page=142|author-link=Aline Gubbay|date=1998|access-date=2022-11-28|publisher=Price-Patterson Ltd.}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Philomène Belliveau]] (1854–1940), artist, lived and died in Rimouski.<ref name=scvm>{{cite web |url=http://culturememramcook.ca/index.php/fr/artistes/peintres/8-philomene-belliveau |title=Philomène Belliveau |publisher=Société Culturelle de la Vallée de Memramcook |language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Maude Charron]], weightlifter, won the gold medal in 64 kg division at the [[Weightlifting at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 64 kg|2020 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]].
* [[Bernard Voyer]], explorer, mountaineer.
* [[Patrick Côté (fighter)|Patrick Côté]], former UFC fighter and MMA competitor.

==See also==
* [[Rimouski Seignory]]
* [[Rimouski River]]
* [[List of cities in Quebec]]
* [[Municipal reorganization in Quebec]]
* [[Maison Joseph-Gauvreau]]
{{Portal|Canada}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="mamrot">{{mamrot |type=municipalite |10043}}</ref>
<ref name="toponymie">{{toponymie |98682}}</ref>
<ref name="cp2011-CA">{{Cite web| title=Rimouski Quebec (Census agglomeration)| work=[[Canada 2011 Census]]| date=8 February 2012| publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]
|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=404&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Rimouski&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=404&TABID=1
| access-date=2012-05-26}}. The census agglomeration consists of Rimouski, [[Saint-Anaclet-de-Lessard, Quebec|Saint-Anaclet-de-Lessard]], [[Saint-Narcisse-de-Rimouski, Quebec|Saint-Narcisse-de-Rimouski]]. In the 2006 census, the census agglomeration had also included [[Saint-Valérien, Quebec|Saint-Valérien]].</ref>}}

===Sources===
* [http://slgo.ca St. Lawrence Global Observatory]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110806071716/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002985 Rimouski, Que - The Canadian Encyclopedia]

==Further reading==
* {{citation|isbn=978-1-897151-14-3|title=After the Red Night|author=Christiane Frenette|author-link=Christiane Frenette|translator-link=Sheila Fischman|translator=Sheila Fischman|publisher=Cormorant Books|year=2009|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/afterrednightnov0000fren}}, a novel relating events of the night of May 6, 1950

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.ville.rimouski.qc.ca/webconcepteur/web/VilledeRimouski/en City of Rimouski]

{{Geographic location
| title = Adjacent Municipal Subdivisions
| Centre = Rimouski
| North = [[Forestville, Quebec|Forestville]] / [[Colombier, Quebec|Colombier]] ''[[Saint Lawrence River]]''
| Northeast = [[Sainte-Luce, Quebec|Sainte-Luce]]
| East = [[Saint-Anaclet-de-Lessard, Quebec|Saint-Anaclet-de-Lessard]]
| Southeast = [[Saint-Marcellin, Quebec|Saint-Marcellin]]
| South = [[Saint-Narcisse-de-Rimouski, Quebec|Saint-Narcisse-de-Rimouski]]
| Southwest = [[Saint-Valérien, Quebec|Saint-Valérien]]
| West = [[Saint-Fabien, Quebec|Saint-Fabien]]
| Northwest = [[Longue-Rive, Quebec|Longue-Rive]] / [[Portneuf-sur-Mer, Quebec|Portneuf-sur-Mer]] ''[[Saint Lawrence River]]''
}}
{{Rimouski-Neigette RCM|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rimouski| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Quebec]]
[[Category:Quebec populated places on the Saint Lawrence River]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1696]]

Library and Archives Canada

2023-04-14T13:18:33Z

Ouvrard: Added a citation for the extension of Ms. Weir's term of office.

{{short description|National library and archive of Canada}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox library
| library_name = Library and Archives Canada
| image = Library and Archives Canada.JPG
| caption = Library and Archives Canada building in Ottawa
| type = [[National library]] and [[List of national archives|national archives]]
| established = {{start date and age|2004|5|21}}{{notetag|Library and Archives Canada was formed in May 2004, as a result of a merger between National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada. The former National Archives traces its origins to the Dominion Archives established in 1872, while the former National Library was established in 1953.}}
| ref_legal_mandate =
| location = 395 [[Wellington Street (Ottawa)|Wellington Street]], [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], Canada{{notetag|The main building is situated on Wellington Street. The institution operates several other facilities throughout the [[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]].}}
| num_branches = 
| items_collected = Aboriginal magazines; albums and scrapbooks; architectural drawings; art; artifacts; Canadian children's literature; Canadian comic books; Canadian newspapers; Canadian periodicals; electronic publications; electronic records; English-language pulp literature; ethnic community newsletters; ephemera; fiction and non-fiction; films; globes; government publications; government records; government websites; Hebraica and Judaica; Indian residential school records; journals and diaries; livres d’artistes; manuscripts; maps; microfilms; photographs; poetry; portraits; rare books; sheet music; sketchbooks; sound recordings; stamps; textual archives; theses and dissertations; trade catalogues; videos<ref>{{cite web|title=Discover the Collection: Canada's Continuing Memory – Browse by Product Type |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/discover/product/index-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=June 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603230331/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/discover/product/index-e.html |archive-date=June 3, 2013 }}</ref>
| collection_size = 22 million books and publications (periodicals, newspapers, microfilms, literary texts, and government publications); 250 km of government and private textual records; 3 million architectural drawings, maps, and plans; 30 million photos; 350,000 hours of film; 425,000 works of art (including paintings, drawings, watercolours, posters, prints, medals, and caricatures); 547,000 musical items; over 1 billion [[megabyte|MB]] of digital content<ref name=Collection/><ref>"[https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/stay-connected/Pages/infographic.aspx Infographic]," Library and Archives Canada (November 9, 2016)</ref>
| criteria = Canadiana, documents published in Canada and materials published elsewhere of interest to Canada; records documenting the functions and activities of the Government of Canada; records of heritage value that document the historical development and diversity of Canadian society<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Collection Development Policy|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/collection/003-200-e.html|publisher=LAC|date=February 1, 2006|access-date=June 2, 2013}} Refer section on Selection and Acquisition Criteria applicable to both digital and other media.</ref>
| legal_deposit = Yes<ref>{{cite web|title=Legal Deposit |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/legal-deposit/041008-0200-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530060228/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/legal-deposit/041008-0200-e.html |archive-date=May 30, 2013 }}</ref>
| annual_circulation =
| budget = [[Canadian dollar|CDN$]]98,346,695 (2013–14)<ref>{{cite web|title=2013–14 Estimates|url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/est-pre/20132014/me-bpd/me-bpd-eng.pdf|publisher=Treasury Board Secretariat|page=II–201|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref name=RPP201314/>
| director = [[Leslie Weir]]<ref name=LACProfile>{{cite web|title=Organization Profile – Library and Archives of Canada|url=http://appointments.gc.ca/prflOrg.asp?lang=eng&OrgID=LAC%20%20%20#PersonID_23889|publisher=Government of Canada|work=Governor in Council Appointments|date=June 5, 2014|access-date=July 1, 2014}}</ref>
| num_employees = 860 [[Full-time equivalent|FTE]] (2013–14)<ref name=RPP201314>{{cite web|title=Report on Plans and Priorities 2013–14|date=December 19, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/report-plans-priorities/rpp-2013-2014/Pages/rpp-2013-14.aspx#b6|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/Pages/home.aspx|bac-lac.gc.ca}}
| module = {{Infobox government agency
| child = yes
| name =
| keydocument1 = ''Library and Archives of Canada Act''<ref name=JLW>{{cite web|title=Justice Laws Website: An Act to establish the Library and Archives of Canada, to amend the Copyright Act and to amend certain Acts in consequence |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/L-7.7/index.html |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=May 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329035248/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/L-7.7/index.html |archive-date=March 29, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=House Government Bill – C-8, Royal Assent (37-3)|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?doc=C-8&File=24&language=E&parl=37&pub=bill&ses=3|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref>
| parent_agency = [[Department of Canadian Heritage|Canadian Heritage]]
| minister1_name = [[Pablo Rodriguez (Canadian politician)|Pablo Rodriguez]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]]
}}
}}

'''Library and Archives Canada''' ('''LAC'''; {{lang-fr|Bibliothèque et Archives Canada}}) is the [[Government of Canada|federal]] institution, tasked with acquiring, preserving, and providing accessibility to the documentary heritage of [[Canada]].<ref name=JLW/> The [[national archive]] and [[national library|library]] is the [[List of largest libraries|fifth largest library in the world]]. The LAC reports to the [[Parliament of Canada]] through the [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]].

LAC traces its origins to the '''Dominion Archives''', formed in 1872, and the '''National Library of Canada''', formed in 1953. The former was later renamed as the '''Public Archives of Canada''' in 1912, and the '''National Archives of Canada''' in 1987. In 2004, the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada were merged to form Library and Archives Canada.

==History==
===Predecessors===
[[File:Dominion Archives 1923.jpg|thumb|The Public Archives of Canada building in 1923, prior to its 1925 expansion. The institution was housed at 330 [[Sussex Drive]] from 1906 to 1967.]]
The Dominion Archives was founded in 1872 as a division within the [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|Department of Agriculture]] tasked with acquiring and transcribing documents related to [[Canadian history]]. In 1912, the division was transformed into an autonomous organization, Public Archives of Canada, with the new responsibility of managing government documents on all types of [[Media (communication)|media]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada|url=http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf/repo-bac.html?l=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225722/http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf/repo-bac.html?l=en|archive-date=March 3, 2016|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=Canada–France Archives|quote=In 1872, the Canadian government created an Archives Division within the Department of Agriculture; its mandate was to acquire and transcribe documents related to Canadian history. In 1912, parliamentary legislation transformed this division into an autonomous organization, the Public Archives of Canada, and confirmed its responsibility to manage government documents. The mandate of the new institution focused on the acquisition of documents on all types of media, putting into practice the innovative concept of 'total archives.' Further legislation in 1987 clarified and reinforced the role and responsibilities of the Public Archives of Canada, which was then renamed the National Archives of Canada. In October 2002, in order to improve access to Canada's documentary heritage, the government announced the creation of a new institution, Library and Archives Canada, which united the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada (founded in 1953).|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The organization would be renamed in 1987 as the National Archives of Canada.<ref name=":0" />

With the efforts of people like [[Freda Farrell Waldon]], the first president of the [[Canadian Library Association]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Waldon, Freda Farrell|url=https://www.hpl.ca/inductee/freda-farrell-waldon|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Hamilton Public Library|language=en}}</ref><ref name="brief">{{cite web|title=History of LH&A: Freda Farrell Waldon | HPL|url=http://www.hpl.ca/articles/history-lha-freda-farrell-waldon|access-date=2016-08-11|publisher=Hpl.ca}}</ref> the National Library of Canada was founded in 1953.<ref name=":0" />

===21st century===
In 2004, under the initiative of former National Librarian [[Roch Carrier]] and National Archivist [[Ian E. Wilson]], the functions of the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada were combined to form Library and Archives Canada.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Ian E.|title='A Noble Dream': The Origins of the Public Archives of Canada|journal=[[Archivaria]]|publisher=ACA|year=1982|issue=15|pages=16–35|url=http://journals.sfu.ca/archivar/index.php/archivaria/article/view/10966/11899|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Speech – Posthumous Tribute to Jean-Pierre Wallot|date=March 26, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/speeches/Pages/Speech-Posthumous-Tribute-to-Jean-Pierre-Wallot.aspx|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=May 30, 2013|quote=Following his appointment in the spring of 1985, he was given the task of reviewing the Public Archives Act of 1912, which led to the federal institution's first name change. The institution that had been known as the Public Archives of Canada since 1872 was renamed the National Archives of Canada.}}</ref><ref>Snyder, Lorraine. [2006 February 7] 2015 June 5. "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/library-and-archives-canada Library and Archives Canada]." ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Canada.</ref> LAC was established per the ''Library and Archives of Canada Act'' (Bill C-8), proclaimed on April 22, 2004, with a subsequent [[Order in Council|Order-in-Council]] on May 21, which formally united the collections, services, and personnel of the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=House Government Bill C-8 (37-3)|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=1188185&Mode=1&View=6&Language=E|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=26 May 2013|quote=Last Stage Completed: Royal Assent (2004-04-22). Coming Into Force: Her Excellency the Governor General in Council hereby fixes May 21, 2004 as the day on which that Act comes into force, other than sections 21, 53 and 54, which came into force on assent.}}</ref> Wilson assumed the position as the first Librarian and Archivist of Canada in July that year.

====Modernization====
In June 2004, LAC issued a discussion paper titled ''Creating a New Kind of Knowledge Institution'';<ref>{{cite web|title=Creating a New Kind of Knowledge Institution|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/012012/f2/01-e.pdf|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref> after consultation in June 2006, it issued ''LAC Directions for Change'', a document setting out five key directions to define the new institution, including being a new kind of knowledge institution; becominga truly national institution, a collaborative institution that works to stregnthen Canada's documentary heritage; a learning destsination; and an institution in government information management.<ref>{{cite web|title=LAC Directions for Change|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/012016/f2/012016-1000-e.pdf|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref>

LAC's modernization policy provides for transformation from an institution focused on the acquisition and preservation of analogue (non-digital) materials to one that excels in digital access and [[digital preservation]].<ref name=Mod>{{cite web|title=Modernization |url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/modernization/Pages/default.aspx |publisher=LAC |access-date=May 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611165743/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/modernization/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=June 11, 2013 }}</ref> A Documentary Heritage Management Framework developed in 2009 seeks the right balance between resources dedicated to analogue and digital materials and is based on:
*three main business pillars: acquisition, preservation and resource discovery (''resource discovery'' includes description, discovery, access and services to the public)
*four guiding principles for fulfilling its documentary heritage mandate, i.e. significance, sufficiency, sustainability and society (broad social context)
*four key roles, i.e. foundation building (relationship building), collaboration, program (integrated collection management processes) and transfer (formal agreements with third parties to fulfill its legislated mandate).
Eight pilot research projects were initiated to validate the framework, including projects on military documentary heritage, aboriginal documentary heritage, and stewardship of newspapers in a digital age.<ref name=DHMF>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada |url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/maf-crg/assessments-evaluations/2009/bal/bal-eng.asp |publisher=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=2009 |quote=Under the guidance of the new Deputy Head, Library and Archives Canada (LAC) has identified new strategic directions for the organization and implemented a change management agenda. More broadly, LAC continues to adapt to technological changes in dealing with its mandate to preserve and make available the documentary heritage of Canada. LAC has commenced a modernization initiative and has also established a "Documentary Heritage Management Framework" to meet the challenges of collecting and preserving information in an environment that is transitioning from analogue production to digital production. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603124540/http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/maf-crg/assessments-evaluations/2009/bal/bal-eng.asp |archive-date=June 3, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Documentary Heritage Management Framework|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/modernization/012004-2010-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328154945/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/modernization/012004-2010-e.html|archive-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Levene |first=Mark |title=Documentary Heritage Development Framework |url=http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=aca-ubc_symposium_2010--levene_2-2.pdf |publisher=LAC |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703074415/http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=aca-ubc_symposium_2010--levene_2-2.pdf |archive-date=July 3, 2014 }}</ref> In March 2010 LAC issued its final report on Canadian Digital Information Strategy stakeholder consultations initiated in accordance with its mandate to facilitate co-operation among Canadian knowledge communities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian Digital Information Strategy (CDIS): Final Report of consultations with stakeholder communities 2005 to 2008|url=http://datalib.library.ualberta.ca/data/CDIS_FinalReport_eng_REVISED_Final.pdf|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6M3NUTR2P?url=http://datalib.library.ualberta.ca/data/CDIS_FinalReport_eng_REVISED_Final.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 22, 2013|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref> In the same month it issued ''Shaping Our Continuing Memory Collectively: A Representative Documentary Heritage'', a document which outlines how it plans to achieve its modernization objectives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaping Our Continuing Memory Collectively: A Representative Documentary Heritage|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/013/f2/013-449-e.pdf|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref>

Despite LAC's stated objectives of continuing to fulfill its mandate by adapting to changes in the information environment and collaboration with others, the actual experience since 2004 has been a reduction in both services and collaboration.<ref name=Mod/><ref name=DHMF/><ref name=TSEd>{{cite news|title=Stephen Harper should appoint a pro to head Canada's library and archives: Editorial|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/2013/05/21/stephen_harper_should_appoint_a_pro_to_head_canadas_library_and_archives_editorial.html|access-date=June 5, 2013|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=May 21, 2013|quote=Caron oversaw $10 million in budget cuts in recent years, laying off dozens of staff, eliminating grants to independent archives across the country and, most controversially, ending an interlibrary loan program that massively expanded the reach of the government collections.}}</ref> Federal funding cuts since 2004 have also impacted on LAC services and acquisitions.<ref name=Hall/><ref name=CobbMay3/><ref name=TSEd/><ref name=MooreNADP/><ref name=CobbJune10/> A detailed timeline of relevant developments and the decline in LAC services since 2004 has been compiled by the Ex Libris Association.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ex Libris Association Timeline on Library and Archives Canada Service Decline|url=http://www.exlibris.ca/doku.php?id=activities:letters:ex_libris_association_timeline_on_library_and_archives_canada_servive_decline_after_2004|publisher=Ex Libris Association|access-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref>

====Budget cuts====
Following the announcement in the [[2012 Canadian federal budget|2012 federal budget]] of a [[Canadian dollar|CDN$]]9.6 million funding cut over the three years commencing in 2012–13,<ref>{{cite news|title=National museums, Canada Council spared cuts|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/03/29/ottawa-budget-museums-spared-cuts.html|date=March 29, 2012|newspaper=CBC News|access-date=May 26, 2013|quote=The federal government's 2012 budget outlined cuts of $9.6 million over three years to Library and Archives Canada}}</ref> more than 400 LAC employees received notices which indicated their jobs may be affected and the department announced a 20% reduction of its workforce of about 1,100 over the following three years.<ref name=Curry>{{cite news|last=Curry|first=Bill|title=Visiting Library and Archives in Ottawa? Not without an appointment|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/visiting-library-and-archives-in-ottawa-not-without-an-appointment/article2418960/|access-date=May 31, 2013|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=May 1, 2012|quote=A spokesman for Library and Archives Canada confirmed to The Globe and Mail that the current workforce of 1,065 will be reduced to 850 people over the next three years, as a result of the 2012 federal budget cuts.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Federal libraries, archives shutting down|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/05/02/ottawa-libraries-archives-closing-budget-cuts.html|access-date=May 31, 2013|newspaper=CBC News|date=May 2, 2012|quote=The federal government is eliminating a series of libraries and archives throughout different departments as part of the latest budget cuts. Library and Archives Canada alone has received or will still receive more than 400 affected notices and the department announced 20 per cent of its workforce would be let go.}}</ref><ref name=CLAPR>{{cite press release|last=Fontaine |first=Alana |title=CLA dismayed by impact of budget cuts on federal libraries |date=May 2, 2012 |url=http://www.cla.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=12920&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm |publisher=CLA |access-date=May 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116025527/http://www.cla.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=12920&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm |archive-date=November 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Kirkup/> The "harsh" wording of a 23-page code of conduct for employees effective January 2013, which "spells out values, potential conflicts of interest and expected behaviours", has been criticized by the [[Association of Canadian Archivists]] and the [[Canadian Association of University Teachers]] among others. The code describes personal activities including teaching and speaking at or attending conferences as "high risk" activities "with regard to conflict of interest, conflict of duties and duty of loyalty" and participation in such activities is subject to strict conditions. In a section on duty of loyalty, it also cautions employees about expressing personal opinions in [[social media]] forums. Only authorized LAC spokespersons may issue statements or make public comments about LAC's mandate and activities, which includes controversial changes related to modernization and budget cuts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Munro|first=Margaret|title=Federal librarians fear being 'muzzled' under new code of conduct that stresses 'duty of loyalty' to the government|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/03/15/library-and-archives-canada|access-date=May 26, 2013|newspaper=National Post|date=March 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fodden|first=Simon|title=The Loyalty Policy at Library and Archives Canada|date=March 19, 2013|url=http://www.slaw.ca/2013/03/19/the-loyalty-policy-at-library-and-archives-canada/|publisher=Slaw|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Munro|first=Margaret|title=Federal librarians face new 'behaviour regulation' code|url=https://leaderpost.com/technology/story.html?id=8123506|access-date=June 4, 2013|newspaper=The Regina Leader-Post|date=March 20, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629160245/http://www.leaderpost.com/technology/story.html?id=8123506|archive-date=June 29, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=CobbMay12>{{cite news|last=Cobb |first=Chris |title=Library and Archives boss chastised by heritage minister for taxpayer-funded Spanish lessons |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+boss+chastised+heritage+minister+taxpayer+funded/8373968/story.html |access-date=May 31, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=May 12, 2013 |quote=The code says employees may accept speaking invitations as long as they don't speak about LAC's mandate and activities. Caron has countered criticism by saying he has to work within the budget imposed by the federal government and his focus must be less on collecting artifacts and books and more on preserving Canada's digital record. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630022949/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+boss+chastised+heritage+minister+taxpayer+funded/8373968/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Changes introduced under the management of [[Ian E. Wilson]] and [[Daniel J. Caron]] have been the subject of controversy and public criticism.<ref name=TSEd/><ref name=KarstensSmith>{{cite news|last=Karstens-Smith |first=Gemma |title=Librarians give heritage minister wishlist for top job |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/Library+archival+organizations+across+country+have+made/8433091/story.html |access-date=May 31, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=May 24, 2013 |quote='The community has great concerns about the direction of Library and Archives Canada, and has had for a few years now.' ... Those concerns include where cuts are being made and how modernization is occurring, Marrelli said. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630024630/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/Library+archival+organizations+across+country+have+made/8433091/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Caron asserted that radical change is needed to cope with the influx and demand for digital material and they are subject to [[Canadian federal budget|federal budget]] constraints.<ref name=CobbMay12/><ref name=CobbMay16>{{cite news|last=Cobb |first=Chris |title=Librarian community calls on minister to appoint professional librarian to replace Caron as head of LAC |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Canada+librarians+archivists+urging+federal+government/8397103/story.html |access-date=May 26, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=May 16, 2013 |quote=Hervé Déry, assistant deputy minister of policy and collaboration at LAC, will temporarily replace Caron, who had been critical of the archivist and librarian community for resisting the necessary push to collecting digital born material and digitizing more popular items at LAC. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630032554/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Canada+librarians+archivists+urging+federal+government/8397103/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Several individuals and organizations voiced concerns about these changes. In 2011, the [[Canadian Association of University Teachers]] launched the Save Library & Archives Canada campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savelibraryarchives.ca/ |title=Save Library & Archives Canada |publisher=CAUT |access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> On May 2, 2012, the [[Canadian Library Association]] expressed concern about budget cuts to libraries, both in federal departments and at LAC.<ref name=CLAPR/><ref name=Kirkup>{{cite news|last=Kirkup |first=Kristy |url=http://www.ottawasun.com/2012/05/02/librarians-fighting-mad-over-federal-cuts |title=Librarians fighting mad over federal cuts |newspaper=Ottawa Sun |date=May 2, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> In August 2012, the [[Bibliographical Society of Canada]] wrote to every [[Member of Parliament]] urging them to ensure budget cuts do not compromise LAC's legislated mandate. In a follow-up letter to Heritage Minister [[James Moore (Canadian politician)|James Moore]] in November 2012, the Society singled out the termination of [[interlibrary loan]]s as a particularly harmful decision.<ref>{{cite web|title=President's Letters about Library and Archives Canada|url=http://www.bsc-sbc.ca/en/news.html#lac|publisher=Bibliographical Society of Canada|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> Bibliophile blogger Nigel Beale characterizes LAC as "Canada's national disgrace" in his blog ''Literary Tourist''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beale|first=Nigel|url=http://literarytourist.com/2012/03/library-and-archives-canadas-national-disgrace/ |title=Library and Archives, Canada's National disgrace (Part 1 of 3) |publisher=Literary Tourist |date=March 18, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> Academic Ian Milligan describes LAC's "rhetoric of modernization" as a "smokescreen" for cutting services in light of the insignificance of and limited accessibility to LAC's online collections on the ActiveHistory.ca website.<ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Ian|title=The Smokescreen of 'Modernization' at Library and Archives Canada|url=http://activehistory.ca/2012/05/the-smokescreen-of-modernization-at-library-and-archives-canada/|publisher=ActiveHistory.ca|access-date=May 31, 2013|date=May 22, 2012}}</ref> Historian Valerie Knowles outlines the impact of government cutbacks at LAC and federal government libraries in her article "Closing doors on Canada's history" on the ''[[iPolitics]]'' website.<ref>{{cite web|last=Knowles |first=Valerie |url=http://www.ipolitics.ca/2012/08/10/val-knowles-closing-doors-on-canadas-history/ |title=Closing doors on Canada's history |publisher=iPolitics |date=August 10, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619120805/http://www.ipolitics.ca/2012/08/10/val-knowles-closing-doors-on-canadas-history/ |archive-date=June 19, 2013 }}</ref>

On May 31, 2012, the [[Association of Canadian Archivists]] announced its withdrawal from forums of LAC's Pan-Canadian Documentary Heritage Network, stating that it does not believe the network can meet the needs and interests of [[archive]]s across Canada previously met by the National Archival Development Program abruptly terminated by LAC following the 2012 federal funding cut.<ref name=MooreNADP>{{cite news|title=Heritage minister looks at restoring local archives program|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2013/06/09/pol-james-moore-funding-to-library-and-archives.html|access-date=June 11, 2013|newspaper=CBC|date=June 10, 2013}}</ref><ref name=CobbJune10>{{cite news|last=Cobb |first=Chris |title=Heritage Minister James Moore wants axed Library and Archives Canada NADP program restored |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/business/Library+Archives+Canada+needs+change+hints+Heritage+Minister/8506142/story.html |access-date=June 11, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=June 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130619222633/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Library+Archives+Canada+needs+change+hints+Heritage+Minister/8506142/story.html |archive-date=June 19, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="archivists.ca">{{cite web|title=Letter from the Association of Canadian Archivists to the Director General of LAC|date=May 31, 2012|url=http://www.archivists.ca/sites/default/files/Attachments/Advocacy_attachments/pcdhn_forum-lac_may-12-web.pdf|publisher=ACA|access-date=May 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514101103/http://archivists.ca/sites/default/files/Attachments/Advocacy_attachments/pcdhn_forum-lac_may-12-web.pdf|archive-date=May 14, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Following Caron's resignation in May 2013, a stakeholder coalition issued a joint statement on the qualities of a successful Librarian and Archivist of Canada for official consideration in what they consider a "matter of great national significance":<ref name=KarstensSmith/><ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Statement on Qualities of a Successful Librarian and Archivist of Canada|url=http://www.cdncouncilarchives.ca/Joint_Statement_24May_EN.pdf|access-date=June 6, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907123818/http://cdncouncilarchives.ca/Joint_Statement_24May_EN.pdf|archive-date=September 7, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> {{blockquote|A broad coalition of Canadian stakeholder organizations has developed the following list of qualities we believe the Librarian and Archivist of Canada should have in order to be successful in this critical position of public trust and responsibility. We believe it is essential that the person appointed to this position at this time possess the necessary qualities to meet the tremendous challenges of dealing with the complex issues of the digital environment in an era of limited financial and human resources and the demands of providing increased public access to the irreplaceable treasures of Canadian documentary heritage.}}

In June 2013 the Heritage Minister said speeding up the digitization of records will be a priority for the new Librarian and Archivist of Canada. Moore also said he will ask the person appointed to revisit the termination of the National Archival Development Program.<ref name=MooreNADP/><ref name=CobbJune10/>

==== Truth and Reconciliation Commission ====
During the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], Library and Archives Canada initially failed to produce records requested by the commission in a timely and comprehensive manner and was ordered by an [[Ontario Superior Court of Justice|Ontario Superior Court]] judge to do so.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationnews.ca/federal-budget-cuts-to-the-library-archives-of-canada-stall-truth-and-reconciliation-commission/|title=Federal budget cuts to the Library & Archives of Canada stall Truth and Reconciliation Commission {{!}} The Nation: Cree News|date=2013-09-23|work=The Nation: Cree News|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Ultimately, LAC did provide the records, but many were not in digitized and searchable formats as required by the commission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/04/22/60000_boxes_of_new_documents_land_at_truth_and_reconciliation_commission.html|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission gets access to thousands more documents|last=Rennie|first=Steve|date=2014-04-22|work=The Toronto Star|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-CA|issn=0319-0781}}</ref>

The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada)#Calls to action|Calls to Action]] of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission explicitly referenced Library and Archives Canada as follows:<blockquote>We call upon Library and Archives Canada to: fully adopt and implement the [[United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]] and the United Nations Joinet-Orentlicher principles, as related to [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples]]' inalienable right to know the truth about what happened and why, with regard to [[human rights]] violations committed against them in the [[Canadian Indian residential school system|residential schools]]; ensure that its record holding related to residential schools are accessible to the public; [and] commit more resources to its public education materials and programming on residential schools.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/truth-and-reconciliation-94-calls-to-action-1.3362258|title=94 ways to redress the legacy of residential schools and advance reconciliation|work=CBC News|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action|date=2015|access-date=February 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615202024/http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf|archive-date=June 15, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>Library and Archives Canada has begun to address these concerns by dedicating funding to hire Indigenous archivists, build relationships with Indigenous communities, and support [[digitization]] efforts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/archivists-look-to-decolonize-canada-s-memory-banks-1.3809132|title=Archivists look to 'decolonize' Canada's memory banks|date=2018-02-19|work=CTVNews|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-CA}}</ref> However, Indigenous-led organizations have drawn attention to the fact that Indigenous communities have been conducting this type of work for decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Indigitization/status/968656923238125568|title=Indigitization Commentary on LAC Initiatives [Thread]|date=February 27, 2018|website=Twitter|access-date=February 28, 2018}}</ref>

LAC also holds and provides access to archival copies of the websites of organizations related to the TRC, in collaboration with the [[National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://umanitoba.ca/nctr/ |title=University of Manitoba - National Research Centre for Truth and Reconciliation |website=umanitoba.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003005115/http://umanitoba.ca/nctr |archive-date=2015-10-03}}</ref> the [[University of Winnipeg]] Library, and [[University of Manitoba]] Libraries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/Pages/truth-reconciliation-commission-web-archive.aspx|title=Library and Archives Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission Web Archive - Library and Archives Canada|last=Canada|first=Library and Archives|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities==
{{Multiple image|total_width = 330
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| image1 = Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (20564114800).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Southwestern façade
| image2 = Bibliotheque et Archives Canada - 07.jpg
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| caption2 = Southern façade
| footer = Exterior of the Library and Archives Canada building at 395 [[Wellington Street (Ottawa)|Wellington Street]]
}}
The building at 395 [[Wellington Street (Ottawa)|Wellington Street]] in [[downtown Ottawa]] is the main physical location where the public may access the collection in person. The building was officially opened on June 20, 1967.<ref name=VisitUs>{{cite web|title=Visit Us|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/visit-us/index-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013|quote=Much of Library and Archives Canada's collection has not been digitized and is only available in physical form. To use this material, you will have to visit one of our locations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Behind-the-Scenes Look at LAC: Services for the Public Available in Ottawa|date=November 15, 2012|url=http://thediscoverblog.com/2012/11/15/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-lac-services-for-the-public-available-in-ottawa/|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> With the de-emphasis on physical visits, in-person services have been curtailed—for example, since April 2012, [[Reference interview|reference services]] are by appointment only—and the role of this building is decreasing.<ref>{{cite web|title=LAC begins implementation of new approach to service delivery |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-560-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=June 5, 2013 |quote=Our website now gets close to half a million visits per month. In contrast, LAC's in-person service hub located at 395 Wellington Street, receives about 2,000 visits per month. These two service points are also trending in opposite directions, with online consultations increasing rapidly, and in-person visits declining slowly but steadily. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529195737/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-560-e.html |archive-date=May 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reference by Appointment|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/005/005-2100-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Curry/> There are also administrative offices in [[Gatineau|Gatineau, Quebec]], and preservation and storage facilities throughout Canada for federal government records.<ref name=VisitUs/><ref name=Numbers/><ref name=BehindScenes/><ref>{{cite web|title=Government Records Accessible Outside Ottawa|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/the-public/005-3050-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529202003/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/the-public/005-3050-e.html|archive-date=May 29, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Preservation Centre in the city centre of Gatineau, about 10 kilometres away from the Ottawa headquarters, was designed to provide a safe environment for the long-term storage and preservation of Canada's valuable collections. It was built at a cost of [[Canadian dollar|CDN$]]107 million, and the official opening took place on June 4, 1997. It is a unique building containing 48 climate-controlled preservation vaults and state-of-the-art preservation laboratories.<ref name=BehindScenes>{{cite web|title=A Behind-the-Scenes Look at LAC: The Gatineau Preservation Centre|date=January 19, 2012|url=http://thediscoverblog.com/2012/01/19/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-lac-the-gatineau-preservation-centre/|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1997 December Report of the Auditor General of Canada|url=http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_oag_199712_36_e_8139.html#0.2.L39QK2.4FNW9F.61EJQE.AA1|publisher=Office of the Auditor General of Canada|access-date=June 3, 2013|quote=As part of a composite project to respond to the needs of the National Archives of Canada, including the need to arrest the deterioration of records in existing storage facilities, a new conservation and laboratory building was constructed in the city centre of Gatineau, Quebec, at a total project cost of $107 million.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The LAC Preservation Centre: What's there? |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/preservation/003003-2000-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530033557/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/preservation/003003-2000-e.html |archive-date=May 30, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada Preservation Centre|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/13/1302_e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> In 2000, the [[Royal Architectural Institute of Canada]] named it one of the top 500 buildings constructed in Canada during the last millennium.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ty-a.ca/Citizen/top500.htm|title=Cultural consequence|last=Cook|first=Maria|date=May 11, 2000|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|access-date=October 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606070316/http://www.ty-a.ca/Citizen/top500.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2013}}</ref>
{{Multiple image|total_width = 330
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| image1 = Gatineau Preservation Centre.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Gatineau Preservation Centre
| image2 = Ouverture de la nouvelle installation pour la préservation des films sur support de nitrate.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Nitrate Film Preservation Facility
| footer = Library and Archives Canada maintains several facilities throughout the [[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]]
}}
A Nitrate Film Preservation Facility on the [[Communications Research Centre Canada|Communications Research Centre]] campus in [[Shirleys Bay]], on the outskirts of Ottawa, houses Canada's cellulose [[nitrate film]] collection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitrate Film Preservation Facility|date=January 1994|url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/dfrp-rbif/pn-nb/20580-eng.aspx|publisher=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> The collection contains 5,575 film reels dating back to 1912, including some of the first Canadian motion pictures and photographic negatives.<ref name=Numbers/><ref>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada Marks the Opening of the New Nitrate Film Preservation Facility|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-528-e.html|date=June 21, 2011|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 28, 2013}}</ref> The film material is highly sensitive and requires precise temperatures for its preservation. The state-of-the-art facility, which was officially opened on June 21, 2011,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Official Opening of Library and Archives Canada's Nitrate Film Preservation Centre|url=http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/media-advisory-official-opening-library-archives-canadas-nitrate-film-preservation-centre-1528098.htm|date=June 17, 2011|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 28, 2013}}</ref> is an eco-designed building featuring an [[environmentally friendly]] roof that provides better insulation and minimizes energy expenditures.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Behind-the-Scenes Look at LAC: The Nitrate Film Preservation Facility|date=January 24, 2012|url=http://thediscoverblog.com/2012/01/24/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-lac-the-nitrate-film-preservation-facility/|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref>

A planned key activity for 2013–14 was to rehouse analogue (non-digital) information resources in a new state-of-the-art high-density storage facility in Gatineau, where the national newspaper collection and records of [[World War II|Second World War]] veterans will be stored.<ref name=RPP201314/><ref>{{cite news|title=Library and Archives Canada preparing for big move|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2012/07/28/library-archives-canada-move.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|newspaper=CBC News|date=July 28, 2012}}</ref> The facility will feature a [[Warehouse#Automation and optimization|high bay]] metal shelving system with a suitable environment to better protect Canada's published heritage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minutes of the Depository Services Program Library Advisory Committee (DSP-LAC) Meetings, 2009|url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/depositoryLibraries/dsp-lac/meetingMinutes2009.html|publisher=Government of Canada|date=August 24, 2009|access-date=May 28, 2013|quote=It was recently announced that funding was received from Treasury Board to convert a building (formerly, a Zellers department store) in Gatineau into a high-density storage facility.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Montel Awarded the Library and Archives Canada New Collection Storage Facility High Bay Metal Storage Shelving Contract|date=January 18, 2012|url=http://www.montel.com/en/news/montel-awarded-the-library-and-archives-canada-new-collection-storage-facility-high-bay-metal-storage-shelving-contract|publisher=Montel|access-date=May 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Butler>{{cite news|last=Butler |first=Don |title=Museums mostly unconcerned about loss of federal funding |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/travel/Museums+mostly+unconcerned+about+loss+federal+funding/8031905/story.html |access-date=27 May 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=February 28, 2013 |quote=Much of the $20-million decrease in the Library and Archives Canada budget is accounted for in the conversion of the building in Gatineau to a high-density shelving collection storage facility, which is nearly complete. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630024923/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/travel/Museums+mostly+unconcerned+about+loss+federal+funding/8031905/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In January 2019, Library and Archives Canada announced that negotiations for a new facility to be built next to the existing one in Gatineau were starting, with an opening date in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pilieci |first1=Vito |title=Government moves closer on $400-million document preservation facility |url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/2019/negotiations-second-preservation-centre.aspx |access-date=March 23, 2019 |publisher=Library and Archives Canada |date=January 31, 2019}}</ref>

LAC's online collection is accessible via its website and LAC provides ongoing information online via its [[blog]], [[podcast]]s, the [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] [[social networking service]]s, the [[Flickr]] [[Image hosting service|image-sharing site]], and the [[YouTube]] [[Video hosting service|video-sharing site]]. [[RSS]] feeds provide links to new content on the LAC website and news about LAC services and resources.<ref name=Electronic/><ref>{{cite web|title=Stay Connected|date=June 8, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/stay-connected/Pages/stay-connected.aspx|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Shamrock and the Maple Leaf|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ireland/index-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> A new modernized website is being developed and is scheduled for completion in 2013, with both new and old websites accessible during the transition period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada Revamped Web Presence|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/lac-revamped-web-presence.aspx|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611175552/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/lac-revamped-web-presence.aspx|archive-date=June 11, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Collection==
[[File:National Archives Microfilm Room, Ottawa.jpg|thumb|Storage units for the institution's microfilm collection at the Library and Archives Canada building.]]
The Library and Archives of Canada's holdings include:<ref name="Collection" />
[[File:Views of icebergs taken at sea, off Scott Inlet, Baffin Island Photos d’icebergs prises en mer, sur le bras Scott, au large de l’île de Baffin (48188946567).jpg|thumb|A photo album of icebergs from the Library and Archives of Canada's collection.]]
* 250 linear kilometres of [[Government of Canada|Canadian Government]] and representative private textual records
** textual archives for various individuals and groups who have contributed to the cultural, social, economic and political development of Canada
* 22 million books and publications acquired largely through [[legal deposit]]
* 24 million photographic images (including [[Photographic printing|prints]], [[Negative (photography)|negatives]], [[Film slides|slides]], and [[Digital photography|digital photos]])
* over 3 million architectural drawings, plans, and maps
* over 90,000 films (including short and full-length films, documentaries, and silent films)
* over 550,000 hours of audio and video recordings
* over 425,000 works of art (including watercolours, oil paintings, sketches, caricatures and miniatures, as well as medals, seals, posters and coats of arms)
* about 550,000 musical items (including the largest collection of Canadian [[sheet music]] in the world; documentation related to music in Canada; and recordings on disks and records of all formats, including [[piano roll]]s, reels and [[Spooling|spools]], and [[8-track tape]]s)
* the [[Canadian Postal Museum|Canadian Postal Archives]];
* [[national newspaper]]s from across Canada, including [[daily newspaper]]s, [[List of student newspapers in Canada|student newspapers]], Indigenous magazines, and ethnic community newsletters.

Notable items in the collection include:<ref name="Numbers">{{cite news|date=May 3, 2013|title=Library and Archives Canada – By the numbers|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+Canada+numbers/8335604/story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=June 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527011049/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+Canada+numbers/8335604/story.html|archive-date=May 27, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*the Proclamation of Canada's ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]'', which bears marks left by raindrops during a ceremony on [[Parliament Hill]] in April 1982 when [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] signed it;<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3782519|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628051937/http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3782519|archive-date=June 28, 2013|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=This original copy of the Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982 is the one which was signed by HM Queen Elizabeth II on Parliament Hill, 17 April 1982. Damaged slightly by rain during the signing ceremony, this version is informally known as the 'raindrop' copy.}}</ref>
*a copy of the ''[[Constitution Act, 1867]]'' (aka the ''British North America Act''), which features editing changes made by the first [[Prime Minister of Canada]], [[John A. Macdonald|Sir John A. Macdonald]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir John A. Macdonald: Canada's Patriot Statesman|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-7030.1-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Constitutional Achievements|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/primeministers/h4-2221-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>
*''[[Antiquities of the Jews|De antiquitate Judaica]]: [[The Jewish War|De bello Judaico]]'' ('[[Antiquities of the Jews]] and the [[The Jewish War|Judean War]]')—the oldest book in the collection—written by 1st-century historian [[Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] and printed in 1470;<ref>{{cite web|title=Jacob M. Lowy Collection|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/lowy-collection/index-e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604071608/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/lowy-collection/index-e.html|archive-date=June 4, 2013|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Israeli Foreign Minister Views Rare Book Collection During Visit to Library and Archives Canada|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-286-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Josephus|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/6/6/s6-215-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>
*the chair used by world-renowned pianist [[Glenn Gould]] while he played and recorded.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Glenn Gould Archive|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/glenngould/028010-1050.02-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>

=== Digitization ===
LAC also houses more than a [[petabyte]] of [[digital content]].<ref name="Collection">{{cite web|title=LAC at a glance – About Us|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/012/012-514-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 29, 2013|quote=The LAC collection... 20 million books, periodicals, newspapers, microfilms, literary texts and government publications; 167,000 linear metres of government and private textual records; 3 million architectural drawings, maps and plans; 24 million photographs; 350,000 hours of film; 425,000 pieces of art, including paintings, drawings, watercolours, posters, prints, medals and caricatures; 547,000 musical items; more than a billion megabytes of digital content}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Overview – About the Collection|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/collection/003-300-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> Some of this content is available [[Online and offline|online]], primarily books, Canadian theses, and census material—equating to around 5 thousand [[TeraByte|terabytes]] of information in electronic format.<ref name="Electronic">{{cite web|title=Electronic Collection|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/electroniccollection/index-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Library and Archives|date=2013-08-30|title=About the Collection|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/about-collection/Pages/about.aspx|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.bac-lac.gc.ca}}</ref> Many items have not been [[Digitization|digitized]] and are only available in physical form.<ref name="VisitUs" /> As of May 2013, only about 1% of the collection had been digitized, representing "about 25 million of the more popular and most fragile items."<ref>{{cite news|title=Library and archives interlibrary loans soon eliminated|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/11/06/ottawa-library-and-archives-canada-interlibrary-loans-cancelled.html|access-date=June 2, 2013|newspaper=CBC News|date=Nov 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hall">{{cite news|last=Hall|first=Joseph|title=Historical letters not wanted at Library and Archives Canada, critics say|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2013/03/10/historical_letters_not_wanted_at_library_and_archives_canada_critics_say.html|access-date=May 26, 2013|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=March 10, 2013}}</ref><ref name="CobbMay3">{{cite news|last=Cobb|first=Chris|title=Record breaking|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Record+breaking/8335572/story.html|access-date=June 2, 2013|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|date=May 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530100159/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Record+breaking/8335572/story.html|archive-date=May 30, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Operations==
Since its inception, LAC has reported to [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]] through the [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Financial Administration Act – Schedule I.1|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/F-11/page-71.html#h-74|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref> LAC's stated mandate is:<ref name="JLW" /><ref name="LACProfile" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Our Mandate|date=March 27, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/Pages/our-mandate.aspx|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>
*to preserve the documentary heritage of Canada for the benefit of present and future generations;
*to be a source of enduring knowledge accessible to all, contributing to the cultural, social and economic advancement of Canada as a free and democratic society;
*to facilitate in Canada co-operation among communities involved in the acquisition, preservation and diffusion of knowledge;
*to serve as the continuing memory of the Government of Canada and its institutions.

LAC is expected to maintain "effective recordkeeping practices that ensure transparency and accountability".<ref>{{cite web|title=Directive on Recordkeeping|date = June 16, 2009|url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/pol/doc-eng.aspx?section=text&id=16552|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>

===Management===
The '''Librarian and Archivist of Canada''' has the same seniority level as a [[Deputy minister (Canada)|deputy minister]] of a federal department.<ref name=LACProfile/>

On May 27, 2019, [[Leslie Weir]] was appointed Librarian and Archivist of Canada for a four-year term commencing August 30, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/news/2019/05/minister-rodriguez-announces-appointment-to-library-and-archives-canada.html|title=Minister Rodriguez Announces Appointment to Library and Archives Canada|last=Heritage|first=Canadian|date=2019-05-27|website=gcnws|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> Weir is the first woman to hold this role.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2014-01-07|title=Librarian and Archivist of Canada|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/Pages/librarian-archivist-canada.aspx|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Library and Archives Canada}}</ref> Her term has been extended another four years to provide continuity through some major building projects<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |date=2023-03-15 |title=Minister Rodriguez announces reappointment of Leslie Weir as Librarian and Archivist of Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/news/2023/03/minister-rodriguez-announces-reappointment-of-leslie-weir-as-librarian-and-archivist-of-canada.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref>.

The head of Canada's national archives was known as the '''Dominion Archivist''' from 1872 to 1987 and the '''National Archivist''' from 1987 to 2004.<ref name="Chabot">{{cite web|last=Chabot|first=Victorin|title=Jean-Pierre Wallot, The Historian Archivist, 1985-1997|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/015/002/015002-2150-e.html|access-date=May 29, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=After lengthy consultations with government departments, a Bill was tabled in the House of Commons and was enacted into law on March 25, 1987. The institution which had been known as the Public Archives of Canada since 1872 was renamed the National Archives of Canada, and the Federal Archivist became the National Archivist.}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Librarians and Archivists of Canada
!Name
!Period in office
!Note
|-
! colspan="3" |Librarian and Archivist of Canada
|-
|[[Leslie Weir]]
|2019–''incumbent''
|first woman to hold this role<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Guy Berthiaume]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Guy Berthiaume appointed as Librarian and Archivist of Canada|url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=838739|date=April 14, 2014|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|2014–19
|
|-
|[[Daniel J. Caron]]<ref name="CobbMay16" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Dr. Daniel J. Caron|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-395-e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511070928/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-395-e.html|archive-date=May 11, 2017|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=He was appointed the Librarian and Archivist of Canada on April 24, 2009.}}</ref>
|2009–13
|
|-
|[[Ian E. Wilson]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr. Wilson's Biography|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-391-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=Ian E. Wilson has just retired as the first Librarian and Archivist of Canada. Appointed as National Archivist in 1999, he and the National Librarian, Roch Carrier, OC, developed and led the process to create a new knowledge institution for Canada in the 21st century, the integrated Library and Archives of Canada. When the legislation came into force in May, 2004, Ian Wilson took on this new responsibility.}}</ref><ref name="WilsonTerm">{{cite web|title=Fellows of ICA: Ian E. Wilson|url=http://www.ica.org/?lid=12673&bid=1089|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608121739/http://www.ica.org/?lid=12673&bid=1089|archive-date=June 8, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=International Council on Archives|quote=Dr. Wilson served as National Archivist of Canada, 1999 to 2004, and then as head of the newly amalgamated Library and Archives Canada. He retired in 2009 and received the unusual honour of being named Librarian and Archivist of Canada Emeritus.|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|2004–09
|Wilson held the position of National Archivist from 1999, and transitioned from there into the role of the Librarian and Archivist of Canada with the establishment of the LAC.
|-
! colspan="3" |National Librarian of Canada
|-
|[[Roch Carrier]]<ref name="CarrierScott">{{cite press release|last=Gagnaire|first=Catherine|title=Appointments to the Positions of National Archivist and of National Librarian|date=July 5, 1999|publisher=Office of the Minister of Canadian Heritage|quote=Minister of Canadian Heritage Sheila Copps announced today the appointments of Ian Wilson to the position of National Archivist of Canada and Roch Carrier as National Librarian of Canada. Mr. Carrier will replace the current National Librarian, Marianne Scott, who has held the position since 1984.}}</ref>
|1999–2004
|
|-
|[[Marianne Scott]]<ref name="CarrierScott" />
|1984–99
|
|-
|[[Guy Sylvestre]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Guy Sylvestre fonds|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/literaryarchives/027011-200.130-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=He was Associate National Librarian (1956-1968) and then National Librarian (1968-1983) at the National Library of Canada.}}</ref>
|1968–83
|
|-
|[[William Kaye Lamb]]<ref>{{cite web|title=W. Kaye Lamb fonds [multiple media]|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/public_mikan/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=fre&rec_nbr=99199|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628050829/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/public_mikan/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=fre&rec_nbr=99199|archive-date=June 28, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=Dr. Lamb was appointed as Canada's first national librarian in 1953 ... Dr. Lamb retired as national librarian in 1968 and as Dominion archivist in January 1969.}}</ref>
|1953–68
|
|-
! colspan="3" |National/Dominion Archivist
|-
|[[Ian E. Wilson]]<ref name="WilsonTerm" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Ian E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_L3dTD3H6QC|title=Archives, documentation, and institutions of social memory : essays from the Sawyer Seminar|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2005|isbn=9780472114931|editor=Blouin, Francis X.|edition=1st pbk.|location=Ann Arbor|page=341|chapter='The Gift of One Generation to Another': The Real Thing for the Pepsi Generation|quote=The position of national archivist was vacant for more than two years, from the retirement of Dr. Jean-Pierre Wallot on June 6, 1997, to the announcement of my appointment on July 5, 1999.|editor2=Rosenberg, William G.}}</ref>
|1999–2004
|''National Archivist'' until the role was merged with that of the National Librarian of Canada following the establishment of the LAC. Wilson would continue as the Librarian and Archivist of Canada until 2009.
|-
|[[Jean-Pierre Wallot]]<ref name="Chabot" />
|1985–97
|''Dominion Archivist'' until position was renamed ''National Archivist'' in 1987.
|-
|[[Wilfred I. Smith]]<ref name="LambSmith">{{cite web|last=Laplante|first=Normand|title=Before Mr. Lamb and Mr. Smith went to Ottawa|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/015/002/015002-2140-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=The first is known as a pioneer of archival administration in Canada whose work as Dominion Archivist from 1948 to 1968 made the Public Archives of Canada a truly modern institution ... Most of their personal papers kept at the NA relate to the period in which they led the institution from 1948 to 1984.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wilfred I. Smith fonds [multiple media]|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2013-05-30T14%3A50%3A52Z&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=106930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Apam&lang=eng|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628050206/http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2013-05-30T14:50:52Z&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=106930&rfr_id=info:sid/collectionscanada.gc.ca:pam&lang=eng|archive-date=June 28, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=He joined the Public Archives of Canada in Ottawa in 1950. From 1963 to 1968, Smith held various managerial positions within the Archives: chief of the Manuscript Division (1963-1964), director of the Historical Branch (1964-1965), Assistant Dominion Archivist (1965-1968) and Acting Dominion Archivist (1968-1970). In 1970, he was appointed Dominion Archivist, a position he held until his retirement in 1984.}}</ref>
|1970–84
|''Dominion Archivist''
|-
|[[William Kaye Lamb]]<ref name="LambSmith" />
|1948–68
|''Dominion Archivist''
|-
|[[Gustave Lanctot]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Bélanger|first=Claude|title=Quebec History – Gustave Lanctot (1883-1975)|url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/bios/gustavelanctotbio.htm|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=Marianopolis College|quote=In 1937 he was appointed deputy minister and Dominion Archivist, a position he would hold until his retirement in 1948.}}</ref>
|1937–48
|''Dominion Archivist''
|-
|James F. Kenney<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view/10966/11899|access-date=October 18, 2020|journal=Archivaria|title="A Noble Dream": The Origins of the Public Archives of Canada|date=January 1982|pages=16–35|last1=Wilson|first1=Ian E.}}</ref>
|1935-37
|''Acting Dominion Archivist''
|-
|Sir [[Arthur Doughty|Arthur George Doughty]]<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Sir Arthur George Doughty (1860-1936)|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/king/023011-1050.16-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>
|1904–35
|''Dominion Archivist''. A statue of Doughty is located on the north side of the LAC building in Ottawa.<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[Douglas Brymner]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online – Brymner, Douglas|url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=6586|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=University of Toronto}}</ref>
|1872–1902
|''Dominion Archivist''
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Ontario}}
* [[List of archives in Canada]]

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Council of Federal Libraries (Canada): Readers' Services Committee. ''Basic Readers' Services'' = ''Principaux services offerts aux lecteurs''. Ottawa, Ont.: National Library of Canada, cop. 1980, t.p. 1979. ''N.B''.: The English and French texts are printed ''tête-bêche'' one to the other. {{ISBN|0-662-50668-5}}
* Delvaux, Alex, and Yves Marcoux. ''Public Archives Library'' = ''Bibliothèque des Archives publiques''. In "General Guide Series: 1983". [Ottawa]: Public Archives Canada, 1983. Text, printed tête-bêche, in English and in French. {{ISBN|0-662-52580-9}}
* Kallmann, Helmut. "The Music Division of the National Library: the First Five Years", ''The Canada Music Book'', vol. 10, [no. 1] (Spring/Summer 1975), p. 95-100. ''N.B''.: Also printed as a fold. offprint.
* Library and Archives Canada. ''Legal Deposit at the [then named] National Library of Canada'' = ''Le Dépôt légal à la Bibliothèque nationale du Canada''. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1982. ''N.B''.: Text, printed tête-bêche, in English and in French. {{ISBN|0-662-52131-5}}
* Library and Archives Canada. ''Music Collection [of the] National Library of Canada['s] Music Division'' = ''Collection de musique [de la] Division de la musique, Bibliothèque nationale du Canada''. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1989. ''N.B''.: Texts in English and in French, printed tête-bêche. {{ISBN|0-662-57231-9}}
* Library and Archives Canada. ''National Film, Television, and Sound Archives'' = ''Archives nationales du film, de la television et de l'enregistrement sonore'', in ''General Guide Series''. Ottawa: Public Archives Canada, 1983. 45 p. (English) + 47 p. (French), ill. with b&w photos. ''N.B''.: The English and French texts are printed ''tête-bêche'' one to the other. {{ISBN|0-662-52650-3}}
* Library and Archives Canada: Sound Archives Section. ''Sound Archives, Guide to Procedures'' = ''Les Archives sonores, guide méthodologique''. 3rd ed. ... rev. ... and updated, [in] collaboration between ... Michel Bourbonnais et al.; Josephine Langham ... responsible for the revision of the text in the English-language version. Ottawa: Public Archives Canada, 1979. ''N.B''.: Texts in English and in French, printed tête-bêche one to the other. {{ISBN|0-662-50363-5}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[https://library-archives.canada.ca/ Library and Archives Canada]

{{Coord|display=title|45|25|11|N|75|42|28.5|W|region:CA_type:landmark}}
{{Government Departments of Canada}}
{{North America topic|title=North American national archives|prefix=National Archives of}}
{{North America topic|prefix=National Library of | title=[[National library|National libraries]] of [[North America]]}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archives in Canada]]
[[Category:State archives]]
[[Category:Federal departments and agencies of Canada]]
[[Category:Film preservation]]
[[Category:Libraries in Canada]]
[[Category:National archives|Canada]]
[[Category:National libraries|Canada]]
[[Category:Department of Canadian Heritage]]
[[Category:Museums in Ottawa]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Ontario]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 2004]]
[[Category:Deposit libraries]]
[[Category:Canadian government information]]

Library and Archives Canada

2023-04-14T12:31:28Z

Ouvrard: Corrected a few sentences, i.e. removed "the LAC" references.

{{short description|National library and archive of Canada}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox library
| library_name = Library and Archives Canada
| image = Library and Archives Canada.JPG
| caption = Library and Archives Canada building in Ottawa
| type = [[National library]] and [[List of national archives|national archives]]
| established = {{start date and age|2004|5|21}}{{notetag|Library and Archives Canada was formed in May 2004, as a result of a merger between National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada. The former National Archives traces its origins to the Dominion Archives established in 1872, while the former National Library was established in 1953.}}
| ref_legal_mandate =
| location = 395 [[Wellington Street (Ottawa)|Wellington Street]], [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], Canada{{notetag|The main building is situated on Wellington Street. The institution operates several other facilities throughout the [[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]].}}
| num_branches = 
| items_collected = Aboriginal magazines; albums and scrapbooks; architectural drawings; art; artifacts; Canadian children's literature; Canadian comic books; Canadian newspapers; Canadian periodicals; electronic publications; electronic records; English-language pulp literature; ethnic community newsletters; ephemera; fiction and non-fiction; films; globes; government publications; government records; government websites; Hebraica and Judaica; Indian residential school records; journals and diaries; livres d’artistes; manuscripts; maps; microfilms; photographs; poetry; portraits; rare books; sheet music; sketchbooks; sound recordings; stamps; textual archives; theses and dissertations; trade catalogues; videos<ref>{{cite web|title=Discover the Collection: Canada's Continuing Memory – Browse by Product Type |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/discover/product/index-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=June 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603230331/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/discover/product/index-e.html |archive-date=June 3, 2013 }}</ref>
| collection_size = 22 million books and publications (periodicals, newspapers, microfilms, literary texts, and government publications); 250 km of government and private textual records; 3 million architectural drawings, maps, and plans; 30 million photos; 350,000 hours of film; 425,000 works of art (including paintings, drawings, watercolours, posters, prints, medals, and caricatures); 547,000 musical items; over 1 billion [[megabyte|MB]] of digital content<ref name=Collection/><ref>"[https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/stay-connected/Pages/infographic.aspx Infographic]," Library and Archives Canada (November 9, 2016)</ref>
| criteria = Canadiana, documents published in Canada and materials published elsewhere of interest to Canada; records documenting the functions and activities of the Government of Canada; records of heritage value that document the historical development and diversity of Canadian society<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Collection Development Policy|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/collection/003-200-e.html|publisher=LAC|date=February 1, 2006|access-date=June 2, 2013}} Refer section on Selection and Acquisition Criteria applicable to both digital and other media.</ref>
| legal_deposit = Yes<ref>{{cite web|title=Legal Deposit |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/legal-deposit/041008-0200-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530060228/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/legal-deposit/041008-0200-e.html |archive-date=May 30, 2013 }}</ref>
| annual_circulation =
| budget = [[Canadian dollar|CDN$]]98,346,695 (2013–14)<ref>{{cite web|title=2013–14 Estimates|url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/est-pre/20132014/me-bpd/me-bpd-eng.pdf|publisher=Treasury Board Secretariat|page=II–201|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref name=RPP201314/>
| director = [[Leslie Weir]]<ref name=LACProfile>{{cite web|title=Organization Profile – Library and Archives of Canada|url=http://appointments.gc.ca/prflOrg.asp?lang=eng&OrgID=LAC%20%20%20#PersonID_23889|publisher=Government of Canada|work=Governor in Council Appointments|date=June 5, 2014|access-date=July 1, 2014}}</ref>
| num_employees = 860 [[Full-time equivalent|FTE]] (2013–14)<ref name=RPP201314>{{cite web|title=Report on Plans and Priorities 2013–14|date=December 19, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/report-plans-priorities/rpp-2013-2014/Pages/rpp-2013-14.aspx#b6|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/Pages/home.aspx|bac-lac.gc.ca}}
| module = {{Infobox government agency
| child = yes
| name =
| keydocument1 = ''Library and Archives of Canada Act''<ref name=JLW>{{cite web|title=Justice Laws Website: An Act to establish the Library and Archives of Canada, to amend the Copyright Act and to amend certain Acts in consequence |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/L-7.7/index.html |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=May 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329035248/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/L-7.7/index.html |archive-date=March 29, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=House Government Bill – C-8, Royal Assent (37-3)|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?doc=C-8&File=24&language=E&parl=37&pub=bill&ses=3|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref>
| parent_agency = [[Department of Canadian Heritage|Canadian Heritage]]
| minister1_name = [[Pablo Rodriguez (Canadian politician)|Pablo Rodriguez]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]]
}}
}}

'''Library and Archives Canada''' ('''LAC'''; {{lang-fr|Bibliothèque et Archives Canada}}) is the [[Government of Canada|federal]] institution, tasked with acquiring, preserving, and providing accessibility to the documentary heritage of [[Canada]].<ref name=JLW/> The [[national archive]] and [[national library|library]] is the [[List of largest libraries|fifth largest library in the world]]. The LAC reports to the [[Parliament of Canada]] through the [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]].

LAC traces its origins to the '''Dominion Archives''', formed in 1872, and the '''National Library of Canada''', formed in 1953. The former was later renamed as the '''Public Archives of Canada''' in 1912, and the '''National Archives of Canada''' in 1987. In 2004, the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada were merged to form Library and Archives Canada.

==History==
===Predecessors===
[[File:Dominion Archives 1923.jpg|thumb|The Public Archives of Canada building in 1923, prior to its 1925 expansion. The institution was housed at 330 [[Sussex Drive]] from 1906 to 1967.]]
The Dominion Archives was founded in 1872 as a division within the [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|Department of Agriculture]] tasked with acquiring and transcribing documents related to [[Canadian history]]. In 1912, the division was transformed into an autonomous organization, Public Archives of Canada, with the new responsibility of managing government documents on all types of [[Media (communication)|media]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada|url=http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf/repo-bac.html?l=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225722/http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf/repo-bac.html?l=en|archive-date=March 3, 2016|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=Canada–France Archives|quote=In 1872, the Canadian government created an Archives Division within the Department of Agriculture; its mandate was to acquire and transcribe documents related to Canadian history. In 1912, parliamentary legislation transformed this division into an autonomous organization, the Public Archives of Canada, and confirmed its responsibility to manage government documents. The mandate of the new institution focused on the acquisition of documents on all types of media, putting into practice the innovative concept of 'total archives.' Further legislation in 1987 clarified and reinforced the role and responsibilities of the Public Archives of Canada, which was then renamed the National Archives of Canada. In October 2002, in order to improve access to Canada's documentary heritage, the government announced the creation of a new institution, Library and Archives Canada, which united the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada (founded in 1953).|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The organization would be renamed in 1987 as the National Archives of Canada.<ref name=":0" />

With the efforts of people like [[Freda Farrell Waldon]], the first president of the [[Canadian Library Association]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Waldon, Freda Farrell|url=https://www.hpl.ca/inductee/freda-farrell-waldon|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Hamilton Public Library|language=en}}</ref><ref name="brief">{{cite web|title=History of LH&A: Freda Farrell Waldon | HPL|url=http://www.hpl.ca/articles/history-lha-freda-farrell-waldon|access-date=2016-08-11|publisher=Hpl.ca}}</ref> the National Library of Canada was founded in 1953.<ref name=":0" />

===21st century===
In 2004, under the initiative of former National Librarian [[Roch Carrier]] and National Archivist [[Ian E. Wilson]], the functions of the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada were combined to form Library and Archives Canada.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Ian E.|title='A Noble Dream': The Origins of the Public Archives of Canada|journal=[[Archivaria]]|publisher=ACA|year=1982|issue=15|pages=16–35|url=http://journals.sfu.ca/archivar/index.php/archivaria/article/view/10966/11899|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Speech – Posthumous Tribute to Jean-Pierre Wallot|date=March 26, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/speeches/Pages/Speech-Posthumous-Tribute-to-Jean-Pierre-Wallot.aspx|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=May 30, 2013|quote=Following his appointment in the spring of 1985, he was given the task of reviewing the Public Archives Act of 1912, which led to the federal institution's first name change. The institution that had been known as the Public Archives of Canada since 1872 was renamed the National Archives of Canada.}}</ref><ref>Snyder, Lorraine. [2006 February 7] 2015 June 5. "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/library-and-archives-canada Library and Archives Canada]." ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Canada.</ref> LAC was established per the ''Library and Archives of Canada Act'' (Bill C-8), proclaimed on April 22, 2004, with a subsequent [[Order in Council|Order-in-Council]] on May 21, which formally united the collections, services, and personnel of the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=House Government Bill C-8 (37-3)|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=1188185&Mode=1&View=6&Language=E|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=26 May 2013|quote=Last Stage Completed: Royal Assent (2004-04-22). Coming Into Force: Her Excellency the Governor General in Council hereby fixes May 21, 2004 as the day on which that Act comes into force, other than sections 21, 53 and 54, which came into force on assent.}}</ref> Wilson assumed the position as the first Librarian and Archivist of Canada in July that year.

====Modernization====
In June 2004, LAC issued a discussion paper titled ''Creating a New Kind of Knowledge Institution'';<ref>{{cite web|title=Creating a New Kind of Knowledge Institution|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/012012/f2/01-e.pdf|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref> after consultation in June 2006, it issued ''LAC Directions for Change'', a document setting out five key directions to define the new institution, including being a new kind of knowledge institution; becominga truly national institution, a collaborative institution that works to stregnthen Canada's documentary heritage; a learning destsination; and an institution in government information management.<ref>{{cite web|title=LAC Directions for Change|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/012016/f2/012016-1000-e.pdf|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref>

LAC's modernization policy provides for transformation from an institution focused on the acquisition and preservation of analogue (non-digital) materials to one that excels in digital access and [[digital preservation]].<ref name=Mod>{{cite web|title=Modernization |url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/modernization/Pages/default.aspx |publisher=LAC |access-date=May 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611165743/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/modernization/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=June 11, 2013 }}</ref> A Documentary Heritage Management Framework developed in 2009 seeks the right balance between resources dedicated to analogue and digital materials and is based on:
*three main business pillars: acquisition, preservation and resource discovery (''resource discovery'' includes description, discovery, access and services to the public)
*four guiding principles for fulfilling its documentary heritage mandate, i.e. significance, sufficiency, sustainability and society (broad social context)
*four key roles, i.e. foundation building (relationship building), collaboration, program (integrated collection management processes) and transfer (formal agreements with third parties to fulfill its legislated mandate).
Eight pilot research projects were initiated to validate the framework, including projects on military documentary heritage, aboriginal documentary heritage, and stewardship of newspapers in a digital age.<ref name=DHMF>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada |url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/maf-crg/assessments-evaluations/2009/bal/bal-eng.asp |publisher=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=2009 |quote=Under the guidance of the new Deputy Head, Library and Archives Canada (LAC) has identified new strategic directions for the organization and implemented a change management agenda. More broadly, LAC continues to adapt to technological changes in dealing with its mandate to preserve and make available the documentary heritage of Canada. LAC has commenced a modernization initiative and has also established a "Documentary Heritage Management Framework" to meet the challenges of collecting and preserving information in an environment that is transitioning from analogue production to digital production. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603124540/http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/maf-crg/assessments-evaluations/2009/bal/bal-eng.asp |archive-date=June 3, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Documentary Heritage Management Framework|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/modernization/012004-2010-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328154945/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/modernization/012004-2010-e.html|archive-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Levene |first=Mark |title=Documentary Heritage Development Framework |url=http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=aca-ubc_symposium_2010--levene_2-2.pdf |publisher=LAC |access-date=June 5, 2013 |date=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703074415/http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=aca-ubc_symposium_2010--levene_2-2.pdf |archive-date=July 3, 2014 }}</ref> In March 2010 LAC issued its final report on Canadian Digital Information Strategy stakeholder consultations initiated in accordance with its mandate to facilitate co-operation among Canadian knowledge communities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian Digital Information Strategy (CDIS): Final Report of consultations with stakeholder communities 2005 to 2008|url=http://datalib.library.ualberta.ca/data/CDIS_FinalReport_eng_REVISED_Final.pdf|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6M3NUTR2P?url=http://datalib.library.ualberta.ca/data/CDIS_FinalReport_eng_REVISED_Final.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 22, 2013|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref> In the same month it issued ''Shaping Our Continuing Memory Collectively: A Representative Documentary Heritage'', a document which outlines how it plans to achieve its modernization objectives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaping Our Continuing Memory Collectively: A Representative Documentary Heritage|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/013/f2/013-449-e.pdf|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref>

Despite LAC's stated objectives of continuing to fulfill its mandate by adapting to changes in the information environment and collaboration with others, the actual experience since 2004 has been a reduction in both services and collaboration.<ref name=Mod/><ref name=DHMF/><ref name=TSEd>{{cite news|title=Stephen Harper should appoint a pro to head Canada's library and archives: Editorial|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/2013/05/21/stephen_harper_should_appoint_a_pro_to_head_canadas_library_and_archives_editorial.html|access-date=June 5, 2013|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=May 21, 2013|quote=Caron oversaw $10 million in budget cuts in recent years, laying off dozens of staff, eliminating grants to independent archives across the country and, most controversially, ending an interlibrary loan program that massively expanded the reach of the government collections.}}</ref> Federal funding cuts since 2004 have also impacted on LAC services and acquisitions.<ref name=Hall/><ref name=CobbMay3/><ref name=TSEd/><ref name=MooreNADP/><ref name=CobbJune10/> A detailed timeline of relevant developments and the decline in LAC services since 2004 has been compiled by the Ex Libris Association.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ex Libris Association Timeline on Library and Archives Canada Service Decline|url=http://www.exlibris.ca/doku.php?id=activities:letters:ex_libris_association_timeline_on_library_and_archives_canada_servive_decline_after_2004|publisher=Ex Libris Association|access-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref>

====Budget cuts====
Following the announcement in the [[2012 Canadian federal budget|2012 federal budget]] of a [[Canadian dollar|CDN$]]9.6 million funding cut over the three years commencing in 2012–13,<ref>{{cite news|title=National museums, Canada Council spared cuts|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/03/29/ottawa-budget-museums-spared-cuts.html|date=March 29, 2012|newspaper=CBC News|access-date=May 26, 2013|quote=The federal government's 2012 budget outlined cuts of $9.6 million over three years to Library and Archives Canada}}</ref> more than 400 LAC employees received notices which indicated their jobs may be affected and the department announced a 20% reduction of its workforce of about 1,100 over the following three years.<ref name=Curry>{{cite news|last=Curry|first=Bill|title=Visiting Library and Archives in Ottawa? Not without an appointment|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/visiting-library-and-archives-in-ottawa-not-without-an-appointment/article2418960/|access-date=May 31, 2013|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=May 1, 2012|quote=A spokesman for Library and Archives Canada confirmed to The Globe and Mail that the current workforce of 1,065 will be reduced to 850 people over the next three years, as a result of the 2012 federal budget cuts.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Federal libraries, archives shutting down|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/05/02/ottawa-libraries-archives-closing-budget-cuts.html|access-date=May 31, 2013|newspaper=CBC News|date=May 2, 2012|quote=The federal government is eliminating a series of libraries and archives throughout different departments as part of the latest budget cuts. Library and Archives Canada alone has received or will still receive more than 400 affected notices and the department announced 20 per cent of its workforce would be let go.}}</ref><ref name=CLAPR>{{cite press release|last=Fontaine |first=Alana |title=CLA dismayed by impact of budget cuts on federal libraries |date=May 2, 2012 |url=http://www.cla.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=12920&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm |publisher=CLA |access-date=May 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116025527/http://www.cla.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=12920&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm |archive-date=November 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Kirkup/> The "harsh" wording of a 23-page code of conduct for employees effective January 2013, which "spells out values, potential conflicts of interest and expected behaviours", has been criticized by the [[Association of Canadian Archivists]] and the [[Canadian Association of University Teachers]] among others. The code describes personal activities including teaching and speaking at or attending conferences as "high risk" activities "with regard to conflict of interest, conflict of duties and duty of loyalty" and participation in such activities is subject to strict conditions. In a section on duty of loyalty, it also cautions employees about expressing personal opinions in [[social media]] forums. Only authorized LAC spokespersons may issue statements or make public comments about LAC's mandate and activities, which includes controversial changes related to modernization and budget cuts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Munro|first=Margaret|title=Federal librarians fear being 'muzzled' under new code of conduct that stresses 'duty of loyalty' to the government|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/03/15/library-and-archives-canada|access-date=May 26, 2013|newspaper=National Post|date=March 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fodden|first=Simon|title=The Loyalty Policy at Library and Archives Canada|date=March 19, 2013|url=http://www.slaw.ca/2013/03/19/the-loyalty-policy-at-library-and-archives-canada/|publisher=Slaw|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Munro|first=Margaret|title=Federal librarians face new 'behaviour regulation' code|url=https://leaderpost.com/technology/story.html?id=8123506|access-date=June 4, 2013|newspaper=The Regina Leader-Post|date=March 20, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629160245/http://www.leaderpost.com/technology/story.html?id=8123506|archive-date=June 29, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=CobbMay12>{{cite news|last=Cobb |first=Chris |title=Library and Archives boss chastised by heritage minister for taxpayer-funded Spanish lessons |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+boss+chastised+heritage+minister+taxpayer+funded/8373968/story.html |access-date=May 31, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=May 12, 2013 |quote=The code says employees may accept speaking invitations as long as they don't speak about LAC's mandate and activities. Caron has countered criticism by saying he has to work within the budget imposed by the federal government and his focus must be less on collecting artifacts and books and more on preserving Canada's digital record. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630022949/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+boss+chastised+heritage+minister+taxpayer+funded/8373968/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Changes introduced under the management of [[Ian E. Wilson]] and [[Daniel J. Caron]] have been the subject of controversy and public criticism.<ref name=TSEd/><ref name=KarstensSmith>{{cite news|last=Karstens-Smith |first=Gemma |title=Librarians give heritage minister wishlist for top job |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/Library+archival+organizations+across+country+have+made/8433091/story.html |access-date=May 31, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=May 24, 2013 |quote='The community has great concerns about the direction of Library and Archives Canada, and has had for a few years now.' ... Those concerns include where cuts are being made and how modernization is occurring, Marrelli said. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630024630/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/Library+archival+organizations+across+country+have+made/8433091/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Caron asserted that radical change is needed to cope with the influx and demand for digital material and they are subject to [[Canadian federal budget|federal budget]] constraints.<ref name=CobbMay12/><ref name=CobbMay16>{{cite news|last=Cobb |first=Chris |title=Librarian community calls on minister to appoint professional librarian to replace Caron as head of LAC |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Canada+librarians+archivists+urging+federal+government/8397103/story.html |access-date=May 26, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=May 16, 2013 |quote=Hervé Déry, assistant deputy minister of policy and collaboration at LAC, will temporarily replace Caron, who had been critical of the archivist and librarian community for resisting the necessary push to collecting digital born material and digitizing more popular items at LAC. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630032554/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Canada+librarians+archivists+urging+federal+government/8397103/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Several individuals and organizations voiced concerns about these changes. In 2011, the [[Canadian Association of University Teachers]] launched the Save Library & Archives Canada campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savelibraryarchives.ca/ |title=Save Library & Archives Canada |publisher=CAUT |access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> On May 2, 2012, the [[Canadian Library Association]] expressed concern about budget cuts to libraries, both in federal departments and at LAC.<ref name=CLAPR/><ref name=Kirkup>{{cite news|last=Kirkup |first=Kristy |url=http://www.ottawasun.com/2012/05/02/librarians-fighting-mad-over-federal-cuts |title=Librarians fighting mad over federal cuts |newspaper=Ottawa Sun |date=May 2, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> In August 2012, the [[Bibliographical Society of Canada]] wrote to every [[Member of Parliament]] urging them to ensure budget cuts do not compromise LAC's legislated mandate. In a follow-up letter to Heritage Minister [[James Moore (Canadian politician)|James Moore]] in November 2012, the Society singled out the termination of [[interlibrary loan]]s as a particularly harmful decision.<ref>{{cite web|title=President's Letters about Library and Archives Canada|url=http://www.bsc-sbc.ca/en/news.html#lac|publisher=Bibliographical Society of Canada|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> Bibliophile blogger Nigel Beale characterizes LAC as "Canada's national disgrace" in his blog ''Literary Tourist''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beale|first=Nigel|url=http://literarytourist.com/2012/03/library-and-archives-canadas-national-disgrace/ |title=Library and Archives, Canada's National disgrace (Part 1 of 3) |publisher=Literary Tourist |date=March 18, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> Academic Ian Milligan describes LAC's "rhetoric of modernization" as a "smokescreen" for cutting services in light of the insignificance of and limited accessibility to LAC's online collections on the ActiveHistory.ca website.<ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Ian|title=The Smokescreen of 'Modernization' at Library and Archives Canada|url=http://activehistory.ca/2012/05/the-smokescreen-of-modernization-at-library-and-archives-canada/|publisher=ActiveHistory.ca|access-date=May 31, 2013|date=May 22, 2012}}</ref> Historian Valerie Knowles outlines the impact of government cutbacks at LAC and federal government libraries in her article "Closing doors on Canada's history" on the ''[[iPolitics]]'' website.<ref>{{cite web|last=Knowles |first=Valerie |url=http://www.ipolitics.ca/2012/08/10/val-knowles-closing-doors-on-canadas-history/ |title=Closing doors on Canada's history |publisher=iPolitics |date=August 10, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619120805/http://www.ipolitics.ca/2012/08/10/val-knowles-closing-doors-on-canadas-history/ |archive-date=June 19, 2013 }}</ref>

On May 31, 2012, the [[Association of Canadian Archivists]] announced its withdrawal from forums of LAC's Pan-Canadian Documentary Heritage Network, stating that it does not believe the network can meet the needs and interests of [[archive]]s across Canada previously met by the National Archival Development Program abruptly terminated by LAC following the 2012 federal funding cut.<ref name=MooreNADP>{{cite news|title=Heritage minister looks at restoring local archives program|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2013/06/09/pol-james-moore-funding-to-library-and-archives.html|access-date=June 11, 2013|newspaper=CBC|date=June 10, 2013}}</ref><ref name=CobbJune10>{{cite news|last=Cobb |first=Chris |title=Heritage Minister James Moore wants axed Library and Archives Canada NADP program restored |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/business/Library+Archives+Canada+needs+change+hints+Heritage+Minister/8506142/story.html |access-date=June 11, 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=June 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130619222633/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Library+Archives+Canada+needs+change+hints+Heritage+Minister/8506142/story.html |archive-date=June 19, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="archivists.ca">{{cite web|title=Letter from the Association of Canadian Archivists to the Director General of LAC|date=May 31, 2012|url=http://www.archivists.ca/sites/default/files/Attachments/Advocacy_attachments/pcdhn_forum-lac_may-12-web.pdf|publisher=ACA|access-date=May 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514101103/http://archivists.ca/sites/default/files/Attachments/Advocacy_attachments/pcdhn_forum-lac_may-12-web.pdf|archive-date=May 14, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Following Caron's resignation in May 2013, a stakeholder coalition issued a joint statement on the qualities of a successful Librarian and Archivist of Canada for official consideration in what they consider a "matter of great national significance":<ref name=KarstensSmith/><ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Statement on Qualities of a Successful Librarian and Archivist of Canada|url=http://www.cdncouncilarchives.ca/Joint_Statement_24May_EN.pdf|access-date=June 6, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907123818/http://cdncouncilarchives.ca/Joint_Statement_24May_EN.pdf|archive-date=September 7, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> {{blockquote|A broad coalition of Canadian stakeholder organizations has developed the following list of qualities we believe the Librarian and Archivist of Canada should have in order to be successful in this critical position of public trust and responsibility. We believe it is essential that the person appointed to this position at this time possess the necessary qualities to meet the tremendous challenges of dealing with the complex issues of the digital environment in an era of limited financial and human resources and the demands of providing increased public access to the irreplaceable treasures of Canadian documentary heritage.}}

In June 2013 the Heritage Minister said speeding up the digitization of records will be a priority for the new Librarian and Archivist of Canada. Moore also said he will ask the person appointed to revisit the termination of the National Archival Development Program.<ref name=MooreNADP/><ref name=CobbJune10/>

==== Truth and Reconciliation Commission ====
During the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], Library and Archives Canada initially failed to produce records requested by the commission in a timely and comprehensive manner and was ordered by an [[Ontario Superior Court of Justice|Ontario Superior Court]] judge to do so.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationnews.ca/federal-budget-cuts-to-the-library-archives-of-canada-stall-truth-and-reconciliation-commission/|title=Federal budget cuts to the Library & Archives of Canada stall Truth and Reconciliation Commission {{!}} The Nation: Cree News|date=2013-09-23|work=The Nation: Cree News|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Ultimately, LAC did provide the records, but many were not in digitized and searchable formats as required by the commission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/04/22/60000_boxes_of_new_documents_land_at_truth_and_reconciliation_commission.html|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission gets access to thousands more documents|last=Rennie|first=Steve|date=2014-04-22|work=The Toronto Star|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-CA|issn=0319-0781}}</ref>

The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada)#Calls to action|Calls to Action]] of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission explicitly referenced Library and Archives Canada as follows:<blockquote>We call upon Library and Archives Canada to: fully adopt and implement the [[United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]] and the United Nations Joinet-Orentlicher principles, as related to [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples]]' inalienable right to know the truth about what happened and why, with regard to [[human rights]] violations committed against them in the [[Canadian Indian residential school system|residential schools]]; ensure that its record holding related to residential schools are accessible to the public; [and] commit more resources to its public education materials and programming on residential schools.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/truth-and-reconciliation-94-calls-to-action-1.3362258|title=94 ways to redress the legacy of residential schools and advance reconciliation|work=CBC News|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action|date=2015|access-date=February 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615202024/http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf|archive-date=June 15, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>Library and Archives Canada has begun to address these concerns by dedicating funding to hire Indigenous archivists, build relationships with Indigenous communities, and support [[digitization]] efforts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/archivists-look-to-decolonize-canada-s-memory-banks-1.3809132|title=Archivists look to 'decolonize' Canada's memory banks|date=2018-02-19|work=CTVNews|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-CA}}</ref> However, Indigenous-led organizations have drawn attention to the fact that Indigenous communities have been conducting this type of work for decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Indigitization/status/968656923238125568|title=Indigitization Commentary on LAC Initiatives [Thread]|date=February 27, 2018|website=Twitter|access-date=February 28, 2018}}</ref>

LAC also holds and provides access to archival copies of the websites of organizations related to the TRC, in collaboration with the [[National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://umanitoba.ca/nctr/ |title=University of Manitoba - National Research Centre for Truth and Reconciliation |website=umanitoba.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003005115/http://umanitoba.ca/nctr |archive-date=2015-10-03}}</ref> the [[University of Winnipeg]] Library, and [[University of Manitoba]] Libraries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/Pages/truth-reconciliation-commission-web-archive.aspx|title=Library and Archives Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission Web Archive - Library and Archives Canada|last=Canada|first=Library and Archives|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities==
{{Multiple image|total_width = 330
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| image1 = Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (20564114800).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Southwestern façade
| image2 = Bibliotheque et Archives Canada - 07.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Southern façade
| footer = Exterior of the Library and Archives Canada building at 395 [[Wellington Street (Ottawa)|Wellington Street]]
}}
The building at 395 [[Wellington Street (Ottawa)|Wellington Street]] in [[downtown Ottawa]] is the main physical location where the public may access the collection in person. The building was officially opened on June 20, 1967.<ref name=VisitUs>{{cite web|title=Visit Us|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/visit-us/index-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013|quote=Much of Library and Archives Canada's collection has not been digitized and is only available in physical form. To use this material, you will have to visit one of our locations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Behind-the-Scenes Look at LAC: Services for the Public Available in Ottawa|date=November 15, 2012|url=http://thediscoverblog.com/2012/11/15/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-lac-services-for-the-public-available-in-ottawa/|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> With the de-emphasis on physical visits, in-person services have been curtailed—for example, since April 2012, [[Reference interview|reference services]] are by appointment only—and the role of this building is decreasing.<ref>{{cite web|title=LAC begins implementation of new approach to service delivery |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-560-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=June 5, 2013 |quote=Our website now gets close to half a million visits per month. In contrast, LAC's in-person service hub located at 395 Wellington Street, receives about 2,000 visits per month. These two service points are also trending in opposite directions, with online consultations increasing rapidly, and in-person visits declining slowly but steadily. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529195737/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-560-e.html |archive-date=May 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reference by Appointment|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/005/005-2100-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Curry/> There are also administrative offices in [[Gatineau|Gatineau, Quebec]], and preservation and storage facilities throughout Canada for federal government records.<ref name=VisitUs/><ref name=Numbers/><ref name=BehindScenes/><ref>{{cite web|title=Government Records Accessible Outside Ottawa|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/the-public/005-3050-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529202003/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/the-public/005-3050-e.html|archive-date=May 29, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Preservation Centre in the city centre of Gatineau, about 10 kilometres away from the Ottawa headquarters, was designed to provide a safe environment for the long-term storage and preservation of Canada's valuable collections. It was built at a cost of [[Canadian dollar|CDN$]]107 million, and the official opening took place on June 4, 1997. It is a unique building containing 48 climate-controlled preservation vaults and state-of-the-art preservation laboratories.<ref name=BehindScenes>{{cite web|title=A Behind-the-Scenes Look at LAC: The Gatineau Preservation Centre|date=January 19, 2012|url=http://thediscoverblog.com/2012/01/19/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-lac-the-gatineau-preservation-centre/|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1997 December Report of the Auditor General of Canada|url=http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_oag_199712_36_e_8139.html#0.2.L39QK2.4FNW9F.61EJQE.AA1|publisher=Office of the Auditor General of Canada|access-date=June 3, 2013|quote=As part of a composite project to respond to the needs of the National Archives of Canada, including the need to arrest the deterioration of records in existing storage facilities, a new conservation and laboratory building was constructed in the city centre of Gatineau, Quebec, at a total project cost of $107 million.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The LAC Preservation Centre: What's there? |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/preservation/003003-2000-e.html |publisher=LAC |access-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530033557/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/preservation/003003-2000-e.html |archive-date=May 30, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada Preservation Centre|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/13/1302_e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> In 2000, the [[Royal Architectural Institute of Canada]] named it one of the top 500 buildings constructed in Canada during the last millennium.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ty-a.ca/Citizen/top500.htm|title=Cultural consequence|last=Cook|first=Maria|date=May 11, 2000|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|access-date=October 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606070316/http://www.ty-a.ca/Citizen/top500.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2013}}</ref>
{{Multiple image|total_width = 330
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| image1 = Gatineau Preservation Centre.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Gatineau Preservation Centre
| image2 = Ouverture de la nouvelle installation pour la préservation des films sur support de nitrate.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Nitrate Film Preservation Facility
| footer = Library and Archives Canada maintains several facilities throughout the [[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]]
}}
A Nitrate Film Preservation Facility on the [[Communications Research Centre Canada|Communications Research Centre]] campus in [[Shirleys Bay]], on the outskirts of Ottawa, houses Canada's cellulose [[nitrate film]] collection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitrate Film Preservation Facility|date=January 1994|url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/dfrp-rbif/pn-nb/20580-eng.aspx|publisher=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> The collection contains 5,575 film reels dating back to 1912, including some of the first Canadian motion pictures and photographic negatives.<ref name=Numbers/><ref>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada Marks the Opening of the New Nitrate Film Preservation Facility|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-528-e.html|date=June 21, 2011|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 28, 2013}}</ref> The film material is highly sensitive and requires precise temperatures for its preservation. The state-of-the-art facility, which was officially opened on June 21, 2011,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Official Opening of Library and Archives Canada's Nitrate Film Preservation Centre|url=http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/media-advisory-official-opening-library-archives-canadas-nitrate-film-preservation-centre-1528098.htm|date=June 17, 2011|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 28, 2013}}</ref> is an eco-designed building featuring an [[environmentally friendly]] roof that provides better insulation and minimizes energy expenditures.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Behind-the-Scenes Look at LAC: The Nitrate Film Preservation Facility|date=January 24, 2012|url=http://thediscoverblog.com/2012/01/24/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-lac-the-nitrate-film-preservation-facility/|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref>

A planned key activity for 2013–14 was to rehouse analogue (non-digital) information resources in a new state-of-the-art high-density storage facility in Gatineau, where the national newspaper collection and records of [[World War II|Second World War]] veterans will be stored.<ref name=RPP201314/><ref>{{cite news|title=Library and Archives Canada preparing for big move|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2012/07/28/library-archives-canada-move.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|newspaper=CBC News|date=July 28, 2012}}</ref> The facility will feature a [[Warehouse#Automation and optimization|high bay]] metal shelving system with a suitable environment to better protect Canada's published heritage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minutes of the Depository Services Program Library Advisory Committee (DSP-LAC) Meetings, 2009|url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/depositoryLibraries/dsp-lac/meetingMinutes2009.html|publisher=Government of Canada|date=August 24, 2009|access-date=May 28, 2013|quote=It was recently announced that funding was received from Treasury Board to convert a building (formerly, a Zellers department store) in Gatineau into a high-density storage facility.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Montel Awarded the Library and Archives Canada New Collection Storage Facility High Bay Metal Storage Shelving Contract|date=January 18, 2012|url=http://www.montel.com/en/news/montel-awarded-the-library-and-archives-canada-new-collection-storage-facility-high-bay-metal-storage-shelving-contract|publisher=Montel|access-date=May 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Butler>{{cite news|last=Butler |first=Don |title=Museums mostly unconcerned about loss of federal funding |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/travel/Museums+mostly+unconcerned+about+loss+federal+funding/8031905/story.html |access-date=27 May 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=February 28, 2013 |quote=Much of the $20-million decrease in the Library and Archives Canada budget is accounted for in the conversion of the building in Gatineau to a high-density shelving collection storage facility, which is nearly complete. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630024923/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/travel/Museums+mostly+unconcerned+about+loss+federal+funding/8031905/story.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In January 2019, Library and Archives Canada announced that negotiations for a new facility to be built next to the existing one in Gatineau were starting, with an opening date in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pilieci |first1=Vito |title=Government moves closer on $400-million document preservation facility |url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/2019/negotiations-second-preservation-centre.aspx |access-date=March 23, 2019 |publisher=Library and Archives Canada |date=January 31, 2019}}</ref>

LAC's online collection is accessible via its website and LAC provides ongoing information online via its [[blog]], [[podcast]]s, the [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] [[social networking service]]s, the [[Flickr]] [[Image hosting service|image-sharing site]], and the [[YouTube]] [[Video hosting service|video-sharing site]]. [[RSS]] feeds provide links to new content on the LAC website and news about LAC services and resources.<ref name=Electronic/><ref>{{cite web|title=Stay Connected|date=June 8, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/stay-connected/Pages/stay-connected.aspx|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Shamrock and the Maple Leaf|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ireland/index-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> A new modernized website is being developed and is scheduled for completion in 2013, with both new and old websites accessible during the transition period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada Revamped Web Presence|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/lac-revamped-web-presence.aspx|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611175552/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/lac-revamped-web-presence.aspx|archive-date=June 11, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Collection==
[[File:National Archives Microfilm Room, Ottawa.jpg|thumb|Storage units for the institution's microfilm collection at the Library and Archives Canada building.]]
The Library and Archives of Canada's holdings include:<ref name="Collection" />
[[File:Views of icebergs taken at sea, off Scott Inlet, Baffin Island Photos d’icebergs prises en mer, sur le bras Scott, au large de l’île de Baffin (48188946567).jpg|thumb|A photo album of icebergs from the Library and Archives of Canada's collection.]]
* 250 linear kilometres of [[Government of Canada|Canadian Government]] and representative private textual records
** textual archives for various individuals and groups who have contributed to the cultural, social, economic and political development of Canada
* 22 million books and publications acquired largely through [[legal deposit]]
* 24 million photographic images (including [[Photographic printing|prints]], [[Negative (photography)|negatives]], [[Film slides|slides]], and [[Digital photography|digital photos]])
* over 3 million architectural drawings, plans, and maps
* over 90,000 films (including short and full-length films, documentaries, and silent films)
* over 550,000 hours of audio and video recordings
* over 425,000 works of art (including watercolours, oil paintings, sketches, caricatures and miniatures, as well as medals, seals, posters and coats of arms)
* about 550,000 musical items (including the largest collection of Canadian [[sheet music]] in the world; documentation related to music in Canada; and recordings on disks and records of all formats, including [[piano roll]]s, reels and [[Spooling|spools]], and [[8-track tape]]s)
* the [[Canadian Postal Museum|Canadian Postal Archives]];
* [[national newspaper]]s from across Canada, including [[daily newspaper]]s, [[List of student newspapers in Canada|student newspapers]], Indigenous magazines, and ethnic community newsletters.

Notable items in the collection include:<ref name="Numbers">{{cite news|date=May 3, 2013|title=Library and Archives Canada – By the numbers|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+Canada+numbers/8335604/story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=June 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527011049/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Library+Archives+Canada+numbers/8335604/story.html|archive-date=May 27, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*the Proclamation of Canada's ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]'', which bears marks left by raindrops during a ceremony on [[Parliament Hill]] in April 1982 when [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] signed it;<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3782519|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628051937/http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3782519|archive-date=June 28, 2013|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=This original copy of the Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982 is the one which was signed by HM Queen Elizabeth II on Parliament Hill, 17 April 1982. Damaged slightly by rain during the signing ceremony, this version is informally known as the 'raindrop' copy.}}</ref>
*a copy of the ''[[Constitution Act, 1867]]'' (aka the ''British North America Act''), which features editing changes made by the first [[Prime Minister of Canada]], [[John A. Macdonald|Sir John A. Macdonald]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir John A. Macdonald: Canada's Patriot Statesman|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-7030.1-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Constitutional Achievements|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/primeministers/h4-2221-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>
*''[[Antiquities of the Jews|De antiquitate Judaica]]: [[The Jewish War|De bello Judaico]]'' ('[[Antiquities of the Jews]] and the [[The Jewish War|Judean War]]')—the oldest book in the collection—written by 1st-century historian [[Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] and printed in 1470;<ref>{{cite web|title=Jacob M. Lowy Collection|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/lowy-collection/index-e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604071608/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/lowy-collection/index-e.html|archive-date=June 4, 2013|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Israeli Foreign Minister Views Rare Book Collection During Visit to Library and Archives Canada|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-286-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Josephus|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/6/6/s6-215-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>
*the chair used by world-renowned pianist [[Glenn Gould]] while he played and recorded.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Glenn Gould Archive|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/glenngould/028010-1050.02-e.html|access-date=June 3, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>

=== Digitization ===
LAC also houses more than a [[petabyte]] of [[digital content]].<ref name="Collection">{{cite web|title=LAC at a glance – About Us|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/012/012-514-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 29, 2013|quote=The LAC collection... 20 million books, periodicals, newspapers, microfilms, literary texts and government publications; 167,000 linear metres of government and private textual records; 3 million architectural drawings, maps and plans; 24 million photographs; 350,000 hours of film; 425,000 pieces of art, including paintings, drawings, watercolours, posters, prints, medals and caricatures; 547,000 musical items; more than a billion megabytes of digital content}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Overview – About the Collection|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/collection/003-300-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> Some of this content is available [[Online and offline|online]], primarily books, Canadian theses, and census material—equating to around 5 thousand [[TeraByte|terabytes]] of information in electronic format.<ref name="Electronic">{{cite web|title=Electronic Collection|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/electroniccollection/index-e.html|publisher=LAC|access-date=June 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Library and Archives|date=2013-08-30|title=About the Collection|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/about-collection/Pages/about.aspx|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.bac-lac.gc.ca}}</ref> Many items have not been [[Digitization|digitized]] and are only available in physical form.<ref name="VisitUs" /> As of May 2013, only about 1% of the collection had been digitized, representing "about 25 million of the more popular and most fragile items."<ref>{{cite news|title=Library and archives interlibrary loans soon eliminated|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/11/06/ottawa-library-and-archives-canada-interlibrary-loans-cancelled.html|access-date=June 2, 2013|newspaper=CBC News|date=Nov 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hall">{{cite news|last=Hall|first=Joseph|title=Historical letters not wanted at Library and Archives Canada, critics say|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2013/03/10/historical_letters_not_wanted_at_library_and_archives_canada_critics_say.html|access-date=May 26, 2013|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=March 10, 2013}}</ref><ref name="CobbMay3">{{cite news|last=Cobb|first=Chris|title=Record breaking|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Record+breaking/8335572/story.html|access-date=June 2, 2013|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|date=May 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530100159/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Record+breaking/8335572/story.html|archive-date=May 30, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Operations==
Since its inception, LAC has reported to [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]] through the [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Financial Administration Act – Schedule I.1|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/F-11/page-71.html#h-74|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref> LAC's stated mandate is:<ref name="JLW" /><ref name="LACProfile" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Our Mandate|date=March 27, 2012|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/Pages/our-mandate.aspx|publisher=LAC|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>
*to preserve the documentary heritage of Canada for the benefit of present and future generations;
*to be a source of enduring knowledge accessible to all, contributing to the cultural, social and economic advancement of Canada as a free and democratic society;
*to facilitate in Canada co-operation among communities involved in the acquisition, preservation and diffusion of knowledge;
*to serve as the continuing memory of the Government of Canada and its institutions.

LAC is expected to maintain "effective recordkeeping practices that ensure transparency and accountability".<ref>{{cite web|title=Directive on Recordkeeping|date = June 16, 2009|url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/pol/doc-eng.aspx?section=text&id=16552|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>

===Management===
The '''Librarian and Archivist of Canada''' has the same seniority level as a [[Deputy minister (Canada)|deputy minister]] of a federal department.<ref name=LACProfile/>

On May 27, 2019, [[Leslie Weir]] was appointed Librarian and Archivist of Canada for a four-year term commencing August 30, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/news/2019/05/minister-rodriguez-announces-appointment-to-library-and-archives-canada.html|title=Minister Rodriguez Announces Appointment to Library and Archives Canada|last=Heritage|first=Canadian|date=2019-05-27|website=gcnws|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> Weir is the first woman to hold this role.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2014-01-07|title=Librarian and Archivist of Canada|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/Pages/librarian-archivist-canada.aspx|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Library and Archives Canada}}</ref> Her term has been extended another four years.

The head of Canada's national archives was known as the '''Dominion Archivist''' from 1872 to 1987 and the '''National Archivist''' from 1987 to 2004.<ref name="Chabot">{{cite web|last=Chabot|first=Victorin|title=Jean-Pierre Wallot, The Historian Archivist, 1985-1997|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/015/002/015002-2150-e.html|access-date=May 29, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=After lengthy consultations with government departments, a Bill was tabled in the House of Commons and was enacted into law on March 25, 1987. The institution which had been known as the Public Archives of Canada since 1872 was renamed the National Archives of Canada, and the Federal Archivist became the National Archivist.}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Librarians and Archivists of Canada
!Name
!Period in office
!Note
|-
! colspan="3" |Librarian and Archivist of Canada
|-
|[[Leslie Weir]]
|2019–''incumbent''
|first woman to hold this role<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Guy Berthiaume]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Guy Berthiaume appointed as Librarian and Archivist of Canada|url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=838739|date=April 14, 2014|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|2014–19
|
|-
|[[Daniel J. Caron]]<ref name="CobbMay16" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Dr. Daniel J. Caron|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-395-e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511070928/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-395-e.html|archive-date=May 11, 2017|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=He was appointed the Librarian and Archivist of Canada on April 24, 2009.}}</ref>
|2009–13
|
|-
|[[Ian E. Wilson]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr. Wilson's Biography|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-391-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=Ian E. Wilson has just retired as the first Librarian and Archivist of Canada. Appointed as National Archivist in 1999, he and the National Librarian, Roch Carrier, OC, developed and led the process to create a new knowledge institution for Canada in the 21st century, the integrated Library and Archives of Canada. When the legislation came into force in May, 2004, Ian Wilson took on this new responsibility.}}</ref><ref name="WilsonTerm">{{cite web|title=Fellows of ICA: Ian E. Wilson|url=http://www.ica.org/?lid=12673&bid=1089|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608121739/http://www.ica.org/?lid=12673&bid=1089|archive-date=June 8, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=International Council on Archives|quote=Dr. Wilson served as National Archivist of Canada, 1999 to 2004, and then as head of the newly amalgamated Library and Archives Canada. He retired in 2009 and received the unusual honour of being named Librarian and Archivist of Canada Emeritus.|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|2004–09
|Wilson held the position of National Archivist from 1999, and transitioned from there into the role of the Librarian and Archivist of Canada with the establishment of the LAC.
|-
! colspan="3" |National Librarian of Canada
|-
|[[Roch Carrier]]<ref name="CarrierScott">{{cite press release|last=Gagnaire|first=Catherine|title=Appointments to the Positions of National Archivist and of National Librarian|date=July 5, 1999|publisher=Office of the Minister of Canadian Heritage|quote=Minister of Canadian Heritage Sheila Copps announced today the appointments of Ian Wilson to the position of National Archivist of Canada and Roch Carrier as National Librarian of Canada. Mr. Carrier will replace the current National Librarian, Marianne Scott, who has held the position since 1984.}}</ref>
|1999–2004
|
|-
|[[Marianne Scott]]<ref name="CarrierScott" />
|1984–99
|
|-
|[[Guy Sylvestre]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Guy Sylvestre fonds|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/literaryarchives/027011-200.130-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=He was Associate National Librarian (1956-1968) and then National Librarian (1968-1983) at the National Library of Canada.}}</ref>
|1968–83
|
|-
|[[William Kaye Lamb]]<ref>{{cite web|title=W. Kaye Lamb fonds [multiple media]|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/public_mikan/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=fre&rec_nbr=99199|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628050829/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/public_mikan/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=fre&rec_nbr=99199|archive-date=June 28, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=Dr. Lamb was appointed as Canada's first national librarian in 1953 ... Dr. Lamb retired as national librarian in 1968 and as Dominion archivist in January 1969.}}</ref>
|1953–68
|
|-
! colspan="3" |National/Dominion Archivist
|-
|[[Ian E. Wilson]]<ref name="WilsonTerm" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Ian E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_L3dTD3H6QC|title=Archives, documentation, and institutions of social memory : essays from the Sawyer Seminar|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2005|isbn=9780472114931|editor=Blouin, Francis X.|edition=1st pbk.|location=Ann Arbor|page=341|chapter='The Gift of One Generation to Another': The Real Thing for the Pepsi Generation|quote=The position of national archivist was vacant for more than two years, from the retirement of Dr. Jean-Pierre Wallot on June 6, 1997, to the announcement of my appointment on July 5, 1999.|editor2=Rosenberg, William G.}}</ref>
|1999–2004
|''National Archivist'' until the role was merged with that of the National Librarian of Canada following the establishment of the LAC. Wilson would continue as the Librarian and Archivist of Canada until 2009.
|-
|[[Jean-Pierre Wallot]]<ref name="Chabot" />
|1985–97
|''Dominion Archivist'' until position was renamed ''National Archivist'' in 1987.
|-
|[[Wilfred I. Smith]]<ref name="LambSmith">{{cite web|last=Laplante|first=Normand|title=Before Mr. Lamb and Mr. Smith went to Ottawa|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/015/002/015002-2140-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=The first is known as a pioneer of archival administration in Canada whose work as Dominion Archivist from 1948 to 1968 made the Public Archives of Canada a truly modern institution ... Most of their personal papers kept at the NA relate to the period in which they led the institution from 1948 to 1984.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wilfred I. Smith fonds [multiple media]|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2013-05-30T14%3A50%3A52Z&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=106930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Apam&lang=eng|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628050206/http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2013-05-30T14:50:52Z&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=106930&rfr_id=info:sid/collectionscanada.gc.ca:pam&lang=eng|archive-date=June 28, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC|quote=He joined the Public Archives of Canada in Ottawa in 1950. From 1963 to 1968, Smith held various managerial positions within the Archives: chief of the Manuscript Division (1963-1964), director of the Historical Branch (1964-1965), Assistant Dominion Archivist (1965-1968) and Acting Dominion Archivist (1968-1970). In 1970, he was appointed Dominion Archivist, a position he held until his retirement in 1984.}}</ref>
|1970–84
|''Dominion Archivist''
|-
|[[William Kaye Lamb]]<ref name="LambSmith" />
|1948–68
|''Dominion Archivist''
|-
|[[Gustave Lanctot]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Bélanger|first=Claude|title=Quebec History – Gustave Lanctot (1883-1975)|url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/bios/gustavelanctotbio.htm|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=Marianopolis College|quote=In 1937 he was appointed deputy minister and Dominion Archivist, a position he would hold until his retirement in 1948.}}</ref>
|1937–48
|''Dominion Archivist''
|-
|James F. Kenney<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view/10966/11899|access-date=October 18, 2020|journal=Archivaria|title="A Noble Dream": The Origins of the Public Archives of Canada|date=January 1982|pages=16–35|last1=Wilson|first1=Ian E.}}</ref>
|1935-37
|''Acting Dominion Archivist''
|-
|Sir [[Arthur Doughty|Arthur George Doughty]]<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Sir Arthur George Doughty (1860-1936)|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/king/023011-1050.16-e.html|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=LAC}}</ref>
|1904–35
|''Dominion Archivist''. A statue of Doughty is located on the north side of the LAC building in Ottawa.<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[Douglas Brymner]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online – Brymner, Douglas|url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=6586|access-date=May 30, 2013|publisher=University of Toronto}}</ref>
|1872–1902
|''Dominion Archivist''
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Ontario}}
* [[List of archives in Canada]]

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Council of Federal Libraries (Canada): Readers' Services Committee. ''Basic Readers' Services'' = ''Principaux services offerts aux lecteurs''. Ottawa, Ont.: National Library of Canada, cop. 1980, t.p. 1979. ''N.B''.: The English and French texts are printed ''tête-bêche'' one to the other. {{ISBN|0-662-50668-5}}
* Delvaux, Alex, and Yves Marcoux. ''Public Archives Library'' = ''Bibliothèque des Archives publiques''. In "General Guide Series: 1983". [Ottawa]: Public Archives Canada, 1983. Text, printed tête-bêche, in English and in French. {{ISBN|0-662-52580-9}}
* Kallmann, Helmut. "The Music Division of the National Library: the First Five Years", ''The Canada Music Book'', vol. 10, [no. 1] (Spring/Summer 1975), p. 95-100. ''N.B''.: Also printed as a fold. offprint.
* Library and Archives Canada. ''Legal Deposit at the [then named] National Library of Canada'' = ''Le Dépôt légal à la Bibliothèque nationale du Canada''. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1982. ''N.B''.: Text, printed tête-bêche, in English and in French. {{ISBN|0-662-52131-5}}
* Library and Archives Canada. ''Music Collection [of the] National Library of Canada['s] Music Division'' = ''Collection de musique [de la] Division de la musique, Bibliothèque nationale du Canada''. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1989. ''N.B''.: Texts in English and in French, printed tête-bêche. {{ISBN|0-662-57231-9}}
* Library and Archives Canada. ''National Film, Television, and Sound Archives'' = ''Archives nationales du film, de la television et de l'enregistrement sonore'', in ''General Guide Series''. Ottawa: Public Archives Canada, 1983. 45 p. (English) + 47 p. (French), ill. with b&w photos. ''N.B''.: The English and French texts are printed ''tête-bêche'' one to the other. {{ISBN|0-662-52650-3}}
* Library and Archives Canada: Sound Archives Section. ''Sound Archives, Guide to Procedures'' = ''Les Archives sonores, guide méthodologique''. 3rd ed. ... rev. ... and updated, [in] collaboration between ... Michel Bourbonnais et al.; Josephine Langham ... responsible for the revision of the text in the English-language version. Ottawa: Public Archives Canada, 1979. ''N.B''.: Texts in English and in French, printed tête-bêche one to the other. {{ISBN|0-662-50363-5}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[https://library-archives.canada.ca/ Library and Archives Canada]

{{Coord|display=title|45|25|11|N|75|42|28.5|W|region:CA_type:landmark}}
{{Government Departments of Canada}}
{{North America topic|title=North American national archives|prefix=National Archives of}}
{{North America topic|prefix=National Library of | title=[[National library|National libraries]] of [[North America]]}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archives in Canada]]
[[Category:State archives]]
[[Category:Federal departments and agencies of Canada]]
[[Category:Film preservation]]
[[Category:Libraries in Canada]]
[[Category:National archives|Canada]]
[[Category:National libraries|Canada]]
[[Category:Department of Canadian Heritage]]
[[Category:Museums in Ottawa]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Ontario]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 2004]]
[[Category:Deposit libraries]]
[[Category:Canadian government information]]

Harry W. Brown (VC)

2021-02-02T13:59:30Z

Ouvrard: Added photograph in the Infobox.

{{short description|Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
{{Other people|Harry Brown}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Harry Brown
| birth_date = 10 May 1898
| death_date = 17 August 1917 (aged 19)
| image = Private Harry Bown.jpg
| caption = Private Harry Brown
| nickname =
| birth_place = [[Gananoque]], [[Ontario]]
| death_place = [[Hill 70]], [[France]]
| placeofburial = [[Noeux-les-Mines]] Communal Cemetery (Plot 11. Row J. Grave 29)
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| serviceyears = 1916 - 1917
| rank = [[Private (rank)|Private]]
| unit = [[10th Battalion, CEF]]
| commands =
| battles = [[First World War]]
*[[Battle of Hill 70]]{{DOW}}
| awards = [[Victoria Cross]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
'''John Henry Brown''' {{post-nominals|VC}} (10 May 1898 – 17 August 1917), also known as '''Harry W. Brown''', was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[First World War]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Background==
Harry Brown, from [[Gananoque]], [[Ontario]],<ref name=grave>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9919945 Harry Brown], findagrave.com</ref> was born on 9 May 1898 to John and Adelaide (née Leger). On 15 May 1898, in St. John's Roman Catholic Church, Gananoque, ON, he was christened John Henry Brown. His mother had died by the time his grave marker was engraved and the initials Harry W., given in error, will be changed when it is replaced. After his father died, Harry lived with his mother and sisters, Irene and Loretta, in Peterborough. His mother married Patrick McAuliffe of R. R. 1, East Emily in 1911 and Harry worked on the farm .<ref name=grave/> Later, he moved to London, Ontario, where his sister, Irene, lived. A story about Hill 70 in the Royal Canadian magazine <pg 8/18 March 2005> says he was working a munitions factory when he enlisted with the Canadian Mounted Rifles on 18 August 1916 at [[London, Ontario]], where, according to his attestation paper, he was residing at the time. After being sent overseas, he was transferred to the [[10th Battalion, CEF]].

Brown was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on 16 August 1917, during the [[Battle of Hill 70]] against the Germans, when Brown and another soldier ran the gauntlet with an "important message". Brown sustained mortal injury, and died the following day, 17 August. His death is commemorated on the Gananoque Cenotaph and on 16 August 2007 a black marble memorial cairn was dedicated to commemorate the action for which he received the Victoria Cross<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian Virtual War Memorial – Harry W Brown|url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial/detail/465493|publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada|website=veterans.gc.ca|access-date=November 3, 2020}}</ref>

===Citation===
{{Quote|For most conspicuous bravery, courage and devotion to duty. After the capture of a position, the enemy massed in force and counter-attacked. The situation became very critical, all wires being cut. It was of the utmost importance to get word back to Headquarters. This soldier and one other were given the message with orders to deliver the same at all costs. The other messenger was killed. Private Brown had his arm shattered but continued on through an intense barrage until he arrived at the close support lines and found an officer. He was so spent that he fell down the dug-out steps, but retained consciousness long enough to hand over his message, saying ' Important message.' He then became unconscious and died in the dressing station a few hours later. His devotion to duty was of the highest possible degree imaginable, and his successful delivery of the message undoubtedly saved the loss of the position for the time and prevented many casualties.|[[The London Gazette]], No. 30338, 16 October 1917<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30338|supp=y|page=10678|date=16 October 1917 }}</ref>
<ref name=cwgc>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/465493 Brown, Harry], Commonwealth War Graves Commission</ref>}}

Harry Brown's Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Canadian War Museum]] in Ottawa, Canada. The 10th Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by the [[Royal Winnipeg Rifles]] and the [[Calgary Highlanders]] of the Canadian Army Reserve.

He is also commemorated on the [[Omemee, Ontario]] Cenotaph, as his next of kin resided in [[Emily Township]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=68679 Harry Brown digitized service file]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050912044731/http://www.calgaryhighlanders.com/muse2.htm Harry Brown] '' history of the Tenth Battalion in the First World War include biography of Harry Brown''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222112120/http://www.legionmagazine.com/features/victoriacross/05-03.asp Legion Magazine Article on Harry Brown]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Harry}}
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]
[[Category:People from Frontenac County]]

Walter Leigh Rayfield

2021-02-01T15:21:21Z

Ouvrard: Added a photograph of Private Walter Leigh Rayfield.

{{Infobox military person
| name = Walter Leigh Rayfield
| image = [[File:A006711-v8.jpg|thumb|A006711-v8]]
| caption = Walter Rayfield's grave marker
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1881|10|07|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1949|02|19|1881|10|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Richmond, London]], England
| death_place = [[Toronto, Ontario]], Canada
| placeofburial = Prospect Cemetery, Toronto
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| rank = Captain
| unit = [[7th Battalion (1st British Columbia), CEF]]
| battles = [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Victoria Cross]] Silver Medal of the [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]] (Belgium)
| laterwork = [[Prison Governor]] [[Sergeant-at-Arms]]
}}
'''Walter Leigh Rayfield''' {{post-nominals|VC}} (7 October 1881 – 19 February 1949) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. Rayfield was one of the seven Canadians to be awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions across the 30 km long [[Battle of Drocourt-Quéant Line|Drocourt-Quéant Line]] near [[Arras|Arras, France]]. The other six were [[Bellenden Hutcheson]], [[Arthur George Knight]], [[William Henry Metcalf]], [[Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney]], [[Cyrus Wesley Peck]] and [[John Francis Young]].

==Details==
Rayfield was 36 years old, and a [[Private (rank)|private]] in the 7th (1st British Columbia) Battalion, [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] during the [[First World War]] when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

These events took place from 2–4 September 1918 during the operations east of [[Arras, France|Arras]], France:<blockquote>Ahead of his company, he rushed a trench occupied by a large party of the enemy, personally bayoneting two and taking ten prisoners. Later, he located and engaged with great skill, under constant rifle fire, an enemy sniper who was causing many casualties. He then rushed the section of trench from which the sniper had been operating, and so demoralised the enemy by his coolness and daring that thirty others surrendered to him. Again, regardless of his personal safety, he left cover under heavy machine-gun fire and carried in a badly wounded comrade..<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31067|date=13 December 1918 |page=14779|supp=y }}</ref></blockquote> He was awarded the Silver Medal of the Belgian [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]] on 22 December 1919.<ref>Medal card held in Belgian National Archives, Dossier No 4322, Card No 3516. The card lists the award as the gold medal, however the medal in his group is silver.</ref>
Rayfield was the [[Progressive Party of Canada]] "Soldier candidate" in the federal election of 1921 for [[Toronto East]]. Liberal nominee Mrs. Philip G. Kiely (Elizabeth Bethune Kiely) stood aside for Rayfield, so that her votes could go to him, but the Conservative candidate won. He was [[Sergeant-at-Arms]] of the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]] and governor of [[Toronto Jail]].

He died in 1949, and is buried at Prospect Cemetery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Soldier's Plot, Section 7, grave 4196).

==The Medal==
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Canadian War Museum]] in [[Ottawa, Ontario]], Canada.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=590448 Walter Leigh Rayfield's digitized service file]
* [https://legionmagazine.com/en/2005/11/the-magnificent-seven/ Legion Magazine-The Magnificent Seven]
* [http://collections.civilization.ca/public/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=1052091 Rayfield's Medals at the Canadian War Museum]
* {{Find a Grave|7033962}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rayfield, Walter Leigh}}
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Richmond, London]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]
[[Category:Canadian prison officials]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Progressive Party of Canada candidates in the 1921 Canadian federal election]]

Wikipedia:Canadian Wikipedians' notice board/Articles to improve

2019-09-11T18:13:08Z

Ouvrard: /* Government and Politics */ added Library and Archives Canada to list.

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada/Tab header}}

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada/Navigation}}{{PartofWPCANADA}}
{{WikiProject cleanup listing|Canada}}
__TOC__

==Vital Canadian articles==
The list of vital Canadian articles is [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada/Vital Canadian articles|here]]. Notwithstanding the significance of the article subjects, many of the articles are in need of improvement.

==Articles in dispute==
''These are articles are tagged as having either their [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|neutrality]] or [[Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute|accuracy]] in dispute.''
*[[Athabasca University Students' Union]] (disputed neutrality; notability?)
*[[Atomic Energy of Canada Limited#1950s|Atomic Energy of Canada Limited]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Bombardier#Criticisms|Bombardier]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Canadian identity]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Canadian nationalism]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Canadian Wheat Board]] (POV, edit wars)
*[[Gordon Campbell (Canadian politician)|Gordon Campbell]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Grant Neufeld]] (NPOV)
*[[Lara Roxx]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Le Livre noir du Canada Anglais]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Nickle Resolution]] (neutrality, reads more like an argumentative essay in parts)
*[[Ottawa municipal election, 2006]] (factual accuracy)
*[[Regent Park]] (dispute neutrality -- apparently the residents don't care for the environment, abuse social programs, etc.)
*[[René Lévesque]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Rural Division]] has been changed to [[Saskatchewan Rivers School Division]](NPOV)
*[[Stephanie Pakrul]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Surrey School Board]] & [[Mary Polak]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[Val-Jalbert, Quebec]] (disputed neutrality)
*[[The DMZ at Ryerson University]] (disputed neutrality, accuracy)
*[[History of Chinese immigration to Canada]] - this currently is turning into something much more than "immigration" and shoudl be retitled to [[History of the Chinese in Canada]] or something like that; or its non-immigration material should be excised; there are tons of overlap between this and other chinese-Canadian articles, which are abundant and disproportionate to coverage of any othe group; and all highly POV due to the POV nature/tone of latter-day press/academic coverage. I've been trying to add gold rush-era material but haven't had a lot of time to do so; when I first found this article it mimicked/transposed US history on Canadian (a fault which Canadian Chinese organizations such as the CCNC seem in no hurry to correct). This article needs de-POV'ing and there's more content that can be added, including immigration/departure figures and a more frank discussion of anti-Chinse-immigration policies/debates than the usual "they were just racists" tone; ethnohistory articles should NOT be written only from the perspective of the ethnic group in question, nor should they be policied to maintain an ethno-biased POV.....(see [[Talk:Chinese Canadian]] for a sampling of such ethno-biaed POVs). I know this sounds "testy" and I guess it is; like others in Canada I'm getting tired of having "my" history rewritten to suit ethnic-atonement agendas and the brow-beating tone of such articles (this one's a lot better than when I found it, but still it's been an edit war at times). I'm leaving Wikipedia after next weekend (for quite a while, if not forever) so am leaving notes on things I know need doing; this is a big one, and its existence also implies, for fairness:
**[[History of German immigration to Canada]]
**[[History of Norwegian immigration to Canada]]
**[[History of Ukrainian immigration to Canada]]
*etc ad nauseam.
*[[History of immigration to Canada]] talks about the Scandinavian immigration via california and there is zero cited source and I cannot find a source to back this up. Anything I've read says they strictly came from the east. All these sub-sections lack cited sources and its rather annoying when attempting to look up reliable information.

==Articles to expand==
''These are articles that are stubs or in need of [[Wikipedia:Requests for expansion|expansion]]''

*[[Meridian Credit Union]]
*[[Windsor Family Credit Union]]
*[[Harmonized Sales Tax]]
*[[Ottawa]] The capital of Canada, and it's not even at GA status.
*[[Quebec City]] One of Canada's most beautiful cities and it's not up to GA standards.
*[[Ontario_Securities_Commission]]

*[[List of Members of the Canadian House of Commons with military service]]
*[[Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough]], Governor General of Canada from 1931 to 1935.

*[[Foreign Investment Review Agency]]. Needs substantial content improvements.
*[[The DMZ at Ryerson University]] Needs substantial content improvements.

===Events===
*[[Festival of the Sound]]
*[[History of flooding in Canada]] - specifically the current 2007 flood situation in British Columbia
*[[Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP]]
*'''[[:Category:Canadian history stubs|History stubs]]
*[[Canadian current events]]
*[[Parti Québécois leadership election, 2005]]
*[[Airbus affair]]
*[[Fur trade]]
*[[Reciprocity (Canadian politics)]]
*[[Newfoundland National Convention]]
*[[Imperial Tobacco v. British Columbia]]
*[[Manitoba Progressive Conservative leadership election, 2006]]
*[[Caledonia occupation]]
*[[2006 World Outgames]]
*[[Canadian Marathon Championships]]
*[[Canadian 10Km Road Race Championships]]
*[[Canadian Cross Country Championships]]
*[[Canadian 5Km Road Race Championships]]
*[[Canadian Track and Field Championships]]
*[[Canadian Junior Track and Field Championships]]
*[[Canadian Youth Track and Field Championships]]
*[[AC Indoor Open]]

*'''General Elections:''' [[Canadian federal election, 1878|1878]], [[Canadian federal election, 1882|1882]], [[Canadian federal election, 1887|1887]], [[Canadian federal election, 1900|1900]], [[Canadian federal election, 1904|1904]], [[Canadian federal election, 1908|1908]], [[Canadian_federal election, 1949|1949]], [[Canadian_federal election, 1953|1953]], [[Canadian federal election, 1958|1958]],

===People===
*'''Stubs: [[:Category:Canadian people stubs|People]], [[:Category:Canadian politician stubs|Politicians]], [[:Category:People from Quebec stubs|Quebecers]], [[:Category:Canadian writer stubs|Writers]], [[:Category:Canadian_musician_stubs|Musicians]]'''

*[[Catherine Galliford]] (currently just a stub article) is the RCMP corporal who has brought forward allegations of extensive sexual harassment within the RCMP, and is now set to testify against the RCMP, on behalf of Pickton's victims and their families, at the Missing Women Commission of Inquiry.
*[[Ned Goodman]]
*[[Libby Burnham]]
*[[Diane Urquhart]]
*[[Judi Tyabji]], currently a broadcaster, formerly the party house leader (or whip?) during Gordon Wilson's tenure as BC Liberal Party leader; she and Wilson were forced to resign when news of their affair became public; they split to form the Progressive-Democratic Alliance and both remain political commentators in BC politics. This has a ten-day delete warning on it, and someone had tried to prod [[Judi Tyabji Wilson]] which is how I noticed/found it. Needs references urgently to prevent deletion.
*[[John Percy (politician)]]
*[[Johnny Wayne]]
*[[Frank Shuster]]
*[[Richard Burnett]]
*[[Paul MacEwan]] Nova Scotia NDP/Liberal/CBLP MLA
*[[Rod Zimmer]] (Canadian Senator and Winnipeg businssman)
*[[John Clarke (activist)]], leader of the [[Ontario Coalition Against Poverty]]
*[[Philip Owen]], former mayor of Vancouver BC **I added this page but it's significantly improved over how it was, maybe it should come off? Maybe someone could check and see what they think?--[[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 07:16, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
*[[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester]] — a complicated and controversial figure, he's been called the "Father of British Canada" ([http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=36432]), the best British general in America during the American Revolution, and credited (or blamed) for inspiring and enacting the [[Quebec Act]] of 1774. A hugely important person, but you would not know it from the current state of his Wikipedia article.
*[[Larysa Harapyn]]
*[[Michael Dunahee]] - article was posted to AfD as it was nothing more than a missing persons poster. I have rewritten it, however if anyone - particularaly from BC - with a greater knowledge of the case can add anything, it would be appreciated. [[User:Resolute|Resolute]] 03:22, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
*[[Alexander Muir]] - Composer of the song ''[[The Maple Leaf Forever]].'' (Note: I was shocked to see this as a red link 8 minutes ago). [[User:Zscout370]] [[User_talk:Zscout370|(Return Fire)]] 08:52, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
*[[Gwynne Dyer]] is in 'dire' need of wikification, cleanup, POV editing and expansion. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 08:44, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
*[[David Wilkins]] He's American, but he's the ambassador to Canada. Right now, the article is unreferenced, and heavily biased in favour of Wilkins. [[User:Rawr|Rawr]] 20:13, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
*[[Julie Stewart]] actress
*[[Mary Ormsby]] sports writer
*[[Nancy Durham]] journalist
*[[David Florida]] space pioneer
*[[John R. Anderson (diplomat)]] diplomat and military officer
*[[David Pearson (scientist)]]
*[[Paul Workman]] journalist
*[[Alban Garon]], unsolved murder of a Canadian Chief Justice who had retired a few years ago, who was brutally beaten to death with his wife and friend, with no suspects.
*[[Terry Driver]], aka the Abbotsford killer
*[[Red Fisher (journalist)]], journalist
*[[Moya Greene]], President and CEO of [[Canada Post]]
*[[John Adams (major general)]], Chief of the [[Communications Security Establishment]], predecessor should be added to infobox
*[[Dimitri Soudas]], Prime Minister Harper's Press Secretary, needs much expansion, infobox, succession box
*[[Mario Laguë]], diplomat and communications director for the Liberal Party
*[[Harold Williams (geologist)]] — article currently contains only one source, a blog post reporting his recent death. [[User:Richwales|Richwales]] ([[User talk:Richwales|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Richwales|contribs]]) 05:26, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
*[[William J. S. Elliott]] - could use a picture of the subject
*[[Edward Whelan]] - image of subject needed
*[[Sandra McCardell]] - ambassador from Canada to Libya before being recalled due to 2011 Uprising
*[[Stephen J. Tanner]] - currently Kingston Police chief

===Government and Politics===
* [[Toronto municipal election, 2014]] - needs to be updated with election results for all wards.
* [[Historical rankings of Canadian prime ministers]] - U.S., British and Australian pages exist so I have created a stub using the three surveys I could find. Please add others.

* [[Established Programs Financing]]
* [[Kingston Police]]
* [[Question Period]]
* [[Registered Disability Savings Plan]]
* [[Timeline of the Canadian federal election, 2008]]
* [[Doman Scandal]]
* [[BC Legislature Raids]] - needs huge and complicated updating; I've shied away from it because of complexity, needs bio and trial(s) split-off articles.
* [[Vice Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)]] - Complete list of former VCDSs needed
* [[Rent regulation in Canada]] - article is quite incomplete as to laws in several provinces
* [[Library and Archives Canada]] - article is very outdated and needs to be reviewed and updated. Some sources compiled in the talk page.

===Buildings and locations===
*'''Geography stubs: [[:Category:British Columbia geography stubs|British Columbia]], [[:Category:Alberta geography stubs|Alberta]], [[:Category:Saskatchewan geography stubs|Saskatchewan]], [[:Category:Ontario geography stubs|Ontario]], [[:Category:Quebec geography stubs|Quebec]], [[:Category:Newfoundland and Labrador geography stubs|Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[:Category:Prince Edward Island geography stubs|Prince Edward Island]], [[:Category:Canada geography stubs|Canada]]'''
*'''[[:Category:Canadian building and structure stubs|Building and structure stubs]]'''
*[[Old Quebec]]
*[[Cartier Railway]]
*[[Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario]]
*[[Fairview Mall]]
*[[Garibaldi Provincial Park]]
*[[Hospital for Sick Children]]
*[[John H. Chapman Space Centre]]
*[[Michaëlle Jean Public School (Toronto)]]
*[[Quebec North Shore & Labrador Railway]]
*[[Stanley Park]]
*[[Bountiful, British Columbia]]
*[[Sainte Catherine Street]]
*[[Inside Passage]]
*[[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]]
*[[New Westminster]] should be a priority article for BC; sections could/should be split off and expanded, civic history and more should be added, plus the usual climate etc sections; kinda random right now and cluttery.

===Organizations and officials===
*'''Stubs: [[:Category:Canadian broadcasting stubs|Broadcasting]], [[:Category:Canada government stubs|Government]], [[:Category:Canada politics stubs|Politics]]'''
*[[The Border (mini-series)]]
*[[Calgary Stampeders]]
*[[Canada and the United Nations]] (added 18 Jan)
*[[Canada Border Services Agency]]
*[[Canada Command]]
*[[Canadian Federation of Independent Business]]
*[[Canadian International Development Agency]]
*[[Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada]]
*[[Diplomatic Forum]]
*[[Health regions of Canada]] ([[red links]])
*[[Lubicon Cree]]
*[[Montreal Star]]
*[[numbered company]]
*[[Pacific Cinémathèque]]; new article, some reported copyvio issues (leading to an AfD) but worth expanding
*[[Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada]]
*[[Premier of Ontario]]
*[[Sun Belt Water Inc.]]
*[[Terry Fox Run]]
*[[Tax Court of Canada]]
*[[Toronto Humane Society]]
*[[Transport Canada]] (lots of sections that need to be added to)
*[[Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police]]
*[[Frontier College]]
*[[Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research]]
*[[Windsor Police Service]]
*[[Freemasonry in Canada]]

===Miscellany===
*'''Stubs: [[:Category:Canada stubs|Canada]], [[:Category:Ottawa stubs|Ottawa]], [[:Category:Quebec stubs|Quebec]], [[:Category:Canadian rail stubs|Railways]], [[:Category:Canada road stubs|Roads]], [[:Category:Canadian school stubs|Schools]], [[:Category:Canada university stubs|Universities]]'''
*[[Canada Day]]
*[[Canada First Defence Strategy]]
*[[Canadian Monopoly]]
*[[Continentalism]]
*[[Découverte]]
*[[E.N.G.]]
*[[HIV/AIDS in Canada]]
*[[The Jamaica]]
*[[Joe Canada]]
*[[Local history]] - needs CanCon
*[[military budget of Canada]] - needs much more detail including comments about underfunding
*[[Mountain pine beetle]] Importance: [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20051108.wxbeetles09/BNStory/National/]
*[[New Music Canada]]
*[[star candidate]] - would be good to add star candidates of the past.
*[[Les Plouffe]]
*[[Living tree doctrine]]
*Compare '''[[Agriculture in Canada]]''' to [[Agriculture in Australia]] or [[Agriculture in India]] and tell me you didn't weep. I saw what you mean-this page has been added to, it has been filled in somewhat now.
*[[Sedzé]]
*[[List of companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange]] - List needs to be completed - List has now been subdivided into individual alpha pages (e.g., [[Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (A)]]), and is now up-to-date and complete as of December 2007. [[User:Mlaffs|Mlaffs]] ([[User talk:Mlaffs|talk]]) 02:10, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
*[[List of Canadian Royal Commissions]] - many red links here
*[[Virginie]] - needs expansion from a francophone likely more familiar with the show
*[[Providence (Quebec TV series)]] - same as above
*[[The Guard (Canadian TV series)]]
*[[Population of Canadian federal ridings]] - carries data from the 2006 election - about 5 years old
*[[Politics of Toronto]] - no proper citations and could be expanded much more
*[[Time and Chance (book)|Time and Chance]] - virtually just a substub needing massive expansion
*''[[Archiinocellia]]'' - [[Eocene]] [[snakefly]] genus from [[Horsefly, British Columbia]] needing assessing and possible cleanup
*[[Two Solitudes (Canadian society)]] - needs much more
*[[Cannabis in Canada]] - expand. I set it up as a bunch of links.
*[[Quebec comics]] - especially info from the last 20 years; more images would help
*[[Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies]] - more information needed; more images would be great

==Articles to [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|clean-up]]==
''These articles are tagged as needing to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality.''
*[[Athabasca University Students' Union]]
*[[Steamboats of the Stikine River]]
*[[Clayoquot Sound]] - there are ongoing protests over the logging at the Sound.
*[[Saint John, New Brunswick harbour cleanup]]
*[[Kwantlen University College]]
*[[1995 Quebec referendum]]
*[[Aemilius Jarvis]] (businessperson, Ontario Bond Scandal)
*[[Albert C. Field]]
*[[Alfred Heinz Reumayr]]
*[[American and Canadian football position names]]
*[[Arctic bridge]]
*[[Banking in Canada]]
*[[BC-STV]]
*[[Brampton Canadettes Easter Tournament]]
*[[Bye bye mon cowboy]]
*[[Canada-Cuba relations]]
*[[Canadian armed forces divers]]
*[[Canadian Conservatism]]
*[[Canadian cuisine]] - Needs general organization and goals. Are we attempting to describe the general landscape of Canadian cuisine in terms of flavours, variation and general foods eaten (not limited to Canadian brands or invented foods) and/or trying to curate a list of uniquely Canadian food brands / inventions? Additionally, for the uniquely Canadian items, what is our cut off? Some of the foods are very regional and niche as opposed to widely accepted examples of Maple Syrup, Tim Hortons and Poutine.
*[[Canadian federal election results in the Laurentides, Outaouais and Northern Quebec]]
*[[Canadian name]] - Needs information on Aboriginal Canadian names
*[[Canadian Unitarian Council]]
*[[Christine Simpson]]
*[[Celebration of Light]]
*[[Concordia University College of Alberta]]
*[[Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]]
*[[David Emerson]]
*[[The DMZ at Ryerson University]]
*[[École Secondaire Catholique Garneau]]
*[[Eileen McGann (musician)|Eileen McGann]]
*[[Elizabeth May]]
*[[Expo 86]]
*[[Paul-André Fortier]]
*[[Fred Kearney]]
*[[Frederick Phillip Grove]]
*[[Haley Station, Ontario]]
*[[Ian Gregson]]
*[[Infrastructure Canada]]
*[[Intuit Canada]]
*[[Janine Krieber]]
*[[Great Coalition]]
*[[Kazzer]]
*[[Keith R. Thompson]]
*[[Langara College]]
*[[List of University of Toronto people]] - needs referencing to connect people with U of T.
*[[Marjorie Willison]]
*[[Mascouche, Quebec]]
*[[McLarens Settlement, Ontario]]
*[[Micronutrient Initiative]] - needs name change to Nutrition International
*[[Minister of Research and Innovation (Ontario)]]
*[[Newfoundland and Labrador]] - needs a lot of work, citing and adding info.
*[[Nuclear power in Canada]] - needs more citations
*[[Pacific Scandal]]
*[[Peter Nordbeck]] - tagged for notability and expand
*[[Philip Pocock]] - many dead links
*[[Priddis Greens, Alberta]]
*[[Primus Canada]]
*[[Queen West Art Crawl]]
*[[RCMP Recruiting]]
*[[Rick Blight]]
*[[Rob Nicholson]] a better picture is needed
*[[Scarborough Town Centre]]
*[[Service Canada]]
*[[Seventy-Two Resolutions]]
*[[Shell Canada lawsuit]]
*[[St. John's Cathedral, Edmonton]]
*[[Staggered Crossing]] limited notability; needs reliable sources or faces deletion.
*[[Symphony of Fire]]
*[[Tourism in Canada]]
*[[U.S.-Canada softwood lumber dispute]]
*[[Ward P.D. Elcock]]
*[[William Alexander Fraser]]
*[[Yves P. Pelletier]]
*[[Steamboats of the Peace River]]

==List templates==

{{DoCB}}

{{CanHOC}}

{{SoC}}

==Disambiguation issues==

Sometimes, articles are written which mistakenly link to disambiguation pages, or even directly to ''incorrect'' topics. These need to be monitored from time to time to ensure that incorrect links are replaced. Some such pages are listed here; if you want to assist in cleaning up links, use the "what links here" page on the given article, and correct the link in any case where you are ''sure'' that the actual intended topic is the Canadian one. If you're unsure, please post to [[WP:CANTALK]] for assistance. Also please add other pages here which need this type of monitoring, if known.

Please note that as there are always new articles being written, this is a permanent list that needs ongoing monitoring. Accordingly, please do ''not'' remove a location from this list just because you've cleaned up all the incorrect links that existed at one specific time, as new incorrect links ''will'' invariably exist again in the future.

===Links to wrong article===

Fixing this type of incorrect link is the top priority.

* [[Churchill]] (redir to [[Winston Churchill]]) --> [[Churchill, Manitoba]] or [[Churchill (electoral district)]]
* [[Cornwall]] (article about county in England) --> [[Cornwall, Ontario]], also the Cornwall Ranch ([[Ashcroft Manor]]) and adjoining [[Cornwall Hills]]
* [[Dauphin]] (article about the royal connotations) --> [[Dauphin, Manitoba]]
* [[Hanover]] (city in Germany) --> [[Hanover, Ontario]]
* [[London]] (city in England) --> [[London, Ontario]]
* [[Morden]] (article about town in England) --> [[Morden, Manitoba]]
* [[Paris]] (city in France) --> [[Paris, Ontario]]
* [[Selkirk]] (article about town in Scotland) --> [[Selkirk, Manitoba]] or [[Selkirk (electoral district)]] or [[Selkirk Mountains]]
* [[Truro]] (article about town in England) --> [[Truro, Nova Scotia]]

===Disambiguation pages===

These ''should'' be corrected whenever possible, although since the dab page offers a link to the correct article it's not ''as'' crucial to fix these promptly as it is to fix links to the wrong article altogether.

* [[Brandon]] --> [[Brandon, Manitoba]]
* [[Chatham]] --> [[Chatham, Ontario]]
* [[Gander]] --> [[Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador]], or to any of fourteen other related articles.
* [[Gimli]] --> [[Gimli, Manitoba]]
* [[Halifax]] --> either [[Halifax, Nova Scotia (former city)]] or [[Halifax Regional Municipality]]
* [[Hamilton]] --> [[Hamilton, Ontario]]
* [[Kingston]] --> [[Kingston, Ontario]] or [[Kingston, New Brunswick]] or [[Kingston, Nova Scotia]]
* [[Langley]] --> [[Langley, British Columbia]] or sometimes in HBC references to [[Fort Langley]]
* [[North Bay]] --> [[North Bay, Ontario]]
* [[Pembroke]] --> [[Pembroke, Ontario]]
* [[Regina]] --> [[Regina, Saskatchewan]]
* [[Saint John]] --> [[Saint John, New Brunswick]]
* [[St. John's]] --> [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]]
* [[Sarnia]] --> [[Sarnia, Ontario]]
* [[Steinbach]] --> [[Steinbach, Manitoba]]
* [[Sudbury]] --> [[Sudbury, Ontario]]; [[Greater Sudbury]]; [[Sudbury District, Ontario]]; [[Sudbury (electoral district)]].
* [[Surrey]] --> [[Surrey, British Columbia]]
* [[Swan River]] --> [[Swan River, Manitoba]]
* [[Tavistock]] --> [[Tavistock, Ontario]]
* [[Thompson]] --> [[Thompson, Manitoba]]
* [[Tiverton]] --> [[Tiverton, Ontario]]
* [[Victoria]] --> [[Victoria, British Columbia]], or any of several [[Victoria (electoral districts)]], or [[Victoria, Newfoundland and Labrador]]
* [[Windsor]] --> [[Windsor, Ontario]]
* [[Winkler]] --> [[Winkler, Manitoba]]

Talk:Library and Archives Canada

2019-09-11T18:07:32Z

Ouvrard: /* Some sources to update the current LAC page */

{{Vital article|topic=Society|level=5|class=Start}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Ottawa|class=Start|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Canada|cangov=yes|class=Start|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Libraries|class=start|importance=High}}
}}

==[Untitled]==
The article does not do justice to the former National Archives of Canada which has a much longer history than the National Library of Canada.--[[User:BrentS|BrentS]] 22:43, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Brent, you're right. More work does need to be done. I never noticed that there is no mention of Arthur Doughty, the first national archivist or any mention of how the archives was developed in the late 19th C. I might be able to do some editing on this on the weekend. [[User:CWood|CWood]] 22:46, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

:''The maximum fine for not obeying legal deposit is defined by Section 735 of the [[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]] as $100,000.''
The referenced section specifies maximum fines, but nowhere does it say that failing to perform a legal deposit is a criminal offence. - [[User:Montrealais|Montréalais]] 16:31, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

== Off-topic external links==
[[User:Skeezix1000|Skeezix1000]]'s edit is clearly explained:
* (cur) (last) 12:53, 20 February 2008 [[User:Skeezix1000]] (Talk | contribs) (4,751 bytes) ('''→External links: the external links should pertain to the article subject'') (undo)
::* [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/preservation/13_e.html LAC Gatineau Preservation Centre ], [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/preservation/13_f.html BAC Centre de préservation de Gatineau ]
:::* [[British Library]] ([[BL]]), [http://www.bl.uk/services/npo/about.html BL National Preservation Office]
:::* [[National Library of Australia]] ([[NLA]]), [http://www.nla.gov.au/npo/npohome.html NLA <s>National Preservation Office</s>] ---> [http://www.nla.gov.au/policy/NationalLibraryofAustralia-ConservationManagementPlan.html NLA Conservation Policy & Planning]
:::* [[National Library of New Zealand]] ([[NLNZ]]), [http://www.natlib.govt.nz/about-us/people/structure/national-preservation-office/view NLNZ National Preservation Office]
:::* [[Library of Congress]] ([[LOC]]), [http://www.loc.gov/preserv/ LOC Preservation Directorate]
The subject of the article is Canada's national library; and the conservation and perservation functions of the library's collections are not the central focus. Yes, clearly [[User:Skeezix1000|Skeezix1000]]'s point is well taken. As I see it, the only question is whether these questioned links to other national libraries will fail to assist the reader in better understanding and appreciating the on-going work of the Gatineau Preservation Centre. Do these links actually distract, or is it that the rationale for their inclusion has been poorly presented?

If these links do, in fact, diminish the value and effectiveness of the article, then they must be removed; but I wonder if there is some alternative which can be worked out? --[[User:Tenmei|Tenmei]] ([[User talk:Tenmei|talk]]) 14:26, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
::[[WP:EXT]] requires that external links be on-topic and should be kept to a minimum. A random selection of links to other archival and library sites in different countries does little to "assist the reader in understanding and appreciating the on-going work" of LAC -- although perhaps a link to some sort of comparative analysis would accomplish that task. These links pertain to organizations that are unrelated to LAC, and the links accomplish nothing that [[:Category:National archives]] and [[:Category:National libraries]] (not to mention [[:Category:Libraries by country]] and [[:Category:Archives by country]]) do not already do better. While the links might be relevant to an article on preservation, they are off-topic here. Further, the selection of the proposed external links gives rise to [[WP:NPOV]] and [[WP:OR]] concerns -- if the goal was to provide some sort of comparative materials, why were U.K., Australian, NZ and American institutions only chosen? Are only institutions in English-language countries relevant? What about other English-speaking countries? Why only richer First World nations? Given that LAC is a federal institution, what is the justification for the exclusion of francophone archives? And so on, and so on, and so on.... Short of listing dozens of other archives and libraries worldwide, this is a quagmire we should not be touching with a ten-foot pole. The reader of this article is only a click away from lists to other libraries and archives worldwide -- a random list of off-topic external lists does not add anything to the article. [[User:Skeezix1000|Skeezix1000]] ([[User talk:Skeezix1000|talk]]) 14:57, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

:::Aha. Thank you for clarifying. More to the point, thanks for the time you invested in explaining a range of ways these links were unhelpful. I was blind to some of the implications you perceived. In this context, it becomes clear that I need to re-think some of my views about the plausible value of such tenuous external links. I suppose the part I most need to ponder is the following:
::::''... perhaps a link to some sort of comparative analysis would accomplish that task .... While the links might be relevant to an article on preservation, they are off-topic here. Further, the selection of the proposed external links gives rise to [[WP:NPOV]] and [[WP:OR]] concerns ....''
:::Et encore, merci --[[User:Tenmei|Tenmei]] ([[User talk:Tenmei|talk]]) 17:19, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

::::In this context, I see the following citation as plausibly relevant to an improved LAC article:
:::::The need for national entities like the [[National Preservation Office]] ([[National Preservation Office|NPO]]) in the [[British Library]] has been documented in surveys conducted by the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] (IFLA) Section on Preservation & Conservation and by the ''Ligue Internationale des Bibliothèques Européennes de Recherches''. Other than the United Kingdom, at least seven other countries have set up an entity similar to the NPO, including Canada and New Zealand.<ref>[http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla63/63foom.htm Foot, Mirjam. (1997) "Paper: Towards a National Preservation Policy,"]] ''63rd IFLA General Conference'' (Copenhagen).</ref>
::::Nevertheless, [[User:Skeezix1000|Skeezix1000]] has convinced me that adding ''off-topic'' external links was an unworkable gesture. Maybe there is still some way to build on misplaced good intentions ...? [[User:Skeezix1000|Skeezix1000]]'s critical analysis pointed out unintended implications which seem valid and entirely unwanted. Maybe the thing to do is to let this rest a while, and then I'll re-visit the LAC in a few weeks. Tentatively, I'm guessing that [[User:Skeezix1000|Skeezix1000]] is on to something when he suggests creating another article about library and archive preservation issues ... with internal links to and from NLA? We'll see .... --[[User:Tenmei|Tenmei]] ([[User talk:Tenmei|talk]]) 00:27, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for the comments. Certainly, your proposed text does not give rise to the concerns I had indicated earlier with the external links. It strikes me that your proposed text has a lot more to do with the British Library's NPO than it does the LAC, however, and neither the text (nor the source provided) contain much information on efforts by LAC to set up a central preservation office. Again, I would have though this would be more relevant to a general preservation article ([[Preservation (library and archival science)]]), or even [[Archives]], than here. However, that's more of a subjective judgment call, rather than a policy issue, so I will leave it to you and others to determine where it best fits, and beyond this comment I don't really have any objections. Good luck. [[User:Skeezix1000|Skeezix1000]] ([[User talk:Skeezix1000|talk]]) 20:28, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

== Troubling promotional language ==

This has already been noted, but this site has a lot of very troubling promotional language. The article uses this language to justify actions, rather than stating facts: "Given the profound changes in the information world due to the evolution of technology and social behaviour, LAC needs to adapt its ways of working to remain relevant in Canadian society." What kind of strange sentence is this for a Wikipedia article? This sounds like they are trying to justify their recent cuts to their staff and the Canadian Council of Archives. This is very odd and has no place here. I need to study the content before offering any changes. There are so many problems it's difficult to know how to start without rewriting the whole thing.[[User:Archivisticus|Archivisticus]] ([[User talk:Archivisticus|talk]]) 04:59, 12 June 2012 (UTC) Archivisticus

== Hidden Hand at Work - Article need to be expunged and started again ==

A well-placed employee of LAC is writing this "promotional" material and deleting any material critical of LAC. The article is now worthless, and has to be expunged and written by persons who do not work for LAC. Trace the history of this article and its changes and you will see the "hidden hand" of some official. (I cited some opposition to the appointment of Caron a few years ago and someone deleted all this material, even though I had solid citations). LAC has become a highly controversial institution, probably the most controversial cultural institution in Canada. This article does not reflect the intense opposition to changes made by Ian Wilson and Daniel Caron. [[User:BrentS|BrentS]] ([[User talk:BrentS|talk]]) 03:36, 30 July 2012 (UTC)
:The work of our fine government under Stephen Harper. Don't criticize him, he can do no wrong... Senate expense scandals excluded. [[User:Oaktree b|Oaktree b]] ([[User talk:Oaktree b|talk]]) 19:38, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

== Fair warning ==

I have started cleaning up this article and in due course will be making sure the text matches the sources, and is written in language suitable for WP (direct quotes identified as such etc.). If other editors want to save content they have added, please make sure it is properly sourced. [[User:HelenOnline|Helen]] ([[User talk:HelenOnline|talk]]) 08:07, 29 May 2013 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:HelenOnline|Helen]] ([[User talk:HelenOnline|talk]]) 08:06, 6 June 2013 (UTC)

==Reference to Minister Moore in June 2013==
The reference to Minister Moore in June 2013 conflates two issues: 1) the potential re-institution of the NADP and local efforts through the Canadian Council of Archives with 2) the actual ongoing digitization of LAC's own holdings through the new Heritage Canadiana.org portal agreement with university libraries and other partners in the Canadian Knowledge Research Network. These are two different programs and operations with different sources of funds. They will be subject to review at some point according to Moore's own statements. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/174.114.56.170|174.114.56.170]] ([[User talk:174.114.56.170|talk]]) 17:17, 23 June 2013 (UTC) 
:The issues are not conflated, they are the two separate issues he has singled out for comment in response to public criticism. [[User:HelenOnline|Helen]] ([[User talk:HelenOnline|talk]]) 17:37, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

==Flickr photos==
For a while, LAC was releasing photos on Flickr under a CC-by license, they then started using a CC-nc license. Every other government wants to open up their access, ours limits it... UK is using the Open Government License, Canada is hobbled by the Crown Copyright, masquerading as a CC-nc license. I'd put a brief mention of it here, it was discussed on Flickr earlier, not so sure it's worthy though... [[User:Oaktree b|Oaktree b]] ([[User talk:Oaktree b|talk]]) 19:41, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
::It is a worthy issue, and thanks for raising it. Of course, LAC cannot change the copyright status of its public domain images simply by tagging them with any kind of CC license. I suppose, however, they were concerned with the ramifications of licensing non-PD images with the CC-by tag. Typical bureaucratic response. Very disappointing. --[[User:Skeezix1000|Skeezix1000]] ([[User talk:Skeezix1000|talk]]) 15:00, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 16 external links on [[Library and Archives Canada]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=780467728 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120329035248/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/L-7.7/index.html to http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/L-7.7/index.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130603230331/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/discover/product/index-e.html to http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/discover/product/index-e.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130530060228/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/legal-deposit/041008-0200-e.html to http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/legal-deposit/041008-0200-e.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130604071608/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/lowy-collection/index-e.html to http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/lowy-collection/index-e.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130529195737/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-560-e.html to http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/whats-new/013-560-e.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130530033557/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/preservation/003003-2000-e.html to http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/preservation/003003-2000-e.html
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ottawacitizen.com/travel/Museums%2Bmostly%2Bunconcerned%2Babout%2Bloss%2Bfederal%2Bfunding/8031905/story.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130611165743/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/modernization/Pages/default.aspx to http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/modernization/Pages/default.aspx
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130603124540/http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/maf-crg/assessments-evaluations/2009/bal/bal-eng.asp to http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/maf-crg/assessments-evaluations/2009/bal/bal-eng.asp
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140703074415/http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=aca-ubc_symposium_2010--levene_2-2.pdf to http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=aca-ubc_symposium_2010--levene_2-2.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121116025527/http://www.cla.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=12920&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm to http://www.cla.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=12920&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Library%2BArchives%2Bboss%2Bchastised%2Bheritage%2Bminister%2Btaxpayer%2Bfunded/8373968/story.html
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*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Canada%2Blibrarians%2Barchivists%2Burging%2Bfederal%2Bgovernment/8397103/story.html
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Library%2BArchives%2BCanada%2Bneeds%2Bchange%2Bhints%2BHeritage%2BMinister/8506142/story.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130619120805/http://www.ipolitics.ca/2012/08/10/val-knowles-closing-doors-on-canadas-history/ to http://www.ipolitics.ca/2012/08/10/val-knowles-closing-doors-on-canadas-history/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 09:03, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on [[Library and Archives Canada]]. Please take a moment to review [[special:diff/815542993|my edit]]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225722/http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf/repo-bac.html?l=en to http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf/repo-bac.html?l=en
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3782519
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://datalib.library.ualberta.ca/data/CDIS_FinalReport_eng_REVISED_Final.pdf
*Added archive https://archive.is/20130629160245/http://www.leaderpost.com/technology/story.html?id=8123506 to http://www.leaderpost.com/technology/story.html?id=8123506
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130907123818/http://cdncouncilarchives.ca/Joint_Statement_24May_EN.pdf to http://www.cdncouncilarchives.ca/Joint_Statement_24May_EN.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 13:48, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on [[Library and Archives Canada]]. Please take a moment to review [[special:diff/816674138|my edit]]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130608121739/http://www.ica.org/?lid=12673&bid=1089 to http://www.ica.org/?lid=12673&bid=1089
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/public_mikan/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=fre&rec_nbr=99199

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 22:29, 22 December 2017 (UTC)
== New section about TRC ==
I am a new editor to Wikipedia and just added a section to this page about the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It would be great if anyone could help edit and add to that section. Thanks. [[User:Alouisejones|Alouisejones]] ([[User talk:Alouisejones|talk]]) 06:30, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

== Outdated and needs review ==
This page is extremely outdated. As an employee, I am not comfortable editing it myself, but I could provide some guidance as to the areas that need to be updated and third-party sources for any changes. Thoughts?

[[User:Ouvrard|Ouvrard]] ([[User talk:Ouvrard|talk]]) 13:54, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

== Some sources to update the current LAC page ==

'''LAC/OPL joint facility''' 

In the 2018 Canadian federal budget, funding was announced for a new joint facility with LAC and Ottawa Public Library (OPL), to be built at 555 Albert Street in Ottawa, Canada’s capital city. 

The new facility, being designed by Diamond Schmitt and KWC architects, is expected to open in 2024. 

The facility will allow LAC to modernize its public services and to reach an expanded clientele through a new purpose-built space. 

The design and use of the building will be informed by public consultations, as well as discussions with Indigenous groups, LAC and OPL staff, and stakeholders. 

http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/publications/signatures/Pages/signatures-spring-summer-2019.aspx#art04

https://www.canadianconsultingengineer.com/buildings/architects-selected-for-ottawa-public-library-library-and-archives-canada-joint-facility/1003408338/

———— 

A new section should be inserted below the modernization and budget cuts heading to discuss the priorities since 2013. Below are the priorities as written in the Library and Archives Canada annual report which is tabled in Parliament. 

'''Update 2014-2019''' 

=== The four priorities ===
In 2015, four priorities were established for LAC:
# LAC is an institution fully dedicated to serving all its clients: government institutions, donors, academics, researchers, archivists, librarians, students, genealogists and the general public.
# LAC is an institution which, drawing on the strength of all its staff, is at the leading edge of archival and library science and new technologies.
# LAC is an institution proactively engaged with national and international networks in an open and inclusive way.
# LAC is an institution with prominent public visibility that highlights the value of its collection and services.

http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/annual-reports/annual-report-2015-16/Pages/AnnualReport-2015-16.aspx#tab2
 

=== Other initiatives during this period ===

An expanded version of the Documentary Heritage Communities Program was launched in June 2015, providing funding to libraries, archives and other memory institutions throughout Canada. As of June 2019, it had provided $6 million to 130 documentary heritage organizations to support 170 projects. 

http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/annual-reports/annual-report-2018-2019/Pages/annual-report-2018-2019.aspx#tab3

On June 3, 2016, LAC announced the National Heritage Digitization Strategy, in co-operation with 50 leading institutions in the Canadian documentary heritage community. Its goal is to compile Canada’s largest digital collections and make them available through a single platform. 

https://www.canada.ca/en/library-archives/news/2016/06/librarian-and-archivist-of-canada-announces-national-heritage-digitization-strategy-collaboration.html

LAC signed a contract for a new library management system in March, 2017, with the OCLC co-operative, the world’s largest online published document retrieval system. The system, which is now up and running, allows users to access the resources of hundreds of the country’s libraries. 

https://www.oclc.org/en/news/releases/2017/201709dublin.html

On November 7, 2017, the Marshall McLuhan collection at LAC was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, in partnership with the University of Toronto Library. 

https://www.canada.ca/en/library-archives/news/2017/10/library_and_archivescanadauniversityoftorontolibrariesandcanadia.html

Two digital initiatives were established by LAC between 2017 and 2018. DigiLab (March, 2017) provides a free digitization lab for public use, while Co-Lab (April, 2018) allows the public to transcribe key historical documents. 
http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/publications/signatures/Pages/Signatures-2017-fall-winter.aspx#tab3
http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/2018/type-tag-share-co-lab.aspx

In August, 2018, LAC had completed the digitization of over 622,290 service file records from soldiers who enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. These complete records are now searchable online. 
https://thediscoverblog.com/tag/cef-digitization/

LAC introduced a major new initiative on April 5, 2019, to preserve, revitalize and enhance Canada’s Indigenous languages and cultures, working with an advisory circle of Elders and Indigenous leaders. 
https://www.canada.ca/en/library-archives/news/2019/04/library-and-archives-canada-launches-funding-and-services-to-help-preserve-indigenous-culture-and-language-recordings.html

On August 12, 2019, LAC began construction on its second preservation facility in Gatineau, which will be the first net-zero carbon building dedicated to archival preservation in the Americas. The facility should be in operation by summer 2022. 
http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/Pages/2019/construction-begins-new-preservation-facility.aspx

If editors have any other sources to provide for updating the article, it would be great to add them to this list. I hope that this page can be taken out of the dark ages and into the light.

[[User:Ouvrard|Ouvrard]] ([[User talk:Ouvrard|talk]]) 18:07, 11 September 2019 (UTC)

Talk:Library and Archives Canada

2019-09-11T18:07:09Z

Ouvrard: /* Some sources to update the current LAC page */ new section

User:Ouvrard

2019-09-09T13:57:32Z

Ouvrard:

===About Me ===
{{#babel:en|fr-4}}

Hello! My name is Jessica [[User:Ouvrard|Ouvrard]] ([[User talk:Ouvrard|talk]]) and I am a librarian working at [[Library and Archives Canada]] as a manager in the Online Content team of the Public Services Branch. I have been an inactive member of Wikipedia since 2006, but I am now joining the Wikipedia community in a more official capacity and hope to contribute more as the [[Wikipedian in Residence]] at Library and Archives Canada to various Wikipedia initiatives through the [[Wikipedia:GLAM/Library_and_Archives_Canada_BAC-LAC|Library and Archives Canada GLAM]] page.

=== Conflict of Interest Statement ===
I, [[User:Ouvrard]], am an employee of [[Library and Archives Canada]] (LAC), a cultural institution per [[WP:GLAM]]. I accept the editing conditions specified at that page. I will not make any edits that would not be beneficial to the goals of Wikipedia.

My main activities will focus on the following areas:
* Updating project pages related to the [[Wikipedia:GLAM/Library and Archives Canada BAC-LAC|LAC GLAM pages]].
* Adding material to the Wikimedia Commons and/or WikiSource.
* Compiling lists of resources - photographic or textual - that could be digitized during scanathons to strengthen stub or missing articles on Canadian topics.

This list is probably incomplete and will change as the role is new and evolving within the institution.

Should my activities conflict with Wikipedia's stated practices on neutrality, notability or conflict of interest, I will change my editing behaviour accordingly and I encourage others to reach out to discus these with me through my talk page.
[[User:Ouvrard|Ouvrard]] ([[User talk:Ouvrard|talk]]) 20:26, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/September 2019 Backlog Banzai

2019-08-28T13:10:45Z

Ouvrard: /* Points table */

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Tab header}}
{{WPMILHIST Navigation}} __FORCETOC__

The '''September 2019 Backlog Banzai''' is a month-long edit-a-thon, which will run from 00:01 UTC on 1 September through to 23:59 UTC on 30 September 2019. The drive is open to all Wikipedians, not just members of the Military history project; however, only work on articles/pages that fall (broadly) within the military history scope will be considered eligible for editors wishing to claim points as part of the drive.

This year, the Military history project would again like to extend a specific welcome to members of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red]], and we would like to encourage all participants to consider working on helping to improve our coverage of women in the military, although this is not the sole focus of the edit-a-thon and there are aspects that hopefully will appeal to pretty much everyone.

== About the drive ==
Backlog Banzai is a four-week effort. It has been designed with the intent to allow members with a broad range of interests and skills to participate. This year the drive is focused on the following areas:
* tagging article and non-article talk pages that fall within the project's scope, including adding articles to MILHIST task force
* assessing articles that fall within the project's scope, including Good Article nominations
* updating the open tasks template on Milhist task force pages (e.g. [[Template:WPMILHIST Announcements/Japanese military history]])
* adding or improving listed resources on Milhist's [[:Category:WikiProject Military history task forces|task force]] pages (e.g. [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/African military history task force]])
* creating articles that are listed as "requested" on the project's various task force pages or other lists of missing articles.

More specific notes about what these entail can be found below.

=== Scoring ===
You will receive points for each article/page you work on, based on the schedule listed below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Serial
! Aspect/Category
! Points
|-
|1
| Tagging an article or non-article talk page for Milhist{{#tag:ref|This refers to adding the Milhist project's banner – {{tl|WPMILHIST}} – to the talk page, not to adding maintenance tags to articles.|group=Note}}
| 1 point
|-
|2
| Adding MILHIST task force(s) to an article or non-article talk page{{#tag:ref|If an article is already assigned to a task force, a point can still be claimed if a new (relevant) task force is added.|group=Note}}
| 1 point
|-
|3
| Assessing an article against the Milhist [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Assessment/B-Class|B-class criteria]]{{#tag:ref|To claim points for this, all aspects of the checklist must be completed for articles assessed as being Start/List, C-class or B-class. Stub-class assessments are also eligible to be claimed.|group=Note}}
| 5 points
|-
|4
| Assessing a Milhist article against the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]]{{#tag:ref|To claim points for this, the Good Article nomination must be reviewed against all of the criteria and either passed or failed.|group=Note}}
| 10 points
|-
|5
| Updating the open tasks template on Milhist task forces{{#tag:ref|This includes identifying requested articles, or articles that need clean up, citations, images or expansion. It can also include removing items that no longer need attention (e.g. a requested article that has since been created, or expanded, etc.) Please note, an editor can only claim points once per task force page, regardless of how many edits are made; however, to promote collaboration, multiple editors can claim points for updating the same task force page.|group=Note}}
| 5 points
|-
|6
| Updating or adding resources to a Milhist task force page{{#tag:ref|Each Milhist task force includes a list of resources that interested editors might find useful for improving articles within that task force's scope. Not all task forces have well developed lists so it would be a big help for editors to help expand these. These could include websites, books, journals, templates etc. For example, there is a relatively well developed list of resources at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Australia, New Zealand and South Pacific military history task force]], but other task forces such as [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/African military history task force]] lack this treatment. Please note, an editor can only claim points once per task force page, regardless of how many edits are made. |group=Note}}
| 10 points
|-
|7
| Creating a requested article{{#tag:ref|Some example lists are provided below, but please be aware that these are not exclusive, as the goal is to encourage as much participation as possible so the definition of a "requested" article should be construed broadly, i.e. if there is a redlink somewhere, it is eligible so long as the article topic is notable and can be reliably sourced. Draft-space articles that are improved and then published in article-space are eligible to be claimed in this category. Conversely, though, the improvement of stub-class articles (or other articles that already exist in article space prior to the start of the contest) will not attract for points in this contest, although editors are encouraged to enter such contributions in the monthly [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Contest|Milhist writers' contest]]. |group=Note}}
| 25 points / 50 points {{#tag:ref|If a requested article is created in the drive period and achieves a B class or higher assessment (also in the drive period), 25 bonus points will be awarded, bringing the total to 50 points for a given article.|group=Note}}
|-
|}

Points can be claimed for multiple aspects for the same article. For instance, adding a project banner and a task force to the talk page will result in two points being awarded. Additionally, if a project banner and task force are added to an article's talk page, and the article is assessed by the same editor, 7 points will be awarded to that editor. The same applies for all other aspects/categories.

As collaboration is a key part of our project, where an article or page has been improved by more than one editor, all editors are entitled to claim points as part of the drive. It is expected, though, that editors will display fair dealing in how they claim points.

'''Please note''': It is important that all new articles created as part of this edit-a-thon comply with the site's referencing and notability requirements per [[WP:V]] and [[WP:GNG]]. As such, to be eligible for points, any created article must be well-referenced. Spot checks will be carried out by project co-ordinators before finalising points at the end of the month, and ineligible articles will be discounted.

'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==Useful links==

'''Tagging and assessing''': The following links can be followed to find articles to tag and assess:
* [[:Category:Unassessed military history articles|Unassessed military history articles]]
* [[WP:MHA|Requests for assessment of military history articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/New articles|New military history articles]]
* [[:Category:Military history articles with incomplete B-Class checklists|Military history articles with incomplete B-class checklists]]
* [[:Category:Military history articles with missing B-Class checklists|Military history articles with missing B-Class checklists]]
* [[:Wikipedia:Good article nominations/Topic lists/Warfare|Military history Good article nominations]]

'''Adding task forces''': In regards to adding task forces, it is important to note that some of our task forces are underpopulated. For instance, [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Military logistics and medicine task force]]. As this is a relatively new task force, many articles that fall within its scope are currently listed in different task forces. Editors can help out by searching other task forces for logistics or medical related topics (or any other relevant topics for that matter), and adding the new task force to these articles.
* [[:Category:Military history articles with no associated task force|Military history articles with no associated task force]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject Military history task forces]]

'''Updating task force open task lists''':
* [[:Category:WikiProject Military history announcement templates]]

'''Updating task force resources''': The following links can be used to find task force pages to update resources:
* [[:Category:WikiProject Military history task forces]]

'''Requested articles''': The following links can be followed to find requested articles:
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Military]] (list of requested articles relating to women in the military)
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Missing articles by occupation/Military]] (Wikidata sourced list of missing biographies of women in the military)
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Open tasks|Milhist articles to be created]] (individual task-force specific lists of requested articles can be found through this link)
* [[:Category:Draft-Class military history articles|Draft-Class military history articles]] (if a draft-class article is improved and published it can be claimed as part of this drive)
* [[Wikipedia:Requested articles/Social sciences/Military and military history]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Military Units|Missing topics about military units]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Military and Warfare|Missing topics about military and warfare]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Military History|Missing topics about military history]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Vehicles|Missing topics about vehicles (including aircraft, ground vehicles, ships etc)]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Weaponry|Missing topics about weaponry]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about World War Two|Missing topics about World War II]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Espionage|Missing topics about espionage]]
* [[User:Kges1901/Missing topics about Russian, Soviet, and CIS Military History|Missing topics about Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history]]

'''Relevant guidelines''': The following links may be helpful for writing articles that fall within Milhist's scope:
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Content guide]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Notability guide]]

== Awards ==
As a token of our appreciation for your efforts, the coordinators will be presenting service awards and barnstars based on the number of articles or pages you improve. The awards will not be cumulative, though, rather each participant will qualify for a single award based on the total number of points they accumulate.

<center><gallery widths="65px" perrow="4">
Image:Wiki-stripe1.svg|<center>One Stripe (25 points)</center>
Image:Wiki-stripe2.svg|<center>Two Stripes (100 points)</center>
Image:Wiki-stripe3.svg|<center>Three Stripes (250 points)</center>
Image:WikiChevrons.svg|<center>WikiChevrons (500 points)</center>
Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar.gif|<center>Tireless Contributor Barnstar (750 points)</center>
Image:Working_Man's_Barnstar.png|<center>Working Wikipedian's Barnstar (1,000 points)</center>
Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|<center>Barnstar of Diligence (1,250 points)</center>
Image:WikiprojectBarnstar.png|<center>WikiProject Barnstar (1,500 points +)</center>
</gallery></center>

To add a bit of friendly competition, the three editors who earn the most points by 30 September 2019 will be awarded bronze, silver and gold wikis. These will be in addition to the barnstars above.

<center><gallery widths="65px" perrow="3">
Image:Bronzewiki_2.png|<center>Third place overall</center>
Image:Silverwiki_2.png|<center>Second place overall</center>
Image:Goldenwiki_2.png|<center>First place overall</center>
</gallery></center>

The coordinators will post awards to your talk page within a few days of the end of the drive once entries have been checked and scores tallied.

== How to participate ==
To take part in the drive, please add your name to the list of participants and the points table below. Then, in alphabetical order, please create a new worklist section for yourself on the worklist page, here: [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/September 2019 Backlog Banzai/Worklists]].

Now you can begin working on articles in the categories listed above. For each article:
# Fix the listed problem by editing the article or its talkpage, or
# Create your article, then
# List the article under the appropriate category in your worklist section
# For any new article that is created, editors are encouraged to list the article for independent assessment at [[WP:MHA]]

Questions about the drive can be asked on the talk page [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history/September 2019 Backlog Banzai|here]]. In the first instance, please use the <nowiki>{{@MILHIST}}</nowiki> notification to gain a co-ordinator's attention.

== Participants ==
To sign up, please add your sig block on a new line below (in alphabetical order):
#[[User:Arius1998|Arius1998]] ([[User talk:Arius1998|talk]]) 15:18, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Arthurcurrie|Arthurcurrie]] ([[User talk:Arthurcurrie|talk]])
#[[User:AustralianRupert|AustralianRupert]] ([[User talk:AustralianRupert|talk]]) 03:33, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:AyodeleA1|AyodeleA1]] ([[User talk:AyodeleA1|talk]]) 17:48, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Catlemur|Catlemur]] ([[User talk:Catlemur|talk]]) 21:56, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Cthomas3|'''''CThomas3''''']] ([[User talk:Cthomas3|talk]]) 13:04, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:DiplomatTesterMan|DiplomatTesterMan]] ([[User talk:DiplomatTesterMan|talk]]) 08:22, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Dumelow|Dumelow]] ([[User talk:Dumelow|talk]]) 07:20, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Eddie891|Eddie891]] '' [[User talk:Eddie891|Talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Eddie891|Work]]'' 10:30, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:G._Moore|G. Moore]] ([[User talk:G._Moore|talk]]) 12:43, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:GELongstreet|GELongstreet]] ([[User talk:GELongstreet|talk]]) 09:20, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:GenQuest|GenQuest]] [[User talk:GenQuest|"Talk to Me"]] 09:12, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild|talk]]) 19:05, 9 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Harrias|Harrias]] [[User_talk:Harrias|talk]] 12:00, 28 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Lineagegeek|Lineagegeek]] ([[User talk:Lineagegeek|talk]])
#[[User:Molestash|Molestash]] ([[User talk:Molestash|talk]])
#[[User:Ouvrard|Ouvrard]] ([[User talk:Ouvrard|talk]])
#[[User:Peacemaker67|Peacemaker67]] ([[User_talk:Peacemaker67|click to talk to me]]) 02:11, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Penny Richards|Penny Richards]] ([[User talk:Penny Richards|talk]]) 17:59, 18 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Petebutt|Petebutt]] ([[User talk:Petebutt|talk]]) 15:04, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Rosiestep|Rosiestep]] ([[User talk:Rosiestep|talk]]) 13:25, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Ryan.opel|Ryan.opel]] ([[User talk:Ryan.opel|talk]]) 21:54, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Skjoldbro|Skjoldbro]] ([[User talk:Skjoldbro|talk]]) 13:54, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Sturmvogel 66|Sturmvogel 66]] ([[User talk:Sturmvogel 66|talk]]) 03:30, 25 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Vami_IV|♠Vami]][[User talk:Vami_IV|_IV†♠]] 19:14, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Векочел|Векочел]] ([[User talk:Векочел|talk]]) 08:36, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Wegates|Wegates]] ([[User talk:Wegates|talk]]) 17:34, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

==Points table==
'''Please note''': Participants: please do not edit this table during the drive, other than to add a new line for your name (please add them in alphabetical order). The points will be tallied and added to the table by the Milhist co-ord that closes the drive at the end of the month.
{|cellpadding=8 cellspacing=5 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse;" class="sortable"
|-
!Username !! Points !! Placing !! Entitlement !! Awarded
|-
| Arius1998 || || || ||
|-
| Arthurcurrie || || || ||
|-
| AustralianRupert || || || ||
|-
| AyodeleA1 || || || ||
|-
| Catlemur || || || ||
|-
| Cthomas3 || || || ||
|-
| DiplomatTesterMan || || || ||
|-
| Dumelow || || || ||
|-
| Eddie891 || || || ||
|-
| G. Moore || || || ||
|-
| GELongstreet || || || ||
|-
| GenQuest || || || ||
|-
| Gog the Mild || || || ||
|-
| Lineagegeek || || || ||
|-
| Molestash || || || ||
|-
| Ouvrard || || || ||
|-
| Peacemaker67 || || || ||
|-
| Penny Richards || || || ||
|-
| Petebutt || || || ||
|-
| Rosiestep || || || ||
|-
| Ryan.opel || || || ||
|-
| Skjoldbro || || || ||
|-
|Sturmvogel_66 || || || ||
|-
| Vami_IV || || || ||
|-
| Векочел || || || ||
|-
| Wegates || || || ||
|}
[[Category:WikiProject Military history backlog reduction drives|2019]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/September 2019 Backlog Banzai

2019-08-28T13:09:52Z

Ouvrard: /* Participants */

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Tab header}}
{{WPMILHIST Navigation}} __FORCETOC__

The '''September 2019 Backlog Banzai''' is a month-long edit-a-thon, which will run from 00:01 UTC on 1 September through to 23:59 UTC on 30 September 2019. The drive is open to all Wikipedians, not just members of the Military history project; however, only work on articles/pages that fall (broadly) within the military history scope will be considered eligible for editors wishing to claim points as part of the drive.

This year, the Military history project would again like to extend a specific welcome to members of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red]], and we would like to encourage all participants to consider working on helping to improve our coverage of women in the military, although this is not the sole focus of the edit-a-thon and there are aspects that hopefully will appeal to pretty much everyone.

== About the drive ==
Backlog Banzai is a four-week effort. It has been designed with the intent to allow members with a broad range of interests and skills to participate. This year the drive is focused on the following areas:
* tagging article and non-article talk pages that fall within the project's scope, including adding articles to MILHIST task force
* assessing articles that fall within the project's scope, including Good Article nominations
* updating the open tasks template on Milhist task force pages (e.g. [[Template:WPMILHIST Announcements/Japanese military history]])
* adding or improving listed resources on Milhist's [[:Category:WikiProject Military history task forces|task force]] pages (e.g. [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/African military history task force]])
* creating articles that are listed as "requested" on the project's various task force pages or other lists of missing articles.

More specific notes about what these entail can be found below.

=== Scoring ===
You will receive points for each article/page you work on, based on the schedule listed below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Serial
! Aspect/Category
! Points
|-
|1
| Tagging an article or non-article talk page for Milhist{{#tag:ref|This refers to adding the Milhist project's banner – {{tl|WPMILHIST}} – to the talk page, not to adding maintenance tags to articles.|group=Note}}
| 1 point
|-
|2
| Adding MILHIST task force(s) to an article or non-article talk page{{#tag:ref|If an article is already assigned to a task force, a point can still be claimed if a new (relevant) task force is added.|group=Note}}
| 1 point
|-
|3
| Assessing an article against the Milhist [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Assessment/B-Class|B-class criteria]]{{#tag:ref|To claim points for this, all aspects of the checklist must be completed for articles assessed as being Start/List, C-class or B-class. Stub-class assessments are also eligible to be claimed.|group=Note}}
| 5 points
|-
|4
| Assessing a Milhist article against the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]]{{#tag:ref|To claim points for this, the Good Article nomination must be reviewed against all of the criteria and either passed or failed.|group=Note}}
| 10 points
|-
|5
| Updating the open tasks template on Milhist task forces{{#tag:ref|This includes identifying requested articles, or articles that need clean up, citations, images or expansion. It can also include removing items that no longer need attention (e.g. a requested article that has since been created, or expanded, etc.) Please note, an editor can only claim points once per task force page, regardless of how many edits are made; however, to promote collaboration, multiple editors can claim points for updating the same task force page.|group=Note}}
| 5 points
|-
|6
| Updating or adding resources to a Milhist task force page{{#tag:ref|Each Milhist task force includes a list of resources that interested editors might find useful for improving articles within that task force's scope. Not all task forces have well developed lists so it would be a big help for editors to help expand these. These could include websites, books, journals, templates etc. For example, there is a relatively well developed list of resources at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Australia, New Zealand and South Pacific military history task force]], but other task forces such as [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/African military history task force]] lack this treatment. Please note, an editor can only claim points once per task force page, regardless of how many edits are made. |group=Note}}
| 10 points
|-
|7
| Creating a requested article{{#tag:ref|Some example lists are provided below, but please be aware that these are not exclusive, as the goal is to encourage as much participation as possible so the definition of a "requested" article should be construed broadly, i.e. if there is a redlink somewhere, it is eligible so long as the article topic is notable and can be reliably sourced. Draft-space articles that are improved and then published in article-space are eligible to be claimed in this category. Conversely, though, the improvement of stub-class articles (or other articles that already exist in article space prior to the start of the contest) will not attract for points in this contest, although editors are encouraged to enter such contributions in the monthly [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Contest|Milhist writers' contest]]. |group=Note}}
| 25 points / 50 points {{#tag:ref|If a requested article is created in the drive period and achieves a B class or higher assessment (also in the drive period), 25 bonus points will be awarded, bringing the total to 50 points for a given article.|group=Note}}
|-
|}

Points can be claimed for multiple aspects for the same article. For instance, adding a project banner and a task force to the talk page will result in two points being awarded. Additionally, if a project banner and task force are added to an article's talk page, and the article is assessed by the same editor, 7 points will be awarded to that editor. The same applies for all other aspects/categories.

As collaboration is a key part of our project, where an article or page has been improved by more than one editor, all editors are entitled to claim points as part of the drive. It is expected, though, that editors will display fair dealing in how they claim points.

'''Please note''': It is important that all new articles created as part of this edit-a-thon comply with the site's referencing and notability requirements per [[WP:V]] and [[WP:GNG]]. As such, to be eligible for points, any created article must be well-referenced. Spot checks will be carried out by project co-ordinators before finalising points at the end of the month, and ineligible articles will be discounted.

'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==Useful links==

'''Tagging and assessing''': The following links can be followed to find articles to tag and assess:
* [[:Category:Unassessed military history articles|Unassessed military history articles]]
* [[WP:MHA|Requests for assessment of military history articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/New articles|New military history articles]]
* [[:Category:Military history articles with incomplete B-Class checklists|Military history articles with incomplete B-class checklists]]
* [[:Category:Military history articles with missing B-Class checklists|Military history articles with missing B-Class checklists]]
* [[:Wikipedia:Good article nominations/Topic lists/Warfare|Military history Good article nominations]]

'''Adding task forces''': In regards to adding task forces, it is important to note that some of our task forces are underpopulated. For instance, [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Military logistics and medicine task force]]. As this is a relatively new task force, many articles that fall within its scope are currently listed in different task forces. Editors can help out by searching other task forces for logistics or medical related topics (or any other relevant topics for that matter), and adding the new task force to these articles.
* [[:Category:Military history articles with no associated task force|Military history articles with no associated task force]]
* [[:Category:WikiProject Military history task forces]]

'''Updating task force open task lists''':
* [[:Category:WikiProject Military history announcement templates]]

'''Updating task force resources''': The following links can be used to find task force pages to update resources:
* [[:Category:WikiProject Military history task forces]]

'''Requested articles''': The following links can be followed to find requested articles:
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Military]] (list of requested articles relating to women in the military)
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Missing articles by occupation/Military]] (Wikidata sourced list of missing biographies of women in the military)
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Open tasks|Milhist articles to be created]] (individual task-force specific lists of requested articles can be found through this link)
* [[:Category:Draft-Class military history articles|Draft-Class military history articles]] (if a draft-class article is improved and published it can be claimed as part of this drive)
* [[Wikipedia:Requested articles/Social sciences/Military and military history]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Military Units|Missing topics about military units]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Military and Warfare|Missing topics about military and warfare]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Military History|Missing topics about military history]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Vehicles|Missing topics about vehicles (including aircraft, ground vehicles, ships etc)]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Weaponry|Missing topics about weaponry]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about World War Two|Missing topics about World War II]]
* [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Espionage|Missing topics about espionage]]
* [[User:Kges1901/Missing topics about Russian, Soviet, and CIS Military History|Missing topics about Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history]]

'''Relevant guidelines''': The following links may be helpful for writing articles that fall within Milhist's scope:
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Content guide]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Notability guide]]

== Awards ==
As a token of our appreciation for your efforts, the coordinators will be presenting service awards and barnstars based on the number of articles or pages you improve. The awards will not be cumulative, though, rather each participant will qualify for a single award based on the total number of points they accumulate.

<center><gallery widths="65px" perrow="4">
Image:Wiki-stripe1.svg|<center>One Stripe (25 points)</center>
Image:Wiki-stripe2.svg|<center>Two Stripes (100 points)</center>
Image:Wiki-stripe3.svg|<center>Three Stripes (250 points)</center>
Image:WikiChevrons.svg|<center>WikiChevrons (500 points)</center>
Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar.gif|<center>Tireless Contributor Barnstar (750 points)</center>
Image:Working_Man's_Barnstar.png|<center>Working Wikipedian's Barnstar (1,000 points)</center>
Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|<center>Barnstar of Diligence (1,250 points)</center>
Image:WikiprojectBarnstar.png|<center>WikiProject Barnstar (1,500 points +)</center>
</gallery></center>

To add a bit of friendly competition, the three editors who earn the most points by 30 September 2019 will be awarded bronze, silver and gold wikis. These will be in addition to the barnstars above.

<center><gallery widths="65px" perrow="3">
Image:Bronzewiki_2.png|<center>Third place overall</center>
Image:Silverwiki_2.png|<center>Second place overall</center>
Image:Goldenwiki_2.png|<center>First place overall</center>
</gallery></center>

The coordinators will post awards to your talk page within a few days of the end of the drive once entries have been checked and scores tallied.

== How to participate ==
To take part in the drive, please add your name to the list of participants and the points table below. Then, in alphabetical order, please create a new worklist section for yourself on the worklist page, here: [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/September 2019 Backlog Banzai/Worklists]].

Now you can begin working on articles in the categories listed above. For each article:
# Fix the listed problem by editing the article or its talkpage, or
# Create your article, then
# List the article under the appropriate category in your worklist section
# For any new article that is created, editors are encouraged to list the article for independent assessment at [[WP:MHA]]

Questions about the drive can be asked on the talk page [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history/September 2019 Backlog Banzai|here]]. In the first instance, please use the <nowiki>{{@MILHIST}}</nowiki> notification to gain a co-ordinator's attention.

== Participants ==
To sign up, please add your sig block on a new line below (in alphabetical order):
#[[User:Arius1998|Arius1998]] ([[User talk:Arius1998|talk]]) 15:18, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Arthurcurrie|Arthurcurrie]] ([[User talk:Arthurcurrie|talk]])
#[[User:AustralianRupert|AustralianRupert]] ([[User talk:AustralianRupert|talk]]) 03:33, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:AyodeleA1|AyodeleA1]] ([[User talk:AyodeleA1|talk]]) 17:48, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Catlemur|Catlemur]] ([[User talk:Catlemur|talk]]) 21:56, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Cthomas3|'''''CThomas3''''']] ([[User talk:Cthomas3|talk]]) 13:04, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:DiplomatTesterMan|DiplomatTesterMan]] ([[User talk:DiplomatTesterMan|talk]]) 08:22, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Dumelow|Dumelow]] ([[User talk:Dumelow|talk]]) 07:20, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Eddie891|Eddie891]] '' [[User talk:Eddie891|Talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Eddie891|Work]]'' 10:30, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:G._Moore|G. Moore]] ([[User talk:G._Moore|talk]]) 12:43, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:GELongstreet|GELongstreet]] ([[User talk:GELongstreet|talk]]) 09:20, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:GenQuest|GenQuest]] [[User talk:GenQuest|"Talk to Me"]] 09:12, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild|talk]]) 19:05, 9 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Harrias|Harrias]] [[User_talk:Harrias|talk]] 12:00, 28 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Lineagegeek|Lineagegeek]] ([[User talk:Lineagegeek|talk]])
#[[User:Molestash|Molestash]] ([[User talk:Molestash|talk]])
#[[User:Ouvrard|Ouvrard]] ([[User talk:Ouvrard|talk]])
#[[User:Peacemaker67|Peacemaker67]] ([[User_talk:Peacemaker67|click to talk to me]]) 02:11, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Penny Richards|Penny Richards]] ([[User talk:Penny Richards|talk]]) 17:59, 18 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Petebutt|Petebutt]] ([[User talk:Petebutt|talk]]) 15:04, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Rosiestep|Rosiestep]] ([[User talk:Rosiestep|talk]]) 13:25, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Ryan.opel|Ryan.opel]] ([[User talk:Ryan.opel|talk]]) 21:54, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Skjoldbro|Skjoldbro]] ([[User talk:Skjoldbro|talk]]) 13:54, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Sturmvogel 66|Sturmvogel 66]] ([[User talk:Sturmvogel 66|talk]]) 03:30, 25 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Vami_IV|♠Vami]][[User talk:Vami_IV|_IV†♠]] 19:14, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Векочел|Векочел]] ([[User talk:Векочел|talk]]) 08:36, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
#[[User:Wegates|Wegates]] ([[User talk:Wegates|talk]]) 17:34, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

==Points table==
'''Please note''': Participants: please do not edit this table during the drive, other than to add a new line for your name (please add them in alphabetical order). The points will be tallied and added to the table by the Milhist co-ord that closes the drive at the end of the month.
{|cellpadding=8 cellspacing=5 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse;" class="sortable"
|-
!Username !! Points !! Placing !! Entitlement !! Awarded
|-
| Arius1998 || || || ||
|-
| Arthurcurrie || || || ||
|-
| AustralianRupert || || || ||
|-
| AyodeleA1 || || || ||
|-
| Catlemur || || || ||
|-
| Cthomas3 || || || ||
|-
| DiplomatTesterMan || || || ||
|-
| Dumelow || || || ||
|-
| Eddie891 || || || ||
|-
| G. Moore || || || ||
|-
| GELongstreet || || || ||
|-
| GenQuest || || || ||
|-
| Gog the Mild || || || ||
|-
| Lineagegeek || || || ||
|-
| Molestash || || || ||
|-
| Peacemaker67 || || || ||
|-
| Penny Richards || || || ||
|-
| Petebutt || || || ||
|-
| Rosiestep || || || ||
|-
| Ryan.opel || || || ||
|-
| Skjoldbro || || || ||
|-
|Sturmvogel_66 || || || ||
|-
| Vami_IV || || || ||
|-
| Векочел || || || ||
|-
| Wegates || || || ||
|}
[[Category:WikiProject Military history backlog reduction drives|2019]]

Talk:Library and Archives Canada

2019-08-19T13:54:20Z

Ouvrard: request for updating the page.

Wikipedia:WikiProject Organizations/Members

2019-08-02T15:54:09Z

Ouvrard:

<noinclude>
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Organizations/Navigation}}
[[Category:WikiProject Organizations members| ]]
</noinclude>

# {{User|389melanie}}
# {{User|Tiseptiko}}
# {{User|AerobicFox}} Charities, nonprofits, etc
# {{User|Aescopalus}}
# {{User|Adrian_wch}}
# {{User|ArcyQwerty}}
# '''{{User|Arsenikk}}'''
# '''{{User|Asher Heimermann}}'''
# '''{{User|Brz7}}'''
# {{User|Captain armenia}}
# '''{{User|Chris}}'''
# '''{{User|Chrisabraham}}''' Online and social media advocate.
# {{User|Cpaukstis}} (motorcyclist groups, food-oriented social groups, WetLeather)
# {{User|ClaudeReigns}} (religious and psych non-profits, and web corps)
# {{User|Daoken}} (International Law, International Humanitarian Orgs, International Aid Orgs, Int assistance and coop)
# {{User|Diptanshu.D}}
# {{User|Firebladed}}
# '''{{User|FMateos}}''' (Spanish Organisations)
# {{User|Gabez}}
# {{User|GerlachBP}}
# {{user|Girmitya}}
# {{User|Heinin}}
# {{User|Herman.racheld}} Commission on English Language Program Accreditation
# {{User|Hroðulf}} (or Hrothulf)
# {{User|HughD}}
# {{user|Impavidus}} (european education)
# {{User|Iopensa}} Non profit organizations, cultural organizations and grant-makers (foundations)
# {{User|JayJasper}}, Political and economic organizations.
# {{User|Jaulgur}}, Nonprofit organizations, Northern Triangle Civil Society, emerging nonprofits
# {{User|JoelGlennWright}}
# {{User|JohKar}}
# {{User|Johnwegl}} (Musical Organizations)
# {{User|JoyceADJ}} (International Organisations)
# {{User|Jpbowen}} [[:Category:Museums|museums]], educational organizations, professional organizations, clubs and societies
# {{User|Juristicweb}}
# {{User|Jusdafax}} Recently on [[VoteToImpeach]] but interested in others
# {{User|Kayceeho}} Rice University student, non profit organizations that work on [[Diseases of poverty]]
# {{User|Knowzilla}}
# {{User|Lantuszka}} youth organizations, memory preservation organizations, faith-based organizations, cultural organizations etc
# {{User|Lgriffin92}} Sex workers' rights organizations
# {{User|Librarian2}} International affairs, Humanitarian Organizations, Conventions and Documentation
# {{User|Lquilter}} (yikes - just trying to get a systematic approach in the overall category structure)
# {{User|Manalawik}}
# {{User|Masonpatriot}}
# {{User|Mmaguire}} (health organisations, organisational behaviour, European organisations)
# {{User|MsCitizen}} (educational organizations, organizational behavior)
# {{User|Northamerica1000}} 15:52, 27 September 2014 (UTC)
# {{User|Ohiohistorygeek}} Historical & bibliophilic
# {{User|Oldsoul}} (Organizational theory, digital democracy, politics, current events, and live theatre)
# {{User|Ozguvec}} (OIC Institutions)
# {{User|Paul W}} (UK construction-related organisations)
# {{User|Plastics Woman}} (Plastics, non-profit management, sales and marketing)
# {{User|Pmatriashram}} [[:Category:Non-profit organizations]] and [[:Category:Charities]]
# {{User|Problemsmith}} (IOs, INGOs, and Benign Non-State Actors) [[:Category:International organizations]]
# {{User|Ras Benjih}} [[outreach:Student Organizations/South africa|Student Organizations South Africa]]
# {{User|RayWyman}} Health and Education
# {{User|RockMagnetist}} Geoscience organizations
# {{User|Rutajuoz}} Charity organizations that work with women and children
# {{User|Sahu}}
# {{User|Samsujata}} Nonprofits, organizations and Charities
# {{User|Scarykitty}} frustrated with diffusion and overlap of [[:Category:Non-governmental organizations]], [[:Category:Non-profit organizations]] and [[:Category:Charities]], but also [[:Category:Civic and political organizations]]
# {{User|SDreamer}} [[:Category:Non-profit organizations]] and [[:Category:Charities]]
# {{User|Sean}}
# {{User|Shruti14}} various organizations
# {{User|Stefanjcarney}} (political organizations)
# {{User|StephenWeber}} started working on diffusing [[:Category:Non-profit organizations based in the United States]]
# {{User|SueHay}}
# {{User|SustainableOrganics}} Environmental, circular economy, sustainability
# [[User|Tachs]] India related organizations
# {{User|Theceibatree}}AQ
# {{User|TheDebater}}
# {{User|Tweety21}}
# {{User|TommyBoy}}, politics and government-related organizations
# {{User|Twistie.man}} Service organizations, Volunteer Organizations and Not-for-profits.
# {{User|Two-face Jackie}} Political parties around the world, religious organizations.
# {{User|Uncalum}}
# {{User|Varnent}} ([[LGBT]] and other progressive organizations)
# {{User|Wolframald}} (organizations in East Palo Alto, garden based learning organizations, food system change organizations)
# {{User|Xiaomao8788}}
# {{User|ZAAS}} Internationally Recognized Registered UK Barnd
# {{User|ZAE88}} International NGOs
# {{User|Zithan}}
# {{User|Captgs}} [[All_India_Confederation_of_SC/ST_Organizations|All India Confederation of SC/ST Organizations]]
# {{User|Gpeja}} non-profit and professional organizations
# {{User|QuasiPerlach}} youth organizations
# {{User|Milano15}}
# {{User|Upstatelee18}} computing, law
# [[User:Harry Boardman|Harry Boardman]] ([[User talk:Harry Boardman|talk]]) 16:18, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
# {{User|Riv3nHaert}}
# {{User|Mlee965}}
# {{User|Bondwang}}
# {{User|Ouvrard}}

Brian Walton (bishop)

2019-01-02T19:19:48Z

Ouvrard: /* Polyglot Bible */ added the cost of the subscription

{{lead too short|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox clergy
| image = BrianWalton.jpg
| birth_date = {{BirthDeathAge|B|1600|||1661|11|29|yes}}
| birth_place = Seymour, Yorkshire
| death_date = {{BirthDeathAge||1600|||1661|11|29|yes}}
| alma_mater = Cambridge
| occupation = Priest, scholar
| nationality = [[English people|English]]
| religion = Anglican
| notablework =
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|Anne Claxton|Jane Fuller}}
}}

{{Portal|Anglicanism}}
'''Brian Walton''' (1600{{snd}}29 November 1661) was an [[England|English]] priest, [[Anglicanism#Anglican divines|divine]] and scholar.

==Life==
He was born at Seymour, in the district of Cleveland, [[Yorkshire]]. His early education was at the [[Royal Grammar School, Newcastle|Newcastle Royal Free Grammar School]].<ref>[http://www.seaham.i12.com/myers/m-walton.html] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127114229/http://www.seaham.i12.com/myers/m-walton.html |date=27 January 2016 }}</ref> He went up to Cambridge as a [[sizar]] of [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene College]] in 1616, migrated to [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]] in 1618, was bachelor in 1619 and master of arts in 1623.<ref>{{acad|id=WLTN616B|name=Walton, Brian}}</ref> After holding a school mastership at Suffolk and two curacies (the second as curate of All-hallows, Bread Street), he was made [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of [[St Martin's Ongar]] in London, and of Sandon, in Essex, in 1626. At St Martin's Ongar he took a leading part in the contest between the London clergy and the citizens about the city tithes, and compiled a treatise on the subject, which is printed in [[Brewster (disambiguation)|Brewster]]'s ''Collectanea'' (1752). His conduct in this matter displayed his ability, but his zeal for the exaction of ecclesiastical dues was remembered in 1641 in the articles brought against him in parliament, which appear to have led to the sequestration of his very considerable preferments.{{efn|He was from January 1635–1636 rector of [[Sandon, Essex|Sandon]], in Essex, where his first wife, Anne Claxton, is buried. He appears to have also been a prebendary of [[Old St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's]], and for a very short time he had held the rectory of [[St Giles in the Fields]].}} He was also charged with Popish practices, but on frivolous grounds, and with aspersing the members of parliament for the city.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Walton, Brian|volume=28|page=300}} Endnotes:
* Henry J. Todd, ''Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Walton'' (London, 1821), in 2 vols., of which the second contains a reprint of Walton's answer to Owen
* M'Clintock, John, and James Strong, "Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature" (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1880).</ref>

In 1642 he was ordered into custody as a delinquent; thereafter he took refuge in Oxford, and ultimately returned to London to the house of [[William Fuller (dean)|William Fuller]] (1580?-1659), [[dean of Ely]], whose daughter Jane was his second wife. In this retirement he gave himself to Oriental studies and carried through his great work, a [[Polyglot (book)|Polyglot]] Bible which should be completer, cheaper and provided with a better critical apparatus than any previous work of the kind.

He was buried in [[Old St Paul's Cathedral]] in [[London]], but the grave and monument were destroyed in the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1666. His name appears on a modern monument in the crypt, listing important graves lost in the fire.{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}

==''Polyglot Bible''==

The proposals for the ''Polyglot'' appeared in 1652. The book itself came out in six great folios. The first volume appeared in September 1654; the second in July 1655; the third in July 1656; and the last three in 1657. Nine languages are used: [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Chaldee]], [[Samaritan]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Ethiopic]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]]. Among his collaborators were [[James Ussher]], [[John Lightfoot]] and [[Edward Pococke]], [[Edmund Castell]], [[Abraham Wheelocke]] and [[Patrick Young]], [[Thomas Hyde]] and [[Thomas Greaves (orientalist)|Thomas Greaves]]. The great undertaking was the first in England supported by subscription - £50 each. Walton's political opinions did not deprive him of the help of the Commonwealth; the paper used was freed from duty, and the interest of [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]] in the work was acknowledged in the original preface, part of which was afterwards cancelled to make way for more loyal expressions towards that restored monarchy under which Oriental studies in England immediately began to languish. Two versions of the work, one dedicated to Cromwell, and the other known as the "Loyal" one<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediscoverblog.com/2015/02/19/from-the-lowy-room-the-magnificent-1657-walton-polyglot-bible/|title=From the Lowy Room: the magnificient 1657 Walton Polyglot Bible|last=|first=|date=19/02/2015|website=Library and Archives Canada Blog|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. To Walton himself, however, the Restoration brought no disappointment: he was consecrated bishop of [[Chester]] in December 1660. In the following spring he was one of the commissioners at the [[Savoy Conference]], but took little part in the business. In the autumn of 1661 he paid a short visit to his diocese, and returning to London he died.<ref name="EB1911"/>

According to an assessment in Chisholm (1911):
{{quote|However much Walton was indebted to his helpers, the Polyglot Bible is a great monument of industry and of capacity for directing a vast undertaking, and the ''Prolegomena'' (separately reprinted by Dathe, 1777, and by [[Francis Wrangham]], 1825) show judgment as well as learning. The same qualities appear in Walton's ''Considerator Considered'' (1659), a reply to the ''Considerations'' of [[John Owen (theologian)|John Owen]], who thought that the accumulation of material for the revision of the received text tended to atheism. Among Walton's works must also be mentioned an ''Introductio ad lectionem linguarum orientalium'' (1654; 2nd ed., 1655), meant to prepare the way for the ''Polyglot''.<ref name="EB1911"/>}}

In 1669, Dr. Edmund Castell published the "Lexicon Heptaglotton" in two folio volumes. This was a lexicon of the seven Oriental languages used in Walton's Polyglot, and had grammars of those languages prefixed.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

== Manuscripts used by Walton ==
* [[Minuscule 47]]
* [[Minuscule 57]]
* [[Codex Montfortianus]]
* [[Minuscule 96]]
* [[Minuscule 2818]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite DNB|wstitle=Walton, Brian |short=x}}
* {{cite book |last=Todd |first=Henry John |authorlink=Henry John Todd |title=Memoirs of the life and writings of the Right Rev. Brian Walton |year=1821 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
*{{prdl|75}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel|en}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Bishop of Chester]]
| years = 1660–1661
| before = [[John Bridgeman (bishop)|John Bridgeman]]
| after = [[Henry Ferne]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Bishops of Chester}}

{{EB1911 article with no significant updates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walton, Brian}}
[[Category:1600 births]]
[[Category:1661 deaths]]
[[Category:People from North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Participants in the Savoy Conference]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Bishops of Chester]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne]]
[[Category:English Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]
[[Category:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]
[[Category:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral]]

Brian Walton (bishop)

2019-01-02T19:14:56Z

Ouvrard: /* Polyglot Bible */ Added specifics on the two versions of the Bible.

{{lead too short|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox clergy
| image = BrianWalton.jpg
| birth_date = {{BirthDeathAge|B|1600|||1661|11|29|yes}}
| birth_place = Seymour, Yorkshire
| death_date = {{BirthDeathAge||1600|||1661|11|29|yes}}
| alma_mater = Cambridge
| occupation = Priest, scholar
| nationality = [[English people|English]]
| religion = Anglican
| notablework =
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|Anne Claxton|Jane Fuller}}
}}

{{Portal|Anglicanism}}
'''Brian Walton''' (1600{{snd}}29 November 1661) was an [[England|English]] priest, [[Anglicanism#Anglican divines|divine]] and scholar.

==Life==
He was born at Seymour, in the district of Cleveland, [[Yorkshire]]. His early education was at the [[Royal Grammar School, Newcastle|Newcastle Royal Free Grammar School]].<ref>[http://www.seaham.i12.com/myers/m-walton.html] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127114229/http://www.seaham.i12.com/myers/m-walton.html |date=27 January 2016 }}</ref> He went up to Cambridge as a [[sizar]] of [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene College]] in 1616, migrated to [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]] in 1618, was bachelor in 1619 and master of arts in 1623.<ref>{{acad|id=WLTN616B|name=Walton, Brian}}</ref> After holding a school mastership at Suffolk and two curacies (the second as curate of All-hallows, Bread Street), he was made [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of [[St Martin's Ongar]] in London, and of Sandon, in Essex, in 1626. At St Martin's Ongar he took a leading part in the contest between the London clergy and the citizens about the city tithes, and compiled a treatise on the subject, which is printed in [[Brewster (disambiguation)|Brewster]]'s ''Collectanea'' (1752). His conduct in this matter displayed his ability, but his zeal for the exaction of ecclesiastical dues was remembered in 1641 in the articles brought against him in parliament, which appear to have led to the sequestration of his very considerable preferments.{{efn|He was from January 1635–1636 rector of [[Sandon, Essex|Sandon]], in Essex, where his first wife, Anne Claxton, is buried. He appears to have also been a prebendary of [[Old St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's]], and for a very short time he had held the rectory of [[St Giles in the Fields]].}} He was also charged with Popish practices, but on frivolous grounds, and with aspersing the members of parliament for the city.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Walton, Brian|volume=28|page=300}} Endnotes:
* Henry J. Todd, ''Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Walton'' (London, 1821), in 2 vols., of which the second contains a reprint of Walton's answer to Owen
* M'Clintock, John, and James Strong, "Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature" (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1880).</ref>

In 1642 he was ordered into custody as a delinquent; thereafter he took refuge in Oxford, and ultimately returned to London to the house of [[William Fuller (dean)|William Fuller]] (1580?-1659), [[dean of Ely]], whose daughter Jane was his second wife. In this retirement he gave himself to Oriental studies and carried through his great work, a [[Polyglot (book)|Polyglot]] Bible which should be completer, cheaper and provided with a better critical apparatus than any previous work of the kind.

He was buried in [[Old St Paul's Cathedral]] in [[London]], but the grave and monument were destroyed in the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1666. His name appears on a modern monument in the crypt, listing important graves lost in the fire.{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}

==''Polyglot Bible''==

The proposals for the ''Polyglot'' appeared in 1652. The book itself came out in six great folios. The first volume appeared in September 1654; the second in July 1655; the third in July 1656; and the last three in 1657. Nine languages are used: [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Chaldee]], [[Samaritan]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Ethiopic]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]]. Among his collaborators were [[James Ussher]], [[John Lightfoot]] and [[Edward Pococke]], [[Edmund Castell]], [[Abraham Wheelocke]] and [[Patrick Young]], [[Thomas Hyde]] and [[Thomas Greaves (orientalist)|Thomas Greaves]]. The great undertaking was supported by liberal subscriptions, and Walton's political opinions did not deprive him of the help of the Commonwealth; the paper used was freed from duty, and the interest of [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]] in the work was acknowledged in the original preface, part of which was afterwards cancelled to make way for more loyal expressions towards that restored monarchy under which Oriental studies in England immediately began to languish. Two versions of the work, one dedicated to Cromwell, and the other known as the "Loyal" one<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediscoverblog.com/2015/02/19/from-the-lowy-room-the-magnificent-1657-walton-polyglot-bible/|title=From the Lowy Room: the magnificient 1657 Walton Polyglot Bible|last=|first=|date=19/02/2015|website=Library and Archives Canada Blog|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. To Walton himself, however, the Restoration brought no disappointment: he was consecrated bishop of [[Chester]] in December 1660. In the following spring he was one of the commissioners at the [[Savoy Conference]], but took little part in the business. In the autumn of 1661 he paid a short visit to his diocese, and returning to London he died.<ref name="EB1911"/>

According to an assessment in Chisholm (1911):
{{quote|However much Walton was indebted to his helpers, the Polyglot Bible is a great monument of industry and of capacity for directing a vast undertaking, and the ''Prolegomena'' (separately reprinted by Dathe, 1777, and by [[Francis Wrangham]], 1825) show judgment as well as learning. The same qualities appear in Walton's ''Considerator Considered'' (1659), a reply to the ''Considerations'' of [[John Owen (theologian)|John Owen]], who thought that the accumulation of material for the revision of the received text tended to atheism. Among Walton's works must also be mentioned an ''Introductio ad lectionem linguarum orientalium'' (1654; 2nd ed., 1655), meant to prepare the way for the ''Polyglot''.<ref name="EB1911"/>}}

In 1669, Dr. Edmund Castell published the "Lexicon Heptaglotton" in two folio volumes. This was a lexicon of the seven Oriental languages used in Walton's Polyglot, and had grammars of those languages prefixed.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

== Manuscripts used by Walton ==
* [[Minuscule 47]]
* [[Minuscule 57]]
* [[Codex Montfortianus]]
* [[Minuscule 96]]
* [[Minuscule 2818]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite DNB|wstitle=Walton, Brian |short=x}}
* {{cite book |last=Todd |first=Henry John |authorlink=Henry John Todd |title=Memoirs of the life and writings of the Right Rev. Brian Walton |year=1821 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
*{{prdl|75}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel|en}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Bishop of Chester]]
| years = 1660–1661
| before = [[John Bridgeman (bishop)|John Bridgeman]]
| after = [[Henry Ferne]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Bishops of Chester}}

{{EB1911 article with no significant updates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walton, Brian}}
[[Category:1600 births]]
[[Category:1661 deaths]]
[[Category:People from North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Participants in the Savoy Conference]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Bishops of Chester]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne]]
[[Category:English Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]
[[Category:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]
[[Category:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral]]

Coke Smyth

2018-09-10T12:57:39Z

Ouvrard: /* Life */ fixed a typo

[[File:Self-portrait of Coke Smyth.jpg|thumb|Self-portrait of Coke Smyth, 1846]]
[[File:C001035k.jpg|thumb|Zity a Huron indian]]

'''John Richard Coke Smyth''' (1808-1882) was a British artist and traveller. Smyth produced a few collections of prints from his travels. A few works arose out of a visit to [[Constantinople]] where he collaborated with the noted Orientalist painter, [[John Frederick Lewis]] to produce several works on Turkey and Constantinople.

== Life ==
His father was Richard Smyth and his mother was Elizabeth Coke. He traveled to Constantinople in 1856 and 1857.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdfUz4F7ufAC&q=Coke+Smyth+-sex&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQhEMAY|title=Painting in Quebec, 1820-1850: New Views, New Perspectives|last=Béland|first=Mario|last2=Québec|first2=Musée du|date=1992|publisher=Musée du Québec|isbn=9782551129706|language=en}}</ref>

In 1838, [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]] accepted the post of Governor-General of North America, and arrived in Quebec with his family and an entourage of about twenty people.

Several visual documents remain from this sojourn. These include work by [[Lady Mary Louisa Lambton]], by the painter John Richard Coke Smyth (1808-1882), whom Lord Durham had engaged to teach drawing to his family,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Avw2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT192&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvKXzkuLXAhUFPCYKHZIfBOkQ6AEIRjAH#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Lives and Times of the Patriots: An Account of the Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837-1838 and of the Patriot Agitation in the United States, 1837-1842|last=Guillet|first=Edwin C.|date=1968-12-15|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9781487598051|language=en}}</ref> and by the amateur watercolorist, [[Katherine Ellice]], (1814-1864), wife of Edward Ellice, secretary to the Governor."<ref>CHAGNON, JOANNE. "''[http://jcah-ahac.concordia.ca/pdf/download/jcah-ahac_25_chagnon Lady Mary Louise Elgin's sojourns in Lower Canada]''." Journal of Canadian Art History/Annales D'histoire De L'art Canadien, vol. 25, 2004, pp. 82–99.</ref>

After his return to England, he sketched the illustrations of the costumes that were used to make the prints for ''[https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/1057611/souvenir-of-the-bal-costume-given-by-h-m-queen-victoria-at-buckingham-palace-may Souvenir of the bal costume : given by her most gracious majesty Queen Victoria, at Buckingham Palace, May 12, 1842]''. The book commemorated a fancy ball given by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1842.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

==Publications==
*1808 - ''Scenes from Hamlet and All's Well''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/658218010|title=Scenes from Hamlet and All's well|last=Smyth|first=Coke|date=1808|language=English}}</ref>
*1837 - ''Lewis's illustrations of Constantinople : made during a residence in that city etc. in the years 1835-6 : arranged and drawn on stone from the original sketches of Coke Smyth'' Istanbul : Denizler Kitabevi, {{ISBN|9789944264365}}, {{OCLC|774986610}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9r9LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA436&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvKXzkuLXAhUFPCYKHZIfBOkQ6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Literary Gazette and Journal of the Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, &c|date=1837|publisher=W.A. Scripps|language=en}}</ref>
*1839 – ''Sketches in the Canadas. [dedicated to the Earl of Durham]''. London: Thos. McLean.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/556804665|title=Sketches in the Canadas. By Coke Smyth. [Dedicated to the Earl of Durham|last=SMYTH|first=Coke|date=1839|publisher=Thos. McLean|location=London|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94lTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA14&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQg1MAM#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Westminster Review|publisher=Hooper|language=en}}</ref>
*Undated - ''Prospectus and Specimen of a Proposed Work on the Costume of the Principal Nations of Europe: From the Beginning of the 15th to the End of the 17th Century''. London.

In collaboration with [[John Frederick Lewis]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913329199|title=Prospectus and specimen of a proposed work on the costume of the principal nations of Europe: from the beginning of the 15th to the end of the 17th century.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|date=0000 uu|location=London|language=English}}</ref>
*1838 - ''Bursa, Turkey: the Street at the Entrance to the Grand Mosque''. Lithograph by John .F. Lewis, After Coke Smythe. London: T. McLean et al.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927504802|title=Bursa, Turkey: the street at the entrance to the Grand Mosque. Lithograph by J.F. Lewis, 1838, after Coke Smythe.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Lewis|first2=John Frederick|date=1838|publisher=T. McLean et al.|location=London|language=English}}</ref>
*1838 - ''Bursa, Turkey: the Silk Exchange''. Lithograph by John F. Lewis, 1838, After Coke Smythe. London: T. McLean et al.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927504674|title=Bursa, Turkey: the silk exchange. Lithograph by J.F. Lewis, 1838, after Coke Smythe.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Lewis|first2=John Frederick|date=1838|publisher=T. McLean et al.|location=London|language=English}}</ref>
*1838 – ''Tophane, Istanbul: the Ottoman Cannon Foundry''. Lithograph by John .F. Lewis, 1838, After Coke Smythe. London: T. McLean et al.

In collaboration with [[James Planché]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927504833|title=Tophane, Istanbul: the Ottoman cannon foundry. Lithograph by J.F. Lewis, 1838, after Coke Smythe.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Lewis|first2=John Frederick|date=1838|publisher=T. McLean et al.|location=London|language=English}}</ref>

*1843 – ''Souvenir of the Bal Costume: Given by Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, at Buckingham Palace, May 12, 1842''; the Drawings from the Original Dresses. London: Colnaghi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247834753|title=Souvenir of the bal costume: given by her most gracious majesty Queen Victoria, at Buckingham Palace, May 12, 1842 ; The drawings from the original dresses|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Planché|first2=James Robinson|date=1843|publisher=Colnaghi|location=London|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w31AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA572&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQhJMAc#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Literary Gazette: A Weekly Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts|date=1842|publisher=H. Colburn|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27JKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA298&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQhOMAg#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal|date=1843|publisher=Longmans, Green & Company|language=en}}</ref>
*

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smyth, Coke}}


[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:1808 births]]
[[Category:1882 deaths]]
[[Category:British printmakers]]
[[Category:Canadian printmakers]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Outreach/List

2018-07-09T15:34:08Z

Ouvrard:

This is a list of those on the English Wikipedia wishing to receive news of Women in Red's events.
{{see also|Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Outreach/List/Art+Feminism/2018}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Outreach/List/Art+Feminism/2017}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Outreach/International list}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Outreach/List}}

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[[Category:WikiProject Women in Red|Invite]]
[[Category:MassMessage delivery lists]]
[[Category:ArtAndFeminism 2017]]

Rosemary Gilliat

2018-07-09T15:31:22Z

Ouvrard: /* External links */ Added link to archival fonds

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rosemary Gilliat
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1919|08|22}}
| birth_place = [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|12|10|1919|08|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia|Cole Harbour]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canada
| nationality = [[Canadians|Canadian]]
| other_names = Rosemary Cassandra Gilliat Eaton
| known_for = Photojournalist who documented Canada in the 1950s and 1960s.
| occupation = Photographer
}}

'''Rosemary Gilliat''' ({{Birth date|1919|08|22|df=yes}} – {{Death date|2004|12|10|df=yes}}) was a photojournalist who traveled across [[Canada]], documenting people and events for publications such as [[Weekend (magazine)|''Weekend'' magazine]] and the [[National Film Board of Canada]].

==Biography==
===Early life and photographic training===
Rosemary Gilliat was raised by her father on his tea plantation in [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]. She was educated in [[Geneva]], Switzerland under the supervision of her grandmother and later, at age 16, in [[Germany]].<ref name=fonds>{{cite web|title=Rosemary Gilliat Eaton fonds|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2017-07-04T01%3A41%3A45Z&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=3803244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Apam&lang=eng|website=collectionscanada.gc.ca|accessdate=4 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> Although she had an interest in photography since receiving her first camera, a [[Kodak Brownie|Brownie]], at age 8, it was while in Germany, in 1936–1937, that she secured her first work as a photographer, selling her images for book illustrations.<ref name=fonds /> In 1938, she moved to London, England to live with her brother and was able to secure further photographic work, supplying images for various press agencies until being sent out of the city due to bombing in 1940.<ref name=fonds /> After the Second World War, she continued working as a photographer in London and further developed her skills, with training in fashion and commercial photography from English photographer [[Bill Brandt]]. Her work appeared in magazines such as the ''[[The Observer|Sunday Observer]]'', and provided illustrations for history and architectural books.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian Women Artists History Initiative : Artist Database : Artists : GILLIAT, Rosemary (Eaton)|url=http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5650|website=cwahi.concordia.ca|accessdate=4 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>

In 1952, Gilliat emigrated to Canada and settled in [[Ottawa]].<ref name=fonds /> In 1963, she married Mike Eaton, a hydrographer, and they moved to [[Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|last1=LAWLOR|first1=ALLISON|title=Scientist Michael Eaton helped digitize marine mapping|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/scientist-michael-eaton-helped-digitize-marine-mapping/article21566625/|accessdate=4 July 2017|language=en-ca|date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

===Photographic career in Canada===
Gilliat worked primarily as a freelance photographer, between the years 1953 and 1964. Her first assignment that required her to leave Ottawa was for the [[Hudson's Bay Company|Husdon's Bay Company's]] magazine ''[[Canada's History|The Beaver]]'', for which she travelled to [[Dawson City]], [[Yukon]] in 1953. During her career she also put photo stories together for [[Weekend (magazine)|''Weekend'' magazine]], Star Weekly (a photo insert for the ''[[Toronto Star]]''), ''[[Canadian Geographic]]'' and ''[[Macleans]]'', and also completed assignments for several government departments, including the Department of Northern Affairs and the [[National Film Board of Canada]]'s Still Photography Division.<ref name=fonds /> She documented such topics and locations as: [[James Archibald Houston|James Houston]] and the Eskimo Art Co-op; modern [[Inuit]] life; [[Trans Canada Highway]]; the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]] (1954); [[Seagrams]]; [[Neuchâtel Junior College]] (1956); and the [[Calgary Stampede]]. Gilliat's photographic career was curtailed by ill-health in 1963, when she developed a problem with her inner-ear.<ref name=fonds />

Her archive of professional and personal work was acquired by [[Library and Archives Canada]] in 2008.<ref name=fonds />

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Monk, Lorraine. ''The Female Eye / Coup d'oeil feminine''. (Ottawa: National Film Board, Still Photography Division, 1975).
* Payne, Carol. ''A Canadian Document / Un document Canadien'' (Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography, 1999).
* Payne, Carol. ''The Official Picture: The National Film Board of Canada's Still Photography Division and the Image of Canada'' (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013). {{isbn| 978-0773541450}}
* Eaton, Rosemary. "Hunting Pressures on Nova Scotia's Large Mammals" ''Nature Canada'' 4:23 (July–September 1975).

==External links==
* [https://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artist.php?iartistid=24256 National Gallery of Canada]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/albums/72157655756775420 Library and Archives Canada, Flickr album "Road Trip - Summer of '54"]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/albums/72157628135696830 Library and Archives Canada, Flickr album "Rosemary Gilliat fonds]
* [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/histoires_de_chez_nous-community_memories/pm_v2.php?id=exhibit_home&fl=0&lg=English&ex=00000862 Virtual Museum of Canada]
* [http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5650 Canadian Women Artists History Initiative, Concordia University]
*[http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3803244&lang=eng Rosemary Gilliat Eaton fonds at Library and Archives Canada]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilliat, Rosemary}}
[[Category:Canadian photographers]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]

Rosemary Gilliat

2018-07-09T15:30:26Z

Ouvrard: /* External links */ Added link to archival fonds

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rosemary Gilliat
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1919|08|22}}
| birth_place = [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|12|10|1919|08|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia|Cole Harbour]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canada
| nationality = [[Canadians|Canadian]]
| other_names = Rosemary Cassandra Gilliat Eaton
| known_for = Photojournalist who documented Canada in the 1950s and 1960s.
| occupation = Photographer
}}

'''Rosemary Gilliat''' ({{Birth date|1919|08|22|df=yes}} – {{Death date|2004|12|10|df=yes}}) was a photojournalist who traveled across [[Canada]], documenting people and events for publications such as [[Weekend (magazine)|''Weekend'' magazine]] and the [[National Film Board of Canada]].

==Biography==
===Early life and photographic training===
Rosemary Gilliat was raised by her father on his tea plantation in [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]. She was educated in [[Geneva]], Switzerland under the supervision of her grandmother and later, at age 16, in [[Germany]].<ref name=fonds>{{cite web|title=Rosemary Gilliat Eaton fonds|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2017-07-04T01%3A41%3A45Z&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=3803244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Apam&lang=eng|website=collectionscanada.gc.ca|accessdate=4 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> Although she had an interest in photography since receiving her first camera, a [[Kodak Brownie|Brownie]], at age 8, it was while in Germany, in 1936–1937, that she secured her first work as a photographer, selling her images for book illustrations.<ref name=fonds /> In 1938, she moved to London, England to live with her brother and was able to secure further photographic work, supplying images for various press agencies until being sent out of the city due to bombing in 1940.<ref name=fonds /> After the Second World War, she continued working as a photographer in London and further developed her skills, with training in fashion and commercial photography from English photographer [[Bill Brandt]]. Her work appeared in magazines such as the ''[[The Observer|Sunday Observer]]'', and provided illustrations for history and architectural books.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian Women Artists History Initiative : Artist Database : Artists : GILLIAT, Rosemary (Eaton)|url=http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5650|website=cwahi.concordia.ca|accessdate=4 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>

In 1952, Gilliat emigrated to Canada and settled in [[Ottawa]].<ref name=fonds /> In 1963, she married Mike Eaton, a hydrographer, and they moved to [[Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|last1=LAWLOR|first1=ALLISON|title=Scientist Michael Eaton helped digitize marine mapping|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/scientist-michael-eaton-helped-digitize-marine-mapping/article21566625/|accessdate=4 July 2017|language=en-ca|date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

===Photographic career in Canada===
Gilliat worked primarily as a freelance photographer, between the years 1953 and 1964. Her first assignment that required her to leave Ottawa was for the [[Hudson's Bay Company|Husdon's Bay Company's]] magazine ''[[Canada's History|The Beaver]]'', for which she travelled to [[Dawson City]], [[Yukon]] in 1953. During her career she also put photo stories together for [[Weekend (magazine)|''Weekend'' magazine]], Star Weekly (a photo insert for the ''[[Toronto Star]]''), ''[[Canadian Geographic]]'' and ''[[Macleans]]'', and also completed assignments for several government departments, including the Department of Northern Affairs and the [[National Film Board of Canada]]'s Still Photography Division.<ref name=fonds /> She documented such topics and locations as: [[James Archibald Houston|James Houston]] and the Eskimo Art Co-op; modern [[Inuit]] life; [[Trans Canada Highway]]; the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]] (1954); [[Seagrams]]; [[Neuchâtel Junior College]] (1956); and the [[Calgary Stampede]]. Gilliat's photographic career was curtailed by ill-health in 1963, when she developed a problem with her inner-ear.<ref name=fonds />

Her archive of professional and personal work was acquired by [[Library and Archives Canada]] in 2008.<ref name=fonds />

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Monk, Lorraine. ''The Female Eye / Coup d'oeil feminine''. (Ottawa: National Film Board, Still Photography Division, 1975).
* Payne, Carol. ''A Canadian Document / Un document Canadien'' (Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography, 1999).
* Payne, Carol. ''The Official Picture: The National Film Board of Canada's Still Photography Division and the Image of Canada'' (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013). {{isbn| 978-0773541450}}
* Eaton, Rosemary. "Hunting Pressures on Nova Scotia's Large Mammals" ''Nature Canada'' 4:23 (July–September 1975).

==External links==
* [https://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artist.php?iartistid=24256 National Gallery of Canada]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/albums/72157655756775420 Library and Archives Canada, Flickr album "Road Trip - Summer of '54"]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/albums/72157628135696830 Library and Archives Canada, Flickr album "Rosemary Gilliat fonds]
* [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/histoires_de_chez_nous-community_memories/pm_v2.php?id=exhibit_home&fl=0&lg=English&ex=00000862 Virtual Museum of Canada]
* [http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5650 Canadian Women Artists History Initiative, Concordia University]
*Rosemary Gilliat Eaton fonds at Library and Archives Canada

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilliat, Rosemary}}
[[Category:Canadian photographers]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]

Claude Nunney

2018-07-03T19:45:13Z

Ouvrard: /* Early life */ Added a citation to item in the Home children database

{{Infobox military person
| name = Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney
| image = Claude Nunney VC.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1892|12|24}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1918|9|18|1892|12|24}}
| birth_place = [[Hastings]], England
| death_place = [[Vis-en-Artois]], France
| placeofburial = Aubigny Communal Cemetery Extension, near [[Aubigny-en-Artois]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| rank = [[Corporal]]
| serviceyears = 1915–1918
| unit = [[38th Battalion, CEF]]
| battles = [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Victoria Cross]] [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]] [[Military Medal]]
| laterwork =
}}
'''Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|sep=,|VC|DCM|MM}} (24 December 1892 – 18 September 1918)<ref name="DHH">{{cite web | url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/nunney-cjp-eng.asp | title=DHH- Victoria Cross – First World War | accessdate=January 16, 2013}}</ref> was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] soldier. Nunney was a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. Born in Hastings in East Sussex, he was sent to Canada as a [[Home Children|home child]].

Nunney was one of the seven Canadians to be awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions across the 30 km long [[Battle of Drocourt-Quéant Line|Drocourt-Quéant Line]] near [[Arras|Arras, France]]. The other six were [[Bellenden Hutcheson]], [[Arthur George Knight]], [[William Henry Metcalf]], [[Cyrus Wesley Peck]], [[Walter Leigh Rayfield]] and [[John Francis Young]].

==Early life==
Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney VC is buried in Aubigny Communal Cemetery Extension; he was born in Hastings as Stephen Sargent Claude Nunney. His father was William Percy Nunney and his mother Mary Nunney formerly Sargent at 42 Bexhill Road, Hastings on 19 July 1892. His father was born in Burford, Oxfordshire. Claude, as he was called within his family, was the fourth of eight children. The family left Hastings in 1895 and moved to Kentish Town, St Pancras, in London where his mother was to sadly die of food poisoning in February 1899. Two of Claude’s younger siblings died very young, and of the remaining six, five passed into the care of the Catholic Church. The three boys born in Hastings, Frederick George, Stephen Claude and Alfred Nunney all became “Home Children” in Canada.

Alfred and Stephen Nunney travelled together aboard the SS Tunisian in October 1905 to Quebec and then on to St George’s Home at Hintonburg, Ottawa, Ontario. They were split up and sent to different families, Alfred moving to the Micksburg County, Renfrew, and Claude to North Lancaster. Alfred was just twelve, as he was born on 29 September 1893, and Claude thirteen when they went in their separate directions. Claude Nunney was placed with Mrs Donald Roy McDonald, where he lived and worked as a “Home Child”. The term “Home Child” covered the young girls and boys sent as child emigrants by various agencies to Canada to start new lives.

Unbeknown to Claude, his brother George Nunney, who came as a Home Child to Canada in October 1904, was drowned on the 19 July 1908 in the Jock River, Jockvale. This is around 150 kilometres from North Lancaster. He was aged only 17. He had also been born in Hastings on 27 December 1890. He had been placed with Patrick Houlahan, a local farmer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.claudenunney.co.uk|title=Claude Nunney home page|website=www.claudenunney.co.uk|access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref>

There has been some debate as to Nunney's origins. Whilst Nunney himself stated he was born in [[Dublin]], Ireland, he was actually born in Hastings, England as Stephen Sargent Claude Nunney. Also it is claimed that Nunney did not become a [[Canadians|Canadian]] citizen by naturalisation, but by becoming part of a child emigration scheme known as British [[Home Children]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/immigration/immigration-records/home-children-1869-1930/immigration-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=59649|title=Home Children Records - Item: Stephen Nunney|last=|first=|date=|website=Library and Archives Canada - Home Children Records|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Dave Lorente (Homechildren Canada) wrote in an article on Claude:{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
{{quote|It is interesting to speculate how Claude Nunney would answer, were he alive today and asked to give his first names, DOB and birthplace, because for some unknown reason or reasons he knowingly or unwittingly gave false information when he joined up in World War I. Perhaps it was because, like so many other Home Children, he had lost his baptismal record and/or birth certificate. ... [H]is birth certificate shows he was actually born in Hastings, England – not in Dublin as his military Attestation papers show. Nor was he Irish...and his name was not Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney as he stated but Stephen Sargent Claude Nunney' – the 'Sargent' being his mother's maiden name. His birthdate was also wrong and he came to Canada as Stephen – not Claude. All that said, none of it detracts in any way from the brave things he did during World War I when he became one of 'Canada's Magnificent Seven' and won the former Empire and Commonwealth's highest award for bravery in the ranks.}}

==Victoria Cross Award==
Nunney was a member of the [[38th Battalion, CEF|38th (Ottawa) Battalion]], [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] which is perpetuated by the [[Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)]]. The Cameron Highlanders are a [[Canadians|Canadian]] Forces Primary Reserve light infantry regiment located in the [[Cartier Square Drill Hall]]. Nunney was a [[Private (rank)|private]] in the [[World War I|First World War]] when the following deeds took place for which he was awarded the VC:
{{quote|For most conspicuous bravery during the operations against the [[Drocourt-Queant|Drocourt-Quéant Line]] on Sept. 1st and 2nd, 1918.

On Sept. 1st, when his battalion was in the vicinity of Vis-en-Artois, preparatory to the advance, the enemy laid down a heavy barrage and counter-attacked. Pte. Nunney, who was at this time at company headquarters, immediately on his own initiative proceeded through the barrage to the company outpost lines, going from post to post and encouraging the men by his own fearless example. The enemy were repulsed and a critical situation was saved.

During the attack on Sept. 2nd, his dash continually placed him in advance of his companions, and his fearless example undoubtedly helped greatly to carry the company forward to its objectives. When his battalion which was preparing to advance, was heavily counter-attacked by the enemy, Private Nunney on his own initiative, went forward through the barrage to the company out-post lines, going from post to post and encouraging the men by his own fearless example.

– [[London Gazette]] 13 December 1918<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31067|date=13 December 1918 |pages=14779–14780|supp=y }}</ref>}}

He died aged 25, 16 days after receiving what proved to be mortal wounds and was buried at Aubigny Communal Cemetery Extension, near [[Aubigny-en-Artois]] (Grave reference number IV. B. 39).

==The Medal==
All of Nunney's medals (he had earlier in the war won the [[Military Medal]] and the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]] at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]]), including his VC are displayed above the fireplace at Cornwall Armoury in [[Cornwall, Ontario]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]'' (1981, 1988 and 1997)
*{{cite journal|first=Brian D. H.|last=Clarke|title=A register of awards to Irish-born officers and men|journal=[[The Irish Sword]]|volume=XVI|issue=64|pages=185–287|year=1986}}
*''[[Ireland's VCs]]'' {{ISBN|1-899243-00-3}} (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)
*''[[Monuments to Courage]]'' (David Harvey, 1999)
*''[[Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross]]'' (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

==External links==
*[http://www.claudenunney.co.uk Claude Nunney VC DCM MM] (Official Page for Claude Nunney by Peter Silk)
*[http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=551378 Claude Nunney's digitized service file]
*[http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=collections/virtualmem/Detail&casualty=996076 Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney on the Canadian Virtual War Memorial]
* [http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2005/11/the-magnificent-seven/ Legion Magazine-The Magnificent Seven]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110828111510/http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques_STU/Plaque_Stormont16.html Ontario Plaques – Claude J.P. Nunney]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nunney, Claude Joseph Patrick}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Irish emigrants to Canada (before 1923)]]
[[Category:People from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Medal]]
[[Category:Canadian military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]

Claude Nunney

2018-07-03T19:38:26Z

Ouvrard: /* Early life */ fixed typo

{{Infobox military person
| name = Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney
| image = Claude Nunney VC.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1892|12|24}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1918|9|18|1892|12|24}}
| birth_place = [[Hastings]], England
| death_place = [[Vis-en-Artois]], France
| placeofburial = Aubigny Communal Cemetery Extension, near [[Aubigny-en-Artois]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| rank = [[Corporal]]
| serviceyears = 1915–1918
| unit = [[38th Battalion, CEF]]
| battles = [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Victoria Cross]] [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]] [[Military Medal]]
| laterwork =
}}
'''Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|sep=,|VC|DCM|MM}} (24 December 1892 – 18 September 1918)<ref name="DHH">{{cite web | url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/nunney-cjp-eng.asp | title=DHH- Victoria Cross – First World War | accessdate=January 16, 2013}}</ref> was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] soldier. Nunney was a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. Born in Hastings in East Sussex, he was sent to Canada as a [[Home Children|home child]].

Nunney was one of the seven Canadians to be awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions across the 30 km long [[Battle of Drocourt-Quéant Line|Drocourt-Quéant Line]] near [[Arras|Arras, France]]. The other six were [[Bellenden Hutcheson]], [[Arthur George Knight]], [[William Henry Metcalf]], [[Cyrus Wesley Peck]], [[Walter Leigh Rayfield]] and [[John Francis Young]].

==Early life==
Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney VC is buried in Aubigny Communal Cemetery Extension; he was born in Hastings as Stephen Sargent Claude Nunney. His father was William Percy Nunney and his mother Mary Nunney formerly Sargent at 42 Bexhill Road, Hastings on 19 July 1892. His father was born in Burford, Oxfordshire. Claude, as he was called within his family, was the fourth of eight children. The family left Hastings in 1895 and moved to Kentish Town, St Pancras, in London where his mother was to sadly die of food poisoning in February 1899. Two of Claude’s younger siblings died very young, and of the remaining six, five passed into the care of the Catholic Church. The three boys born in Hastings, Frederick George, Stephen Claude and Alfred Nunney all became “Home Children” in Canada.

Alfred and Stephen Nunney travelled together aboard the SS Tunisian in October 1905 to Quebec and then on to St George’s Home at Hintonburg, Ottawa, Ontario. They were split up and sent to different families, Alfred moving to the Micksburg County, Renfrew, and Claude to North Lancaster. Alfred was just twelve, as he was born on 29 September 1893, and Claude thirteen when they went in their separate directions. Claude Nunney was placed with Mrs Donald Roy McDonald, where he lived and worked as a “Home Child”. The term “Home Child” covered the young girls and boys sent as child emigrants by various agencies to Canada to start new lives.

Unbeknown to Claude, his brother George Nunney, who came as a Home Child to Canada in October 1904, was drowned on the 19 July 1908 in the Jock River, Jockvale. This is around 150 kilometres from North Lancaster. He was aged only 17. He had also been born in Hastings on 27 December 1890. He had been placed with Patrick Houlahan, a local farmer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.claudenunney.co.uk|title=Claude Nunney home page|website=www.claudenunney.co.uk|access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref>

There has been some debate as to Nunney's origins. Whilst Nunney himself stated he was born in [[Dublin]], Ireland, he was actually born in Hastings, England as Stephen Sargent Claude Nunney. Also it is claimed that Nunney did not become a [[Canadians|Canadian]] citizen by naturalisation, but by becoming part of a child emigration scheme known as British [[Home Children]].{{by whom|date=July 2015}}{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

Dave Lorente (Homechildren Canada) wrote in an article on Claude:{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
{{quote|It is interesting to speculate how Claude Nunney would answer, were he alive today and asked to give his first names, DOB and birthplace, because for some unknown reason or reasons he knowingly or unwittingly gave false information when he joined up in World War I. Perhaps it was because, like so many other Home Children, he had lost his baptismal record and/or birth certificate. ... [H]is birth certificate shows he was actually born in Hastings, England – not in Dublin as his military Attestation papers show. Nor was he Irish...and his name was not Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney as he stated but Stephen Sargent Claude Nunney' – the 'Sargent' being his mother's maiden name. His birthdate was also wrong and he came to Canada as Stephen – not Claude. All that said, none of it detracts in any way from the brave things he did during World War I when he became one of 'Canada's Magnificent Seven' and won the former Empire and Commonwealth's highest award for bravery in the ranks.}}

==Victoria Cross Award==
Nunney was a member of the [[38th Battalion, CEF|38th (Ottawa) Battalion]], [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] which is perpetuated by the [[Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)]]. The Cameron Highlanders are a [[Canadians|Canadian]] Forces Primary Reserve light infantry regiment located in the [[Cartier Square Drill Hall]]. Nunney was a [[Private (rank)|private]] in the [[World War I|First World War]] when the following deeds took place for which he was awarded the VC:
{{quote|For most conspicuous bravery during the operations against the [[Drocourt-Queant|Drocourt-Quéant Line]] on Sept. 1st and 2nd, 1918.

On Sept. 1st, when his battalion was in the vicinity of Vis-en-Artois, preparatory to the advance, the enemy laid down a heavy barrage and counter-attacked. Pte. Nunney, who was at this time at company headquarters, immediately on his own initiative proceeded through the barrage to the company outpost lines, going from post to post and encouraging the men by his own fearless example. The enemy were repulsed and a critical situation was saved.

During the attack on Sept. 2nd, his dash continually placed him in advance of his companions, and his fearless example undoubtedly helped greatly to carry the company forward to its objectives. When his battalion which was preparing to advance, was heavily counter-attacked by the enemy, Private Nunney on his own initiative, went forward through the barrage to the company out-post lines, going from post to post and encouraging the men by his own fearless example.

– [[London Gazette]] 13 December 1918<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31067|date=13 December 1918 |pages=14779–14780|supp=y }}</ref>}}

He died aged 25, 16 days after receiving what proved to be mortal wounds and was buried at Aubigny Communal Cemetery Extension, near [[Aubigny-en-Artois]] (Grave reference number IV. B. 39).

==The Medal==
All of Nunney's medals (he had earlier in the war won the [[Military Medal]] and the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]] at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]]), including his VC are displayed above the fireplace at Cornwall Armoury in [[Cornwall, Ontario]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]'' (1981, 1988 and 1997)
*{{cite journal|first=Brian D. H.|last=Clarke|title=A register of awards to Irish-born officers and men|journal=[[The Irish Sword]]|volume=XVI|issue=64|pages=185–287|year=1986}}
*''[[Ireland's VCs]]'' {{ISBN|1-899243-00-3}} (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)
*''[[Monuments to Courage]]'' (David Harvey, 1999)
*''[[Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross]]'' (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

==External links==
*[http://www.claudenunney.co.uk Claude Nunney VC DCM MM] (Official Page for Claude Nunney by Peter Silk)
*[http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=551378 Claude Nunney's digitized service file]
*[http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=collections/virtualmem/Detail&casualty=996076 Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney on the Canadian Virtual War Memorial]
* [http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2005/11/the-magnificent-seven/ Legion Magazine-The Magnificent Seven]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110828111510/http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques_STU/Plaque_Stormont16.html Ontario Plaques – Claude J.P. Nunney]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nunney, Claude Joseph Patrick}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Irish emigrants to Canada (before 1923)]]
[[Category:People from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Medal]]
[[Category:Canadian military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]

Edward Bellew

2018-06-12T13:05:48Z

Ouvrard: /* External links */

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Edward Donald Bellew
|image= Edward Donald Bellew VC.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 28 October 1882
| death_date = 1 February 1961
| birth_place =[[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], India
| death_place =[[Kamloops, British Columbia]], Canada
| placeofburial = Hillside Cemetery, Kamloops
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{UK}} {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[British Army]] [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| serviceyears = 1901–1903 (UK) 1914–1919 (Canada)
| rank = [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]]
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684-1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]] [[7th Battalion, CEF|7th (1st British Columbia) Battalion]], [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War I|First World War]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Victoria Cross (UK) ribbon.png|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]]
| relations =[[Robert Bellew Adams]] VC (second cousin)
| laterwork =
| signature =
}}
'''Edward Donald Bellew''', {{post-nominals|VC}} (28 October 1882 – 1 February 1961,<ref>http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/bellew-ed-eng.asp</ref> [[Kamloops, British Columbia]]), Captain of the 7th Bn British Columbia Regiment, CEF was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Early life==
Bellew was born in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India, on 28 October 1882. He began his education at [[Blundell's School]], Devon, England, but left to attend [[Clifton College]] (1897–1900),<ref>"Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. p144: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April, 1948</ref> from where he was admitted to the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]. He joined the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684-1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]] in 1901. He emigrated to Canada in 1903 and worked as a construction engineer. In September 1914, shortly after the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]], he enlisted in the [[British Columbia Regiment]].

==Action==
Bellew was 32 years old, and a [[lieutenant]] in the 7th (1st British Columbia) Battalion, [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]], when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

During the [[Second Battle of Ypres]], a mass attack on the Canadian line developed on the morning of Saturday 24 April 1915 near [[Kerselaere]], [[Belgium]]. The Canadians were suffering heavy casualties. The advance of the enemy was temporarily stayed by Lieutenant Bellew, the battalion machine-gun officer, who had two guns in action on high ground when the enemy's attack broke in full force. The reinforcements sent forward having been destroyed, and with the enemy less than {{convert|100|yd}} away and no further assistance in sight, Bellew and a Sergeant Peerless decided to fight it out. The sergeant was killed and Bellew wounded. Nevertheless, he maintained his fire until his ammunition failed, when he seized a rifle, smashed his machine-gun and, fighting to the last, was taken prisoner.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31340|date=13 May 1919 |page=6083|supp=y}}</ref>

==Later life==
Bellew remained a [[prisoner of war]] (latterly in [[Holzminden prisoner-of-war camp]]) until 1919, and achieved the rank of [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]]. He subsequently returned to Canada and became a dredging inspector. He died in 1961 and is buried at Hillside Cemetery, [[Kamloops]], British Columbia.<ref>[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggcanbrc.htm Known Graves of recipients of the Victoria Cross in British Columbia]
</ref>

==Family==
Bellew was the second cousin of [[Robert Bellew Adams]], VC.

==Loss of medal==
Bellew's Victoria Cross is believed to have been stolen from the [[Royal Canadian Military Institute]], [[Toronto]], between January 1975 and 22 July 1977. It has never been recovered.<ref>[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/aastolen.htm Victoria Crosses reported stolen]</ref>

==External links==
* Edward Donald Bellew's [http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item/?op=pdf&app=CEF&id=628-04 digitized service file]
*[http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2004/07/the-class-of-1915/ Legion Magazine article on Edward Donald Bellew]
* {{Find a Grave|7768642}}
* [[List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*[[Monuments to Courage]] (David Harvey, 1999)
*[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (This England, 1997)
*[[VCs of the First World War - The Western Front 1915]] (Peter F. Batchelor & Christopher Matson, 1999)
*"On the Battlefields", From the archives of "Maclean's Magazine", Edited by Michael Benedict, Penguin Canada, 2002 {{ISBN|0-14-301341-6}}, page 96

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bellew, Edward Donald}}
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Clifton College]]
[[Category:People educated at Blundell's School]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922) officers]]
[[Category:British emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian prisoners of war in World War I]]
[[Category:World War I prisoners of war held by Germany]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers]]

Edward Bellew

2018-06-12T13:04:53Z

Ouvrard: /* External links */ Added a link to digitized service file

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Edward Donald Bellew
|image= Edward Donald Bellew VC.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 28 October 1882
| death_date = 1 February 1961
| birth_place =[[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], India
| death_place =[[Kamloops, British Columbia]], Canada
| placeofburial = Hillside Cemetery, Kamloops
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{UK}} {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[British Army]] [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| serviceyears = 1901–1903 (UK) 1914–1919 (Canada)
| rank = [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]]
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684-1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]] [[7th Battalion, CEF|7th (1st British Columbia) Battalion]], [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War I|First World War]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Victoria Cross (UK) ribbon.png|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]]
| relations =[[Robert Bellew Adams]] VC (second cousin)
| laterwork =
| signature =
}}
'''Edward Donald Bellew''', {{post-nominals|VC}} (28 October 1882 – 1 February 1961,<ref>http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/bellew-ed-eng.asp</ref> [[Kamloops, British Columbia]]), Captain of the 7th Bn British Columbia Regiment, CEF was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Early life==
Bellew was born in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India, on 28 October 1882. He began his education at [[Blundell's School]], Devon, England, but left to attend [[Clifton College]] (1897–1900),<ref>"Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. p144: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April, 1948</ref> from where he was admitted to the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]. He joined the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684-1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]] in 1901. He emigrated to Canada in 1903 and worked as a construction engineer. In September 1914, shortly after the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]], he enlisted in the [[British Columbia Regiment]].

==Action==
Bellew was 32 years old, and a [[lieutenant]] in the 7th (1st British Columbia) Battalion, [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]], when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

During the [[Second Battle of Ypres]], a mass attack on the Canadian line developed on the morning of Saturday 24 April 1915 near [[Kerselaere]], [[Belgium]]. The Canadians were suffering heavy casualties. The advance of the enemy was temporarily stayed by Lieutenant Bellew, the battalion machine-gun officer, who had two guns in action on high ground when the enemy's attack broke in full force. The reinforcements sent forward having been destroyed, and with the enemy less than {{convert|100|yd}} away and no further assistance in sight, Bellew and a Sergeant Peerless decided to fight it out. The sergeant was killed and Bellew wounded. Nevertheless, he maintained his fire until his ammunition failed, when he seized a rifle, smashed his machine-gun and, fighting to the last, was taken prisoner.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31340|date=13 May 1919 |page=6083|supp=y}}</ref>

==Later life==
Bellew remained a [[prisoner of war]] (latterly in [[Holzminden prisoner-of-war camp]]) until 1919, and achieved the rank of [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]]. He subsequently returned to Canada and became a dredging inspector. He died in 1961 and is buried at Hillside Cemetery, [[Kamloops]], British Columbia.<ref>[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggcanbrc.htm Known Graves of recipients of the Victoria Cross in British Columbia]
</ref>

==Family==
Bellew was the second cousin of [[Robert Bellew Adams]], VC.

==Loss of medal==
Bellew's Victoria Cross is believed to have been stolen from the [[Royal Canadian Military Institute]], [[Toronto]], between January 1975 and 22 July 1977. It has never been recovered.<ref>[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/aastolen.htm Victoria Crosses reported stolen]</ref>

==External links==
* Edward Donald Bellew's digitized service file
*[http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2004/07/the-class-of-1915/ Legion Magazine article on Edward Donald Bellew]
* {{Find a Grave|7768642}}
* [[List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*[[Monuments to Courage]] (David Harvey, 1999)
*[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (This England, 1997)
*[[VCs of the First World War - The Western Front 1915]] (Peter F. Batchelor & Christopher Matson, 1999)
*"On the Battlefields", From the archives of "Maclean's Magazine", Edited by Michael Benedict, Penguin Canada, 2002 {{ISBN|0-14-301341-6}}, page 96

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bellew, Edward Donald}}
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Clifton College]]
[[Category:People educated at Blundell's School]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922) officers]]
[[Category:British emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian prisoners of war in World War I]]
[[Category:World War I prisoners of war held by Germany]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers]]

Charles Smith Rutherford

2018-05-16T14:46:47Z

Ouvrard: Uploaded the original image, with link to archival collection.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Charles Smith Rutherford
| nickname =
| image = [[File:A006703-v8.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant Charles.S. Rutherford, V.C.]]
| caption = Charles S. Rutherford, V.C.
| birth_date = 9 February 1892
| death_date = 11 June 1989 (age 97)
| placeofburial = Union Cemetery, Colborne
| birth_place = [[Colborne, Ontario]]
| death_place = [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]], Canada
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| rank = [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]]
| unit = [[5th Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles]] Veterans Guard of Canada
| battles = [[World War I]]
| awards = [[Victoria Cross]] [[Military Cross]] [[Military Medal]]
| laterwork = [[Sergeant-at-Arms]]
}}

'''Charles Smith Rutherford''' {{post-nominals|sep=,|VC|MC|MM}} (9 February 1892 – 11 June 1989) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Early years==
Rutherford was born on a farm in [[Colborne, Ontario]] on 9 January 1892. He joined [[The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada]] in 1916 and was posted to the 5th Battalion.<ref>http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2005/09/on-the-offensive-in-1918/</ref>

==World War I==
He began his service in the ranks, and as a [[sergeant]] was awarded the [[Military Medal]] on 23 February 1918.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30540|supp=y|pages=2413–2438|date=22 February 1918}}</ref> After being commissioned, he was also awarded the [[Military Cross]], the full citation was not published until after that of his VC, in a supplement to the ''[[London Gazette]]'' of 10 January 1919 (dated 11 January 1919):{{quote|As our right flank was " in the air " for over 4,000 yards, this officer was detailed with his platoon and a Tank to clear up a village. This he did most successfully, killing a large number of the enemy and taking several prisoners. The coolness and determination which he displayed in clearing up the village and his marked control over his men at all times cannot be too highly commended.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31119|supp=y|pages=2413–664|date=10 January 1919}}</ref>}}

Rutherford was 26 years old serving in the 4th [[Battle of the Scarpe (1918)|Battle of the Scarpe]] near [[Monchy-le-Preux|Monchy]], [[France]] when he was awarded the Victoria Cross. On 26 August 1918, while commanding an assaulting party, he found himself a considerable distance ahead of his men and at the same moment saw a fully armed strong enemy party outside a pill-box in front of him. By masterly bluff he managed to persuade the enemy that they were surrounded and the whole party of 45, including two officers and three machine-guns, surrendered. The lieutenant then observed that gun fire from another pill-box was holding up the assault, so with a Lewis gun section he attacked it capturing another 35 prisoners and their guns. The full citation was published in a supplement to the ''London Gazette'' of 12 November 1918 (dated 15 November 1918):{{quote|For most conspicuous bravery, initiative and devotion to duty. When in command of an assaulting party Lt. Rutherford found himself a considerable distance ahead of his men, and at the same moment observed a fully armed strong enemy party outside a " Pill Box " ahead of him. He beckoned to them with his revolver to come to him, in return they waved to him to come to them. This he boldly did, and informed them that they were prisoners. This fact an enemy officer disputed and invited Lt. Rutherford to enter the " Pill Box," an invitation he discreetly declined. By masterly bluff, however, he persuaded the enemy that they were surrounded, and the whole party of 45, including two officers and three machine guns, surrendered to him.

Subsequently he induced the enemy officer to stop the fire of an enemy machine-gun close by, and Lt. Rutherford took advantage of the opportunity to hasten the advance of his men to his support.

Lt. Rutherford then observed that the right assaulting party was held up by heavy machine-gun fire from another " Pill Box." Indicating an objective to the remainder of his party he attacked the " Pill Box " with a Lewis gun section and captured a further 35 prisoners with machine guns, thus enabling the party to continue their advance.

The bold and gallant action of this officer contributed very materially to the capture of the main objective and was a wonderful inspiration to all ranks in pressing home the attack on a very strong position.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31012|supp=y|pages=13471–13472|date=12 November 1918}}</ref>}}

He later achieved the rank of [[Captain (land and air)|captain]].

==Post World War I==
From 1934 to 1940, Rutherford was the [[Sergeant at Arms]] of the [[Ontario Legislature]] when [[Mitchell Hepburn]] was Premier. He was the first sergeant to eject a member of the Legislature.

During World War II he served with the Veterans Guard of Canada, reaching the rank of [[Captain (OF-2)|Captain]].

C.S. Rutherford was the last winner of the Victoria Cross from World War I to die, on 11 June 1989 at the age of 97.<ref>[http://outoftheshadows.ca/charles-rutherford-vc-mc-mm/ » » Article: Charles Rutherford vc, mc, mm - Out of the Shadows]</ref><ref>[http://www.harrypalmergallery.ab.ca/galwarvetsone/rutherford.html Charles Smith Rutherford, VC,MC,MM, Colborne, ON, 1987] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315221727/http://www.harrypalmergallery.ab.ca/galwarvetsone/rutherford.html |date=15 March 2008 }}</ref> He is buried at The Union Cemetery, Colborne, Ontario, Canada.



==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=606914 Charles S. Rutherford's digitized service file]

*[http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/rutherford-cs-eng.asp Charles S. Rutherford biography on DHH]
*{{Find a Grave|7033012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rutherford, Charles Smith}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Medal]]
[[Category:Canadian recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers]]
[[Category:People from Northumberland County, Ontario]]
[[Category:The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada]]

Cecil John Kinross

2018-05-16T14:43:48Z

Ouvrard: Uploaded a better photograph to the Commons and linked it to his profile.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Cecil John Kinross
| image = [[File:A006794-v8.jpg|thumb|Private Cecil J. Kinross, V.C.]]
| caption = Cecil John Kinross VC
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|02|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Harefield]], [[Middlesex]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1957|06|21|1896|02|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lougheed, Alberta]], Canada
| placeofburial = [[Lougheed Cemetery]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| service years = 1915–1919
| rank = [[Private (rank)|Private]]
| unit = [[49th (Edmonton) Battalion]]
| battles = [[World War I]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Victoria Cross (UK) ribbon.png|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]]
}}



'''Cecil John Kinross''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (17 February 1896 – 21 June 1957) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] soldier in [[World War I]]. Kinross was a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. He was only 19 when he got awarded with it. He was the second youngest Victoria cross recipient.

==Early life==
Kinross was born on 17 February 1896 at Dews Farm, [[Harefield, Middlesex]]. His father's family originated in [[Perthshire]]. He moved to [[Lougheed, Alberta]] with his parents and siblings in 1912.


==Military career==
Kinross was inducted voluntarily into the army at Calgary, Alberta, October 21, 1915 as a [[private (rank)|private]] in the [[49th (Edmonton) Battalion]], [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]. On 30 October 1917, at the [[Battle of Passchendaele]] during the [[First World War]], Kinross performed an act of bravery for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

{{quote|No. 437793 Private Cecil John Kinross, Can. Inf.

For the most conspicuous bravery in action during prolonged and severe operations.

Shortly after the attack (on Passchendaele Ridge) was launched, the company to which he belonged came under intense artillery fire, and further advance was held up by a very severe fire from an enemy machine gun. Private Kinross, making a careful survey of the situation, deliberately divested himself of all his equipment save his rifle and bandolier and, regardless of his personal safety, advanced alone over the open ground in broad daylight, charged the enemy machine gun, killing the crew of six, and seized and destroyed the gun. His superb example and courage instilled the greatest confidence in his company, and enabled a further advance of 300 yards to be made and a highly important position to be established.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30471|date=8 January 1918 |page=724|supp=y }}</ref>}}

Kinross was wounded in the arm and head in 1917 and hospitalised at [[Orpington]], England. He was subsequently presented with the Victoria Cross by King George V in March 1918.

[[File:Kinross 2.jpg|thumb|Blue plaque at the birthplace of Kinross]]

==Later life==
Kinross returned to Alberta after the war and was given a plot of land in Lougheed, He never married and he died at the Lougheed Hotel in Lougheed, Alberta on 21 June 1957, and is buried in the Soldier's Plot in the Lougheed Cemetery, Lougheed, Alberta, Canada.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nationalpost.com/news/canada/they-gave-him-a-medal-and-named-a-mountain-after-him-but-this-passchendaele-veterans-story-is-a-tragedy|title=They gave him a medal and named a mountain after him. But this Passchendaele veteran's story is a tragedy|last=O'Connor|first=Joe|date=2017-11-09|work=National Post|access-date=2017-12-12|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Mount Kinross, 2560m, 24 km NW of Jasper, Alberta, in the [[Victoria Cross Ranges]] in the Jasper National Park, was named after him in 1951.

His Victoria Cross medal is held by his family while the miniature is on display at [[The Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum]] in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*[[Monuments to Courage]] (David Harvey, 1999)
*[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (This England, 1997)
*[[Scotland's Forgotten Valour]] (Graham Ross, 1995)
*[[VCs of the First World War - Passchendaele 1917]] (Stephen Snelling, 1998)

==External links==
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=500752 Cecil John Kinross' digitized service file]
* [https://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/article/22467/Cecil-Kinross-VC Hillingdon Council memorial plaque to Cecil Kinross, VC]
* [http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/kinross-cj-eng.asp Cecil John Kinross biography] on DND's Directory of Heritage and History bio
* {{Find a Grave|10780912}}
* [http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetail.asp?ID=71236 Canadian Great War Project]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinross, Cecil John}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Harefield]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]

Robert Spall

2018-05-04T18:56:26Z

Ouvrard: Added correct death location

{{Infobox military person
|name=Robert Spall
|birth_date=5 March 1890
|death_date=13 August 1918
|image= Robert Spall VC.jpg
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_place=[[Ealing]], [[Essex]], [[England]]
|death_place=Parvillers-le-Quesnoy, [[France]]
|placeofburial=
|allegiance={{flag|Canada|1868}}
|branch=[[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
|serviceyears=1915 - 1918
|rank=[[Sergeant]]
|unit=[[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]]
|commands=
|battles=[[First World War]]{{KIA}}
|awards=[[File:Victoria Cross (UK) ribbon.png|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]]
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
'''Robert Spall''' {{post-nominals|VC}} (5 March 1890 – 13 August 1918), was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

Robert Spall was born in [[Ealing]], [[Essex]], [[England]] on March 5, 1890. He enlisted in the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] in July 1915.

Spall was 28 years old, and a [[sergeant]] in [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]], [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] during the [[World War I|First World War]], and was awarded the VC for his actions on 13 August 1918 near [[Parvillers-le-Quesnoy]], [[France]].

His citation reads:{{Quote|For most conspicuous bravery and self-sacrifice when, during an enemy counter-attack, his platoon was isolated. Thereupon Serjt. Spall took a Lewis gun and, standing on the parapet, fired upon the advancing enemy, inflicting very severe casualties. He then came down the trench directing the men into a sap seventy-five yards from the enemy. Picking up another Lewis gun, this gallant N.C.O. again climbed the parapet, and by his fire held up the enemy. It was while holding up the enemy at this point that he was killed. Serjt. Spall deliberately gave his life in order to extricate his platoon from a most difficult situation, and it was owing to his bravery that the platoon was saved.|The London Gazette, 26 October 1918<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30975|date=25 October 1918 |page=12670|supp=y}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1576015 Spall, Robert], Commonwealth War Graves Commission</ref>}}

Sergeant Spall's final resting place was lost and as such he is commemorated on the [[Canadian National Vimy Memorial]] with the over 11,000 other Canadian dead of the war killed in France but whose remains were lost or never recovered.<ref>http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/spall-r-eng.asp</ref>

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the PPCLI Museum at [[The Military Museums]] in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*''[[Monuments to Courage]]'', (David Harvey, 1999)
*[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (This England, 1997)

==External links==
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=242829 Robert Spall's digitized service file]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311014925/http://www.legionmagazine.com/features/victoriacross/05-09.asp?id=print Legion Magazine]
* [http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/history/firstwar/vcwinners/robert-spall Veterans Affairs Canada]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetail.asp?ID=53343 Canadian Great War Project]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spall, Robert}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Canadian military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:People from Brentford]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]

Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza

2018-04-03T17:09:53Z

Ouvrard: Added a link to his military service file with the Canadian Dragoons.

{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{For|the son of [[Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza]]|Prince Antônio of Orléans-Braganza}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza
|image = Antoine d'Orleans et Braganza, by William Orpen.jpg
|caption = ''Prince Antoine d'Orleans et Braganza, MC'' Portrait by [[William Orpen]], 1918
|full name = Antônio Gastão Filipe Francisco de Assis Maria Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga
|house = [[House of Orléans-Braganza]]
|father = [[Prince Gaston, Count of Eu]]
|mother = [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1881|8|9}}
|birth_place = Paris, [[French Third Republic|France]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1918|11|29|1881|8|9}}
|death_place = [[Edmonton, London|Edmonton]], London, United Kingdom
|burial_place = [[Chapelle royale de Dreux|Royal Chapel]], [[Dreux]], France
|religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
}}
[[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] '''Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza''' [[Military Cross|MC]] ({{lang-pt|Antônio Gastão de Orléans e Bragança}}; 9 August 1881 – 29 November 1918) was a Brazilian prince who served in the forces of the [[British Empire]] during [[World War I]].

==Life==
Antônio was born in Paris, the third and last son of [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil]], and her husband [[Prince Gaston, Count of Eu|Gaston of Orléans, count of Eu]].<ref name="bp"/> His father was a grandson of the last [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] [[List of French monarchs|king of France]], [[Louis Philippe I]], and his mother was the eldest daughter and heir of Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]]. He was baptised on 27 August 1881.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barman|first=Roderick J.|title=Princess Isabel of Brazil: gender and power in the nineteenth century|year=2002|publisher=Scholarly Resources|location=Wilmington, Delaware|page=158|isbn=0-8420-2846-3}}</ref> His full name was Antônio Gastão Luiz Filipe Francisco de Assis Maria Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga;<ref name="bp">{{cite book|editor= Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh|editor-link=Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd|title=Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume 1: Europe & Latin America|location=London|publisher=Burke's Peerage|year=1977|page=51|isbn=0-85011-023-8}}</ref> his family affectionately called him "Totó".<ref>Barman, p. 212</ref>

After his grandfather was deposed in a military coup in Brazil, he and his family were sent into exile in Europe. As a child he was chronically sick with bronchitis.<ref>Barman, pp. 176, 212</ref> He was educated in Paris, and at the [[Theresian Military Academy]] in [[Wiener Neustadt]], Austria.<ref>Barman, p. 220</ref> After graduation, he was a [[Hussar]] lieutenant in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] between 1908 and 1914.

When World War I broke out, Antônio was prevented from joining the French armed forces by a law that forbade members of the deposed French royal family from serving in the military.<ref>Barman, p. 229</ref> Instead, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the [[Royal Canadian Dragoons]] where he served attached to the [[Royal Flying Corps]] as a pilot and intelligence officer. He was promoted to captain in 1916,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29689|page=7573|date=1 August 1916}}</ref> and was awarded the [[Military Cross]] in 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=30234|supp=4|page=8393|date=16 August 1917}}</ref> He was [[aide-de-camp]] to the commander of the Canadian Cavalry Brigade, [[J. E. B. Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone|Brigadier-General Seely]],<ref name="cwgc"/> from February 1917<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=29996|page=2860|date=23 March 1917}}</ref> until May 1918,<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=30765|supp=y|page=7542|date=26 June 1918}}</ref> and then was seconded for duty with the War Office in July.<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=31030|supp=5|page=13900|date=26 November 1918}} Substituted for notice in {{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=30933|supp=5|page=11700|date=4 October 1918}}</ref>

[[File:Tombeau d'Antoine d'Orléans-Bragance (1881 - 1918) 1.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Prince Antônio in the Royal Chapel of Dreux]]
Antônio died from injuries sustained in an air crash at [[Edmonton, London|Edmonton]], London, shortly after the end of the war.<ref>Barman, p. 230</ref> His remains were placed in the [[Chapelle royale de Dreux|Royal Chapel]] of [[Dreux]], in France.<ref name="bp"/><ref name="cwgc">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2001139|title=Orleans and Braganza Prince of, Antoine Gaston Philippe|publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]|accessdate=1 November 2011}}</ref>

==Honors==
* {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Pedro I]]<ref name="bp"/>
* {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Rose]]<ref name="bp"/>
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]]<ref name="bp"/>
* {{flagicon|Spain}} Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]]<ref name="bp"/>
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria)|Order of Merit]]<ref name="bp"/>
* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]]<ref name="bp"/>
* {{flagicon|Union of South Africa}} [[Natal Native Rebellion Medal]] with clasp of South Africa<ref name="Royal Ark">[http://www.royalark.net/Brazil/brazil4.htm Royal Ark]</ref>
* {{flagicon|France}} Knight of the [[Legion of Honour]] of France<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=31736|supp=6|page=701|date=16 January 1920}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{Ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
{{Ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza'''
|2= 2. [[Gaston, Count of Eu|Prince Gaston, Count of Eu]]
|3= 3. [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil]]
|4= 4. [[Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours]]
|5= 5. [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|6= 6. [[Pedro II of Brazil]]
|7= 7. [[Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies|Princess Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies]]
|8= 8. [[Louis Philippe I|Louis Philippe I of France]]
|9= 9. [[Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily|Princess Maria Amalia Naples and Sicily]]
|10= 10. [[Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|11= 11. [[Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág|Princess Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág]]
|12= 12. [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal]]
|13= 13. [[Maria Leopoldina of Austria|Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria]]
|14= 14. [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies]]
|15= 15. [[Maria Isabella of Spain|Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain]]
|16= 16. [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]]
|17= 17. [[Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon]]
|18= 18. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]
|19= 19. [[Maria Carolina of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]]
|20= 20. [[Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]
|21= 21. [[Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf]]
|22= 22. [[Ferencz József Koháry de Csábrág|Ferenc József, Prince Koháry de Csábrág]]
|23= 23. [[Maria Antonia of Waldstein-Wartenberg|Countess Maria Antonia of Waldstein-Wartenberg]]
|24= 24. [[John VI of Portugal]]
|25= 25. [[Carlota Joaquina of Spain|Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain]]
|26= 26. [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|27= 27. [[Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily|Princess Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily]]
|28= 28. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]] (= 18)
|29= 29. [[Maria Carolina of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]] (= 19)
|30= 30. [[Charles IV of Spain]]
|31= 31. [[Maria Luisa of Parma|Princess Maria Luisa of Parma]]
}}
{{Ahnentafel bottom}}

==External links==
* [http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item/?op=pdf&app=CEF&id=B1008-S018 Royal Canadian Dragoons service file]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Brazilian princes}}
{{Princes of Orléans-Braganza}}
{{Brazilian Imperial Family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antonio Gastao de Orleans e Braganza, Prince}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in London]]
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian military personnel]]
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England]]
[[Category:Burials at the Chapelle royale de Dreux]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers]]
[[Category:House of Orléans-Braganza]]
[[Category:People from Paris]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rose]]
[[Category:Royal Flying Corps officers]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur]]

Colin Fraser Barron

2018-04-03T12:54:36Z

Ouvrard: Added a missing header

{{Infobox military person
| name = Colin Fraser Barron
| image = Barron-cf.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1893|9|20}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1958|8|15|1893|9|20}}
| birth_place = Baldavie, Boyndie, [[Banffshire]], [[Scotland]]
| death_place = [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], Canada
| placeofburial = Prospect Cemetery, Toronto
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Sergeant-Major]]
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[3rd Battalion, CEF|3rd (Toronto) Battalion]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War I]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Victoria Cross (UK) ribbon.png|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
}}
'''Colin Fraser Barron''' {{post-nominals|VC}} (20 September 1893 – 15 August 1959) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was born at Boyndie, [[Banffshire]], [[Scotland]],<ref>http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/barron-cf-eng.asp</ref> a son of Margaret Walker Barron, a domestic servant. He was raised in a large household by his grandparents Joseph Barron & Mary (née Reid) Barron along with his brother [http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetail.asp?Id=42528 Alexander Barron] and many other half-siblings and aunts and uncles. He immigrated to Canada in 1910, and enlisted in the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] in 1914.

Barron was 24 years old, and a [[Corporal]] in the 3rd (Toronto) Battalion, CEF during the [[First World War]] when he was awarded the Victoria Cross. On 6 November 1917 at the [[Battle of Passchendaele]], [[Belgium]], when his unit was held up by three machine-guns, Corporal Barron opened fire on them at point-blank range, rushed the guns, killed four of the crew and captured the remainder. He then turned one of the captured guns on the retiring enemy, causing severe casualties. This action produced far-reaching results and enabled the advance to continue.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30471|date=8 January 1918 |page=723|supp=y }}</ref>

He later achieved the rank of [[sergeant-major]], and during the [[Second World War]] he served with the [[Royal Regiment of Canada]]. He is buried in Veteran's Section 7, grave 3562 at Prospect Cemetery, [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], Canada.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*[[Monuments to Courage]] (David Harvey, 1999)
*[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (This England, 1997)
*[[Scotland's Forgotten Valour]] (Graham Ross, 1995)
*[[VCs of the First World War - Passchendaele 1917]] (Stephen Snelling, 1998)

==External links==
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=27002 Colin Barron digitized personnel file]
* [http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggcantor.htm Burial location of Colin Barron] "Toronto"
* [https://legionmagazine.com/en/2005/05/the-passchendaele-nine-plus-one/ Legion Magazine Article on Colin Barron]
* [http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/barron-cf-eng.asp Colin Fraser Barron profile on the ''Directorate of History and Heritage'' (DND)]
* [http://trees.ancestry.ca/tree/18604161/person/684642604 Family tree for Colin Fraser Barron]
* {{findagrave | 7033973}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barron, Colin Fraser}}
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Banff and Buchan]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]
[[Category:The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian military personnel of World War II]]

Mary Louisa Bruce, Countess of Elgin

2018-03-19T13:54:24Z

Ouvrard: Removed an empty header

[[File:Portrait of Lady Elgin, Lady Mary Louisa Lambton (d. March 9, 1898).jpg|thumb|''Portrait of Lady Elgin, Lady Mary Louisa Lambton'']]
'''Lady Mary Louisa Elgin''', née Lambton (8 May 1819<ref>{{cite book|title=The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire as at Present Existing: Arranged and Printed from the Personal Communications of the Nobility ...|volume=29|p=221|publisher=Hurst and Blackett|year=1860}}</ref> – 9 March 1898) was the daughter of [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]] and the second wife of [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|8th Earl of Elgin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p3686.htm|title=Lady Mary Louisa Lambton|publisher=ThePeerage|accessdate=8 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Genealogical Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland|p=vi|year=1847}}</ref> She travelled to Canada twice: the first time when her father went to Canada to investigate the Lower Canada rebellion in 29 May - 1 November 1838. She later returned to Canada with her husband from 1847 to 1853.

An accomplished artist, she studied under [[Coke Smyth|John Richard Coke-Smyth]], alongside her sister, Lady Emily Augusta, and travel companion, [[Katherine Ellice]]. She wrote and illustrated journals and diaries of her international travels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2018-03-08T20%3A15%3A49Z&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=3974534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Apam&lang=eng|title=Art Album of Mary Louisa Lambton (1837-1839)|last=Lambton|first=Mary Louisa|date=8 March 2018|website=Library and Archives Canada - James Bruce, Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, and family fonds|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lambton, Mary Louisa}}
[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:British diarists]]
[[Category:British women artists]]

HMS Hastings (1819)

2018-03-09T16:04:45Z

Ouvrard: /* HMS Hastings */ Added link and name of governor

{{other ships|Hastings (East Indiaman)|HMS Hastings}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Figurehead from H.M.S. Hastings.jpg
|Ship image size=200px
|Ship caption=The ship's figurehead{{#tag:ref|The Ship's figurehead is now on display at the [[Merseyside Maritime Museum]].<ref name=guy>{{cite web |url=http://blog.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ImmortalisedInWood.aspx |title=National Museums Liverpool Blog - Immortalised in wood |first1=Stephen |last1=Guy |date=2008 |publisher=National Museums Liverpool |accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref>|group=Note}}

}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|50px]]
|Ship yard number=
|Ship owner=
|Ship builder=Kyd & Co, [[Kidderpore]]<ref name=NA>National Archives:''Hastings'' (2),[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/73ffe49b-6162-4265-a163-85bbf7f16528] - accessed 23 November 2014.</ref>
|Ship name=''Hastings''
|Ship namesake=[[Warren Hastings]]
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=8 January 1818<ref>Lee (1912), pp.239-40.</ref>
|Ship fate=Sold to British [[Admiralty]] 1819
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|UK]]
|Ship flag=[[File:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|60px|Royal Navy Ensign]]
|Ship name=HMS ''Hastings''
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=
|Ship acquired=22 June 1819, from British [[East India Company]]
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship honours=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1886
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=<ref name="Lavery, SoLv1 p191">Lavery, Ships of the Line vol.1, p191.</ref>
|Ship class=74-gun [[third rate]] [[ship of the line]]
|Ship tons burthen=1732,<ref name=Phipps/> or 1763 ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|Ship length={{convert|176|ft|10+1/2|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (gundeck)
|Ship beam={{convert|48|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught=
|Ship hold depth={{convert|21|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship sail plan=[[Full rigged ship]]
|Ship propulsion=Sails
|Ship complement=
|Ship armament=*Gundeck: 28 × 32-pounder guns
*Upper gundeck: 28 × 18-pounder guns
*[[Quarterdeck|QD]]: 4 × 12-pounder guns + 10 × 32-pounder [[carronade]]s
*[[Forecastle|Fc]]: 2 × 12-pounder guns + 2 × 32-pounder carronades
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''HMS ''Hastings''''' was a 74-gun [[third rate]] [[ship of the line]] of the [[Royal Navy]]. She was built in [[Calcutta]] for the [[Honourable East India Company]], but the Royal Navy purchased her in 1819. The Navy sold her in 1886.

==East India Company==
''Hastings'' was built of the highest quality "saul", "sissoo", "Pegue", and "Java" [[teak wood]], following Sir [[Robert Seppings]]'s principles, which resulted in a vessel both longitudinal and transverse support. Her construction cost [[Indian rupee|Sicca ruppees (Sa.Rs.)]] 8,71,406 (£108,938), which the merchants of [[Kolkatta|Calcutta]] and other patriotic individuals subscribed via shares.<ref name=Phipps>Phipps (1840), pp.xiii-xiv.</ref> The full cost of getting her ready for sea was Sa.Rs. 8,71,406 (£116,375).<ref>Phipps (1840), p.41.</ref>

Captain John Hayes sailed ''Hastings'' from Calcutta on 28 March 1818. She reached [[Chennai|Madras]] on 13 April, and [[Port Louis]] on 2 July. From there she reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 15 September, and arrived at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]] on 3 November.<ref name=NA/>

==HMS Hastings==
The Admiralty purchased ''Hastings'' on 22 June 1819. It paid about half of what the vessel had cost the shareholders in Calcutta that had subscribed to her construction. The belief in Calcutta was that the jealousy of the Thames shipbuilders led to the undervaluation of the ship.<ref name=Phipps/>

In 1838 ''Hastings'' took the new governor, Lord [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]], to Canada. The ship arrived in Quebec on 27 May 1838.<ref name="L2013">{{cite book|author=Patrick Richard Carstens; Timothy L|title=The Republic of Canada Almost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKPZhzW-AGAC&pg=PA65|date=31 January 2013|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4797-4917-1|page=330}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref>

Sailors and marines from ''Hastings'' fought [[China|Chinese]] [[pirate]]s at the [[Battle of Tonkin River]] in 1849.

In 1855 she was fitted with [[propeller#Marine|screw propulsion]].<ref name="Lavery, SoLv1 p191" /> In 1857 the ship was deployed to [[Liverpool]] on coastal defence duties before being transferred to the Royal Naval Reserve to be used as a training ship.<ref name=guy />

==Fate==
''Hastings'' was sold out of the navy in 1886.<ref name="Lavery, SoLv1 p191" />

==Notes, citations and references==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|group=Note}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|30em}}
'''References'''
*Lavery, Brian (2003) ''The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850.'' Conway Maritime Press. {{ISBN|0-85177-252-8}}.
*Lee, Ida (1912) ''Commodore Sir John Hayes: His Voyage and Life (1767-1831) with Some Account of Admiral D'Entrecasteaux's Voyage of 1792-3''. (Longmans, Green).
*Phipps, John Phipps (of the Master Attendant's Office, Calcutta) (1840) ''A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...''. (Scott). (Google eBook)

{{commons category|HMS Hastings (ship, 1819)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hastings (1819)}}
[[Category:Ships of the line of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Coal hulks]]

{{UK-line-ship-stub}}

Mary Louisa Bruce, Countess of Elgin

2018-03-09T00:48:39Z

Ouvrard: Fixed a typo

[[File:Portrait of Lady Elgin, Lady Mary Louisa Lambton (d. March 9, 1898).jpg|thumb|''Portrait of Lady Elgin, Lady Mary Louisa Lambton'']]
'''Lady Mary Louisa Elgin''', née Lambton (8 May 1819<ref>{{cite book|title=The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire as at Present Existing: Arranged and Printed from the Personal Communications of the Nobility ...|volume=29|p=221|publisher=Hurst and Blackett|year=1860}}</ref> – 9 March 1898) was the second wife of [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|8th Earl of Elgin]]; daughter of [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p3686.htm|title=Lady Mary Louisa Lambton|publisher=ThePeerage|accessdate=8 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Genealogical Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland|p=vi|year=1847}}</ref> She travelled to Canada twice: the first time when her father came to Canada to investigate the Lower Canada rebellion in 29 May - 1 November 1838. She later returned to Canada with her husband from 1847 to 1853.

An accomplished artist, she studied under [[Coke Smyth|John Richard Coke-Smyth]], alongside her sister, Lady Emily Augusta, and travel companion, [[Katherine Ellice]]. She wrote and illustrated journals and diaries of her international travels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2018-03-08T20%3A15%3A49Z&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=3974534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Apam&lang=eng|title=Art Album of Mary Louisa Lambton (1837-1839)|last=Lambton|first=Mary Louisa|date=8 March 2018|website=Library and Archives Canada - James Bruce, Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, and family fonds|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

== External links ==

== References ==
{{reflist}}

User talk:Ouvrard

2018-03-09T00:47:40Z

Ouvrard:

== June 2017 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. This is just a note to let you know that I've moved the draft that you were working on to [[:Draft:Coke Smyth]], from its old location at {{no redirect|User:Ouvrard/Coke Smyth}}. This has been done because the [[WP:DRAFTS|Draft namespace]] is the preferred location for [[WP:AFC|Articles for Creation]] submissions. Please feel free to continue to work on it there. If you have any questions about this, you are welcome to ask me on [[User talk:KGirlTrucker81|my talk page]]. Thank you.  [[User:KGirlTrucker81|'''KGirlTrucker81''']] [[User talk:KGirlTrucker81|huh?]] [[Special:Contributions/KGirlTrucker81|what I've been doing]] 19:45, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

== Your submission at [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]]: [[Draft:Coke Smyth|Coke Smyth]] (June 29) ==
<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time.<nowiki> </nowiki>The reason left by Gbawden was:

{{divbox|gray|3=This submission is not adequately supported by [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. ''Reliable'' sources are required so that information can be [[WP:V|verified]]. If you need help with referencing, please see [[WP:REFB|Referencing for beginners]] and [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].|}} Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.
{{clear}}
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[[User:Gbawden|Gbawden]] ([[User talk:Gbawden|talk]]) 11:37, 29 June 2017 (UTC)</div>

== Your submission at [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]]: [[Draft:Coke Smyth|Coke Smyth]] (July 8) ==
<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time.<nowiki> </nowiki>The reason left by Shadowowl was:

{{divbox|gray|3=This submission is not adequately supported by [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. ''Reliable'' sources are required so that information can be [[WP:V|verified]]. If you need help with referencing, please see [[WP:REFB|Referencing for beginners]] and [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].|}} Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.
{{clear}}
* If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to [[Draft:Coke Smyth]] and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
* If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the {{#if:'''Articles for creation help desk'''
|[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Coke_Smyth '''Articles for creation help desk''']
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|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:85}}
| {{Hs|2.0}} [[File:Stars320.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Medium, Assessed class: Start, Predicted class: C|link=Southern Alberta Institute of Technology|Quality: Medium, Assessed class: Start, Predicted class: C]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Southern Alberta Institute of Technology]] ([[Talk:Southern Alberta Institute of Technology|talk]])
| Wikify

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51}}
| {{Hs|2.0}} [[File:Stars320.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Medium, Assessed class: Start, Predicted class: C|link=Social security in France|Quality: Medium, Assessed class: Start, Predicted class: C]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Social security in France]] ([[Talk:Social security in France|talk]])
| Wikify

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11}}
| {{Hs|2.0}} [[File:Stars320.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Medium, Assessed class: Start, Predicted class: C|link=15 Field Ambulance|Quality: Medium, Assessed class: Start, Predicted class: C]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[15 Field Ambulance]] ([[Talk:15 Field Ambulance|talk]])
| Wikify

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3}}
| {{Hs|2.0}} [[File:Stars320.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Medium, Assessed class: Start, Predicted class: C|link=Anna Berndtson|Quality: Medium, Assessed class: Start, Predicted class: C]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Anna Berndtson]] ([[Talk:Anna Berndtson|talk]])
| Orphan

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4}}
| {{Hs|1.0}} [[File:Stars310.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Low, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: Stub|link=Angelo Pizzetti|Quality: Low, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: Stub]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Angelo Pizzetti]] ([[Talk:Angelo Pizzetti|talk]])
| Orphan

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4}}
| {{Hs|1.0}} [[File:Stars310.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Low, Assessed class: NA, Predicted class: Start|link=Acriflavine resistance protein family|Quality: Low, Assessed class: NA, Predicted class: Start]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Acriflavine resistance protein family]] ([[Talk:Acriflavine resistance protein family|talk]])
| Orphan

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5}}
| {{Hs|1.0}} [[File:Stars310.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Low, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: Stub|link=Canadian Machine Gun Corps|Quality: Low, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: Stub]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Canadian Machine Gun Corps]] ([[Talk:Canadian Machine Gun Corps|talk]])
| Stub

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3}}
| {{Hs|1.0}} [[File:Stars310.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Low, Assessed class: Start, Predicted class: Start|link=Stanley Boughey|Quality: Low, Assessed class: Start, Predicted class: Start]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Stanley Boughey]] ([[Talk:Stanley Boughey|talk]])
| Stub

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6}}
| {{Hs|2.0}} [[File:Stars320.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Medium, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: C|link=Arthur Leyland Harrison|Quality: Medium, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: C]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Arthur Leyland Harrison]] ([[Talk:Arthur Leyland Harrison|talk]])
| Stub

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4}}
| {{Hs|1.0}} [[File:Stars310.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Low, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: Stub|link=James Kirk (VC)|Quality: Low, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: Stub]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[James Kirk (VC)]] ([[Talk:James Kirk (VC)|talk]])
| Stub

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7}}
| {{Hs|1.0}} [[File:Stars310.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Low, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: Start|link=Maxwelltown|Quality: Low, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: Start]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Maxwelltown]] ([[Talk:Maxwelltown|talk]])
| Stub

|- style="text-align: center; height: 30px;"
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8}}
| {{Hs|1.0}} [[File:Stars310.svg|60 px|alt=Quality: Low, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: Start|link=Wilfrith Elstob|Quality: Low, Assessed class: Stub, Predicted class: Start]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilfrith Elstob]] ([[Talk:Wilfrith Elstob|talk]])
| Stub
|}
''Note:'' All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please [[User:SuggestBot/Documentation/Suggestion columns|consult the documentation]] and please get in touch on [[User talk:SuggestBot|SuggestBot's talk page]] with any questions you might have.

SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping.

If you have ''feedback'' on how to make SuggestBot better, please tell me on [[User_talk:SuggestBot|SuggestBot's talk page]]. Thanks from {{User0|Nettrom}}, SuggestBot's caretaker. -- [[User:SuggestBot|SuggestBot]] ([[User talk:SuggestBot|talk]]) 16:23, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

== WikiProject Canada 10,000 Challenge submissions ==

[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada/The 10,000 Challenge|The 10,000 Challenge]] of WikiProject Canada will soon be reaching its first-anniversary. Please consider submitting any Canada-related articles you have created or improved since November 2016. Please try to ensure that all entries are sourced with formatted citations and no unsourced claims.

You may submit articles using [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&editintro=Wikipedia%3AWikiProject+Canada%2FThe+10%2C000+Challenge%2FEditintro&summary=added+article+to+challenge+list&title=Wikipedia%3AWikiProject+Canada%2FThe+10%2C000+Challenge%2FRecent+additions&create=Submit+an+article this link] for convenience. Thank-you, and please spread the word to those you know who might be interested in joining this effort to improve the quality of Canada-related articles. – [[User:Reidgreg|Reidgreg]] ([[User talk:Reidgreg|talk]]) 18:13, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

==Welcome to The Wikipedia Adventure!==
[[File:TWA guide left bottom.png |left|link=]]
:::::'''Hi Ouvrard!''' We're so happy you wanted to play to learn, as a friendly and fun way to get into our community and mission. I think these links might be helpful to you as you get started.
::::::* [[WP:TWA/Portal|The Wikipedia Adventure Start Page]]
::::::* [[WP:TWA/Lounge|The Wikipedia Adventure Lounge]]
::::::* [[WP:Teahouse|The Teahouse new editor help space]]
::::::* [[WP:Help|Wikipedia Help pages]]
-- 19:15, Thursday, October 19, 2017 ([[UTC]])
{{Wikipedia:TWA/Navigation2}}
==Welcome to The Wikipedia Adventure!==
[[File:TWA guide left bottom.png |left|link=]]
:::::'''Hi Ouvrard!''' We're so happy you wanted to play to learn, as a friendly and fun way to get into our community and mission. I think these links might be helpful to you as you get started.
::::::* [[WP:TWA/Portal|The Wikipedia Adventure Start Page]]
::::::* [[WP:TWA/Lounge|The Wikipedia Adventure Lounge]]
::::::* [[WP:Teahouse|The Teahouse new editor help space]]
::::::* [[WP:Help|Wikipedia Help pages]]
-- 19:16, Thursday, October 19, 2017 ([[UTC]])
{{Wikipedia:TWA/Navigation2}}

== Your submission at [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]]: [[Draft:Coke Smyth|Coke Smyth]] (October 22) ==
<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time.<nowiki> </nowiki>The reason left by I dream of horses was:

{{divbox|gray|3=This submission is not adequately supported by [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. ''Reliable'' sources are required so that information can be [[WP:V|verified]]. If you need help with referencing, please see [[WP:REFB|Referencing for beginners]] and [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].|}} The comment the reviewer left was:

{{divbox|blue|3=Most of the sources seem to be affiliated with Coke Smyth.}} Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.
{{clear}}
* If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to [[Draft:Coke Smyth]] and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
* If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Coke_Smyth '''Articles for creation help desk'''] or on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:I_dream_of_horses&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Coke_Smyth '''reviewer's talk page'''].
* You can also use [[Wikipedia:IRC help disclaimer|Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors]].

 [[User:I dream of horses|I dream of horses]] {{small| If you reply here, please [[WP:ECHO|ping me]] by adding <nowiki>{{U|I dream of horses}}</nowiki> to your message }} {{small|([[User talk:I dream of horses|talk to me]]) ([[Special:Contributions/I dream of horses|My edits]])}} @ 03:21, 22 October 2017 (UTC)</div>

{| style="margin: 0.4em 2em;"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[File:WP teahouse logo 2.png|alt=Teahouse logo]]
| <div style="background-color:#f4f3f0; color: #393D38; padding: 1em; font-size: 1.1em; border-radius:10px;box-shadow:-2px -2px 1px #8e8a78;">Hello! '''Ouvrard''',
I noticed your article was declined at Articles for Creation, and that can be disappointing. If you are wondering why your article submission was declined, please post a question at the '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Help desk|Articles for creation help desk]]'''. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the '''[[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]]''', a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there!  [[User:I dream of horses|I dream of horses]] {{small| If you reply here, please [[WP:ECHO|ping me]] by adding <nowiki>{{U|I dream of horses}}</nowiki> to your message }} {{small|([[User talk:I dream of horses|talk to me]]) ([[Special:Contributions/I dream of horses|My edits]])}} @ 03:21, 22 October 2017 (UTC)</div>
|}
{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:3}}|[[Category:Wikipedians who have received a Teahouse invitation through AfC]]}}

== A kitten for you! ==

[[File:Kitten in a helmet.jpg|left|150px]]
Hey! It's been wonderful to have your participation in the OCLC Wikipedia + Libraries course. Thank you for your efforts and contributions to Wikipedia. :)

[[User:Monikasj|Monikasj]] ([[User talk:Monikasj|talk]]) 04:53, 24 October 2017 (UTC)
 

== Structured Commons newsletter, October 25, 2017 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
''Welcome to the newsletter for '''Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons'''! You can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Structured Data on Commons|update your subscription to the newsletter]]. Do inform others who you think will want to be involved in the project!''

;Community updates

* [[c:User:Rama|Rama]] published an '''article about Structured Commons''' in Arbido, a Swiss online magazine for archivists, librarians and documentalists: [http://arbido.ch/fr/edition-article/2017/metadonn%C3%A9es-donn%C3%A9es-de-qualit%C3%A9/donn%C3%A9es-structur%C3%A9es-la-puissance-de-wikidata-au-service-de-wikimedia-commons original in French, illustrated] and [[c:User:Rama/Structured Data|the article translated in English]].
* We now have a '''dedicated IRC channel''': [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia-commons-sd wikimedia-commons-sd] [https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#wikimedia-commons-sd webchat]

;[[c:Commons:Structured_data/Get_involved|Things to do / input and feedback requests]]

* Join the [[c:Commons:Structured_data/Get_involved/Community_focus_group|'''community focus group''']]!
* '''Translation'''. Do you want to help out translating messages about Structured Data on Commons from English to your own language? Sign up on the [[m:Structured Data on Commons/Newsletter/Translators|translators page]].
* The '''[[c:Commons:Structured data|documentation and info pages about Structured Data on Commons]]''' have received a thorough update, in order to get them ready for all the upcoming work. Obsolete pages were archived. There are undoubtedly still a lot of omissions and bits that are unclear. You can help by editing boldly, and by leaving feedback and tips on the talk pages.
* We have started to '''[[c:Commons:Structured_data/Get_involved/Tools|list tools, gadgets and bots]]''' that might be affected by Structured Commons in order to prepare for a smooth transition to the new situation. You can help by adding alerts about/to specific tools and developers [[c:Commons:Structured_data/Get_involved/Tools|on the dedicated tools page]]. You can also [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173971 create Phabricator tasks] to help keep track of this. Volunteers and developers interested in helping out with this process are extremely welcome - [[c:Commons:Structured_data/Get_involved/Tools|please sign up]]!
* Help write '''[[m:Structured Data on Commons/Newsletter/Next|the next Structured Commons newsletter]]'''.

;[[c:Commons:Structured_data/About/Press_and_presentations|Presentations / Press / Events]]

[[File:Wikimania 2017 Structured Data on Commons 01.jpg|thumb|Audience at Structured Commons design discussion, Wikimania 2017]]
* Structured Data on Commons was presented at '''Wikimania 2017''' in Montréal for a packed room. First design sketches for search functionality were discussed during a breakout session. Read the Etherpad reports of [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Wikimedia2017-StructuredDataPresentation the presentation] and [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Wikimedia2017-StructuredDataDesignDiscussion the breakout session].
* '''Katherine Maher''', Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation, [https://www.quora.com/session/Katherine-Maher/1 '''answered questions on Quora''']. [https://www.quora.com/Whats-your-take-on-VideoWiki-building-a-multi-media-encyclopedia One of her answers], mentioning Structured Data on Commons, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/wikipedia-is-working-on-making-its-treasure-troves_us_59d2e800e4b03905538d17ea was republished on Huffington Post].
* Sandra Fauconnier, Amanda Bittaker and Ramsey Isler from the Structured Commons team will be at '''WikidataCon'''. Sandra [[d:Wikidata:WikidataCon_2017/Submissions/Structured_Data_on_Wikimedia_Commons:_what's_coming,_and_how_to_be_involved_as_Wikidatans|presents Structured Commons there]] (with a focus on fruitful collaboration between the Wikidata and Commons communities). If you attend the conference, don't hesitate to say hi and have a chat with us! ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T176858 phabricator task T176858])

;Team updates

[[File:Portrait and two axis exercise.jpg|thumb|The Structured Commons team at Wikimania 2017]]
Two new people have been hired for the Structured Data on Commons team. We are now complete! :-)
* '''Ramsey Isler''' is the new Product Manager of the Multimedia team.
* '''Pamela Drouin''' was hired as User Interface Designer. She works at the Multimedia team as well, and her work will focus on the Structured Commons project.

;Partners and allies

* We are still welcoming (more) '''staff from GLAMs''' (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums) to become part of our '''long-term focus group''' ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174134 phabricator task T174134]). You will be kept in the loop of the project, and receive regular small surveys and requests for feedback. Get in touch with [[c:User:SandraF (WMF)|Sandra]] if you're interested - your input in helping to shape this project is highly valued!

;Research

'''[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Technology/Goals/2017-18_Q2#Segment_4:_Programs Design research]''' is ongoing.
* Jonathan Morgan and Niharika Ved have held '''interviews with various GLAM staff''' about their batch upload workflows and will finish and report on these in this quarter. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159495 phabricator task T159495])
* At this moment, there is also an '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_7WDA2RZvPDuaV7f online survey for GLAM staff]''', Wikimedians in Residence, and GLAM volunteers who upload media collections to Wikimedia Commons. The results will be used to understand how we can improve this experience. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175188 phabricator task T175188])
* Upcoming: '''interviews with Wikimedia volunteers''' who curate media on Commons (including tool developers), talking about activities and workflows. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175185 phabricator task T175185])

;[[c:Commons:Structured_data/Development|Development]]

In Autumn 2017, the Structured Commons development team works on the following major tasks (see also the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Audiences/2017-18_Q2_Goals#Programs quarterly goals for the team]):

* Getting '''Multi-Content Revisions''' sufficiently ready, so that the Multimedia and Search Platform teams can start using it to test and prototype things.
* Determine '''metrics and metrics baseline''' for Commons ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174519 phabricator task T174519]).
* The multimedia team at WMF is gaining expertise in '''Wikibase''', and unblocking further development for Structured Commons, by completing the '''MediaInfo extension''' for Wikibase.

;Stay up to date!

* Follow the Structured Data on Commons project on '''Phabricator''': https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/34/
* [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Structured Data on Commons|Subscribe to this '''newsletter''']] to receive it on a talk page of your own choice.
* Join the next '''[[m:IRC office hours#Upcoming office hours|IRC office hour]]''' and ask questions to the team! It takes place on Tuesday 21 November, 18.00 UTC.

Warmly, your community liaison, [[c:User:SandraF (WMF)|SandraF (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SandraF (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]])

''Message sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] - 14:26, 25 October 2017 (UTC)''
</div>


== Some stroopwafels for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Gaufre biscuit.jpg|135px]]
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | hi, nice article at [[Coke Smyth]]. apparantly notable to be mentioned in london and edinburgh reviews, so i moved it.
if you had access to the Mario Béland book, that might have enough to flesh out his biography. cheers. [[User:Prose-proem|Prose-proem]] ([[User talk:Prose-proem|talk]]) 21:22, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
|}

==Your draft article, [[User:Ouvrard/sandbox/ouvrard]]==
[[File:Information icon4.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

Hello, Ouvrard. It has been over six months since you last edited the [[WP:AFC|Articles for Creation]] submission or [[WP:Drafts|Draft]] page you started, "[[User:Ouvrard/sandbox/ouvrard|sandbox/ouvrard]]".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia [[WP:mainspace|mainspace]], the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply {{edit|User:Ouvrard/sandbox/ouvrard|edit the submission}} and remove the {{tlc|db-afc}}, {{tlc|db-draft}}, or {{tlc|db-g13}} code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at [[WP:REFUND/G13|this link]]. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing.  '''[[User:Tikuko|TKK]]'''! [[User talk:Tikuko|bark with me!]] 23:38, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

== 2017 Military Historian of the Year and Newcomer of the Year nominations and voting ==

As we approach the end of the year, the Military History project is looking to recognise editors who have made a real difference. Each year we do this by bestowing two awards: the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/Awards#"Military_historian_of_the_Year"|Military Historian of the Year]] and the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/Awards#"Military_history_Newcomer_of_the_Year"|Military History Newcomer of the Year]]. The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Coordinators|co-ordinators]] invite all project members to get involved by nominating any editor they feel merits recognition for their contributions to the project. Nominations for both awards are open between 00:01 on 2 December 2017 and 23:59 on 15 December 2017. After this, a 14-day voting period will follow commencing at 00:01 on 16 December 2017. Nominations and voting will take place on the main project talkpage: [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Military_history#Nominations_for_military_historian_of_the_year_for_2017_now_open!|here]] and [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Military_history#Nominations_for_military_history_newcomer_of_the_year_for_2017_now_open!|here]]. Thank you for your time. For the co-ordinators, [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 08:35, 8 December 2017 (UTC)


== Structured Commons newsletter, December 13, 2017 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
''Welcome to the newsletter for '''Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons'''! You can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Structured Data on Commons|update your subscription to the newsletter]]. Do inform others who you think will want to be involved in the project!''

;Community updates

* There was a IRC Office Hour about Structured Commons on November 21. [[m:IRC_office_hours/Office_hours_2017-11-21|You can read the log here]].
* Our dedicated IRC channel: [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia-commons-sd wikimedia-commons-sd] [https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#wikimedia-commons-sd webchat]

;[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Structured_data/Get_involved Things to do / input and feedback requests]
[[File:Akan MHNT.ETH.2010.25.078.jpg|thumb|A multi-licensed image on Wikimedia Commons, with a custom <nowiki>{{EthnologyItemMHNT}}</nowiki> Information template. Do you also know media files on Commons that will be interesting or challenging to model with structured data? Add them to the [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Interesting Commons files|Interesting Commons files]] page.]]
* '''NEW:''' [http://www.allourideas.org/commonswdtools Participate in a survey] that helps us prioritize which tools are important for the Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata communities. The survey runs until December 22. [[c:Commons:Structured_data/Get_involved/Tools|Here's some background]].
* '''NEW:''' [[c:Commons:Structured_data/Get_involved/Feedback_requests/Renaming_'captions'_and_'descriptions'|Help the team decide on better names for 'captions' and 'descriptions']]. You can provide input until January 3, 2018.
* '''NEW:''' [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Interesting Commons files|Help collect interesting Commons files]], to prepare for the data modelling challenges ahead! Continuous input is welcome.
* Join the [[c:Commons:Structured_data/Get_involved/Community_focus_group|community focus group]]!
* Do you want to translate messages and information about Structured Data on Commons from English to your own language? Sign up on the [[m:Structured Data on Commons/Newsletter/Translators|translators page]].

;[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Structured_data/About/Press_and_presentations Presentations / Press / Events]
[[File:WikidataCon 2017 - Structured Commons and Wikidata.webm|thumb|Presentation about Structured Commons and Wikidata, at WikimediaCon in Berlin.]]
* [[c:User:SandraF (WMF)|Sandra]] presented the plans for Structured Commons during WikidataCon in Berlin, on October 29. The presentation focused on collaboration between the Wikidata and Commons communities. [[c:File:WikidataCon_2017_-_Structured_Commons_and_Wikidata.webm|You can see the full video here.]]

;Partners and allies
* We are still welcoming (more) staff from GLAMs (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums) to become part of our [[c:Commons:Structured_data/Get_involved/GLAM_focus_group|long-term focus group]] ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174134 phabricator task T174134]). You will be kept in the loop of the project, and receive regular small surveys and requests for feedback. Get in touch with [[c:User:SandraF (WMF)|Sandra]] if you're interested - your input in helping to shape this project is highly valued!

;Research
* Research findings from interviews and surveys of GLAM project participants are being published to the [[m:Research:Supporting_Commons_contribution_by_GLAM_institutions|research page]]. Check back over the next few weeks as additional details (notes, quotes, charts, blog posts, and slide decks) will be added to or linked from that page.

;[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Structured_data/Development Development]
* The Structured Commons team has written and submitted a report about the first nine months of work on the project to its funders, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. [[c:File:Structured_Data_on_Commons_Nov._2017_Report_to_Alfred_P._Sloan_Foundation_-_From_the_Wikimedia_Foundation.pdf|The 53-page report, published on November 1, is available on Wikimedia Commons]].
* The team has started working on designs for changes to the upload wizard ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182019 T182019]).
* We started preliminary work to prototype changes for file info pages.
* Work on the MediaInfo extension is ongoing ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T176012 T176012]).
* The team is continuing its work on baseline metrics on Commons, in order to be able to measure the effectiveness of structured data on Commons. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174519 T174519])
* Upcoming: in the first half of 2018, the first prototypes and design sketches for file pages, the UploadWizard, and for search will be published for discussion and feedback!

;Stay up to date!
* Follow the Structured Data on Commons project on '''Phabricator''': https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/34/
* [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Structured Data on Commons|Subscribe to this '''newsletter''']] to receive it on a talk page of your own choice.
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</div>


== User group for Military Historians ==

Greetings,

"Military history" is one of the most important subjects when speak of sum of all human knowledge. To support contributors interested in the area over various language Wikipedias, we intend to form a user group. It also provides a platform to share the best practices between military historians, and various military related projects on Wikipedias. An initial discussion was has been done between the coordinators and members of WikiProject Military History on English Wikipedia. Now this discussion has been taken to Meta-Wiki. Contributors intrested in the area of military history are requested to share their feedback and give suggestions at [[:m:Talk:Discussion to incubate a user group for Wikipedia Military Historians|Talk:Discussion to incubate a user group for Wikipedia Military Historians]].

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:30, 21 December 2017 (UTC)


== Belated welcome to Milhist! ==

<div class="plainlinks" style="margin: 0.5em; border: 2px lightsteelblue solid; background: whitesmoke; padding: 1em;" >
[[Image:Waricon.svg|right|48px|]]
Hello and welcome to the [[WP:MILHIST|Military history WikiProject]]! As you may have guessed, we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to military history.

A few features that you might find helpful:

* Our [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Navigation|navigation box]] points to most of the useful pages within the project.
* The [[Template:WPMILHIST Announcements|announcement and open task box]] is updated very frequently. You can [{{fullurl:Template:WPMILHIST Announcements|action=watch}} watchlist it] if you are interested, or you can add it directly to your user page by copying the following: {{tl|WPMILHIST Announcements}}.
* Important discussions take place on the project's [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history|main discussion page]]; it is highly recommended that you [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|action=watch}} watchlist it].
* The project has several [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history#Structure|departments]], which handle [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Assessment|article quality assessment]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Review|detailed article and content review]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Contest|writing contests]], and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Logistics|article logistics]].
* We have a number of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Task forces|task forces]] that focus on specific topics, nations, periods, and conflicts.
* We've developed a set of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history#Guidelines|guidelines]] that cover article structure and content, template use, categorization, and many other issues of interest.
* If you're looking for something to work on, there are many [[:Category:Military history articles needing attention|articles that need attention]], as well as a number of [[Template:WPMILHIST Review alerts|review alerts]].

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask any of the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Coordinators|project coordinators]] or any other experienced member of the project, and we'll be happy to help you. Again, welcome, and we are looking forward to seeing you around! [[User:Peacemaker67|Peacemaker67]] ([[User_talk:Peacemaker67|click to talk to me]]) 05:56, 29 December 2017 (UTC)
</div>

== [[Lady Mary Louisa Lambton]] ==

Hi, thanks for creating this article. I have added a number of sources from various 19th century peerage books that confirm the basic biographical details. I don't think this is right, though : "{{xt|She travelled to Canada twice: the first time when her father came to Canada to investigate the Lower Canada rebellion in 29 May - 1 November 1938}}". I would impressed if she travelled to Canada 40 years after she died. I assume this is a typo for "1838" and have adjusted accordingly - please advise if it should be something else. [[User:Ritchie333|Ritchie333]] [[User talk:Ritchie333|(talk)]] [[Special:Contributions/Ritchie333|(cont)]] 22:52, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

Bahaha! Yes - thank you! I had to leave the Art + Feminism editathon I was attending and planning to add some of those peerage citations and properly copy edit tonight. [[User:Ouvrard|Ouvrard]] ([[User talk:Ouvrard#top|talk]]) 00:47, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Mary Louisa Bruce, Countess of Elgin

2018-03-08T20:31:20Z

Ouvrard: #artandfeminism

[[File:Portrait of Lady Elgin, Lady Mary Louisa Lambton (d. March 9, 1898).jpg|thumb|''Portrait of Lady Elgin, Lady Mary Louisa Lambton'']]
'''Lady Mary Louisa Elgin''', née Lambton (8 May 1819 – 9 March 1898), second wife of [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|8th Earl of Elgin]]; daughter of [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]]. She travelled to Canada twice: the first time when her father came to Canada to investigate the Lower Canada rebellion in 29 May - 1 November 1938. She later teourned t Canada with her husband from 1847 to 1853.

An accomplished artist, she studied under [[Coke Smyth|John Richard Coke-Smyth]], alongside her sister, Lady Emily Augusta, and travel companion, [[Katherine Ellice]]. She wrote and illustrated journals and diaries of her international travels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2018-03-08T20%3A15%3A49Z&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=3974534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Apam&lang=eng|title=Art Album of Mary Louisa Lambton (1837-1839)|last=Lambton|first=Mary Louisa|date=03-08-2018|website=Library and Archives Canada - James Bruce, Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, and family fonds|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

== External links ==

== References ==

Mary Louisa Bruce, Countess of Elgin

2018-03-08T20:19:50Z

Ouvrard: Starting to add a stub for Lady Mary Louisa Lambton #artandfeminism #noweditingaf

[[File:Portrait of Lady Elgin, Lady Mary Louisa Lambton (d. March 9, 1898).jpg|thumb|''Portrait of Lady Elgin, Lady Mary Louisa Lambton'']]
'''Lady Mary Louisa Elgin''', née Lambton (8 May 1819 – 9 March 1898), second wife of [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|8th Earl of Elgin]]; daughter of [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]]. She travelled to Canada twice: the first time when her father came to Canada to investigate the Lower Canada rebellion in 29 May - 1 November 1938. She later teourned t Canada with her husband from 1847 to 1853.

An accomplished artist, she studied under [[Coke Smyth|John Richard Coke-Smyth]], alongside her sister, Lady Emily Augusta, and travel companion, [[Katherine Ellice]]. She wrote and illustrated journals and diaries of her international travels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2018-03-08T20%3A15%3A49Z&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=3974534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Apam&lang=eng|title=Art Album of Mary Louisa Lambton (1837-1839)|last=Lambton|first=Mary Louisa|date=03-08-2018|website=Library and Archives Canada - James Bruce, Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, and family fonds|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham

2018-03-08T18:54:00Z

Ouvrard: /* Family */ Added a link to Lady Mary Louisa Lambton's page #artandfeminism

{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl of Durham
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Bath|GCB]] [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]]
| image = John George Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham by Thomas Phillips.jpg
| alt =
| imagesize =
| caption = Portrait of John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham
| order1 = [[Lord Privy Seal]]
| term_start1 = 22 November 1830
| term_end1 = March 1833
| monarch1 = [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]
| primeminister1 = [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|The Earl Grey]]
| predecessor1 = [[James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn|The Earl of Rosslyn]]
| successor1 = [[Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich|The Earl of Ripon]]
| order2 = [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec|Lieutenant-Governor of Lower Canada]]
| term_start2 = 1838
| term_end2 = 1839
| monarch2 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| primeminister2 = [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|The Lord Melbourne]]
| predecessor2 = [[Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford|The Earl of Gosford]]
| successor2 = [[Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham|The Lord Sydenham]]
| order3 = [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]]
| term_start3 = 1838
| term_end3 = 1839
| monarch3 = Victoria
| primeminister3 = [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|The Lord Melbourne]]
| predecessor3 = [[John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton|Sir John Colborne]]
| successor3 = [[Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham|The Lord Sydenham]]
| birth_date = 12 April 1792
| birth_place = St George Hanover Square, Middlesex, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1840|07|28|1792|04|12}}
| death_place = [[Cowes]], Isle of Wight
| nationality = British
| party = [[Whig (British political faction)|Whig]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
*Lady Harriet Cholmondeley (d. 1815)
*Lady Louisa Grey (d. 1841)}}
| signature = John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham Signature.svg
}}

'''John George Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham''', [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]] (12 April 1792 – 28 July 1840), also known as "Radical Jack" and commonly referred to in Canadian history texts simply as '''Lord Durham''', was a British [[Whig (British political faction)|Whig]] statesman, colonial administrator, [[Governor General]] and [[high commissioner]] of [[British North America]].<ref name=canencyc>{{Cite journal | last= | last2= | first2= | title= Canadian Encyclopedia | publisher=Historica Foundation, Toronto | year=2011 | url= http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002472 | postscript =< Retrieved 31 January 2011>}}</ref> He was a founding member and chairman of the [[New Zealand Company]] that played a key role in the colonisation of [[New Zealand]].

==Background and education==
Lambton was born 29 April 1792 in the house of his father [[William Henry Lambton]] at 14 Berkeley Square in [[St George Hanover Square]], [[Middlesex]], England (now within the [[City of Westminster]], [[Greater London]]).{{sfn|Reid|1906|p=38}} His mother was Lady Anne Barbara Frances, daughter of [[George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey]].<ref name="thepeerage.com">[http://www.thepeerage.com/p1102.htm thepeerage.com John George Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]</ref> Lambton was christened with the names of his grandfathers, [[John Lambton]] and George Villiers. In the time of Lambton's birth, his father was taking active part in the formation and chairing of the [[Society of the Friends of the People]].{{sfn|Reid|1906|p=38}}

After attending [[Eton College|Eton]] he joined the army in 1809{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} as a [[Cornet (military rank)|cornet]] in the 10th Hussars, but resigned in 1811. Following his father's death in 1797, Durham had inherited an immense fortune, derived largely from mining on lands surrounding [[Lambton Castle]], the ancestral family home in [[County Durham]], which formed the basis of [[Lambton Collieries]]. Other properties in County Durham included [[Dinsdale Park]] and [[Low Dinsdale Manor]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}. In 1821, he earned the epithet 'Jog Along Jack', after being asked what was an adequate income for an English gentleman, and replying, "that a man might jog along comfortably enough on £40,000 a year"<ref>{{Cite journal | last= | last2= | first2= | title= The Straights Times | date=14 May 1959 | url= http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590514.2.117.aspx | postscript =< Retrieved 12 June 2013>}}</ref> (equivalent to approximately £3,900,000 at 2014 values)<ref>Bank of England Inflation Calculator</ref>

== Political career ==
Durham was first elected to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] for [[County Durham (UK Parliament constituency)|County Durham]] in the [[United Kingdom general election, 1812|general election of 1812]], a seat he held until 1828, when he was raised to the peerage as '''Baron Durham''', of the City of Durham and of Lambton Castle in the County Palatine of Durham.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18433 |date=18 January 1828 |page=122 }}</ref> When his father-in-law [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|Lord Grey]] (see below) became [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] in 1830, Durham was sworn of the [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] and appointed [[Lord Privy Seal]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18748 |date=23 November 1830 |page=2450 }}</ref> In this capacity he helped draft the [[Reform Act 1832|Reform Bill of 1832]]. Lord Durham resigned from cabinet in 1833.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Later the same year he was further honoured when he was made '''Viscount Lambton''' and '''Earl of Durham'''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19030 |date=15 March 1833 |page=523 }}</ref>

Between 1835 and 1837, he served as [[List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia|Ambassador to Russia]].<ref>S. T. Bindoff, E. F. Malcolm Smith and C. K. Webster, ''British Diplomatic Representatives 1789–1852'' (Camden 3rd Series, 50, 1934).</ref> While in Russia, he was invested as a Knight of the [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]], of the [[Order of St. Andrew]] and of the [[Order of St. Anna]]. In 1837, he was appointed a [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]].<ref name="thepeerage.com"/>

==Canada==
Lord Durham first set foot on the soil of British North America in [[Lower Canada]] on 29 May 1838.<ref name=canencyc/><ref>It was during Durham's trip to the Canadas aboard the ''[[HMS Hastings (1819)|Hastings]]'' that he experienced one of the first recorded cases of [[synesthesia]]. The observations were made by a friend of Durham's, [[Dr. William Henry Farrow]], who was a young doctor travelling to the Canadas on Durham's invitation. New, Chester William (1929). ''Lord Durham. A Biography of John George Lambton, First Earl of Durham'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 612 p.</ref> One of his tasks as Governor-General was to investigate the circumstances surrounding the [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] of [[Louis-Joseph Papineau]] and the [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] of [[William Lyon Mackenzie]], which had both occurred earlier that year.<ref name="Kaufman">Will Kaufman, Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson, ed. ''Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History,'' Pages 819–820. ACB-CLIO, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-431-8}}</ref> His decisions with regard to the [[Rebellions of 1837|Rebellion]] prisoners encountered stiff opposition at Westminster, and he lost the support of the Prime Minister, [[Lord Melbourne|Melbourne]], whereupon he published his repudiation and resignation 9 October 1838 and set sail for London on 1 November.<ref name=dcbdurham>[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3484 Lambton, John George, 1st Earl of Durham, in the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'', University of Toronto, Université Laval, 2000]</ref>

Durham's detailed and famous ''[[Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839)|Report on the Affairs of British North America]]'' (London, January 1839) recommended a modified form of [[responsible government]] and a [[Act of Union (1840)|legislative union]] of [[the Canadas|Upper Canada, Lower Canada]] and the [[Canadian Maritimes|Maritime Provinces]].<ref name="Kaufman"/>

Lord Durham has been lauded in French Canadian history for his recommendation to introduce responsible government. However, the British government did not accept that recommendation and it took 10 more years before a parliament was finally established in the colonies.<ref name ="Origins">R. Douglas Francis, Richard Jones, Donald B. Smith (1996). ''Origins: Canadian History To Confederation'', Toronto: Harcourt Brace Canada.</ref> Lord Durham is less well regarded for recommending the union of Upper and Lower Canada.

As soon as 1844, Lord Durham's intended policy of assimilation faced setbacks, as [[Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine]]'s party in the House managed to force de facto re-establishment of French as a language of Parliament. Once responsible government was achieved (1848), French Canadians in [[Canada East]] succeeded by voting as a bloc in ensuring that they were powerfully represented in any cabinet, especially as the politics of [[Canada West]] was highly factional. The resulting deadlock between Canada East and West led to a movement for federal rather than unitary government, which resulted in the creation of [[confederation]], a federal state of Canada, incorporating [[New Brunswick]] and [[Nova Scotia]], in 1867.<ref name="Origins" />

==Family==
[[File:Master Lambton - Sir Thomas Lawrence.png|thumb|right|''Master Lambton'': Lambton's eldest son (until his death, aged 13) Charles William, painted by [[Thomas Lawrence]] and later known as ''[[The Red Boy]]''.]]
Lord Durham was twice married. He fell in love with Harriet, the illegitimate daughter of the [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley|Earl of Cholmondeley]], but then aged under 21 and refused the required permission by his guardians to marry her, they married at [[Gretna Green]] on 1 January 1812, then in an [[Church of England|Anglican]] ceremony at her father's estate of [[Malpas, Cheshire]], on 28 January that year. They had three daughters, who all predeceased him:

*Lady Frances Charlotte (16 October 1812 – 18 December 1835), married the Hon. [[John Ponsonby, 5th Earl of Bessborough|John Ponsonby]] (later 5th Earl of Bessborough), but died a few months later of [[tuberculosis|consumption]].
*The Hon. Georgiana Sarah Elizabeth (2 March 1814 – 3 January 1833)
*The Hon. Harriet Caroline (30 May 1815 – 12 June 1832)

After Harriet's death in July 1815, he married secondly Lady Louisa Grey, daughter of [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]], on 9 December 1816 at Lord Grey's estate, [[Howick, Northumberland]]. She was an amateur artist.<ref name=draw>[http://coke-smyth.com/bios/john_richard_coke_smyth.htm John Richard Coke SMYTH (1808-82)], Coke-Smyth.com, Retrieved 20 June 2016</ref> They had two sons and three daughters:

*The Hon. Charles William (16 January 1818 – 24 September 1831) — see ''[[The Red Boy]]''
*[[Lady Mary Louisa Lambton|Lady Mary Louisa]] (8 May 1819 – 9 March 1898), married [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]]
*Lady Emily Augusta (17 May 1823 – 2 November 1886), married Henry Cavendish, son of the Hon. [[Henry Cavendish (British Army officer)|Henry Cavendish]]
*The Hon. [[George Lambton, 2nd Earl of Durham|George Frederick D'Arcy]] (5 September 1828 – 27 November 1879), later 2nd Earl of Durham
*Lady Alice Anne Caroline (16 April 1831 – 15 January 1907), married [[Sholto Douglas, 18th Earl of Morton|Sholto Douglas, Lord Aberdour]] (later 18th [[Earl of Morton]])

Lord Durham died at [[Cowes]] on the [[Isle of Wight]] in July 1840, aged 48, and was buried at [[St Mary and St Cuthbert, Chester-le-Street]]. He was succeeded by his eldest and only surviving son, George. The Countess of Durham only survived her husband by a year and died aged 44 on 26 November 1841 at [[Genoa]] from a serious cold.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GfsRAAAAYAAJ ''The Gentlemen's Magazine'', Volume 171, page 209]></ref><ref name="thepeerage.com"/>

==In Literature==
In one of her occasional political forays, [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] expresses her hopes that Lord Durham be able to persuade the Russians to return to Poland its lost freedom and sovereignty in her poem ''The Right Honourable Lord Durham, Now on an Embassy at the Court of Russia'' (1832).
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/Lord Durham|'The Right Honourable Lord Durham', a poem by L. E. L.}}

==Legacy==

Names given in honour of the Earl include [[Lambton County, Ontario]], [[Lambton, Toronto]] (including [[Lambton Mills]], Lambton Mills Cemetery and [[Lambton House]]), Lambton Avenue in Toronto, Lord Durham Public School (Ajax, Ontario, closed), [[Lambton, Québec]], [[Lambton Quay]], Lambton Ward and Lambton Harbour in Wellington in New Zealand, and Durham Heights and Cape Lambton (both in the southern tip of [[Banks Island]] in the [[Northwest Territories]]). The [[Penshaw Monument]] in County Durham, on a hill west of [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]], was built in his honour.

==Notes and references==

{{reflist|30em}}

==Works cited==

{{Refbegin}}

*{{cite book
|ref = harv
|last1 = Reid
|first1 = Stuart J.
|title = Life and Letters of (John George Lambton) the First Earl of Durham 1792–1840
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sgKYPgAACAAJ
|year = 1906
|publisher = Longmans, Green & Company}}

{{Refend}}

==Bibliography==

=== In English ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/ladydurhamsjourn00durhuoft#page/n5/mode/2up|title= Lady Durham's journal}}
* {{cite book|author= [[Fernand Ouellet|Ouellet, Fernand]]|title=Lambton, John George, 1st Earl of Durham|journal=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online|publisher= University of Toronto, Université Laval|date= 2000|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last= Ajzenstat|first= Janet|date=1988|title=The Political Thought of Lord Durham|place= Montreal|publisher= McGill-Queen's University|pages=137|isbn=0773506373}}
* {{cite book|last= Martin|first= Ged|date=1972|title=The Durham Report and British Policy|publisher= Cambridge University Press|pages= 120 pages|isbn=0521085306}}
* {{cite journal|last= Wallace|first= W. Stewart|title=John George Lambton, first Earl of Durham (1792–1840)|journal=The Encyclopedia of Canada|volume= II|place= Toronto|publisher= University Associates of Canada|date= 1948|pages= 411 |ref= pp. 253–254}}
* {{cite book|last= Shelley|first= Frances|first2= Richard|last2= Edgcumbe|date=1912|title=The Diary of Frances Lady Shelley|place=New York|publisher= C. Scribner's|pages= 406|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last= Bradshaw|first= Frederick|date=1903|title=Self-Government in Canada, and How it was Achieved: The Story of Lord Durham's Report|place=London|publisher=P.S.King|pages= 414 p.|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last= Lambton|first= John George|first2= Charles|last2= Buller|first3= Edward Gibbon|last3= Wakefield|date=1839|title=The Report and Despatches of the Earl of Durham, Her Majesty's High Commissioner and Governor-General of British North America|place=London|publisher= Ridgways, Piccadilly|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|author= [[John Stuart Mill|Mill, John Stuart]]|title=Radical Party and Canada: Lord Durham and the Canadians|journal=London and Westminster Review|volume=s. VI & XXVIII|ref=pp. 502-33|year= January 1838}}
* {{cite book|last= Lambton|first= John George|date=1835|title=Speeches of the Earl of Durham on Reform of Parliament|publisher= James Ridgway and Sons|place= Piccadilly|pages= 204 p.|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last= Reid|first= John|date=1835|title=Sketch of the Political Career of the Earl of Durham|place= Glasgow|publisher=John Reid & Co.|pages= 400 p.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRAMAAAAYAAJ|ref=harv }}
{{refend}}

=== In French ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last= Viau|first= Roger|date=1963|title=Lord Durham|place= Montréal|publisher= Éditions HMH limitée|language=french|pages= 181 p.|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last= Desrosiers|first= Léo-Paul|date=1937|title=L'Accalmie : Lord Durham au Canada|place= Montréal|publisher= Le Devoir|language=french|pages= 148 p.|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last= Ajzenstat|first= Janet|date=1988|title= La pensée politique de lord Durham|place= Montréal|publisher= Université McGill-Queen|language=french|pages=137 p.|isbn=0773506373|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last= Martin|first= Ged|date=1972|title= Le rapport Durham et de la politique britannique|publisher= Cambridge University Press|language=french|pages= 120 p.|isbn= 0521085306|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{cite DCB|3484|LAMBTON, JOHN GEORGE, 1st Earl of Durham|last=Ouellet |first=Fernand|volume=VII}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-john-lambton | the Earl of Durham }}
* Watch the 1961 short drama [http://www.nfb.ca/film/lord_durham/ ''Lord Durham''] at the [[National Film Board of Canada]]
*{{imdb title|id=0223661}} (imdb.com entry for the above film)

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, 2nd Baronet|Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, Bt]] [[Henry Vane, 2nd Duke of Cleveland|Viscount Barnard]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = Member of Parliament for [[County Durham (UK Parliament constituency)|County Durham]]
| with = [[Henry Vane, 2nd Duke of Cleveland|Viscount Barnard]] 1812–1815
| with2 = [[William Vane, 3rd Duke of Cleveland|Hon. William Powlett]] 1815–1828
| years = [[United Kingdom general election, 1812|1812]]–1828 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[William Vane, 3rd Duke of Cleveland|Hon. William Powlett]] [[William Russell (1798–1850)|William Russell]] }}

{{s-off}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Lord Privy Seal]]
| years=1830–1833
| before=[[James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn|The Earl of Rosslyn]]
| after=[[Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich|The Earl of Ripon]] }}

{{s-civ}}
{{succession box
| title=[[High Steward of Hull]]
| years=1833–1840
| before=[[William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam|The Earl Fitzwilliam]]
| after=[[Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby|The Marquess of Normanby]] }}

{{s-dip}}
{{succession box
| title=[[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Russia|British Ambassador to Russia]]
| years=1833–1837
| before=[[John Duncan Bligh|Hon. John Duncan Bligh]] (ad interim)
| after=[[John Ralph Milbanke-Huskisson|John Ralph Milbanke]] (ad interim) }}

{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford|The Earl of Gosford]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec|Lieutenant-Governor of Lower Canada]]
| years = 1838–1839 }}
{{s-aft| rows = 2 | after = [[Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham|The Lord Sydenham]] }}
{{s-bef| before = [[John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton|Sir John Colborne]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General of the Province of Canada]]
| years = 1838–1839 }}

{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new| rows = 2 | creation}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Earl of Durham]]
| years = 1833–1840 }}
{{s-aft| rows = 2 | after = [[George Frederick d'Arcy Lambton, 2nd Earl of Durham|George Lambton]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Earl of Durham|Baron Durham]]
| years = 1828–1840 }}
{{S-end}}

{{QCLG}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durham, John Lambton, 1st Earl of}}
[[Category:1792 births]]
[[Category:1840 deaths]]
[[Category:10th Royal Hussars officers]]
[[Category:Governors General of the Province of Canada]]
[[Category:Lieutenant Governors of Lower Canada]]
[[Category:Lords Privy Seal]]
[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from London]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Lambton family|John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]]
[[Category:Diplomatic peers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies|Lambton, John]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1812–18|Lambton, John]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1818–20|Lambton, John]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1820–26|Lambton, John]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1826–30|Lambton, John]]
[[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Andrew]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)]]

User:Ouvrard/sandbox

2018-03-08T18:52:08Z

Ouvrard: /* Lady Mary Louisa Lambton */

== Lady Mary Louisa Lambton ==
'''Lady Mary Louisa Elgin''', née Lambton (circa 1819-1898), second wife of [[James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin|8th Earl of Elgin]]; daughter of [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]].

#artandfeminism

[[Help:Cheatsheet|Cheat sheet]]

[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Missing articles by nationality/Canada]]
----
*'''Note:''' This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See [[Commons:Licensing]] for more information.
*This template places images in [[:Category:Images from Library and Archives Canada]].

[[Category:Marker templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>

Meetup/Ottawa/LAC Editathon October 2017
== Event information ==
A Wikipedia "Learn to edit" workshop and Edit-a-thon will be held at Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa on 23 October, 2017 from 6 to 8pm.

== Details ==
Date: Monday, October 23, 2017
Time: 6:00 pm to 8 pm
Location: Library and Archives Canada, 395 Wellington, Ottawa, on the third floor of the building in room 317 A and B. Note: that you will need to sign in with the Commissionnaires on the ground floor.
Editors old and new – please sign up here on the LAC ‘s event Dashboard.
Please bring your own laptop and whatever you need to work on it (power cord, mouse, etc.)
==Themes ==

== Participants - Add Your Name Here! ==
'''Prior to the event:''' 
# '''Do you have a Wikipedia User Name?'''
#: No? <big>'''[[Special:UserLogin/signup|Create a Wikipedia account]]'''</big>, then sign up below
#: Yes? '''Go to Step #2'''
# Add your Wikipedia User Name to this section by clicking the blue button below (follow instructions). Your name will be added to the bottom of this page 
<center>'''Don't worry!''' If you haven't edited Wikipedia before and don't have a Wikipedia User Name yet, we will help you on the day of the event! And remember to have fun!</center>
{{Meetupsig}}

User:Ouvrard/sandbox

2018-03-08T18:49:36Z

Ouvrard:

== Lady Mary Louisa Lambton ==
'''Lady Mary Louisa Elgin''', née Lambton (circa 1819-1898), Second wife of [[James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin|8th Earl of Elgin]]; daughter of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham|1st Earl of Durham]]

#artandfeminism

[[Help:Cheatsheet|Cheat sheet]]

[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Missing articles by nationality/Canada]]
----
*'''Note:''' This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See [[Commons:Licensing]] for more information.
*This template places images in [[:Category:Images from Library and Archives Canada]].

[[Category:Marker templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>

Meetup/Ottawa/LAC Editathon October 2017
== Event information ==
A Wikipedia "Learn to edit" workshop and Edit-a-thon will be held at Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa on 23 October, 2017 from 6 to 8pm.

== Details ==
Date: Monday, October 23, 2017
Time: 6:00 pm to 8 pm
Location: Library and Archives Canada, 395 Wellington, Ottawa, on the third floor of the building in room 317 A and B. Note: that you will need to sign in with the Commissionnaires on the ground floor.
Editors old and new – please sign up here on the LAC ‘s event Dashboard.
Please bring your own laptop and whatever you need to work on it (power cord, mouse, etc.)
==Themes ==

== Participants - Add Your Name Here! ==
'''Prior to the event:''' 
# '''Do you have a Wikipedia User Name?'''
#: No? <big>'''[[Special:UserLogin/signup|Create a Wikipedia account]]'''</big>, then sign up below
#: Yes? '''Go to Step #2'''
# Add your Wikipedia User Name to this section by clicking the blue button below (follow instructions). Your name will be added to the bottom of this page 
<center>'''Don't worry!''' If you haven't edited Wikipedia before and don't have a Wikipedia User Name yet, we will help you on the day of the event! And remember to have fun!</center>
{{Meetupsig}}

Coke Smyth

2018-03-08T15:58:43Z

Ouvrard: /* Life */ Put in Lady Mary Louisa Lambton's complete name

[[File:Self-portrait of Coke Smyth.jpg|thumb|Self-portrait of Coke Smyth, 1846]]
[[File:C001035k.jpg|thumb|Zity a Huron indian]]

'''John Richard Coke Smyth''' (1808-1882) was a British artist and traveller. Smyth produced a few collections of prints from his travels. A few works arose out of a visit to [[Constantinople]] where he collaborated with the noted Orientalist painter, [[John Frederick Lewis]] to produce several works on Turkey and Constantinople.
== Life ==
His father was Richard Smyth and his mother was Elizabeth Coke. He traveled to Constantinople in 1856 and 1857.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdfUz4F7ufAC&q=Coke+Smyth+-sex&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQhEMAY|title=Painting in Quebec, 1820-1850: New Views, New Perspectives|last=Béland|first=Mario|last2=Québec|first2=Musée du|date=1992|publisher=Musée du Québec|isbn=9782551129706|language=en}}</ref>

In 1838, [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]] “accepted the post of Governor-General of North America, and arrived in Quebec with his family and an entourage of about twenty people.

Several visual documents remain from this sojourn. These include work by [[Lady Mary Louisa Lambton]], by the painter John Richard Coke Smyth (1808-1882), whom Lord Durham had engaged to teach drawing to his family,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Avw2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT192&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvKXzkuLXAhUFPCYKHZIfBOkQ6AEIRjAH#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Lives and Times of the Patriots: An Account of the Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837-1838 and of the Patriot Agitation in the United States, 1837-1842|last=Guillet|first=Edwin C.|date=1968-12-15|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9781487598051|language=en}}</ref> and by the amateur watercolorist, [[Katherine Ellice]], (1814-1864), wife of Edward Ellice, secretary to the Governor.”<ref>CHAGNON, JOANNE. “''[http://jcah-ahac.concordia.ca/pdf/download/jcah-ahac_25_chagnon Lady Mary Louise Elgin's sojourns in Lower Canada]''.” Journal of Canadian Art History/Annales D'histoire De L'art Canadien, vol. 25, 2004, pp. 82–99.</ref>

After his return to England, he sketched the illustrations of the costumes that were used to make the prints for ''[https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/1057611/souvenir-of-the-bal-costume-given-by-h-m-queen-victoria-at-buckingham-palace-may Souvenir of the bal costume : given by her most gracious majesty Queen Victoria, at Buckingham Palace, May 12, 1842]''. The book commemorated a fancy ball given by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1842.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

==Publications==
*1808 - ''Scenes from Hamlet and All's Well''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/658218010|title=Scenes from Hamlet and All's well|last=Smyth|first=Coke|date=1808|language=English}}</ref>

*1837 - ''Lewis's illustrations of Constantinople : made during a residence in that city etc. in the years 1835-6 : arranged and drawn on stone from the original sketches of Coke Smyth'' Istanbul : Denizler Kitabevi, {{ISBN|9789944264365}}, {{OCLC|774986610}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9r9LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA436&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvKXzkuLXAhUFPCYKHZIfBOkQ6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Literary Gazette and Journal of the Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, &c|date=1837|publisher=W.A. Scripps|language=en}}</ref>

*1839 – ''Sketches in the Canadas. [dedicated to the Earl of Durham]''. London: Thos. McLean.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/556804665|title=Sketches in the Canadas. By Coke Smyth. [Dedicated to the Earl of Durham|last=SMYTH|first=Coke|date=1839|publisher=Thos. McLean|location=London|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94lTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA14&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQg1MAM#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Westminster Review|publisher=Hooper|language=en}}</ref>
*Undated - ''Prospectus and Specimen of a Proposed Work on the Costume of the Principal Nations of Europe: From the Beginning of the 15th to the End of the 17th Century''. London.

In collaboration with [[John Frederick Lewis]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913329199|title=Prospectus and specimen of a proposed work on the costume of the principal nations of Europe: from the beginning of the 15th to the end of the 17th century.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|date=0000 uu|location=London|language=English}}</ref>
*1838 - ''Bursa, Turkey: the Street at the Entrance to the Grand Mosque''. Lithograph by John .F. Lewis, After Coke Smythe. London: T. McLean et al.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927504802|title=Bursa, Turkey: the street at the entrance to the Grand Mosque. Lithograph by J.F. Lewis, 1838, after Coke Smythe.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Lewis|first2=John Frederick|date=1838|publisher=T. McLean et al.|location=London|language=English}}</ref>
*1838 - ''Bursa, Turkey: the Silk Exchange''. Lithograph by John F. Lewis, 1838, After Coke Smythe. London: T. McLean et al.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927504674|title=Bursa, Turkey: the silk exchange. Lithograph by J.F. Lewis, 1838, after Coke Smythe.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Lewis|first2=John Frederick|date=1838|publisher=T. McLean et al.|location=London|language=English}}</ref>
*1838 – ''Tophane, Istanbul: the Ottoman Cannon Foundry''. Lithograph by John .F. Lewis, 1838, After Coke Smythe. London: T. McLean et al.

In collaboration with [[James Planché]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927504833|title=Tophane, Istanbul: the Ottoman cannon foundry. Lithograph by J.F. Lewis, 1838, after Coke Smythe.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Lewis|first2=John Frederick|date=1838|publisher=T. McLean et al.|location=London|language=English}}</ref>

*1843 – ''Souvenir of the Bal Costume: Given by Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, at Buckingham Palace, May 12, 1842''; the Drawings from the Original Dresses. London: Colnaghi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247834753|title=Souvenir of the bal costume: given by her most gracious majesty Queen Victoria, at Buckingham Palace, May 12, 1842 ; The drawings from the original dresses|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Planché|first2=James Robinson|date=1843|publisher=Colnaghi|location=London|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w31AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA572&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQhJMAc#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Literary Gazette: A Weekly Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts|date=1842|publisher=H. Colburn|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27JKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA298&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQhOMAg#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal|date=1843|publisher=Longmans, Green & Company|language=en}}</ref>

*
== References ==

{{Reflist}}



[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:1808 births]]
[[Category:1882 deaths]]
[[Category:British artists]]
[[Category:Canadian art]]

James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin

2018-03-08T15:57:28Z

Ouvrard: /* Family */ Added a link to Lady Mary Louisa Lambton's page

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
|name = The Earl of Elgin
|honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KT|GCB|KSI|PC}}
|image = Felice Beato (British, born Italy - Portrait of Lord Elgin, Plenipotentiary and Ambassador, Who Signed the Treaty - Google Art Project.jpg
|imagesize = 250
|order1 = [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]]
|term_start1 = 21 March 1862
|term_end1 = 20 November 1863
|monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
|predecessor1 = [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|The Earl Canning]]
|successor1 = [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Sir Robert Napier]] As Acting Governor-General
|order2 = [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General of the Province of Canada]]
|term_start2 = 1847
|term_end2 = 1854
|monarch2 = Victoria
|predecessor2 = [[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart|The Earl Cathcart]]
|successor2 = [[Sir Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet|Sir Edmund Walker Head, Bt]]
|office3= [[Governor of Jamaica]]
|term_start3 = 1842
|term_end3 = 1846
|monarch3 = Victoria
|predecessor3 = [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt]]
|successor3 =[[George Berkeley (British Army officer)|George Berkeley]] As Acting Governor
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1811|7|20}}
|birth_place = London, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1863|11|20|1811|07|20|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|India]]
|nationality = British
|party =
|alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
|spouse = (1) Elizabeth Cumming-Bruce (d. 1843) (2) Lady Mary Lambton (d. 1898)
|children = [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin]]
|parents = [[Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin]] Elizabeth Oswald
|signature = James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine Signature.svg
}}

'''James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KT|GCB|KSI|PC}} (20 July 1811 – 20 November 1863) was a British colonial administrator and diplomat. He served as [[Governor of Jamaica]] (1842–1846), [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] of the [[Province of Canada]] (1847–1854), and [[Viceroy of India]] (1862–1863).<ref>Monet, Jacques (2015)." [http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/james-bruce-8th-earl-of-elgin James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]". ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 14 August 2016.</ref> In 1857, he was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China and the Far East to assist in the process of opening up China and Japan to Western trade. In 1860, during the [[Second Opium War]] in China, in the retaliation of the torture and execution of almost twenty European and Indian prisoners, he ordered the destruction of the [[Old Summer Palace#Destruction|Old Summer Palace]] in [[Beijing]], an architectural wonder with immeasurable collections of artworks and historic antiques, inflicting invaluable loss of [[cultural heritage]].<ref>Chris Bolby, "[http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30810596 The palace of shame that makes China angry]" BBC News (2015)</ref>
Subsequently, he submitted the [[Qing Dynasty]] to the [[unequal treaty]] of the [[Convention of Peking]], adding [[Kowloon Peninsula]] to the [[crown colony|British crown colony]] of [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].

==Early life and education==
Lord Elgin was the son of the [[Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin|7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine]] and his second wife, Elizabeth Oswald.

He shared his birthday 20 July with his father. He had seven brothers and sisters and four half-sisters and one half-brother from his father's first marriage.<ref name="ODNB">Checkland, Olive. "Bruce, James, eighth earl of Elgin and twelfth earl of Kincardine (1811–1863)". ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004 ed.). Oxford University Press. {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/3737}}. Retrieved 14 August 2016.</ref> Lord Elgin's father was reportedly impoverished by the purchase of the [[Elgin Marbles]]. His father had acquired them at great expense, but sold them to the British government for much less.<ref name="ODNB"/>

James Bruce was educated at Eton College and [[Christ Church, Oxford]], graduated with a first in Classics in 1832. While at Oxford, he became friends with [[William Ewart Gladstone]].<ref name="ODNB"/>

==Career==
He was elected at the [[United Kingdom general election, 1841|1841 general election]] as a [[Member of Parliament (MP)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Southampton (UK Parliament constituency)|Southampton]], but the election was declared void on petition. He did not stand in the resulting [[by-election]].<ref name="craig1832-1885">{{cite book|last=Craig|first=F. W. S.|authorlink=F. W. S. Craig|title=British parliamentary election results 1832–1885|origyear=1977|edition=2nd|year=1989|publisher=Parliamentary Research Services|location=Chichester|isbn=0-900178-26-4|page=279}}</ref>

===Jamaica===
James Bruce became Governor of [[Jamaica]] in 1842,<ref name = "List">{{cite book
| last1 = Sargeaunt
| first1 = William C.
| last2 = Birch
| first2 = Arthur N.
| title = The Colonial Office List for 1862
| publisher = Edward Stanford
| year = 1862
| location = London, UK
| pages = 128
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GtANAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA128
}}</ref> and in 1847 was appointed [[Governor General of Canada]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Gough
| first = Barry M.
| title = Historical Dictionary of Canada
| publisher = Scarecrow Press
| year = 2011
| location = Lanham, MD
| pages = 163
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z4xK6CasigkC&pg=PA163
| isbn = 978-0-8108-7504-3
}}</ref>

===Canada===
[[File:James Bruce Lord Elgin.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Statue of Elgin in front of the [[Parliament Building (Quebec)|Parliament Building]] in Quebec]]
Under Lord Elgin, the first real attempts began at establishing [[responsible government]] in Canada. Lord Elgin became the first Governor General to distance himself from the affairs of the legislature. Since then, the Governor-General has had a largely symbolic role with regards to the political affairs of the country. As Governor-General, he wrestled with the costs of receiving high levels of immigration in the Canadas, a major issue in the constant debate about immigration during the 19th century. {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

In 1849 the Baldwin-Lafontaine government passed the [[Rebellion Losses Bill]], compensating French Canadians for losses suffered during the [[Rebellions of 1837]]. {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Lord Elgin granted [[royal assent]] to the bill despite heated [[Tory]] opposition and his own misgivings over how his action would be received in England. The decision sparked the [[Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal]] by an English-speaking mob. Elgin was assaulted. Instead of calling in the military, he withdrew his family to their country residence and allowed civil authorities to restore order. The French-speaking minority in the Canadian legislature also unsuccessfully tried to have him removed from his post. {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

In 1849, the [[Stony Monday Riot]] took place in [[Bytown]] on Monday 17 September. Tories and Reformists clashed over the planned visit of Lord Elgin, one man was killed and many sustained injuries. Two days later, the two political factions, armed with cannon, muskets and pistols faced off on the [[Sappers Bridge]]. Although the conflict was defused in time by the military, a general support for the Crown's representative, triumphed in Bytown (renamed Ottawa by Queen Victoria in 1854). In 1854, Lord Elgin negotiated the [[Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty|Reciprocity Treaty]] with the United States in an attempt to stimulate the Canadian economy. Later that year, he granted royal assent to the law that abolished the [[Seigneurial system of New France|seigneurial system]] in Quebec, and then resigned as Governor-General. {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

===China and Japan===
In 1857, Lord Elgin was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China and the Far East to assist in the process of opening up China and Japan to Western trade.<ref name="ODNB"/> During the [[Second Opium War]], he led the [[Battle of Canton (1857)|bombardment of Canton]] (Guangzhou) and oversaw the end of the war by signing the [[Treaty of Tientsin]] (Tianjin) on 26 June 1858.

[[File:The State Entry of Lord Elgin into Peking.jpg|thumb|Entry of Lord Elgin into Peking, 1860]]
In June 1860, Lord Elgin returned to China to assist with additional attacks, which were initially led by his brother. On 18 October 1860, not having received the Chinese surrender and wishing to spare the imperial capital of [[Beijing|Peking]] (Beijing), he ordered the complete destruction of the [[Old Summer Palace]] (Yuanming Yuan) outside the city in retaliation for the torture and execution of almost 20 European and Indian prisoners, including two British envoys and ''The Times'' journalist [[Thomas William Bowlby|Thomas Bowlby]]. The Old Summer Palace was a complex of palaces and gardens eight kilometres northwest of the walls of Beijing; it had been built during the 18th and early 19th centuries, and was where the emperors of the Qing dynasty resided and handled government affairs. An alternative account says that Lord Elgin had initially considered the destruction of the [[Forbidden City]]. However, fearing that this act might interfere with the signing of the [[Convention of Peking]], which was where it was being negotiated, he opted for the destruction of the Old Summer Palace in its stead.<ref name="Harris">Harris, David. Van Slyke, Lyman P. (2000)</ref>

The Old Summer Palace was set aflame by 3,500 British troops and burnt for three days. Lord Elgin and his troops looted many treasures from the palace and took them to Britain. Attacks on the nearby [[Summer Palace]] (Qingyi Yuan) were also made, but the extent of destruction was not as great as to the Old Summer Palace. On 24 October 1860, Lord Elgin signed the Convention of Peking, which stipulated that China was to cede part of Kowloon Peninsula and Hong Kong in perpetuity to Britain.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

[[File:Earl of Elgin's entrance into Peking.jpg|thumb|Lord Elgin's procession in Peking, accompanied by 100 cavalry and 400 infantry]]
In between Lord Elgin's two trips to China, he had visited Japan. In August 1858, he signed a [[Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce|Treaty of Amity and Commerce]] whose negotiation was much eased by the recent [[Harris Treaty]] between Japan and the United States. Lord Elgin was ambivalent about the British policy on forcing [[opium]] on the people in the Far East. It was not without internal struggle that he carried out the duty laid on him by Britain. In a letter to his wife, in regard to the bombing of Canton, he wrote, "I never felt so ashamed of myself in my life."<ref name="ODNB"/>

===India===
{{multiple image|footer =Grave memorial at [[St. John in the Wilderness]] church in Dharamsala|width=160|image1 =Lord Elgin's Tomb 01.JPG|image2=Lord Elgin grave.JPG}}

He became [[Viceroy of India]] in 1862, and was the first to use [[Peterhoff, Shimla]] as the official residence of the Viceroy. He died in 1863 of a heart attack while crossing a swinging rope and wood bridge over the river Chadly, on the lap between Kullu and Lahul.<ref>Raaja Bhasin, Shimla - The Summer Capital of British India</ref> He was buried in the churchyard of [[St. John in the Wilderness]] in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]].

==Family==
Elgin's first marriage to Elizabeth-Mary Cumming-Bruce on 22 April 1841 was short lived, his wife dying shortly after the birth of a second daughter on the 7 June 1843 in Jamaica.

Elgin's second wife, [[Lady Mary Louisa Lambton]], mother of [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|the 9th Earl of Elgin]] was a daughter of the [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham|1st Earl of Durham]], a prominent author of the ''[[Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839)]]'' (as well as Lieutenant Governor of Lower Canada and Governor General of the Province of Canada), and niece of the Colonial Secretary the [[Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey|3rd Earl Grey]] (who was uncle to [[Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey]], later [[Governor General of Canada]])

==Legacy==
In Canada, the towns of [[Kincardine, Ontario]], [[Port Elgin, Ontario]], and [[Bruce Mines, Ontario]], are named for James Bruce. Also are [[Bruce County, Ontario]], [[Elgin County, Ontario]], the long [[Bruce Peninsula]] into [[Lake Huron]], and the communities of [[Elgin, New Brunswick]] and [[Elgin, Nova Scotia]]. There are numerous Elgin Roads and Elgin Streets in Canada and in India.
The [[Elgin Bridge (Singapore)|Elgin Bridge in Singapore]], and Elgin Street, Carlton, [[State of Victoria]], and [[Elgin Street, Hong Kong]] are also named for Bruce, as is the [[Lord Elgin Hotel]] in [[Ottawa]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lordelginhotel.ca/hotel_information/history.aspx |title=Lord Elgin Hotel - Ottawa Resort Information - History |publisher=Lordelginhotel.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-06-14}}</ref>

James Bruce's legacy in Canada was the subject of a [[National Film Board of Canada]] short docudrama, ''Lord Elgin: Voice of the People'' (1959), directed by Julian Biggs.<ref name=biggs>{{cite web|last=Biggs|first=Julian|title=Lord Elgin: Voice of the People|url=http://www.nfb.ca/film/lord_elgin_voice_of_people/ |work=Online film|publisher=[[National Film Board of Canada]]|accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of Lieutenant Governors of Ontario]]
*[[List of Lieutenant Governors of Quebec]]
*[[Anglo-Chinese relations]]
*[[Anglo-Japanese relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* ''Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan, 1857-8-9'' (2 volumes), [[Laurence Oliphant (1829–1888)|Laurence Oliphant]], 1859 (reprinted by Oxford University Press, 1970) {No ISBN}
* {{cite book|last=Checkland|first=S.G.|title=The Elgins 1766-1917: A Tale of Aristocrats, Proconsuls and Their Wives|place=Aberdeen|publisher=Aberdeen University Press|date=1988|isbn=0-08-036395-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=David|last2=Van Slyke|first2=Lyman P.|date=2000|title=Of Battle and Beauty: Felice Beato's Photographs of China|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-89951-100-7}}
* {{cite book|first=James L.|last=Hevia|title=English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China|place=Durham|publisher=Duke University Press|date=2003}}
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/immigrants/021017-2112.02-e.html "Moving Here, Staying Here:" ''The Canadian Immigrant Experience''], Library and Archives Canada, A letter from Lord Elgin, Governor General of the Canadas, to the Colonial Office
* {{cite book|last=Morison|first=John Lyle|title=The Eighth Earl of Elgin : A Chapter in Nineteenth-century Imperial History|place=London|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|date=1928}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Newsinger|title=Elgin in China|journal=The New Left Review|date=June 2002|ref=pp. 119–40}}
* {{cite book|last=Wrong|first=George M.|title=The Earl of Elgin|place=Toronto|publisher=G.N. Morangi|date=1906}} Also digitized by Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions, 2003.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Hansard-contribs|lord-bruce|the Earl of Elgin }}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Elgin,+James+Bruce,+Earl+of}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=James Bruce}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("Earl of Elgin" OR "Lord Elgin") |dname=Earl of Elgin}}
*[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4324 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'']
* {{cite book
|last = Ringmar
|first = Erik
|title = Liberal Barbarism: The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China
|url = https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/5277315/my%20writings/liberal%20barbarism/Erik%20Ringmar%2C%20Liberal%20Barbarism%2C%20published%20pdf.pdf
|year = 2013
|publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
|location = New York
}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Lord Elgin, "[http://ringmar.net/europeanfury/?page_id=1601 Second Mission to China, 1860]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}," from ''Extracts from the Letters of James, Earl of Elgin to Mary Louisa, Countess of Elgin, 1847-1862'' (London, 1864)
*[http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?accessnumber=M22464&Lang=1&imageID=165915 Painting: James Bruce, Earl of Elgin, circa 1855. McCord Museum]
*{{acad|id=ELGN861J|name=Elgin and Kincardine, James, Earl of}}
*{{Rayment|date=February 2012}}
*{{Rayment-hc|date=February 2012}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Southampton (UK Parliament constituency)|Southampton]]
| with = [[Charles Cecil Martyn]]
| years = 1841–1842
| before = [[Abel Rous Dottin]] [[Adam Haldane-Duncan, 2nd Earl of Camperdown|Viscount Duncan]]
| after = [[Humphrey St John-Mildmay (1794-1866)|Humphrey St John-Mildmay]] [[George William Hope]]
}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=[[United Kingdom Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] | before=[[Charles Abbot, 2nd Baron Colchester|The Lord Colchester]] | after=[[Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley|The Lord Stanley of Alderley]] | years=1859–1860}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt]]
| title = [[Governor of Jamaica]] | years=1842–1846
| after = [[George Berkeley (British Army officer)|George Berkeley]] (''acting'')
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart|The Earl Cathcart]]
| title = [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General of the Province of Canada]]
| years = 1847–1854
| after = [[Sir Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet|Sir Edmund Walker Head, Bt]]
}}{{succession box | before=[[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|The Earl Canning]] | title=[[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] | years=1862–1863 | after=[[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Sir Robert Napier]] (acting)}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box | before=[[James Erskine Wemyss]] | title=[[Lord Lieutenant of Fife]] | years=1854–1863 | after=[[James Hay Erskine Wemyss]]}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart|The Earl Cathcart]]
| title = [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[University of Toronto|King's College]]
| years = 1847–1849
| after = [[Peter Boyle de Blaquière]] (as ''Chancellor of the University of Toronto'')
}}
{{succession box|title=[[Rector of the University of Glasgow]]|years=1859–1862|before=[[Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton|The Lord Lytton]]|after=[[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|The Viscount Palmerston]]}}
{{s-reg|sct}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin|Thomas Bruce]]
| title = [[Earl of Elgin]] [[Earl of Kincardine]]
| years = 1841–1863
| after = [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|Victor Bruce]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{ONLG}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elgin, James Bruce, 8th Earl Of}}
[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:British expatriates in China]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:British people of the Second Opium War]]
[[Category:Earls of Elgin|James]]
[[Category:Earls of Kincardine|James]]
[[Category:Governors General of the Province of Canada]]
[[Category:Governors of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights of the Thistle]]
[[Category:Lord-Lieutenants of Fife]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1841–47]]
[[Category:United Kingdom Postmasters General]]
[[Category:Viceroys of India]]

Coke Smyth

2018-03-08T15:38:02Z

Ouvrard: added a link to Lady Louisa Lambton

[[File:Self-portrait of Coke Smyth.jpg|thumb|Self-portrait of Coke Smyth, 1846]]
[[File:C001035k.jpg|thumb|Zity a Huron indian]]

'''John Richard Coke Smyth''' (1808-1882) was a British artist and traveller. Smyth produced a few collections of prints from his travels. A few works arose out of a visit to [[Constantinople]] where he collaborated with the noted Orientalist painter, [[John Frederick Lewis]] to produce several works on Turkey and Constantinople.
== Life ==
His father was Richard Smyth and his mother was Elizabeth Coke. He traveled to Constantinople in 1856 and 1857.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdfUz4F7ufAC&q=Coke+Smyth+-sex&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQhEMAY|title=Painting in Quebec, 1820-1850: New Views, New Perspectives|last=Béland|first=Mario|last2=Québec|first2=Musée du|date=1992|publisher=Musée du Québec|isbn=9782551129706|language=en}}</ref>

In 1838, [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]] “accepted the post of Governor-General of North America, and arrived in Quebec with his family and an entourage of about twenty people.

Several visual documents remain from this sojourn. These include work by [[Lady Mary Louisa]], by the painter John Richard Coke Smyth (1808-1882), whom Lord Durham had engaged to teach drawing to his family,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Avw2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT192&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvKXzkuLXAhUFPCYKHZIfBOkQ6AEIRjAH#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Lives and Times of the Patriots: An Account of the Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837-1838 and of the Patriot Agitation in the United States, 1837-1842|last=Guillet|first=Edwin C.|date=1968-12-15|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9781487598051|language=en}}</ref> and by the amateur watercolorist, [[Katherine Ellice]], (1814-1864), wife of Edward Ellice, secretary to the Governor.”<ref>CHAGNON, JOANNE. “''[http://jcah-ahac.concordia.ca/pdf/download/jcah-ahac_25_chagnon Lady Mary Louise Elgin's sojourns in Lower Canada]''.” Journal of Canadian Art History/Annales D'histoire De L'art Canadien, vol. 25, 2004, pp. 82–99.</ref>

After his return to England, he sketched the illustrations of the costumes that were used to make the prints for ''[https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/1057611/souvenir-of-the-bal-costume-given-by-h-m-queen-victoria-at-buckingham-palace-may Souvenir of the bal costume : given by her most gracious majesty Queen Victoria, at Buckingham Palace, May 12, 1842]''. The book commemorated a fancy ball given by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1842.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

==Publications==
*1808 - ''Scenes from Hamlet and All's Well''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/658218010|title=Scenes from Hamlet and All's well|last=Smyth|first=Coke|date=1808|language=English}}</ref>

*1837 - ''Lewis's illustrations of Constantinople : made during a residence in that city etc. in the years 1835-6 : arranged and drawn on stone from the original sketches of Coke Smyth'' Istanbul : Denizler Kitabevi, {{ISBN|9789944264365}}, {{OCLC|774986610}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9r9LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA436&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvKXzkuLXAhUFPCYKHZIfBOkQ6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Literary Gazette and Journal of the Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, &c|date=1837|publisher=W.A. Scripps|language=en}}</ref>

*1839 – ''Sketches in the Canadas. [dedicated to the Earl of Durham]''. London: Thos. McLean.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/556804665|title=Sketches in the Canadas. By Coke Smyth. [Dedicated to the Earl of Durham|last=SMYTH|first=Coke|date=1839|publisher=Thos. McLean|location=London|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94lTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA14&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQg1MAM#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Westminster Review|publisher=Hooper|language=en}}</ref>
*Undated - ''Prospectus and Specimen of a Proposed Work on the Costume of the Principal Nations of Europe: From the Beginning of the 15th to the End of the 17th Century''. London.

In collaboration with [[John Frederick Lewis]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913329199|title=Prospectus and specimen of a proposed work on the costume of the principal nations of Europe: from the beginning of the 15th to the end of the 17th century.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|date=0000 uu|location=London|language=English}}</ref>
*1838 - ''Bursa, Turkey: the Street at the Entrance to the Grand Mosque''. Lithograph by John .F. Lewis, After Coke Smythe. London: T. McLean et al.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927504802|title=Bursa, Turkey: the street at the entrance to the Grand Mosque. Lithograph by J.F. Lewis, 1838, after Coke Smythe.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Lewis|first2=John Frederick|date=1838|publisher=T. McLean et al.|location=London|language=English}}</ref>
*1838 - ''Bursa, Turkey: the Silk Exchange''. Lithograph by John F. Lewis, 1838, After Coke Smythe. London: T. McLean et al.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927504674|title=Bursa, Turkey: the silk exchange. Lithograph by J.F. Lewis, 1838, after Coke Smythe.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Lewis|first2=John Frederick|date=1838|publisher=T. McLean et al.|location=London|language=English}}</ref>
*1838 – ''Tophane, Istanbul: the Ottoman Cannon Foundry''. Lithograph by John .F. Lewis, 1838, After Coke Smythe. London: T. McLean et al.

In collaboration with [[James Planché]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927504833|title=Tophane, Istanbul: the Ottoman cannon foundry. Lithograph by J.F. Lewis, 1838, after Coke Smythe.|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Lewis|first2=John Frederick|date=1838|publisher=T. McLean et al.|location=London|language=English}}</ref>

*1843 – ''Souvenir of the Bal Costume: Given by Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, at Buckingham Palace, May 12, 1842''; the Drawings from the Original Dresses. London: Colnaghi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247834753|title=Souvenir of the bal costume: given by her most gracious majesty Queen Victoria, at Buckingham Palace, May 12, 1842 ; The drawings from the original dresses|last=Smyth|first=Coke|last2=Planché|first2=James Robinson|date=1843|publisher=Colnaghi|location=London|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w31AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA572&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQhJMAc#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Literary Gazette: A Weekly Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts|date=1842|publisher=H. Colburn|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27JKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA298&dq=Coke+Smyth+-sex&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9l_2aleLXAhUFKyYKHQlIAew4ChDoAQhOMAg#v=onepage&q=Coke%20Smyth%20-sex&f=false|title=The Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal|date=1843|publisher=Longmans, Green & Company|language=en}}</ref>

*
== References ==

{{Reflist}}



[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:1808 births]]
[[Category:1882 deaths]]
[[Category:British artists]]
[[Category:Canadian art]]

Herman James Good

2018-03-01T20:37:52Z

Ouvrard: /* Biography */ VCs are not won, but earned.

{{Infobox military person
|name=Herman James Good
|birth_date=29 November 1887
|death_date=18 April 1969
|placeofburial=Saint Albans Cemetery,<ref>(WikiMapia latitude/longitude 47.6318922, -65.606854)</ref> Bathurst
|image= Herman James Good VC.jpg
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_place=South [[Bathurst, New Brunswick]]
|death_place=Bathurst
|allegiance={{flag|Canada|1868}}
|branch=[[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
|serviceyears=
|rank=[[Corporal]]
|unit=[[13th Battalion, CEF]]
|commands=
|battles=[[First World War]]
|awards=[[File:Victoria Cross (UK) ribbon.png|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]]
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
'''Herman James Good''' {{post-nominals|VC}} (29 November 1887 – 18 April 1969<ref name="DHH">{{cite web | url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/vcg-gcv/bio/good-hj-eng.asp | title=DHH - Victoria Cross bios | accessdate=January 17, 2013}}</ref>) was a soldier in the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] during the [[First World War]] and recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. He is the namesake of the former Good Flight, part of the disbanded 13 Squadron at the Royal Military College of Canada.

== Biography ==
Good was born in South Bathurst, [[New Brunswick]] on 29 November 1887. He was educated at the local [[public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] and involved in lumber operations in the area.<ref>Machum, Geo. C. "Canada's V.C. 's"
Toronto, McLelland & Stewart. (1956), First Edition</ref>

According to his Attestation Paper, Good enlisted on 29 June 1915, in Sussex, NB.<ref>[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/archivianet/cef/001042-119.02-e.php?image_url=http://data2.archives.ca/cef/gpc005/354970a.gif&id_nbr=421589 Soldiers of the First World War - CEF]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Library and Archives Canada</ref> He first served with the [[5th Battalion (Western Cavalry), CEF]], then the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, before being transferred to the [[13th Battalion, CEF|13th (Royal Highlanders of Canada) Battalion]], [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]].

On 8 August 1918 in the vicinity of [[Hangard Wood]], [[France]], on the opening day of the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]], his actions led to his receiving the Victoria Cross. (Fellow Royal Highlander [[John Bernard Croak]] also earned the Victoria Cross that same day.)

=== Citation ===
{{Quote|For most conspicuous bravery and leading when in attack his company was held up by heavy fire from three enemy [[machine-guns]], which were seriously delaying the advance. Realising the gravity of the situation, this N.C.O. dashed forward alone, killing several of the garrison, and capturing the remainder.

Later on, Corporal Good, while alone, encountered a battery of 5-inch guns, which were in action at the time. Collecting three men of his section, he charged the battery under point-blank fire and captured the entire crews of three guns.|[[The London Gazette]], 27 September 1918<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 30922|date=27 September 1918|page=11430 |supp=y}}</ref>}}

He died in [[Bathurst, New Brunswick]] on 18 April 1969.


== See also ==

[[Military history of Nova Scotia]]

[[List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=421589 Herman James Good's digitized service file]
* [http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2005/09/on-the-offensive-in-1918/ Legion Magazine on Herman James Good]
* [http://hermanjgoodvc.tripod.com/id28.htm Branch No. 18 Royal Canadian Legion War Museum ]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Good, Herman James}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People from Bathurst, New Brunswick]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]

Robertson College

2018-01-29T19:06:32Z

Ouvrard: /* External links */ removed a misdirected link

{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=August 2010}}
{{advert|date=March 2010}}
}}

{{Coord|49|53|46.4|N|97|08|32|W|display=title|type:edu}}
{{Infobox University
| image_name = Robertson College Logo.jpeg
| name = Robertson College
| established = 1911
| type = [[Private university|Private]] College of Health, Business, Technology and Continuing Education
| head_label = Executive Contact  |
| head = Keith McConnell |
| city = 265 Notre Dame Avenue [[Winnipeg]]
| state = [[Manitoba]]
| country = [[Canada]] R3B 1N9
| students = 5000 (est)
| faculty =
| campus = [[Winnipeg]], [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]], [[Edmonton]] and [[Calgary]]
| affiliations = ECG Education Canada Group [http://www.educationcanadagroup.ca//]
| website = [http://www.robertsoncollege.com www.robertsoncollege.com],
}}

'''Robertson College''' is a Canadian-based college with 12 locations globally. Its locations in Canada include [[Winnipeg]], [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]], [[Edmonton]] and [[Calgary]]. The College offers diploma programs in health, business, technology and continuing education.

==Campus==
Robertson College has four campuses in Canada, located in [[Winnipeg]][http://maps.google.ca/maps?oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a&q=265+notre+dame+winnipeg&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x52ea715bfd9bb6cb:0x2ae04902b18fdc0f,265+Notre+Dame+Ave,+Winnipeg,+MB+R3B+3C9&gl=ca&ei=-8pgT9njI8mggwfT1cSeCA&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=1&ved=0CCAQ8gEwAA], [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]][http://maps.google.ca/maps?oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a&q=800+rosser+avenue+brandon&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x52e79748af390d85:0xefb56057971ea5b3,800+Rosser+Ave,+Brandon,+MB+R7A+6Y9&gl=ca&ei=J8tgT8KzEobKgQfZnNH6Bw&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=1&ved=0CCAQ8gEwAA], [[Calgary]][http://maps.google.ca/maps?oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a&q=300-417+14th+Street+calgary&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x53716fea5b1959d7:0x34ffe3dbcdff28ff,417+14+St+NW,+Calgary,+AB+T2N+2A1&gl=ca&ei=dctgT5DEIsWbgwfmu_H6Bw&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=1&ved=0CCAQ8gEwAA], and [[Edmonton]]. Robertson College also has an online campus, iRobertson [http://robertsoncollege.com/irobertson-online-training.aspx], which offers much of the same programming.

The college also provides career training through partner schools in [[Africa]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[China]].<ref name="Industry Canada">{{cite web|title=Robertson College Inc|url=http://www.ic.gc.ca/app/ccc/srch/nvgt.do?lang=eng&prtl=1&sbPrtl=&estblmntNo=123456208047&profile=cmpltPrfl&profileId=1921&app=sold|publisher=Industry Canada|accessdate=28 January 2014}}</ref>

== History ==

'''Robertson College''' was founded in 1911 after founder M.I. Robertson emigrated from [[Scotland]] to live with her sister and brother-in-law in [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]]. In [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, Mrs. Robertson worked in the [[city hall]]. It was thought that Mrs. Robertson was married and had a husband who had been a ship’s [[sea captain]], but there is no proof of this. Back then it was not proper protocol to ask, or to speculate private matters. Nonetheless Mrs. Robertson came to [[Canada]] with her young daughter.

When she arrived to Canada she lived in a small shack with her daughter, sister and brother-in-law near the [[railway]]. She and her sister then started a [[Court reporter|court reporting]] business by the name of Dominion Stenographic Service. Part of her work was taking in “[[apprentice]]” based students, Mrs. Robertson, her sister and [[employer]]s noticed the need and the quality of apprentices that they were putting forth. It was in 1919 that the judicial courts began to hire their own [[shorthand]] [[stenographer]]s; which helped evolve the business into a shorthand school.

In the 1921 Saskatoon Henderson Directory it was noted that Mrs. Robertson began to advertise her business as Dominion Business College. In 1923 it was then advertised as the Robertson Shorthand and Secretarial School when her sister and husband moved to [[British Columbia]].

It is believed that Mrs. Robertson saw [[education]] as a way to help young people. Mrs. Robertson documents during one of the Saskatchewan [[Minimum wages in Canada|Minimum Wage Board]] Meetings of the concern of young girls coming to the city seeking employment. Many employers were not willing to pay well, and many of these young girls were employed as [[waitress]]es, thus long hours. The girls needed a place to sleep, and therefore slept on the floors of their place of employment and still had no money for winter clothing or basic [[sustenance]].

Mrs. Robertson stopped teaching in the school in 1942 where she handed off her role to Mrs. Lepine who later purchased the college. Mrs. Robertson died in 1958.

The school became the Saskatoon Robertson Career College shortly thereafter. It closed its doors in 1990. This made the campus in [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]], which was founded in 1980 after being purchased by Lynne Oliver, as the last remaining college under the Robertson banner. The school was then purchased by Don Thomas in 1985. Mr. Thomas expanded the school curriculum and made major restructuring changes to Robertson Career College including expanding to different [[campus]]es and programs in the [[Prairies (ecozone)|Prairies]]. In 1993, the college name was changed to Robertson College.
In 2001, it was purchased by Midwestern School of Business and Technology in Winnipeg. It has since become a multi-campus college. The College was moved from [[Winnipeg Route 85|Portage Avenue]] in downtown Winnipeg to the historic [[Exchange District]] at 265 Notre Dame Avenue. The College now focuses on [[healthcare]], [[business]] and [[Information technology|Information Technology]] programs.

In 2004, Robertson College added an additional campus in [[Calgary, Alberta]]. The campus initially focused on training [[Pharmacy technician|Pharmacy Technicians]] and over the past few years has expanded its focus to business and health care. As well in 2004, the college started its first international partnership in [[China]]. In China, the [[Live-In Caregiver]] program is taught to help Chinese students immigrate to Canada. Since 2004, Robertson College has added other training partnerships in [[West Africa]] and [[Mauritius]].
In 2009, an [[online training]] division for Robertson College was created. Robertson’s Online Training Division, iRobertson College, provides distance and part-time education.

== Further Information ==

Robertsons College is a member of the Long Term & Continuing Care Association of Manitoba.<ref name="Long Term & Continuing Care Association of Manitobas">{{cite web|title=Membership Info|url=http://www.ltcam.mb.ca/member_robertson.html|publisher=Long Term & Continuing Care Association of Manitoba|accessdate=28 January 2014}}</ref> The College is also registered as a Private Vocational Institution with the Government of Manitobas.<ref name="Manitoba Advanced Education and Literacy">{{cite web|title=Private Vocational Institutions|url=http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ael/pvs/index.html|publisher=Government of Manitoba|accessdate=28 January 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of colleges in Manitoba]]
*[[List of colleges in Alberta]]
*[[List of colleges in Ontario]]
*[[Private education in Canada]]
*[[Westervelt College]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.robertsoncollege.com/ Robertson College website]

{{MB_Uni}}
{{Commons}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Winnipeg]]

George Burdon McKean

2018-01-29T14:27:29Z

Ouvrard: /* World War I */ Added a source for his book #1lib1ref

{{Infobox military person
| name = George Burdon McKean
| birth_date = 4 July 1888
| death_date = {{death date and age|1926|11|28|1888|7|4|df=y}}
| placeofburial = [[Cemeteries and crematoria in Brighton and Hove#Brighton Extra Mural Cemetery|Brighton Extra Mural Cemetery]], [[East Sussex]]
| image = A006219-v8.jpg
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_place = [[Willington, County Durham]], England
| death_place = [[Potters Bar]], [[Hertfordshire]], England
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| serviceyears = 1915 - 1926
| rank = [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]]
| unit = [[14th Battalion (Royal Montreal Regiment), CEF]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War I]]
| awards = [[Victoria Cross]] [[Military Cross]] [[Military Medal]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
'''George Burdon McKean''' {{post-nominals|VC|MC|MM}} (4 July 1888 – 28 November 1926) was an [[English people|English]]-[[Canadians|Canadian]] soldier who served in [[World War I]]. McKean was a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Early life==
George Burdon McKean was born in Willington, [[County Durham]], England on 4 July 1888. He came to Canada in 1902 and settled in [[Edmonton]]. He was a student at the [[University of Alberta]] <ref>Edmonton Bulletin, July 1,
1918</ref>when World War I broke out and McKean enlisted as a private soldier in the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]].

==World War I==
He was 29 years old, and a [[lieutenant]] in the 14th ([[The Royal Montreal Regiment]]) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force during the [[First World War]] when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

On 27/28 April 1918 at the [[Gavrelle]] Sector, [[France]], when Lieutenant McKean's party was held up at a block in the communication trench by intense fire, he ran into the open, leaping over the block head first on top of one of the enemy. Whilst lying there, he was attacked by another with a fixed bayonet. He shot both of these men, captured the position, then sent back for more bombs, and until they arrived he engaged the enemy single-handed. He then rushed a second block, killing two of the enemy, capturing four others, and driving the remainder into a dug-out, which he then destroyed.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30770|date=25 June 1918 |page=7618|supp=y }}</ref>

He later achieved the rank of [[Captain (land and air)|captain]].

In the closing months of the war, [[Canada's Hundred Days]], near Arras, he led the capture of Cagnicourt, using, one historian wrote, "little but courage and bravado", winning the Military Medal.<ref>Scouting Thrills, The Memoir of a Scout Officer in the Great War (2003)</ref> In the course of his military service, he received the Military Medal and, after he was commissioned as an officer, the Military Cross. He was one of only a handful of people who have won all three and lived to peacetime.

McKean wrote of his wartime experiences in ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/184738426 Scouting Thrills: The Memoir of a Scout Officer in the Great War]'' (1919, re-issued by CEF Books in 2003).

He remained with the army after the end of World War I, serving in Egypt. He finally left the army in March 1926.

==Later life==
After leaving the army he settled in England, finding work in a sawmill, but within a few short months, on November 26, he was killed in an [[industrial accident]], leaving a widow who two days later bore him a daughter.

He is buried at [[Cemeteries and crematoria in Brighton and Hove#Brighton Extra Mural Cemetery|Brighton Extra Mural Cemetery]], Sussex, England.

==Legacy==
His Victoria Cross is stored at the [[Canadian War Museum]] in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

The Church Square of Cagnicourt, France was renamed 'La Place Du George Burdon McKean' in his honour, displaying a plaque to his honour, on 6 September 2003,

A mountain in the [[Victoria Cross Ranges]] is named in his honour.

His Name is also present on the memorial wall located in Convocation Hall at the University Of Alberta

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Monuments to Courage]] (David Harvey, 1999)
* [[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (This England, 1997)
* [[VCs of the First World War - Spring Offensive 1918]] (Gerald Gliddon, 1997)
* [[List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients]]

==External links==
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=166001 George Burdon McKean's digitized service file]
* [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7940 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041028141812/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/sussex.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(East Sussex)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311014901/http://www.legionmagazine.com/features/victoriacross/05-07.asp Legion Magazine Article on George McKean]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McKean, George Burdon}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Medal]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:People from Willington, County Durham]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in England]]
[[Category:Industrial accident deaths]]

John Howard (Canadian sprinter)

2018-01-18T21:06:45Z

Ouvrard: Added a link to his result in the Inter-Allied Games.

[[File:A006626-v8.jpg|alt=A black-and-white photograph of a man surrounded by military people and receiving a medal from an older military man|thumb|John Howard getting his bronze medal for the 100 meter event by the King of Montenegro ]]
'''John Armstrong Howard''' (October 6, 1888 – January 10, 1937<ref name=Sun/>) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[Track and field|track and field athlete]] thought to be the first black Olympic athlete from Canada,<ref name=Sun>{{cite news |title=Medal's travels chart the path of history |author=Stephen Hume |newspaper=[[Vancouver Sun]] |date=April 24, 2010 |url=http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/1912+Olympic+medal+finds+home/2948024/story.html}}</ref> competing in the [[1912 Summer Olympics]].

Howard was born in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], to a barber.<ref name=Sun/> In addition to his domination of Canadian sprinting, he also played baseball as a catcher on the Crescent Creamery Baseball Club in Winnipeg.<ref name=Sun/>

He was cited by major Canadian media as Canada's best gold medal hope for the 1912 Olympics. During training for the Olympics, he ran into conflicts with chief coach [[Walter Knox]]; according to the Manitoba Free Press of June 27, 1912, Knox accused Howard of insubordination, and, in an era when discrimination against black athletes was common, threatened to expel him from the team. The efforts of the [[Amateur Athletic Union of Canada]] kept Howard on the team. In the Olympics in Stockholm, he was hindered by a stomach ailment<ref name=Sun/> and stress resulting from the discord with Coach Knox, and was eliminated in the semi-finals of the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|100 metres competition]] as well as of the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|200 metres event]]. He was also a member of the Canadian relay teams which were eliminated in the semi-final of the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay|4x100 metre relay competition]] and in the first round of the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4x400 metre relay event]].

In 1917, he went to England as part of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, serving as a stretcher bearer for army hospitals during World War I. He competed in the 1920 [[Inter-Allied Games]] held in Paris where he won the bronze medal for the 100 meter race<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/ialg.htm|title=Inter-Allied Games results|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.

He returned to Canada about two years after going to Europe with a white English wife, Edith (née Lipscomb).<ref name=Sun/> They homesteaded in [[Ste. Rose du Lac, Manitoba|Ste. Rose du Lac]], north of Winnipeg, but were forced to leave by hostility to the interracial marriage.<ref name=Sun/> Howard found work as a railway porter. Later, the marriage broke up.

He is the grandfather of Olympic sprinters [[Harry Jerome]] and [[Valerie Jerome]].<ref name=Sun/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=471228 John Howard's military service file]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, John}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian male sprinters]]
[[Category:Olympic track and field athletes of Canada]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Winnipeg]]
[[Category:Black Canadian sportspeople]]
[[Category:Canadian military personnel of World War I]]

{{Canada-athletics-bio-stub}}

John Howard (Canadian sprinter)

2018-01-18T20:45:35Z

Ouvrard: Added a photograph and a link to his military service file.

[[File:A006626-v8.jpg|alt=A black-and-white photograph of a man surrounded by military people and receiving a medal from an older military man|thumb|John Howard getting his bronze medal for the 100 meter event by the King of Montenegro ]]
'''John Armstrong Howard''' (October 6, 1888 – January 10, 1937<ref name=Sun/>) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[Track and field|track and field athlete]] thought to be the first black Olympic athlete from Canada,<ref name=Sun>{{cite news |title=Medal's travels chart the path of history |author=Stephen Hume |newspaper=[[Vancouver Sun]] |date=April 24, 2010 |url=http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/1912+Olympic+medal+finds+home/2948024/story.html}}</ref> competing in the [[1912 Summer Olympics]].

Howard was born in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], to a barber.<ref name=Sun/> In addition to his domination of Canadian sprinting, he also played baseball as a catcher on the Crescent Creamery Baseball Club in Winnipeg.<ref name=Sun/>

He was cited by major Canadian media as Canada's best gold medal hope for the 1912 Olympics. During training for the Olympics, he ran into conflicts with chief coach [[Walter Knox]]; according to the Manitoba Free Press of June 27, 1912, Knox accused Howard of insubordination, and, in an era when discrimination against black athletes was common, threatened to expel him from the team. The efforts of the [[Amateur Athletic Union of Canada]] kept Howard on the team. In the Olympics in Stockholm, he was hindered by a stomach ailment<ref name=Sun/> and stress resulting from the discord with Coach Knox, and was eliminated in the semi-finals of the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|100 metres competition]] as well as of the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|200 metres event]]. He was also a member of the Canadian relay teams which were eliminated in the semi-final of the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay|4x100 metre relay competition]] and in the first round of the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4x400 metre relay event]].

In 1917, he went to England as part of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, serving as a stretcher bearer for army hospitals during World War I. He competed in the 1920 [[Inter-Allied Games]] held in Paris.

He returned to Canada about two years after going to Europe with a white English wife, Edith (née Lipscomb).<ref name=Sun/> They homesteaded in [[Ste. Rose du Lac, Manitoba|Ste. Rose du Lac]], north of Winnipeg, but were forced to leave by hostility to the interracial marriage.<ref name=Sun/> Howard found work as a railway porter. Later, the marriage broke up.

He is the grandfather of Olympic sprinters [[Harry Jerome]] and [[Valerie Jerome]].<ref name=Sun/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=471228 John Howard's military service file]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, John}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian male sprinters]]
[[Category:Olympic track and field athletes of Canada]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Winnipeg]]
[[Category:Black Canadian sportspeople]]
[[Category:Canadian military personnel of World War I]]

{{Canada-athletics-bio-stub}}

Horses in World War I

2018-01-11T20:14:30Z

Ouvrard: /* Logistical support */

[[File:Canadian Mounted Rifles poster.jpg|thumb|right|A Canadian cavalry recruitment poster|alt=A recruitment poster for the Canadian Mounted Rifles, stating "Quick Service Overseas". In the foreground is a man in military dress on a horse, with other men and horses in the background.]]

The use of '''horses in World War I''' marked a transitional period in the evolution of armed conflict. [[Cavalry]] units were initially considered essential offensive elements of a military force, but over the course of the war, the vulnerability of horses to modern machine gun and artillery fire reduced their utility on the battlefield. This paralleled the development of [[tank]]s, which would ultimately replace cavalry in [[shock tactics]]. While the perceived value of the [[horses in warfare|horse in war]] changed dramatically, horses still played a significant role throughout the war.

All of the major combatants in [[World War I]] (1914–1918) began the conflict with cavalry forces. [[Second Reich|Germany]] stopped using them on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] soon after the war began, but continued limited use on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] well into the war. The [[Ottoman Empire]] used cavalry extensively during the war. On the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] side, the United Kingdom used mounted infantry and [[Charge (warfare)|cavalry charges]] throughout the war, but the United States used cavalry for only a short time. Although not particularly successful on the Western Front, Allied cavalry did have some success in the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|Middle Eastern theatre]], against a weaker and less technologically advanced enemy. Russia used cavalry forces on the Eastern Front, but with limited success.

The military mainly used horses for logistical support; they were better than mechanized vehicles at traveling through deep mud and over rough terrain. Horses were used for reconnaissance and for carrying messengers, as well as pulling [[artillery]], ambulances, and supply wagons. The presence of horses often increased morale among the soldiers at the front, but the animals contributed to disease and poor sanitation in camps, caused by their manure and carcasses. The value of horses, and the increasing difficulty of replacing them, was such that by 1917 some troops were told that the loss of a horse was of greater tactical concern than the loss of a human soldier. Ultimately, the [[blockade of Germany]] prevented the Central Powers from importing horses to replace those lost, which contributed to Germany's defeat. By the end of the war, even the well-supplied U.S. Army was short of horses.

Conditions were severe for horses at the front; they were killed by artillery fire, suffered from skin disorders, and were injured by [[poison gas]]. Hundreds of thousands of horses died, and many more were treated at veterinary hospitals and sent back to the front. Procuring [[fodder]] was a major issue, and Germany lost many horses to starvation. Several memorials have been erected to commemorate the horses that died. Artists, including [[Alfred Munnings]], extensively documented the work of horses in the war, and horses were featured in war poetry. Novels, plays and documentaries have also featured the horses of World War I.

== Cavalry ==
[[File:NLS Haig - C.O. of the Royal Scots Greys with his staff.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the [[Royal Scots Greys]] near [[Brimeux]], France in 1918]]

Many British tacticians outside of the cavalry units realized before the war that advances in technology meant that the era of mounted warfare was coming to an end. However, many senior cavalry officers disagreed, and despite limited usefulness, maintained cavalry regiments at the ready throughout the war. Scarce wartime resources were used to train and maintain cavalry regiments that were rarely used. The continued tactical use of the cavalry charge resulted in the loss of many troops and horses in fruitless attacks against machine guns.<ref>Ellis, ''Cavalry'', pp. 174–176</ref>

Early in the war, cavalry skirmishes occurred on several fronts, and horse-mounted troops were widely used for reconnaissance.<ref>Willmott, ''First World War'', p. 46</ref> Britain's cavalry were trained to fight both on foot and mounted, but most other European cavalry still relied on the [[shock tactics|shock tactic]] of mounted charges. There were isolated instances of successful shock combat on the Western Front, where cavalry divisions also provided important mobile firepower.<ref name="MH188" /> Beginning in 1917, cavalry was deployed alongside tanks and aircraft, notably at the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]], where cavalry was expected to exploit breakthroughs in the lines that the slower tanks could not. This plan never came to fruition due to missed opportunities and the use of machine guns by German forces. At Cambrai, troops from Great Britain, Canada, India and Germany participated in mounted actions.<ref>Hammond, ''Cambrai 1917'', pp. 69, 450–451</ref> Cavalry was still deployed late in the war, with Allied cavalry troops harassing retreating German forces in 1918 during the [[Hundred Days Offensive]], when horses and tanks continued to be used in the same battles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/photo-e.aspx?PageId=3.D.2&photo=3.D.2.af&f=%2fcwm%2fexhibitions%2fguerre%2fofficial-art-e.aspx|title=Cavalry and Tanks at Arras, 1918|publisher=Canadian War Museum|accessdate=2009-12-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424024846/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/photo-e.aspx?PageId=3.D.2&photo=3.D.2.af&f=%2Fcwm%2Fexhibitions%2Fguerre%2Fofficial-art-e.aspx|archivedate=2010-04-24|df=}}</ref> In comparison to their limited usefulness on the Western Front, "cavalry was literally indispensable" on the Eastern front and in the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|Middle East]].<ref name="MH188" />

Great changes in the tactical use of cavalry were a marked feature of World War I, as improved weaponry rendered frontal charges ineffective. Although cavalry was used with good effect in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], at the [[Third Battle of Gaza]] and [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]], generally the mode of warfare changed. Tanks were beginning to take over the role of shock combat.<ref name="Carver123" /> The use of [[trench warfare]], barbed wire and machine guns rendered traditional cavalry almost obsolete.<ref name="Carver123">Carver, ''Britain's Army in the 20th Century'', p. 123</ref> Following the war, the armies of the world powers initiated a process of mechanization in earnest, and most cavalry regiments were either converted to mechanized units or disbanded.<ref>Carver, ''Britain's Army in the 20th Century'', pp. 154–57</ref> Historian G.J. Meyer writes that "the Great War brought the end of cavalry".<ref name=Meyer264>Meyer, ''A World Undone, p. 264</ref> From the [[Middle Ages]] into the 20th century, cavalry had dominated battlefields, but from as early as the [[American Civil War]], their value in war was declining as artillery became more powerful, reducing the effectiveness of shock charges. The Western Front in World War I showed that cavalry was almost useless against modern weaponry, and it also reinforced that they were difficult to transport and supply. British cavalry officers, far more than their continental European counterparts, persisted in using and maintaining cavalry, believing that mounted troops would be useful for exploiting infantry breakthroughs, and under the right circumstances would be able to face machine guns. Neither of these beliefs proved correct.<ref name=Meyer264/>

=== British Empire ===

==== United Kingdom ====
[[File:Deccan Horse, Bazentin Ridge 1916.jpg|thumb|left|The [[20th Deccan Horse]] drawn up in ranks during the [[Battle of Bazentin Ridge]], 1916|alt=A large group of men and horses drawn up into lines in a field and on the adjoining road. A hill with trees and tents can be seen in the background.]]
{{further information|British cavalry during the First World War}}
Britain had increased its cavalry reserves after seeing the effectiveness of mounted [[Boers]] during the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902).<ref name=Dent61>Dent, ''Cleveland Bay Horses'', pp. 61–64</ref> Horse-mounted units were used from the earliest days of World War I: on August 22, 1914, the first British shot of the war in France was fired by a cavalryman, [[Edward Thomas (British Army soldier)|Edward Thomas]] of the [[4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards]], near [[Casteau]], during a patrol in the buildup to the [[Battle of Mons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/firstshot_01.shtml|accessdate=2010-01-20|date=November 5, 2009|title=The First Shot: 22 August 1914|publisher=BBC|work=World Wars in-depth}}</ref> Within 19 days of Britain beginning mobilization for war, on August 24, 1914, the [[9th Lancers]], a cavalry regiment led by [[David Campbell (British Army officer)|David Campbell]], engaged German troops with a squadron of [[4th Dragoon Guards]] against German infantry and guns. Campbell obeyed his orders to charge, although he believed the more prudent course of action would have been to fight dismounted. The charge resulted in a British loss of 250 men and 300 horses. On September 7, Campbell's troops charged again, this time towards the German [[1st Guard Dragoons]], another lancer cavalry regiment.<ref name=Campbell>{{cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/warstudies/research/projects/lionsdonkeys/c.aspx|title=Sir David Graham Muschet ('Soarer') Campbell|accessdate=2010-05-12|publisher=Centre for First World War Studies, University of Birmingham}}</ref> In the same year, the British [[Household Cavalry]] completed their penultimate operation on horseback—the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] [[Great Retreat|retreat from Mons]].

Upon reaching the [[First Battle of the Aisne|Aisne River]] and encountering [[trench warfare|the trench system]], cavalry was found ineffective. While cavalry divisions were still being formed in Britain, cavalry troops quickly became accustomed to fighting dismounted.<ref name=Braddon187>Braddon, ''All the Queen's Men'', pp. 187–88</ref> Britain continued to use cavalry throughout the war, and in 1917, the Household Cavalry conducted its last mounted charge during a diversionary attack on the [[Hindenburg Line]] at [[Arras]]. On the orders of [[Field Marshal]] [[Douglas Haig]], the [[Life Guards (British Army)|Life Guards]] and the [[Royal Horse Guards|Blues]], accompanied by the men of the [[10th Hussars]], charged into heavy machine gun fire and barbed wire, and were slaughtered by the German defenders; the Hussars lost two-thirds of their number in the charge.<ref name=Braddon187/><ref name=Ellis176>Ellis, ''Cavalry'', p. 176</ref> The last British fatality from enemy action before the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|armistice]] went into effect was a cavalryman, George Edwin Ellison, from C Troop [[5th Royal Irish Lancers]]. Ellison was shot by a sniper as the regiment moved into [[Mons]] on November 11, 1918.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=8198835|title=Voices of the Armistice—The unluckiest man|issue=76|journal=Ancestors|page=45|date=December 2008|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]/Wharncliffe Publishing Limited|editor=Fowler, Simon |editor-link=Simon Fowler (author)}}</ref>

Despite their lackluster record in Europe, horses proved indispensable to the British war effort in Palestine, particularly under Field Marshal [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Edmund Allenby]], for whom cavalry made up a large percentage of his forces. Most of his mounted troops were not British regular cavalry, but the [[Desert Mounted Corps]], consisting of a combination of Australian, New Zealand, Indian units and English [[Yeomanry]] regiments from the [[Territorial Force]], largely equipped as [[mounted infantry]] rather than cavalry.<ref name=Ellis176-7/> By mid-1918, Turkish intelligence estimated that Allenby commanded around 11,000 cavalry.<ref name=Erickson195>Erickson, ''Ordered to Die'', pp. 195–197</ref> Allenby's forces crushed the Turkish armies in a running series of battles that included the extensive use of cavalry by both sides. Some cavalry tacticians view this action as a vindication of cavalry's usefulness, but others point out that the Turks were outnumbered two to one by late 1918, and were not first-class troops.<ref name=Ellis176-7>Ellis, ''Cavalry'', pp. 176–177</ref> Horses were also ridden by the British officers of the [[Egyptian Camel Transport Corps]] in Egypt and the Levant during the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]]s.<ref>McPherson, et al., ''The man who loved Egypt'', pp. 184–186</ref>

==== India ====
Indian cavalry participated in actions on both the Western and Palestinian fronts throughout the war. Members of the [[1st Indian Cavalry Division|1st]] and [[2nd Indian Cavalry Division]]s were active on the Western Front, including in the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line and at the Battle of Cambrai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/1cavdiv_indian.htm|title=The 1st Indian Cavalry Division in 1914–1918|author=Baker, Chris|work=The Long, Long Trail|accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/mtddivs.htm|title=The Mounted Divisions of 1914–1918|author=Baker, Chris|work=The Long, Long Trail|accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> A charge by the [[5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade]] of the 1st Division ended successfully at the Battle of Cambrai despite being against a position fortified by barbed wire and machine guns. This successful ending was an unusual occurrence during the war.<ref>Hammond, ''Cambrai 1917'', pp. 396–402</ref> Several Indian cavalry divisions joined Allenby's troops in the spring of 1918 after being transferred from the Western Front.<ref name=Erickson195/>
[[File:Alfred Munnings - Charge of Flowerdew's Squadron.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[Canadian Cavalry Brigade]] perform a cavalry [[charge (warfare)|charge]] during the [[Battle of Moreuil Wood]].]]
==== Canada ====
{{further information|Canadian Cavalry Brigade}}
When the war began, [[Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)|Lord Strathcona's Horse]], a Canadian cavalry regiment, was mobilized and sent to England for training. The regiment served as infantry in French trenches during 1915, and were not returned to their mounted status until February 16, 1916. In the defense of the [[Somme (department)|Somme]] front in March 1917, mounted troops saw action, and Lieutenant [[Frederick Maurice Watson Harvey|Frederick Harvey]] was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for his actions. Canadian cavalry generally had the same difficulties as other nations in breaking trench warfare deadlocks and were of little use on the front lines. However, in the spring of 1918, Canadian cavalry was essential in halting the last major German offensive of the war.<ref name=Dube>{{cite web|url= http://www.strathconas.ca/strathconas-celebrate-the-battle-of-moreuil-wood?id=835|title=Strathconas Celebrate the Battle of Moreuil Wood|author=MCpl Mathieu Dubé|date=
30 April 2010|publisher=Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) Society|accessdate=2012-05-24}}</ref> On March 30, 1918, Canadian cavalry charged German positions in the [[Battle of Moreuil Wood]], defeating a superior German force supported by machine gun fire.<ref name=StrathconaSociety/> The charge was made by Lord Strathcona's Horse, led by [[Gordon Flowerdew]], later posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the charge. Although the German forces surrendered,<ref name=Dube/> three-quarters of the 100 cavalry participating in the attack were killed or wounded in the attack against 300 German soldiers.<ref name=StrathconaSociety>{{cite web|url=http://www.strathconas.ca/history-of-a-regiment-complete|title=History of a Regiment|publisher=Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) Society|accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/photo-e.aspx?PageId=2.B.1.k&photo=3.D.2.z&f=%2fcwm%2fexhibitions%2fguerre%2fgerman-offensive-e.aspx|title=Charge of Flowerdew's Squadron|publisher=Canadian War Museum|accessdate=2009-12-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609184300/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/photo-e.aspx?PageId=2.B.1.k&photo=3.D.2.z&f=%2Fcwm%2Fexhibitions%2Fguerre%2Fgerman-offensive-e.aspx|archivedate=2011-06-09|df=}}</ref>

==== Australia and New Zealand ====
[[File:Light horse walers.jpg|thumb|upright|[[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] light horsemen, 1914|alt=Two men carrying rifles on horseback; another horse and rider are partially visible in the background.]]

The [[Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division]] (known as the ANZAC Mounted Division) was formed in Egypt in 1916, after the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]] (ANZAC) was disbanded. Comprising four brigades, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd [[Australian Light Horse]] and the [[New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade]]. All had fought at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] dismounted. In August the division's dynamic capabilities were effectively combined with the static 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division at the [[Battle of Romani]], where they repelled an attempted Ottoman attack on the Suez Canal. This victory stopped the advance of [[Friedrich Kreß von Kressenstein|Kress von Kressenstein]]'s Expeditionary Force (3rd Infantry Division and Pasha I formation) towards the [[Suez Canal]] and forced his withdrawal under pressure. An Ottoman garrison at [[Battle of Magdhaba|Magdhaba]] was defeated in December 1916 by the division with the [[Imperial Camel Corps Brigade]] attached and the other major Ottoman fortification at [[Battle of Rafa|Rafah]] was captured in January 1917. They participated mounted in the [[First Battle of Gaza]] in March, and the [[Third Battle of Gaza]] (including the [[Battle of Beersheba (1917)|Battle of Beersheba]]) in October 1917. They attacked dismounted in the [[Second Battle of Gaza]] in April 1917. In 1918, the ANZAC and [[Australian Mounted Division]]s, along with the [[Yeomanry Mounted Division]] in the [[Desert Mounted Corps]], conducted two attacks across the [[First Transjordan attack on Amman (1918)|Jordan River to Amman]] in March, then moved on to [[Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt|Es Salt]] in April. The Australian Mounted Division were armed with swords mid year, and as part of the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] captured [[Amman]] (capturing 10,300 prisoners), [[Battle of Nazareth (1918)|Nazareth]], [[Capture of Jenin|Jenin]] and [[Battle of Samakh|Samakh]] in nine days. After the [[Armistice of Mudros|Armistice]] they participated in the reoccupation of Gallipoli in December.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aif.adfa.edu.au:8888/index.html |title=Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division |accessdate=2010-04-06 |publisher=University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228202948/http://www.aif.adfa.edu.au:8888/index.html |archivedate=2015-02-28 |df= }}</ref><ref>Falls ''Official History Egypt & Palestine'' Vol. 1 pp. 175–99, 376–7, p. 344, Vol. 2 Part I pp. 49–60, Part II pp. 547–54</ref>

The ANZAC and Australian Mounted Divisions carried rifles, bayonets and machine guns, generally using horses as swift transport and dismounting to fight.<ref>Pugsley, ''The Anzac Experience'', p. 119</ref>{{refn|The [[Battle of Mughar Ridge#Action of Ayun Kara, 14 November|Action of Ayun Kara]] on 14 November 1917 was a particularly good example of this fighting style.<ref>Powles, 'The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine', p. 150</ref>|group=note}} Troops of four men were organised, so that three were fighting while the fourth held the horses.<ref name=ALH>{{cite web|title=Walers: horses used in the First World War|publisher=Australian War Memorial|accessdate=2009-12-29|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/horses/index.asp|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212064808/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/horses/index.asp|archivedate=2009-12-12|df=}}</ref> Sometimes they fought as mounted troops: at the [[Battle of Beersheba (1917)|Battle of Beersheba]] during the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] in 1917, the Australian Mounted Division's [[4th Light Horse Brigade]] made what is sometimes called "the last successful cavalry charge in history", when two regiments successfully overran Turkish trenches.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Australian War Memorial|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_138.asp |title=Attack on Beersheba|accessdate=2009-12-29}}</ref><ref>See also [[First Transjordan attack on Amman (1918)#Bridgehead established]] for a description of the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment's mounted attack of Ottoman cavalry.</ref> They formed up over a wide area, to avoid offering a target for enemy artillery, and galloped {{convert|3|km|mi}} into machine gun fire, equipped only with rifles and bayonets. Some of the front ranks fell, but most of the brigade broke through, their horses [[jumping (horse)|jumping]] the trenches into the enemy camp. Some soldiers dismounted to fight in the trenches, while others raced on to Beersheba, to capture the town and its vital water supplies.<ref>Mitchell, ''Light Horse'', pp. 3–4</ref> The charge was "instrumental in securing Allenby's victory [in Palestine]".<ref name="MH188">Holmes, ''Military History'', p. 188</ref>

The Australians primarily rode [[Waler horse]]s.<ref name=ALH/> The English cavalry officer, Lieutenant Colonel RMP Preston [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], summed up the animals' performance in his book, ''The Desert Mounted Corps:''

<blockquote>
... (November 16th, 1917) The operations had now continued for 17 days practically without cessation, and a rest was absolutely necessary especially for the horses. Cavalry Division had covered nearly 170 miles ... and their horses had been watered on an average of once in every 36 hours ... The heat, too, had been intense and the short rations, {{frac|9|1|2}} lb of grain per day without bulk food, had weakened them greatly. Indeed, the hardship endured by some horses was almost incredible. One of the batteries of the Australian Mounted Division had only been able to water its horses three times in the last nine days—the actual intervals being 68, 72 and 76 hours respectively. Yet this battery on its arrival had lost only eight horses from exhaustion, not counting those killed in action or evacuated wounded ... The majority of horses in the Corps were Walers and there is no doubt that these hardy Australian horses make the finest cavalry mounts in the world ...<ref name="ASHS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ashs.com.au/horses/default.asp#The%20Horse%20at%20War|publisher=Australian Stock Horse Society|title=Horses: The Horse at War|accessdate=2009-12-29}}</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Continental Europe ===
{{Quote box
|quote = You can't make a cavalry charge until you have captured the enemy's last machine gun.
|source = ''—An American observer of French cavalry tactics, 1917<ref>Wifried, ''Military Operations in France and Belgium 1917'', p. iv</ref>''
|width = 30%
|align = right
}}
[[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|French horsemen crossing a river on their way to [[Battle of Verdun|Verdun]].]]
{{Further|German cavalry in World War I}}
Before the war began, many continental European armies still considered the cavalry to hold a vital place in their order of battle. France and Russia expanded their mounted military units before 1914. Of the Central Powers, Germany added thirteen regiments of mounted riflemen, Austria–Hungary expanded their forces,<ref>Keegan, ''The First World War'', p. 20</ref> and the Bulgarian army also readied the cavalry in their army.<ref>Erickson, ''Ordered to Die'', p. 144</ref> When the Germans invaded in August 1914, the Belgians had one division of cavalry.<ref name=Captions>{{cite web|url=http://archive.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/74/AnimalsWar/images/AAW_CAPTIONS.pdf|format=PDF|title=Animals at War Captions|publisher=Imperial War Museum|accessdate=2013-04-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216202240/http://archive.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/74/AnimalsWar/images/AAW_CAPTIONS.pdf|archivedate=2014-12-16|df=}}</ref>
[[File:BASA-1221K-1-48-18.jpg|thumb|left|Austro-Hungarian mounted soldiers in a bombarded forest]]
French cavalry had similar problems with horses on the Western Front as the British,<ref name=Ellis176/> although the treatment of their horses created additional difficulties. Opinion generally was that the French were poor horsemen: "The French cavalryman of 1914 sat on his horse beautifully, but was no horsemaster. It did not occur to him to get off his horse's back whenever he could, so there were thousands of animals with sore backs ...".<ref name=Herwig261/> One French general, [[André Sordet|Jean-François Sordet]], was accused of not letting horses have access to water in hot weather.<ref name=Herwig261>Herwig, ''The Marne, 1914'', p. 261</ref>{{refn|By September 1914, with battered men and horses, having abandoned a crucial position in the [[First Battle of the Marne]], Sordet was relieved of his command.<ref name=Herwig261/>|group=note}} By late August 1914, a sixth of the horses in the French cavalry were unusable.<ref>Jarymowycz, ''Cavalry from hoof to track'', pp. 137–138</ref> The French continued to eschew mounted warfare when in a June 1918 charge by French lancers the horses were left behind and the men charged on foot.<ref name=Ellis176/>

Russia possessed thirty-six cavalry divisions when it entered the war in 1914, and the Russian government claimed that its horsemen would thrust deep into the heart of Germany. Although Russian mounted troops entered Germany, they were soon met by German forces. In the August 1914 [[Battle of Tannenberg (1914)|Battle of Tannenberg]], troops led by German Field Marshal [[Paul von Hindenburg]] and Lieutenant-General [[Erich Ludendorff]] surrounded the Russian [[Second Army (Russian Empire)|Second Army]] and destroyed the mounted force of [[Don Cossacks]] that served as the special guard of Russian General [[Alexander Samsonov]].<ref name=Ellis177/> Other Russian cavalry units successfully harassed retreating Austro-Hungarian troops in September 1914, with the running battle eventually resulting in the loss of 40,000 of the 50,000 men in the Austro-Hungarian [[XIV Tyrolean Corps]], which included the [[6th Mounted Rifle Regiment]].<ref>Keegan, ''The First World War'', p. 161</ref> Transporting cavalry created a hardship for the already strained Russian infrastructure, as the great distances they needed to be moved meant that they had to be transported by train. Approximately the same number of trains (about 40) were required to transport a cavalry division of 4,000 as to transport an infantry division of 16,000.<ref name=Ellis177>Ellis, ''Cavalry'', pp.177–178</ref>

The cavalries of the Central Powers, Germany and Austria–Hungary, faced the same problems with transport and the failure of tactics as the Russians.<ref name=Ellis178>Ellis, ''Cavalry'', p. 178</ref> Germany initially made extensive use of cavalry, including a lance-against-lance battle with the British in late 1914,<ref name=Campbell/> and an engagement between the British [[1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)|1st Cavalry Brigade]] and the German [[4th Cavalry Division (German Empire)|4th Cavalry Division]] in the lead-up to the [[First Battle of the Marne]] in September 1914. That battle ended "decidedly to the disadvantages of the German cavalry", partially due to the use of artillery by the accompanying British [[L (Néry) Battery Royal Horse Artillery|L Battery]] of [[horse artillery]].<ref>Keegan, ''The First World War'', p. 117</ref> The Germans stopped using cavalry on the Western Front not long after the beginning of the war, in response to the Allied Forces' changing battle tactics, including more advanced weaponry.<ref name=Ellis178/> They continued to use cavalry to some extent on the Eastern Front, including probes into Russian territory in early 1915.<ref>Meyer, ''A World Undone'', p. 321</ref> The Austrians were forced to stop using cavalry because of large-scale equipment failures; Austrian military saddles were so poorly designed as to rub the skin off the [[back (horse)|back]] of any horse not already hardened to the equipment from parade ground practice; only a few weeks into the war half of all Austrian cavalry mounts were disabled, and the rest nearly so.<ref name=Ellis178/>

=== Ottoman Empire ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-073-17, Türkische Kavallerie südlich von Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|right|Turkish cavalry south of Jerusalem in April 1917|upright=1.5]]
In 1914, the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Turks]] began the war with one cavalry regiment in the [[Turkish Army|Turkish army corps]] and four reserve regiments (originally formed in 1912) under the control of the [[Turkish Third Army]]. These reserve regiments were composed of [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], rural Turks and a few Armenians.<ref>Erickson, ''Ordered to Die'', pp. 5–6</ref> The performance of the reserve divisions was poor, and in March 1915 the forces that survived were turned into two divisions totalling only two thousand men and seventy officers. Later that month, the best regiments were consolidated into one division and the rest disbanded. Nonetheless, cavalry was used by Ottoman forces throughout 1915 in engagements with the Russians,<ref>Erickson, ''Ordered to Die'', pp. 64, 105–107</ref> and one cavalry unit even exchanged small arms fire with a submarine crew in the [[Dardanelles]] in early 1915.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/Issues/Archives/issue_08/daring_dardanelles.html|title=Daring the Dardanelles: British Submarines in the Sea of Marmara During World War I|author=Whitman, Edward C.|accessdate=2010-02-20|journal=Undersea Warfare|date=Summer 2000|volume=2|number=4}}</ref> Turkish cavalry was used in engagements with the British, including the [[Third Battle of Gaza]] in late 1917. In this battle, both sides used cavalry forces as strategic parts of their armies.<ref>Erickson, ''Ordered to Die'', pp. 172–174</ref> Cavalry continued to be involved in engagements well into 1918, including in [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)#Situation from the fall of Jerusalem to September 1918|conflicts near the Jordan River]] in April and May that year, which the Ottomans called the First and Second Battles of Jordan, part of the lead-up to the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]]. By September 1918, regular army cavalry forces were stationed throughout the Turkish front, and the only remaining operationally ready reserve forces in the Ottoman military were two cavalry divisions, one formed after the initial problems in 1915.<ref name=Erickson195/>

=== United States ===
[[File:Gasmask for man and horse.jpeg|thumb|left|An American soldier demonstrating a gas mask for his horse|alt=A man wearing a gas mask and helmet stands next to a tacked up horse wearing a gas mask.|upright=.75]]

By 1916, the United States Cavalry consisted of 15,424 members organized into 15 regiments, including headquarters, supply, machine-gun and rifle troops.<ref>Urwin, ''The United States Cavalry'', pp. 174–176</ref> Just before formally joining the war effort, the US had gained significant experience in 1916 and 1917 during the [[Pancho Villa Expedition]] in Mexico, which helped to prepare the US Cavalry for entry into World War I. In May 1917, a month after the US declaration of war, the [[National Defense Act of 1916|National Defense Act]] went into effect, creating the 18th through the 25th US Cavalry regiments, and later that month, twenty more cavalry regiments were created. However, British experiences during the first years of the war showed that trench warfare and weapons that included machine guns and artillery made cavalry warfare impractical. Thus, on October 1, eight of the new cavalry regiments were converted to field artillery regiments by order of Congress, and by August 1918, twenty [[National Army (USA)|National Army]] horse units were converted to thirty-nine trench mortar and artillery batteries. Some horse units of the [[2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment|2nd]], [[3d Armored Cavalry Regiment (United States)|3rd]], [[6th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|6th]] and [[15th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|15th]] Cavalry regiments accompanied the US forces in Europe. The soldiers worked mainly as [[groom (horses)|grooms]] and [[farrier]]s, attending to [[U.S. Army Remount Service|remounts]] for the artillery, medical corps and transport services. It was not until late August 1918 that US cavalry entered combat. A provisional squadron of 418 officers and enlisted men, representing the 2nd Cavalry Regiment, and mounted on convalescent horses, was created to serve as scouts and couriers during the [[St. Mihiel Offensive]]. On September 11, 1918, these troops rode at night through [[no man's land]] and penetrated five miles behind German lines. Once there, the cavalry was routed and had to return to Allied territory. Despite serving through the [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]], by mid-October the squadron was removed from the front with only 150 of its men remaining.<ref>Urwin, ''The United States Cavalry'', pp. 179–180</ref>

== Logistical support ==
[[File:Landing stores with horses, Gallipoli, ca 1915.jpg|thumb|right|Mules hauling supplies at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]], 1915|alt=Two mules pulling a wagon loaded by supplies. A man rides one of the mules, while another man stands on the wagon.]]

Horses were used extensively for [[Train (military)|military trains]]. They were used to pull ambulances, carry supplies and [[wikt:ordnance|ordnance]]. At the beginning of the war, the German army depended upon horses to pull its field kitchens, as well as the ammunition wagons for artillery brigades.<ref>Keegan, ''The First World War'', p. 77</ref> The [[Royal Corps of Signals]] used horses to pull cable wagons, and the promptness of messengers and [[Despatch rider|dispatch riders]] depended on their mounts. Horses often drew artillery and steady animals were crucial to artillery effectiveness.<ref name=Animals/> The deep mud common in some parts of the front, caused by damaged drainage systems flooding nearby areas, made horses and mules vital, as they were the only means of getting supplies to the front and guns moved from place to place.<ref name=Animals/> After the April 1917 [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]], one Canadian soldier recalled, "the horses were up to their bellies in mud. We'd put them on a picket line between the wagon wheels at night and they'd be sunk in over their fetlocks the next day. We had to shoot quite a number."<ref name=Meyer531>Meyer, ''A World Undone'', p. 531</ref>
[[File:A001229.jpg|left|thumb|190x190px|Pack horses taking up ammunition to guns at the Battle of Vimy Ridge]]
Thousands of horses were employed to pull field guns; six to twelve horses were required to pull each gun.<ref name=Animals53/> During the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]], horses were used to recover guns captured by the British from no man's land. In one instance, two teams of sixteen horses each had their [[horse hoof|hooves]], tack and pulling chains wrapped to reduce noise. The teams and their handlers then successfully pulled out two guns and returned them to British lines, the horses jumping a trench in the process and waiting out an artillery barrage by German troops on the road they needed to take.<ref>Hammond, ''Cambrai 1917'', pp. 425–426</ref>

Dummy horses were sometimes used to deceive the enemy into misreading the location of troops.<ref name=Animals53/> They were effectively used by Allenby during his campaigns in the east, especially late in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lighthorse.org.au/resources/military-stories-ww1/the-mounted-soldiers-of-australia|title=The Mounted Soldiers of Australia|publisher=The Australian Light Horse Association|accessdate=2010-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/palestine-campaign/battle-of-megiddo|title=Battle of Megiddo – Palestine campaign|publisher=History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|accessdate=2010-05-08}}</ref> Evidence exists that the Germans used horses in their experimentations with chemical and biological warfare. German agents in the US are suspected of infecting cattle and horses bound for France with [[glanders]], a disease which can fatally spread to humans; similar tactics were used by the Germans against the Russians, causing breakdowns in their ability to move artillery on the Eastern Front.<ref>Judson, ''Chemical and Biological Warfare'', p. 68</ref>

The value of horses was known to all. In 1917 at the [[Battle of Passchendaele]], men at the front understood that "at this stage to lose a horse was worse than losing a man because after all, men were replaceable while horses weren't."<ref name="stokes1917">{{cite web|title=Bert Stokes remembers Passchendaele|accessdate=2009-12-05|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/sound/bert-stokes-remembers-passchendaele|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|work=New Zealand History Online}}</ref> For Britain, horses were considered so valuable that if a soldier's horse was killed or died he was required to cut off a hoof and bring it back to his commanding officer to prove that the two had not simply become separated.<ref name=DailyMail>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1241403/The-horses-won-war-How-harrowing-reality-inspired-Michael-Morpugos-classic-novel.html|work=Mail Online|publisher=Associated Newspapers|title=The horses that won us the war: How a harrowing reality inspired Michael Morpugo's classic novel|date=January 8, 2010|accessdate=2010-01-11}}</ref>

== Procurement ==

=== Allied forces ===
[[File:Landing horses at Gallipoli, ca 1915.jpg|thumb|left|Unloading horses from a ship at Gallipoli, 1915|alt=A group of men unloading a horse from a ship thorough the use of a sling. Another horse is partially visible, while other men watch from the ground and the deck of the ship.]]

To meet its need for horses, Britain imported them from Australia, Canada, the USA, and Argentina, and requisitioned them from British civilians. [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] ordered that no horses under {{hands|15}} should be confiscated, at the request of many British children, who were concerned for the welfare of their [[pony|ponies]]. The British [[Army Remount Service]], in an effort to improve the supply of horses for potential military use, provided the services of high quality [[stallion]]s to British farmers for breeding their [[mare|broodmares]].<ref name=Animals53>Schafer, "Animals, Use of" in ''The European Powers in the First World War'', p. 53</ref> The already rare [[Cleveland Bay]] was almost wiped out by the war; smaller members of the breed were used to carry British troopers, while larger horses were used to pull [[artillery]].<ref name=Dent61/> New Zealand found that horses over {{hands|15.2}} fared worse than those under that height. Well-built [[Thoroughbred]]s of 15 hands and under worked well, as did compact horses of other breeds that stood {{hands|14.2|to|14.3}}. Larger [[crossbred]] horses were acceptable for regular work with plentiful rations, but proved less able to withstand short rations and long journeys. Riflemen with tall horses suffered more from fatigue, due to the number of times they were required to mount and dismount the animals. Animals used for draught work, including pulling artillery, were also found to be more efficient when they were of medium size with good endurance than when they were tall, heavy and long-legged.<ref>Reakes, ''The War Effort of New Zealand'', p. 159</ref>

The continued resupply of horses was a major issue of the war. One estimate puts the number of horses that served in World War I at around six million, with a large percentage of them dying due to war-related causes.<ref name=IMH/> In 1914, the year the war began, the British Army owned only about 25,000 horses. This shortfall required the US to help with remount efforts, even before it had formally entered the war.<ref name=PP>{{cite journal|journal=Past & Present|title=Britain's military use of horses 1914–1918|date=May 1993|author=Singleton, John|jstor=651094|pages=178–204}}</ref> Between 1914 and 1918, the US sent almost one million horses overseas, and another 182,000 were taken overseas with American troops. This deployment seriously depleted the country's equine population. Only 200 returned to the US, and 60,000 were killed outright.<ref name=IMH/> By the middle of 1917, Britain had procured 591,000 horses and 213,000 mules, as well as almost 60,000 camels and oxen. Britain's Remount Department spent £67.5 million on purchasing, training and delivering horses and mules to the front. The British Remount Department became a major multinational business and a leading player in the international horse trade, through supplying horses to not only the British Army but also to Canada, Belgium, Australia, New Zealand, Portugal, and even a few to the US. Shipping horses between the US and Europe was both costly and dangerous; [[American Expeditionary Force]] officials calculated that almost seven times as much room was needed per ton for animals than for average wartime cargo, and over 6,500 horses and mules were drowned or killed by shell fire on Allied ships attacked by the Germans.<ref name=PP/> In turn, New Zealand lost around 3 percent of the nearly 10,000 horses shipped to the front during the war.<ref>Reakes, ''The War Effort of New Zealand'', p. 154</ref>

Due to the high casualty rates, even the well-supplied American army was facing a deficit of horses by the final year of the war. After the [[First United States Army|American First Army]], led by General [[John J. Pershing]], pushed the Germans out of the [[Forest of Argonne|Argonne Forest]] in late 1918, they were faced with a shortage of around 100,000 horses, effectively immobilizing the artillery. When Pershing asked [[Ferdinand Foch]], [[Marshal of France]], for 25,000 horses, he was refused. It was impossible to obtain more from the US, as shipping space was limited, and Pershing's senior supply officer stated that "the animal situation will soon become desperate." The Americans, however, fought on with what they had until the end of the war, unable to obtain sufficient supplies of new animals.<ref>Gilbert, ''The First World War'', pp. 477–479</ref>

=== Central Powers ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-075-50, Bei Chavignon, Arbeiten an Nachschubstraße.jpg|thumb|right|A horse-drawn German supply wagon in France in 1917]]

Before World War I, Germany had increased its reserves of horses through state-sponsored [[stud farm]]s ({{lang-de|Remonteamt}}) and annuities paid to individual horse breeders. These breeding programs were designed specifically to provide high-quality horses and mules for the German military. These efforts, and the horse-intensive nature of warfare in the early 20th century, caused Germany to increase the ratio of horses to men in the army, from one to four in 1870 to one to three in 1914. The breeding programs allowed the Germans to provide all of their own horses at the beginning of the war.<ref name=PP/> Horses were considered army reservists; owners had to register them regularly, and the army kept detailed records on the locations of all horses. In the first weeks of the war, the German army mobilized 715,000 horses and the Austrians 600,000. Overall, the ratio of horses to men in Central Powers nations was estimated at one to three.<ref name=Keegan73>Keegan, ''The First World War'', p. 73</ref>{{refn|The Russian military topped both Germany and Austria by gathering over a million horses in August 1914.<ref name=Keegan73/>|group=note}}

The only way Germany could acquire large numbers of horses after the war began was by conquest. More than 375,000 horses were taken from German-occupied French territory for use by the German military. Captured Ukrainian territory provided another 140,000.<ref name=PP/> The [[Ardennes (horse)|Ardennes]] was used to pull artillery for the French and Belgian armies. Their calm, tolerant disposition, combined with their active and flexible nature, made them an ideal artillery horse.<ref name=Pinney>Pinney, ''The Working Horse Manual'', pp. 24–25</ref> The breed was considered so useful and valuable that when the Germans established the Commission for the Purchase of Horses in October 1914 to capture Belgian horses, the Ardennes was one of two breeds specified as important, the other being the [[Belgian (horse)|Brabant]].<ref name=Animals>Schafer, "Animals, Use of" in ''The European Powers in the First World War'', p. 52</ref> The Germans were not able to capture the horses belonging to the Belgian royal family, as they were successfully evacuated, although they captured enough horses to disrupt Belgian agriculture and breeding programs. Horses used for the transport of goods were also taken, resulting in a fuel crisis in Belgium the next winter as there were no horses to pull coal wagons. The Germans sold some of their captured horses at auction.<ref>Schafer, "Animals, Use of" in ''The European Powers in the First World War'', pp. 52–53</ref> Prevented by the Allies from importing remounts, the Germans ultimately ran out of horses, making it difficult for them to move supplies and artillery, a factor contributing to their defeat.<ref name=Animals53/>

== Casualties and upkeep ==
[[File:WWI horse skin disease.jpg|thumb|right|A horse undergoes treatment for a skin disease at a British veterinary hospital in 1916]]
Battle losses of horses were approximately 25 percent of all war-related equine deaths between 1914 and 1916. Disease and exhaustion accounted for the remainder<ref name=PP/> and the Germans specifically targeted horses with gunfire.<ref name=DailyMail/> The highest death rates were in East Africa, where in 1916 alone deaths of the original mounts and remounts accounted for 290% of the initial stock numbers, mainly due to infection from the [[tsetse fly]].{{refn|This number was higher than 100 percent because additional horses were requisitioned and sent to the front, where they had a high attrition rate.|group=note}} On average, Britain lost about 15 percent (of the initial military stock) of its animals each year of the war (killed, missing, died or abandoned), with losses at 17 percent in the French theatre. This compared to 80 percent in the [[Crimean War]], 120 percent in the [[Boer War]] and 10 percent in peacetime.<ref name=PP/> During some periods of the war, 1,000 horses per day were arriving in Europe as remounts for British troops, to replace horses lost. Some horses, having collapsed from exhaustion, drowned in ankle-deep mud, too tired to lift their heads high enough to breathe.<ref name=DailyMail/> Equine casualties were especially high during battles of attrition, such as the 1916 [[Battle of Verdun]] between French and German forces. In one day in March, 7,000 horses were killed by long-range shelling on both sides, including 97 killed by a single shot from a French naval gun.<ref>Gilbert, ''The First World War'', p. 235</ref> By 1917, Britain had over a million horses and mules in service, but harsh conditions, especially during winter, resulted in heavy losses, particularly amongst the [[Clydesdale horse]]s, the main breed used to haul the guns. Over the course of the war, Britain lost over 484,000 horses, one horse for every two men.<ref name="MH417">Holmes, ''Military History'', p. 417</ref> A small number of these, 210, were killed by poison gas.<ref name=Captions/>

[[File:Alfred Theodore Joseph Bastien - Cavalry and Tanks at Arras.jpg|thumb|left|''Cavalry and Tanks at Arras, 1918'', a painting depicting a cavalry charge at Arras in 1918 by Lieutenant [[Alfred Bastien]]|upright=1.25]]
Feeding horses was a major issue, and horse [[fodder]] was the single largest commodity shipped to the front by some countries,<ref>Keegan, ''A History of Warfare,'' p. 308</ref> including Britain.<ref>Holmes, ''Tommy'', p. 163</ref> Horses ate around ten times as much food by weight as a human, and hay and oats further burdened already overloaded transport services. In 1917, Allied operations were threatened when horse feed rations were reduced after German submarine activity restricted supplies of oats from North America, combined with poor Italian harvests. The British rationed hay and oats, although their horses were still issued more than those from France or Italy. The Germans faced an even worse fodder crisis, as they had underestimated the amount of food they needed to import and stockpile before the beginning of the war. Sawdust was mixed with food during times of shortage to ease animals' sense of hunger, and many animals died of starvation. Some feed was taken from captured territories on the Eastern Front, and more from the British during the advances of the 1918 spring offensive.<ref name=PP/>

Animals bolstered morale at the front, due to the soldiers' affection for them.<ref name=Animals/> Some recruitment posters from World War I showcased the partnership between horse and man in attempts to gain more recruits.<ref name=Animals53/> Despite the boost in morale, horses could also be a health hazard for the soldiers, mainly because of the difficulty of maintaining high levels of hygiene around horses, which was especially noted in camps in Egypt.<ref>Stout, ''War Surgery and Medicine'', p. 479</ref> Horse manure was commonplace in the battle and staging areas on several fronts, creating breeding grounds for disease-carrying insects. Manure was supposed to be buried, but fast-moving battle conditions often made this impossible. Sanitation officers were responsible for the burial of horse carcasses, among other duties.<ref>Carbery, ''The New Zealand Medical Service in the Great War 1914–1918'', p. 223</ref>

[[File:USArmyVetHospitalWWIOperationInProgress.jpg|thumb|right|A horse undergoing an operation at a US Army veterinary hospital]]
Many horses died as a result of the conditions at the front—of exhaustion, drowning, becoming mired in mud and falling in shell holes. Other horses were captured after their riders were killed. Horses also endured poor feeding and care, [[poison gas]] attacks that injured their [[respiratory system of the horse|respiratory systems]] and skin, and skin conditions such as [[mange]]. When gas warfare began in 1915, nose plugs were improvised for the horses to allow them to breathe during attacks.<ref name=Animals53/> Later, several types of gas masks were developed by both the Central and Allied nations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display.aspx?id=5159|title=Gas mask for horses, Germany, 1914–1918|publisher=Science Museum, London|accessdate=2010-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9404E1DB163EE433A25752C0A9609C946996D6CF|title=Gas Masks for Horses; Improved Device Being Made for American Army|accessdate=2010-01-13|date=June 1, 1918 | journal=The New York Times}}</ref> although horses often confused them with [[feedbag]]s and destroyed them. Soldiers found that better-bred horses were more likely to suffer from shell shock and act up when exposed to the sights and sounds of war than less-well-bred animals, who often learned to lie down and take cover at the sound of artillery fire. Veterinary hospitals were established to assist horses in recovering from shell shock and battle wounds, but thousands of equine corpses still lined the roads of the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref name=Animals53/> In one year, 120,000 horses were treated for wounds or disease by British veterinary hospitals alone. Ambulances and field veterinary hospitals were required to care for the horses, and [[horse trailer]]s were first developed for use on the Western Front as equine ambulances.<ref name=IMH>{{cite web|url=http://imh.org/legacy-of-the-horse/the-horse-in-world-war-i-1914-1918/|title=1900: The Horse in Transition: The Horse in World War I 1914–1918|publisher=International Museum of the Horse|accessdate=2010-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926051214/http://imh.org/legacy-of-the-horse/the-horse-in-world-war-i-1914-1918/ |archivedate=2010-09-26}}</ref> Disease was also a major issue for horses at the front, with [[equine influenza]], [[ringworm]], [[colic|sand colic]], sores from fly bites, and [[anthrax]] among the illnesses that affected them.<ref>Reakes, ''The War Effort of New Zealand'', pp. 155–157</ref> British Army [[Royal Army Veterinary Corps|Army Veterinary Corps]] hospitals treated 725,216 horses over the course of the war, successfully healing 529,064.<ref name=Captions/> Horses were moved from the front to veterinary hospitals by several methods of transportation, including on foot, by rail and by barge.<ref>Blenkinsop, ''History of the Great War'', pp. 79–81</ref> During the last months of the war, barges were considered ideal transportation for horses suffering wounds from shells and bombs.<ref>Blenkinsop, ''History of the Great War'', p. 81</ref>

When the war ended, many horses were killed due to age or illness, while younger ones were sold to [[horse slaughter|slaughterhouses]] or to locals, often upsetting the soldiers who had to give up their beloved mounts.<ref name=Animals53/> There were 13,000 Australian horses remaining at the end of World War I, but due to quarantine restrictions, they could not be shipped back to Australia. Two thousand were designated to be killed, and the remaining 11,000 were sold, most going to India as remounts for the British Army.<ref name=ALH/> Of the 136,000 horses shipped from Australia to fighting fronts in the war, only one, Sandy, was returned to Australia.<ref name=Sandy>{{cite web|title=Sandy: The only horse to return from the First World War|publisher=Australian War Memorial|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/horses/sandy.asp|accessdate=2009-12-28|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215031052/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/horses/sandy.asp|archivedate=2009-12-15|df=}}</ref>{{refn|Sandy was the horse of Sir William Bridges, a Major General killed at Gallipoli. In October 1917, Australia's Minister for Defence Senator George Pearce asked that Sandy be returned to Australia. After three months of quarantine, Sandy was allowed to return to Australia.<ref name=Sandy/>|group=note}} New Zealand horses were also left behind; those not required by the British or Egyptian armies were shot to prevent maltreatment by other purchasers.<ref>Pugsley, ''The Anzac Experience'', p. 146</ref> The horses left behind did not always have good lives – the [[Brooke Hospital for Animals|Brooke Trust]] was established in 1930 when a young British woman arrived in [[Cairo]], only to find hundreds of previously Allied-owned horses living in poor conditions, having been sold to Egyptians after the cessation of the war. In 1934, the Old War Horse Memorial Hospital was opened by the trust, and is estimated to have helped over 5,000 horses that had served in World War I; as of 2011, the hospital continues to serve equines in the Cairo area.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Spielberg's film of War Horse gives new impetus to animal charity|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/11/war-horse-charity-boost|author=Thorpe, Vanessa|journal=The Observer|date=December 10, 2011|accessdate=2011-12-19}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Animals in War memorial.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Animals in War Memorial]] exists as a memorial to the countless animals that have served and died under British military command throughout history]]
The horse is the animal most associated with the war, and memorials have been erected to its service, including that at [[St Jude's Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb|St. Jude on the Hill]], [[Hampstead]], which bears the inscription "Most obediently and often most painfully they died{{spaced ndash}}faithful unto death."<ref name=Animals/> The [[Animals in War Memorial]] in London commemorates animals, including horses, that served with the British and their allies in all wars. The inscription reads: "Animals In War. This monument is dedicated to all the animals that served and died alongside British and allied forces in wars and campaigns throughout time. They had no choice."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4037873.stm|title=Animal War Heroes statue unveiled|accessdate=2010-01-06|date=November 24, 2004|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In [[Minneapolis]], a monument by [[Lake of the Isles]] is dedicated to the horses of the Minnesota 151st Field Artillery killed in battle during World War I.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minnpost.com/stories/2008/12/24/5471/longfellow_ole_bull_in_treasure_trove_of_statues_and_curiosities_gracing_minneapolis_parks|title=Longfellow, Ole Bull in treasure trove of statues and curiosities gracing Minneapolis parks|author=Hawley, David|date=December 24, 2008|accessdate=2011-08-02|publisher=Minnpost}}</ref>

The men of the [[Australian Light Horse Brigade]] and [[New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade|New Zealand Mounted Rifles]] who died between 1916 and 1918 in Egypt, Palestine and Syria are commemorated by the [[Mounted Memorial, Canberra|Desert Mounted Corps Memorial]], or Light Horse Memorial, on [[Anzac Parade, Canberra|Anzac Parade]], in Canberra, Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.images.act.gov.au/duslibrary/imagesact.nsf/V01/41A34DA551F4E7644A256DB300069B43?OpenDocument|accessdate=2009-12-05|title=Image: Desert Mounted Corps Memorial, Anzac Parade, Canberra, popularly known as the Light Horse Memorial|publisher=ACT Heritage Library}}</ref> The original version of this monument was in [[Port Said]] in Egypt, and was mostly destroyed during the [[1956 Suez War]].<ref name=Sabretache>{{cite journal|title=Burying the 1st AIF|journal=Sabretache|author=Gunn, Gail|date=September 1, 2003}}</ref> A piece from the original memorial, a shattered horse's head, was brought back to Australia and used as part of a new statue in the A is for Animals exhibition honoring animals who have served with the Australian military. The exhibition also contains the preserved head of Sandy, the only horse to return to Australia after the war.<ref name=Sabretache/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/21/2577061.htm|title=War Memorial honours animals great and small|author=Larkins, Damien|accessdate=2010-01-20|date=May 21, 2009|publisher=ABC News}}</ref>
[[File:AS Mounted 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mounted Memorial, Canberra|Desert Mounted Corps Memorial]], an Australian memorial to ANZAC troops in World War I, located on [[Anzac Parade, Canberra]]|alt=A statue of two men and two horses stands atop a pedestal in a paved courtyard. Large trees provide a background.]]

[[War artist]] [[Alfred Munnings]] was sent to France in early 1918 as an official war artist with the Canadian Cavalry Brigade. The [[Canadian Forestry Corps]] invited Munnings to tour their work camps in France after seeing some of his work at the headquarters of General Simms, the Canadian representative. He produced drawings, watercolors, and paintings of their work, including ''Draft Horses, Lumber Mill in the Forest of Dreux'' in 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leicestergalleries.com/art-and-antiques/detail/13453|title=Sir Alfred James Munnings (1878–1959)|accessdate=2009-12-29|publisher=The Leicester Galleries}}</ref> Forty-five of his paintings were displayed at the Canadian War Records Exhibition at the [[Royal Academy]], many of which featured horses in war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siralfredmunnings.co.uk/the-artist.html |title=Sir Alfred Munnings — The Artist |publisher=Sir Alfred Munnings Art Museum |accessdate=2009-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904014338/http://www.siralfredmunnings.co.uk/the-artist.html |archivedate=2009-09-04 |df= }}</ref>{{refn|Among Munnings' works was ''The Charge of Flowerdew's Squadron'' which depicted the Canadian cavalry charge at the Battle of Moreuil Wood.|group=note}} Numerous other artists created works that featured the horses of World War I, including [[Umberto Boccioni]] with ''Charge of the Lancers''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artchive.com/artchive/B/boccioni/lancers.jpg.html|title=Artchive: Umberto Boccioni: Charge of the Lancers|publisher=artchive.com|accessdate=2011-07-30}}</ref> and [[Terence Cuneo]] with his celebrated postwar painting of the saving of the guns at [[Battle of Le Cateau|Le Cateau]] during the [[Retreat from Mons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/bft03_btfield_tour_of_retreat_from_monsxt.doc |format=DOC |title=The Retreat from Mons 1914 |publisher=Royal Artillery Historical Society |accessdate=2010-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924063844/http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/bft03_btfield_tour_of_retreat_from_monsxt.doc |archivedate=2012-09-24 |df= }}</ref> During World War I, artist [[Fortunino Matania]] created the iconic image ''Goodbye Old Man'' that would be used by both British and American organizations to raise awareness of the suffering of animals affected by war. The painting was accompanied by a poem, ''The Soldiers Kiss'', that also emphasized the plight of the horse in war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/wwi/41932/menu.html|title=Fortunino Matania, b. 1881. "Help the Horse to Save the Soldier" : Please Join the American Red Star Animal Relief...|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|accessdate=2011-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animalsinwar.org.uk/index.cfm?asset_id=1422|title=Stories: 'Goodbye Old Man'|publisher=Animals in War Memorial Fund|accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref>

Writing poetry was a means of passing the time for soldiers of many nations, and the horses of World War I figured prominently in several poems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beck.library.emory.edu/greatwar/poetry/eaton/Eaton143/|title=The War Horse|author=Fleming, L|accessdate=2011-07-27|publisher=Emory University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/alh/ |title=Australian Light Horse Memorial |year=2005 |publisher=Anzac Day Commemoration Committee |accessdate=2010-04-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922070909/http://anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/alh/ |archivedate=2010-09-22 |df= }}</ref> In 1982, [[Michael Morpurgo]] wrote the novel ''[[War Horse (novel)|War Horse]]'', about a cavalry horse in the war. The book was later adapted into a successful [[War Horse (play)|play of the same name]], and also into a screenplay, with [[War Horse (film)|the movie]], released on December 25, 2011 in the United States.<ref name="Variety">{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118025632?refCatId=13|title=DreamWorks' holiday 'War Horse'|date=2010-10-13|accessdate=2011-02-27|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| location=Los Angeles | first=Pamela | last=McClintock}}</ref> In January 2010, the [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]] aired a documentary entitled ''The Real War Horse'', depicting the horses of World War I.<ref name=DailyMail/>

== See also ==
*[[Australian Light Horse]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite book|author=Braddon, Russell|year=1977|publisher=Hippocrene Books, Inc|location=New York|title=All the Queen's Men: The Household Cavalry and the Brigade of Guards|isbn=0-88254-431-4}}
* {{cite book|title=[[History of the Great War]] Based on Official Documents Veterinary Services|editors=Blenkinsop, L.J. & J.W. Rainey|year=1925|publisher=H.M. Stationers|location= London|oclc=460717714}}
* {{cite book|author=Carbery, A. D.|title= The New Zealand Medical Service in the Great War 1914–1918|series= New Zealand in the First World War 1914–1918|year=1924|publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs|location=Auckland, NZ|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH1-Medi-t1-g1-t1-body-d9-d5.html|oclc=162639029}}
* {{cite book|author=Carver, Michael|year=1998|title=Britain's Army in the 20th Century|location=London|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|isbn=0-333-73777-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Dent, Anthony|title=Cleveland Bay Horses|publisher=J.A. Allen|year=1978|isbn=0-85131-283-7|location=Canaan, NY}}
* {{cite book|author=Ellis, John|title=Cavalry: The History of Mounted Warfare|year=2004|publisher=Pen & Sword Books (Pen & Sword Military Classics)|isbn=1-84415-096-8|location=Barnsley, UK}}
* {{cite book|author=Erickson, Edward J.|title=Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War|series=Contributions in Military Studies, Number 201|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|year=2001|isbn=0-313-31516-7}}
* {{cite book |title=Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the outbreak of war with Germany to June 1917 |last=Falls |first=Cyril |series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |author2=G. MacMunn |year=1930 |volume=1 |publisher=HM Stationery Office |location=London |oclc=610273484}}
* {{cite book |title=Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War |last=Falls |first=Cyril |series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |others=Maps by A. F. Becke |year=1930 |volume=2 Part I |publisher=HM Stationery Office |location=London|oclc=644354483}}
* {{cite book |title=Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War |last=Falls |first=Cyril |series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |others=Maps by A. F. Becke |year=1930 |volume=2 Part II |publisher=HM Stationery Office |location=London|oclc=256950972}}
* {{cite book|author=Gilbert, Martin|title=The First World War: A Complete History|publisher=Henry Holt & Co|location=New York|year=1994|edition=First American|isbn=0-8050-1540-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Bryn|title=Cambrai 1917: The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7538-2605-8}}
*{{cite book| author=Herwig, Holger H. |title=The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World |publisher=Random House |year=2009|isbn=978-1-4000-6671-1|location=New York}}
* {{cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Military History |editor=[[Richard Holmes (military historian)|Holmes, Richard]]|year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-866209-2}}
* {{cite book|title=Tommy: the British soldier on the Western Front 1914–1918|author=Holmes, Richard|year=2005|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=London|isbn=0-00-713752-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Cavalry from hoof to track|author=Jarymowycz, Roman Johann|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-275-98726-4|location=Westport, CT}}
* {{cite book|author=Judson, Karen|url=https://books.google.com/?id=E_4S_dU9cw8C&pg=PA68&dq=donkeys+in+warfare#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chemical and Biological Warfare|series=Open for Debate|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2003|isbn=0-7614-1585-8}}
* {{cite book|author=[[John Keegan|Keegan, John]]|year=1994|title=[[A History of Warfare]]|location=New York|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|isbn=0-679-73082-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Keegan, John|year=1998|title=The First World War|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=0-375-40052-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=McPherson, J.W. |author2=Carman, Barry |author3=McPherson, John |title=The Man Who Loved Egypt: Bimbashi McPherson|publisher=British Broadcasting Corp|location=London|year=1985|isbn=0-563-20437-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Meyer, G. J.|title=A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918|publisher=Bamtam Dell|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=978-0-553-38240-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Mitchell, Elyne|year=1982|title=Light Horse: The Story of Australia's Mounted Troops|location=Melbourne|publisher=MacMillan|isbn=0-7251-0389-2}}
* {{cite book|title=The Working Horse Manual|chapter=The Ardennes|author=Pinney, Charlie|publisher=Farming Press|year=2000|isbn=0-85236-401-6|location=Ipswich, UK}}
* {{cite book |title=The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine |last=Powles |first=C. Guy |author2=A. Wilkie |series=Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War|volume=III|year=1922|publisher=Whitcombe & Tombs |location=Auckland|oclc=2959465}}
*{{cite book|author=Pugsley, Christopher|authorlink=Christopher Pugsley|title=The Anzac Experience: New Zealand, Australia and Empire in the First World War|publisher=Reed Publishing|location=Auckland, NZ|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7900-0941-4}}
* {{cite book|title=The War Effort of New Zealand|chapter=New Zealand Veterinary Corps|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH1-Effo-t1-body-d9.html|series=New Zealand in the First World War 1914–1918 |year=1923|author=Reakes, C. J.|publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs|location=Auckland, NZ|oclc=220050288}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|article=Animals, Use of|encyclopedia=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia|author=Schafer, Elizabeth D. |editor=Tucker, Spencer|year=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-8153-3351-X|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|author= Stout, T. Duncan M.|title=War Surgery and Medicine|series= The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |year=1954|publisher=Historical Publications Branch|location=Wellington, NZ|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Surg-pt2-c1-1.html|oclc=4373341}}
* {{cite book|title=The United States Cavalry: An Illustrated History|author=Urwin, Gregory J. W.|year=1983|publisher=Blandford Press|location=Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom|isbn=0-7137-1219-8}}
* {{cite book|author= Wifried, Capt. (compiler)|title=Military Operations in France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai|chapter=Preface|year=1991|publisher=Imperial War Museum/The Battery Press|isbn=0-89839-162-8|location=London}}
* {{cite book|author=Willmott, H. P.|year=2003|title=World War I|location=New York|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|isbn=0-7894-9627-5}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Horses in World War I}}
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1582562/The-mighty-Warrior-who-led-one-of-historys-last-ever-cavalry-charges.html The Mighty Warrior] – Extended story of one Canadian cavalry horse
* [https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3032 British Cavalry on the Western Front 1916–1918]

{{World War I}}
{{equine|state=collapsed}}

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Cavalry]]
[[Category:Warhorses|Warhorses]]
[[Category:Military animals of World War I]]
[[Category:Working horses]]
[[Category:Horse history and evolution]]
[[Category:Military animals]]

Horses in World War I

2018-01-11T20:11:57Z

Ouvrard: /* Logistical support */ Added a photograph of horses carrying ammunition to the front.

[[File:Canadian Mounted Rifles poster.jpg|thumb|right|A Canadian cavalry recruitment poster|alt=A recruitment poster for the Canadian Mounted Rifles, stating "Quick Service Overseas". In the foreground is a man in military dress on a horse, with other men and horses in the background.]]

The use of '''horses in World War I''' marked a transitional period in the evolution of armed conflict. [[Cavalry]] units were initially considered essential offensive elements of a military force, but over the course of the war, the vulnerability of horses to modern machine gun and artillery fire reduced their utility on the battlefield. This paralleled the development of [[tank]]s, which would ultimately replace cavalry in [[shock tactics]]. While the perceived value of the [[horses in warfare|horse in war]] changed dramatically, horses still played a significant role throughout the war.

All of the major combatants in [[World War I]] (1914–1918) began the conflict with cavalry forces. [[Second Reich|Germany]] stopped using them on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] soon after the war began, but continued limited use on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] well into the war. The [[Ottoman Empire]] used cavalry extensively during the war. On the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] side, the United Kingdom used mounted infantry and [[Charge (warfare)|cavalry charges]] throughout the war, but the United States used cavalry for only a short time. Although not particularly successful on the Western Front, Allied cavalry did have some success in the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|Middle Eastern theatre]], against a weaker and less technologically advanced enemy. Russia used cavalry forces on the Eastern Front, but with limited success.

The military mainly used horses for logistical support; they were better than mechanized vehicles at traveling through deep mud and over rough terrain. Horses were used for reconnaissance and for carrying messengers, as well as pulling [[artillery]], ambulances, and supply wagons. The presence of horses often increased morale among the soldiers at the front, but the animals contributed to disease and poor sanitation in camps, caused by their manure and carcasses. The value of horses, and the increasing difficulty of replacing them, was such that by 1917 some troops were told that the loss of a horse was of greater tactical concern than the loss of a human soldier. Ultimately, the [[blockade of Germany]] prevented the Central Powers from importing horses to replace those lost, which contributed to Germany's defeat. By the end of the war, even the well-supplied U.S. Army was short of horses.

Conditions were severe for horses at the front; they were killed by artillery fire, suffered from skin disorders, and were injured by [[poison gas]]. Hundreds of thousands of horses died, and many more were treated at veterinary hospitals and sent back to the front. Procuring [[fodder]] was a major issue, and Germany lost many horses to starvation. Several memorials have been erected to commemorate the horses that died. Artists, including [[Alfred Munnings]], extensively documented the work of horses in the war, and horses were featured in war poetry. Novels, plays and documentaries have also featured the horses of World War I.

== Cavalry ==
[[File:NLS Haig - C.O. of the Royal Scots Greys with his staff.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the [[Royal Scots Greys]] near [[Brimeux]], France in 1918]]

Many British tacticians outside of the cavalry units realized before the war that advances in technology meant that the era of mounted warfare was coming to an end. However, many senior cavalry officers disagreed, and despite limited usefulness, maintained cavalry regiments at the ready throughout the war. Scarce wartime resources were used to train and maintain cavalry regiments that were rarely used. The continued tactical use of the cavalry charge resulted in the loss of many troops and horses in fruitless attacks against machine guns.<ref>Ellis, ''Cavalry'', pp. 174–176</ref>

Early in the war, cavalry skirmishes occurred on several fronts, and horse-mounted troops were widely used for reconnaissance.<ref>Willmott, ''First World War'', p. 46</ref> Britain's cavalry were trained to fight both on foot and mounted, but most other European cavalry still relied on the [[shock tactics|shock tactic]] of mounted charges. There were isolated instances of successful shock combat on the Western Front, where cavalry divisions also provided important mobile firepower.<ref name="MH188" /> Beginning in 1917, cavalry was deployed alongside tanks and aircraft, notably at the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]], where cavalry was expected to exploit breakthroughs in the lines that the slower tanks could not. This plan never came to fruition due to missed opportunities and the use of machine guns by German forces. At Cambrai, troops from Great Britain, Canada, India and Germany participated in mounted actions.<ref>Hammond, ''Cambrai 1917'', pp. 69, 450–451</ref> Cavalry was still deployed late in the war, with Allied cavalry troops harassing retreating German forces in 1918 during the [[Hundred Days Offensive]], when horses and tanks continued to be used in the same battles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/photo-e.aspx?PageId=3.D.2&photo=3.D.2.af&f=%2fcwm%2fexhibitions%2fguerre%2fofficial-art-e.aspx|title=Cavalry and Tanks at Arras, 1918|publisher=Canadian War Museum|accessdate=2009-12-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424024846/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/photo-e.aspx?PageId=3.D.2&photo=3.D.2.af&f=%2Fcwm%2Fexhibitions%2Fguerre%2Fofficial-art-e.aspx|archivedate=2010-04-24|df=}}</ref> In comparison to their limited usefulness on the Western Front, "cavalry was literally indispensable" on the Eastern front and in the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|Middle East]].<ref name="MH188" />

Great changes in the tactical use of cavalry were a marked feature of World War I, as improved weaponry rendered frontal charges ineffective. Although cavalry was used with good effect in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], at the [[Third Battle of Gaza]] and [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]], generally the mode of warfare changed. Tanks were beginning to take over the role of shock combat.<ref name="Carver123" /> The use of [[trench warfare]], barbed wire and machine guns rendered traditional cavalry almost obsolete.<ref name="Carver123">Carver, ''Britain's Army in the 20th Century'', p. 123</ref> Following the war, the armies of the world powers initiated a process of mechanization in earnest, and most cavalry regiments were either converted to mechanized units or disbanded.<ref>Carver, ''Britain's Army in the 20th Century'', pp. 154–57</ref> Historian G.J. Meyer writes that "the Great War brought the end of cavalry".<ref name=Meyer264>Meyer, ''A World Undone, p. 264</ref> From the [[Middle Ages]] into the 20th century, cavalry had dominated battlefields, but from as early as the [[American Civil War]], their value in war was declining as artillery became more powerful, reducing the effectiveness of shock charges. The Western Front in World War I showed that cavalry was almost useless against modern weaponry, and it also reinforced that they were difficult to transport and supply. British cavalry officers, far more than their continental European counterparts, persisted in using and maintaining cavalry, believing that mounted troops would be useful for exploiting infantry breakthroughs, and under the right circumstances would be able to face machine guns. Neither of these beliefs proved correct.<ref name=Meyer264/>

=== British Empire ===

==== United Kingdom ====
[[File:Deccan Horse, Bazentin Ridge 1916.jpg|thumb|left|The [[20th Deccan Horse]] drawn up in ranks during the [[Battle of Bazentin Ridge]], 1916|alt=A large group of men and horses drawn up into lines in a field and on the adjoining road. A hill with trees and tents can be seen in the background.]]
{{further information|British cavalry during the First World War}}
Britain had increased its cavalry reserves after seeing the effectiveness of mounted [[Boers]] during the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902).<ref name=Dent61>Dent, ''Cleveland Bay Horses'', pp. 61–64</ref> Horse-mounted units were used from the earliest days of World War I: on August 22, 1914, the first British shot of the war in France was fired by a cavalryman, [[Edward Thomas (British Army soldier)|Edward Thomas]] of the [[4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards]], near [[Casteau]], during a patrol in the buildup to the [[Battle of Mons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/firstshot_01.shtml|accessdate=2010-01-20|date=November 5, 2009|title=The First Shot: 22 August 1914|publisher=BBC|work=World Wars in-depth}}</ref> Within 19 days of Britain beginning mobilization for war, on August 24, 1914, the [[9th Lancers]], a cavalry regiment led by [[David Campbell (British Army officer)|David Campbell]], engaged German troops with a squadron of [[4th Dragoon Guards]] against German infantry and guns. Campbell obeyed his orders to charge, although he believed the more prudent course of action would have been to fight dismounted. The charge resulted in a British loss of 250 men and 300 horses. On September 7, Campbell's troops charged again, this time towards the German [[1st Guard Dragoons]], another lancer cavalry regiment.<ref name=Campbell>{{cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/warstudies/research/projects/lionsdonkeys/c.aspx|title=Sir David Graham Muschet ('Soarer') Campbell|accessdate=2010-05-12|publisher=Centre for First World War Studies, University of Birmingham}}</ref> In the same year, the British [[Household Cavalry]] completed their penultimate operation on horseback—the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] [[Great Retreat|retreat from Mons]].

Upon reaching the [[First Battle of the Aisne|Aisne River]] and encountering [[trench warfare|the trench system]], cavalry was found ineffective. While cavalry divisions were still being formed in Britain, cavalry troops quickly became accustomed to fighting dismounted.<ref name=Braddon187>Braddon, ''All the Queen's Men'', pp. 187–88</ref> Britain continued to use cavalry throughout the war, and in 1917, the Household Cavalry conducted its last mounted charge during a diversionary attack on the [[Hindenburg Line]] at [[Arras]]. On the orders of [[Field Marshal]] [[Douglas Haig]], the [[Life Guards (British Army)|Life Guards]] and the [[Royal Horse Guards|Blues]], accompanied by the men of the [[10th Hussars]], charged into heavy machine gun fire and barbed wire, and were slaughtered by the German defenders; the Hussars lost two-thirds of their number in the charge.<ref name=Braddon187/><ref name=Ellis176>Ellis, ''Cavalry'', p. 176</ref> The last British fatality from enemy action before the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|armistice]] went into effect was a cavalryman, George Edwin Ellison, from C Troop [[5th Royal Irish Lancers]]. Ellison was shot by a sniper as the regiment moved into [[Mons]] on November 11, 1918.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=8198835|title=Voices of the Armistice—The unluckiest man|issue=76|journal=Ancestors|page=45|date=December 2008|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]/Wharncliffe Publishing Limited|editor=Fowler, Simon |editor-link=Simon Fowler (author)}}</ref>

Despite their lackluster record in Europe, horses proved indispensable to the British war effort in Palestine, particularly under Field Marshal [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Edmund Allenby]], for whom cavalry made up a large percentage of his forces. Most of his mounted troops were not British regular cavalry, but the [[Desert Mounted Corps]], consisting of a combination of Australian, New Zealand, Indian units and English [[Yeomanry]] regiments from the [[Territorial Force]], largely equipped as [[mounted infantry]] rather than cavalry.<ref name=Ellis176-7/> By mid-1918, Turkish intelligence estimated that Allenby commanded around 11,000 cavalry.<ref name=Erickson195>Erickson, ''Ordered to Die'', pp. 195–197</ref> Allenby's forces crushed the Turkish armies in a running series of battles that included the extensive use of cavalry by both sides. Some cavalry tacticians view this action as a vindication of cavalry's usefulness, but others point out that the Turks were outnumbered two to one by late 1918, and were not first-class troops.<ref name=Ellis176-7>Ellis, ''Cavalry'', pp. 176–177</ref> Horses were also ridden by the British officers of the [[Egyptian Camel Transport Corps]] in Egypt and the Levant during the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]]s.<ref>McPherson, et al., ''The man who loved Egypt'', pp. 184–186</ref>

==== India ====
Indian cavalry participated in actions on both the Western and Palestinian fronts throughout the war. Members of the [[1st Indian Cavalry Division|1st]] and [[2nd Indian Cavalry Division]]s were active on the Western Front, including in the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line and at the Battle of Cambrai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/1cavdiv_indian.htm|title=The 1st Indian Cavalry Division in 1914–1918|author=Baker, Chris|work=The Long, Long Trail|accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/mtddivs.htm|title=The Mounted Divisions of 1914–1918|author=Baker, Chris|work=The Long, Long Trail|accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> A charge by the [[5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade]] of the 1st Division ended successfully at the Battle of Cambrai despite being against a position fortified by barbed wire and machine guns. This successful ending was an unusual occurrence during the war.<ref>Hammond, ''Cambrai 1917'', pp. 396–402</ref> Several Indian cavalry divisions joined Allenby's troops in the spring of 1918 after being transferred from the Western Front.<ref name=Erickson195/>
[[File:Alfred Munnings - Charge of Flowerdew's Squadron.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[Canadian Cavalry Brigade]] perform a cavalry [[charge (warfare)|charge]] during the [[Battle of Moreuil Wood]].]]
==== Canada ====
{{further information|Canadian Cavalry Brigade}}
When the war began, [[Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)|Lord Strathcona's Horse]], a Canadian cavalry regiment, was mobilized and sent to England for training. The regiment served as infantry in French trenches during 1915, and were not returned to their mounted status until February 16, 1916. In the defense of the [[Somme (department)|Somme]] front in March 1917, mounted troops saw action, and Lieutenant [[Frederick Maurice Watson Harvey|Frederick Harvey]] was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for his actions. Canadian cavalry generally had the same difficulties as other nations in breaking trench warfare deadlocks and were of little use on the front lines. However, in the spring of 1918, Canadian cavalry was essential in halting the last major German offensive of the war.<ref name=Dube>{{cite web|url= http://www.strathconas.ca/strathconas-celebrate-the-battle-of-moreuil-wood?id=835|title=Strathconas Celebrate the Battle of Moreuil Wood|author=MCpl Mathieu Dubé|date=
30 April 2010|publisher=Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) Society|accessdate=2012-05-24}}</ref> On March 30, 1918, Canadian cavalry charged German positions in the [[Battle of Moreuil Wood]], defeating a superior German force supported by machine gun fire.<ref name=StrathconaSociety/> The charge was made by Lord Strathcona's Horse, led by [[Gordon Flowerdew]], later posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the charge. Although the German forces surrendered,<ref name=Dube/> three-quarters of the 100 cavalry participating in the attack were killed or wounded in the attack against 300 German soldiers.<ref name=StrathconaSociety>{{cite web|url=http://www.strathconas.ca/history-of-a-regiment-complete|title=History of a Regiment|publisher=Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) Society|accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/photo-e.aspx?PageId=2.B.1.k&photo=3.D.2.z&f=%2fcwm%2fexhibitions%2fguerre%2fgerman-offensive-e.aspx|title=Charge of Flowerdew's Squadron|publisher=Canadian War Museum|accessdate=2009-12-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609184300/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/photo-e.aspx?PageId=2.B.1.k&photo=3.D.2.z&f=%2Fcwm%2Fexhibitions%2Fguerre%2Fgerman-offensive-e.aspx|archivedate=2011-06-09|df=}}</ref>

==== Australia and New Zealand ====
[[File:Light horse walers.jpg|thumb|upright|[[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] light horsemen, 1914|alt=Two men carrying rifles on horseback; another horse and rider are partially visible in the background.]]

The [[Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division]] (known as the ANZAC Mounted Division) was formed in Egypt in 1916, after the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]] (ANZAC) was disbanded. Comprising four brigades, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd [[Australian Light Horse]] and the [[New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade]]. All had fought at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] dismounted. In August the division's dynamic capabilities were effectively combined with the static 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division at the [[Battle of Romani]], where they repelled an attempted Ottoman attack on the Suez Canal. This victory stopped the advance of [[Friedrich Kreß von Kressenstein|Kress von Kressenstein]]'s Expeditionary Force (3rd Infantry Division and Pasha I formation) towards the [[Suez Canal]] and forced his withdrawal under pressure. An Ottoman garrison at [[Battle of Magdhaba|Magdhaba]] was defeated in December 1916 by the division with the [[Imperial Camel Corps Brigade]] attached and the other major Ottoman fortification at [[Battle of Rafa|Rafah]] was captured in January 1917. They participated mounted in the [[First Battle of Gaza]] in March, and the [[Third Battle of Gaza]] (including the [[Battle of Beersheba (1917)|Battle of Beersheba]]) in October 1917. They attacked dismounted in the [[Second Battle of Gaza]] in April 1917. In 1918, the ANZAC and [[Australian Mounted Division]]s, along with the [[Yeomanry Mounted Division]] in the [[Desert Mounted Corps]], conducted two attacks across the [[First Transjordan attack on Amman (1918)|Jordan River to Amman]] in March, then moved on to [[Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt|Es Salt]] in April. The Australian Mounted Division were armed with swords mid year, and as part of the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] captured [[Amman]] (capturing 10,300 prisoners), [[Battle of Nazareth (1918)|Nazareth]], [[Capture of Jenin|Jenin]] and [[Battle of Samakh|Samakh]] in nine days. After the [[Armistice of Mudros|Armistice]] they participated in the reoccupation of Gallipoli in December.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aif.adfa.edu.au:8888/index.html |title=Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division |accessdate=2010-04-06 |publisher=University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228202948/http://www.aif.adfa.edu.au:8888/index.html |archivedate=2015-02-28 |df= }}</ref><ref>Falls ''Official History Egypt & Palestine'' Vol. 1 pp. 175–99, 376–7, p. 344, Vol. 2 Part I pp. 49–60, Part II pp. 547–54</ref>

The ANZAC and Australian Mounted Divisions carried rifles, bayonets and machine guns, generally using horses as swift transport and dismounting to fight.<ref>Pugsley, ''The Anzac Experience'', p. 119</ref>{{refn|The [[Battle of Mughar Ridge#Action of Ayun Kara, 14 November|Action of Ayun Kara]] on 14 November 1917 was a particularly good example of this fighting style.<ref>Powles, 'The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine', p. 150</ref>|group=note}} Troops of four men were organised, so that three were fighting while the fourth held the horses.<ref name=ALH>{{cite web|title=Walers: horses used in the First World War|publisher=Australian War Memorial|accessdate=2009-12-29|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/horses/index.asp|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212064808/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/horses/index.asp|archivedate=2009-12-12|df=}}</ref> Sometimes they fought as mounted troops: at the [[Battle of Beersheba (1917)|Battle of Beersheba]] during the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] in 1917, the Australian Mounted Division's [[4th Light Horse Brigade]] made what is sometimes called "the last successful cavalry charge in history", when two regiments successfully overran Turkish trenches.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Australian War Memorial|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_138.asp |title=Attack on Beersheba|accessdate=2009-12-29}}</ref><ref>See also [[First Transjordan attack on Amman (1918)#Bridgehead established]] for a description of the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment's mounted attack of Ottoman cavalry.</ref> They formed up over a wide area, to avoid offering a target for enemy artillery, and galloped {{convert|3|km|mi}} into machine gun fire, equipped only with rifles and bayonets. Some of the front ranks fell, but most of the brigade broke through, their horses [[jumping (horse)|jumping]] the trenches into the enemy camp. Some soldiers dismounted to fight in the trenches, while others raced on to Beersheba, to capture the town and its vital water supplies.<ref>Mitchell, ''Light Horse'', pp. 3–4</ref> The charge was "instrumental in securing Allenby's victory [in Palestine]".<ref name="MH188">Holmes, ''Military History'', p. 188</ref>

The Australians primarily rode [[Waler horse]]s.<ref name=ALH/> The English cavalry officer, Lieutenant Colonel RMP Preston [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], summed up the animals' performance in his book, ''The Desert Mounted Corps:''

<blockquote>
... (November 16th, 1917) The operations had now continued for 17 days practically without cessation, and a rest was absolutely necessary especially for the horses. Cavalry Division had covered nearly 170 miles ... and their horses had been watered on an average of once in every 36 hours ... The heat, too, had been intense and the short rations, {{frac|9|1|2}} lb of grain per day without bulk food, had weakened them greatly. Indeed, the hardship endured by some horses was almost incredible. One of the batteries of the Australian Mounted Division had only been able to water its horses three times in the last nine days—the actual intervals being 68, 72 and 76 hours respectively. Yet this battery on its arrival had lost only eight horses from exhaustion, not counting those killed in action or evacuated wounded ... The majority of horses in the Corps were Walers and there is no doubt that these hardy Australian horses make the finest cavalry mounts in the world ...<ref name="ASHS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ashs.com.au/horses/default.asp#The%20Horse%20at%20War|publisher=Australian Stock Horse Society|title=Horses: The Horse at War|accessdate=2009-12-29}}</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Continental Europe ===
{{Quote box
|quote = You can't make a cavalry charge until you have captured the enemy's last machine gun.
|source = ''—An American observer of French cavalry tactics, 1917<ref>Wifried, ''Military Operations in France and Belgium 1917'', p. iv</ref>''
|width = 30%
|align = right
}}
[[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|French horsemen crossing a river on their way to [[Battle of Verdun|Verdun]].]]
{{Further|German cavalry in World War I}}
Before the war began, many continental European armies still considered the cavalry to hold a vital place in their order of battle. France and Russia expanded their mounted military units before 1914. Of the Central Powers, Germany added thirteen regiments of mounted riflemen, Austria–Hungary expanded their forces,<ref>Keegan, ''The First World War'', p. 20</ref> and the Bulgarian army also readied the cavalry in their army.<ref>Erickson, ''Ordered to Die'', p. 144</ref> When the Germans invaded in August 1914, the Belgians had one division of cavalry.<ref name=Captions>{{cite web|url=http://archive.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/74/AnimalsWar/images/AAW_CAPTIONS.pdf|format=PDF|title=Animals at War Captions|publisher=Imperial War Museum|accessdate=2013-04-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216202240/http://archive.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/74/AnimalsWar/images/AAW_CAPTIONS.pdf|archivedate=2014-12-16|df=}}</ref>
[[File:BASA-1221K-1-48-18.jpg|thumb|left|Austro-Hungarian mounted soldiers in a bombarded forest]]
French cavalry had similar problems with horses on the Western Front as the British,<ref name=Ellis176/> although the treatment of their horses created additional difficulties. Opinion generally was that the French were poor horsemen: "The French cavalryman of 1914 sat on his horse beautifully, but was no horsemaster. It did not occur to him to get off his horse's back whenever he could, so there were thousands of animals with sore backs ...".<ref name=Herwig261/> One French general, [[André Sordet|Jean-François Sordet]], was accused of not letting horses have access to water in hot weather.<ref name=Herwig261>Herwig, ''The Marne, 1914'', p. 261</ref>{{refn|By September 1914, with battered men and horses, having abandoned a crucial position in the [[First Battle of the Marne]], Sordet was relieved of his command.<ref name=Herwig261/>|group=note}} By late August 1914, a sixth of the horses in the French cavalry were unusable.<ref>Jarymowycz, ''Cavalry from hoof to track'', pp. 137–138</ref> The French continued to eschew mounted warfare when in a June 1918 charge by French lancers the horses were left behind and the men charged on foot.<ref name=Ellis176/>

Russia possessed thirty-six cavalry divisions when it entered the war in 1914, and the Russian government claimed that its horsemen would thrust deep into the heart of Germany. Although Russian mounted troops entered Germany, they were soon met by German forces. In the August 1914 [[Battle of Tannenberg (1914)|Battle of Tannenberg]], troops led by German Field Marshal [[Paul von Hindenburg]] and Lieutenant-General [[Erich Ludendorff]] surrounded the Russian [[Second Army (Russian Empire)|Second Army]] and destroyed the mounted force of [[Don Cossacks]] that served as the special guard of Russian General [[Alexander Samsonov]].<ref name=Ellis177/> Other Russian cavalry units successfully harassed retreating Austro-Hungarian troops in September 1914, with the running battle eventually resulting in the loss of 40,000 of the 50,000 men in the Austro-Hungarian [[XIV Tyrolean Corps]], which included the [[6th Mounted Rifle Regiment]].<ref>Keegan, ''The First World War'', p. 161</ref> Transporting cavalry created a hardship for the already strained Russian infrastructure, as the great distances they needed to be moved meant that they had to be transported by train. Approximately the same number of trains (about 40) were required to transport a cavalry division of 4,000 as to transport an infantry division of 16,000.<ref name=Ellis177>Ellis, ''Cavalry'', pp.177–178</ref>

The cavalries of the Central Powers, Germany and Austria–Hungary, faced the same problems with transport and the failure of tactics as the Russians.<ref name=Ellis178>Ellis, ''Cavalry'', p. 178</ref> Germany initially made extensive use of cavalry, including a lance-against-lance battle with the British in late 1914,<ref name=Campbell/> and an engagement between the British [[1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)|1st Cavalry Brigade]] and the German [[4th Cavalry Division (German Empire)|4th Cavalry Division]] in the lead-up to the [[First Battle of the Marne]] in September 1914. That battle ended "decidedly to the disadvantages of the German cavalry", partially due to the use of artillery by the accompanying British [[L (Néry) Battery Royal Horse Artillery|L Battery]] of [[horse artillery]].<ref>Keegan, ''The First World War'', p. 117</ref> The Germans stopped using cavalry on the Western Front not long after the beginning of the war, in response to the Allied Forces' changing battle tactics, including more advanced weaponry.<ref name=Ellis178/> They continued to use cavalry to some extent on the Eastern Front, including probes into Russian territory in early 1915.<ref>Meyer, ''A World Undone'', p. 321</ref> The Austrians were forced to stop using cavalry because of large-scale equipment failures; Austrian military saddles were so poorly designed as to rub the skin off the [[back (horse)|back]] of any horse not already hardened to the equipment from parade ground practice; only a few weeks into the war half of all Austrian cavalry mounts were disabled, and the rest nearly so.<ref name=Ellis178/>

=== Ottoman Empire ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-073-17, Türkische Kavallerie südlich von Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|right|Turkish cavalry south of Jerusalem in April 1917|upright=1.5]]
In 1914, the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Turks]] began the war with one cavalry regiment in the [[Turkish Army|Turkish army corps]] and four reserve regiments (originally formed in 1912) under the control of the [[Turkish Third Army]]. These reserve regiments were composed of [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], rural Turks and a few Armenians.<ref>Erickson, ''Ordered to Die'', pp. 5–6</ref> The performance of the reserve divisions was poor, and in March 1915 the forces that survived were turned into two divisions totalling only two thousand men and seventy officers. Later that month, the best regiments were consolidated into one division and the rest disbanded. Nonetheless, cavalry was used by Ottoman forces throughout 1915 in engagements with the Russians,<ref>Erickson, ''Ordered to Die'', pp. 64, 105–107</ref> and one cavalry unit even exchanged small arms fire with a submarine crew in the [[Dardanelles]] in early 1915.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/Issues/Archives/issue_08/daring_dardanelles.html|title=Daring the Dardanelles: British Submarines in the Sea of Marmara During World War I|author=Whitman, Edward C.|accessdate=2010-02-20|journal=Undersea Warfare|date=Summer 2000|volume=2|number=4}}</ref> Turkish cavalry was used in engagements with the British, including the [[Third Battle of Gaza]] in late 1917. In this battle, both sides used cavalry forces as strategic parts of their armies.<ref>Erickson, ''Ordered to Die'', pp. 172–174</ref> Cavalry continued to be involved in engagements well into 1918, including in [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)#Situation from the fall of Jerusalem to September 1918|conflicts near the Jordan River]] in April and May that year, which the Ottomans called the First and Second Battles of Jordan, part of the lead-up to the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]]. By September 1918, regular army cavalry forces were stationed throughout the Turkish front, and the only remaining operationally ready reserve forces in the Ottoman military were two cavalry divisions, one formed after the initial problems in 1915.<ref name=Erickson195/>

=== United States ===
[[File:Gasmask for man and horse.jpeg|thumb|left|An American soldier demonstrating a gas mask for his horse|alt=A man wearing a gas mask and helmet stands next to a tacked up horse wearing a gas mask.|upright=.75]]

By 1916, the United States Cavalry consisted of 15,424 members organized into 15 regiments, including headquarters, supply, machine-gun and rifle troops.<ref>Urwin, ''The United States Cavalry'', pp. 174–176</ref> Just before formally joining the war effort, the US had gained significant experience in 1916 and 1917 during the [[Pancho Villa Expedition]] in Mexico, which helped to prepare the US Cavalry for entry into World War I. In May 1917, a month after the US declaration of war, the [[National Defense Act of 1916|National Defense Act]] went into effect, creating the 18th through the 25th US Cavalry regiments, and later that month, twenty more cavalry regiments were created. However, British experiences during the first years of the war showed that trench warfare and weapons that included machine guns and artillery made cavalry warfare impractical. Thus, on October 1, eight of the new cavalry regiments were converted to field artillery regiments by order of Congress, and by August 1918, twenty [[National Army (USA)|National Army]] horse units were converted to thirty-nine trench mortar and artillery batteries. Some horse units of the [[2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment|2nd]], [[3d Armored Cavalry Regiment (United States)|3rd]], [[6th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|6th]] and [[15th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|15th]] Cavalry regiments accompanied the US forces in Europe. The soldiers worked mainly as [[groom (horses)|grooms]] and [[farrier]]s, attending to [[U.S. Army Remount Service|remounts]] for the artillery, medical corps and transport services. It was not until late August 1918 that US cavalry entered combat. A provisional squadron of 418 officers and enlisted men, representing the 2nd Cavalry Regiment, and mounted on convalescent horses, was created to serve as scouts and couriers during the [[St. Mihiel Offensive]]. On September 11, 1918, these troops rode at night through [[no man's land]] and penetrated five miles behind German lines. Once there, the cavalry was routed and had to return to Allied territory. Despite serving through the [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]], by mid-October the squadron was removed from the front with only 150 of its men remaining.<ref>Urwin, ''The United States Cavalry'', pp. 179–180</ref>

== Logistical support ==
[[File:Landing stores with horses, Gallipoli, ca 1915.jpg|thumb|right|Mules hauling supplies at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]], 1915|alt=Two mules pulling a wagon loaded by supplies. A man rides one of the mules, while another man stands on the wagon.]]

Horses were used extensively for [[Train (military)|military trains]]. They were used to pull ambulances, carry supplies and [[wikt:ordnance|ordnance]]. At the beginning of the war, the German army depended upon horses to pull its field kitchens, as well as the ammunition wagons for artillery brigades.<ref>Keegan, ''The First World War'', p. 77</ref> The [[Royal Corps of Signals]] used horses to pull cable wagons, and the promptness of messengers and [[Despatch rider|dispatch riders]] depended on their mounts. Horses often drew artillery and steady animals were crucial to artillery effectiveness.<ref name=Animals/> The deep mud common in some parts of the front, caused by damaged drainage systems flooding nearby areas, made horses and mules vital, as they were the only means of getting supplies to the front and guns moved from place to place.<ref name=Animals/> After the April 1917 [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]], one Canadian soldier recalled, "the horses were up to their bellies in mud. We'd put them on a picket line between the wagon wheels at night and they'd be sunk in over their fetlocks the next day. We had to shoot quite a number."<ref name=Meyer531>Meyer, ''A World Undone'', p. 531</ref>
[[File:A001229.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Pack horses taking up ammunition to guns of 20th Bty. C.F.A., Neuville St. Vaast, April 1917]]
Thousands of horses were employed to pull field guns; six to twelve horses were required to pull each gun.<ref name=Animals53/> During the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]], horses were used to recover guns captured by the British from no man's land. In one instance, two teams of sixteen horses each had their [[horse hoof|hooves]], tack and pulling chains wrapped to reduce noise. The teams and their handlers then successfully pulled out two guns and returned them to British lines, the horses jumping a trench in the process and waiting out an artillery barrage by German troops on the road they needed to take.<ref>Hammond, ''Cambrai 1917'', pp. 425–426</ref>

Dummy horses were sometimes used to deceive the enemy into misreading the location of troops.<ref name=Animals53/> They were effectively used by Allenby during his campaigns in the east, especially late in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lighthorse.org.au/resources/military-stories-ww1/the-mounted-soldiers-of-australia|title=The Mounted Soldiers of Australia|publisher=The Australian Light Horse Association|accessdate=2010-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/palestine-campaign/battle-of-megiddo|title=Battle of Megiddo – Palestine campaign|publisher=History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|accessdate=2010-05-08}}</ref> Evidence exists that the Germans used horses in their experimentations with chemical and biological warfare. German agents in the US are suspected of infecting cattle and horses bound for France with [[glanders]], a disease which can fatally spread to humans; similar tactics were used by the Germans against the Russians, causing breakdowns in their ability to move artillery on the Eastern Front.<ref>Judson, ''Chemical and Biological Warfare'', p. 68</ref>

The value of horses was known to all. In 1917 at the [[Battle of Passchendaele]], men at the front understood that "at this stage to lose a horse was worse than losing a man because after all, men were replaceable while horses weren't."<ref name="stokes1917">{{cite web|title=Bert Stokes remembers Passchendaele|accessdate=2009-12-05|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/sound/bert-stokes-remembers-passchendaele|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|work=New Zealand History Online}}</ref> For Britain, horses were considered so valuable that if a soldier's horse was killed or died he was required to cut off a hoof and bring it back to his commanding officer to prove that the two had not simply become separated.<ref name=DailyMail>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1241403/The-horses-won-war-How-harrowing-reality-inspired-Michael-Morpugos-classic-novel.html|work=Mail Online|publisher=Associated Newspapers|title=The horses that won us the war: How a harrowing reality inspired Michael Morpugo's classic novel|date=January 8, 2010|accessdate=2010-01-11}}</ref>

== Procurement ==

=== Allied forces ===
[[File:Landing horses at Gallipoli, ca 1915.jpg|thumb|left|Unloading horses from a ship at Gallipoli, 1915|alt=A group of men unloading a horse from a ship thorough the use of a sling. Another horse is partially visible, while other men watch from the ground and the deck of the ship.]]

To meet its need for horses, Britain imported them from Australia, Canada, the USA, and Argentina, and requisitioned them from British civilians. [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] ordered that no horses under {{hands|15}} should be confiscated, at the request of many British children, who were concerned for the welfare of their [[pony|ponies]]. The British [[Army Remount Service]], in an effort to improve the supply of horses for potential military use, provided the services of high quality [[stallion]]s to British farmers for breeding their [[mare|broodmares]].<ref name=Animals53>Schafer, "Animals, Use of" in ''The European Powers in the First World War'', p. 53</ref> The already rare [[Cleveland Bay]] was almost wiped out by the war; smaller members of the breed were used to carry British troopers, while larger horses were used to pull [[artillery]].<ref name=Dent61/> New Zealand found that horses over {{hands|15.2}} fared worse than those under that height. Well-built [[Thoroughbred]]s of 15 hands and under worked well, as did compact horses of other breeds that stood {{hands|14.2|to|14.3}}. Larger [[crossbred]] horses were acceptable for regular work with plentiful rations, but proved less able to withstand short rations and long journeys. Riflemen with tall horses suffered more from fatigue, due to the number of times they were required to mount and dismount the animals. Animals used for draught work, including pulling artillery, were also found to be more efficient when they were of medium size with good endurance than when they were tall, heavy and long-legged.<ref>Reakes, ''The War Effort of New Zealand'', p. 159</ref>

The continued resupply of horses was a major issue of the war. One estimate puts the number of horses that served in World War I at around six million, with a large percentage of them dying due to war-related causes.<ref name=IMH/> In 1914, the year the war began, the British Army owned only about 25,000 horses. This shortfall required the US to help with remount efforts, even before it had formally entered the war.<ref name=PP>{{cite journal|journal=Past & Present|title=Britain's military use of horses 1914–1918|date=May 1993|author=Singleton, John|jstor=651094|pages=178–204}}</ref> Between 1914 and 1918, the US sent almost one million horses overseas, and another 182,000 were taken overseas with American troops. This deployment seriously depleted the country's equine population. Only 200 returned to the US, and 60,000 were killed outright.<ref name=IMH/> By the middle of 1917, Britain had procured 591,000 horses and 213,000 mules, as well as almost 60,000 camels and oxen. Britain's Remount Department spent £67.5 million on purchasing, training and delivering horses and mules to the front. The British Remount Department became a major multinational business and a leading player in the international horse trade, through supplying horses to not only the British Army but also to Canada, Belgium, Australia, New Zealand, Portugal, and even a few to the US. Shipping horses between the US and Europe was both costly and dangerous; [[American Expeditionary Force]] officials calculated that almost seven times as much room was needed per ton for animals than for average wartime cargo, and over 6,500 horses and mules were drowned or killed by shell fire on Allied ships attacked by the Germans.<ref name=PP/> In turn, New Zealand lost around 3 percent of the nearly 10,000 horses shipped to the front during the war.<ref>Reakes, ''The War Effort of New Zealand'', p. 154</ref>

Due to the high casualty rates, even the well-supplied American army was facing a deficit of horses by the final year of the war. After the [[First United States Army|American First Army]], led by General [[John J. Pershing]], pushed the Germans out of the [[Forest of Argonne|Argonne Forest]] in late 1918, they were faced with a shortage of around 100,000 horses, effectively immobilizing the artillery. When Pershing asked [[Ferdinand Foch]], [[Marshal of France]], for 25,000 horses, he was refused. It was impossible to obtain more from the US, as shipping space was limited, and Pershing's senior supply officer stated that "the animal situation will soon become desperate." The Americans, however, fought on with what they had until the end of the war, unable to obtain sufficient supplies of new animals.<ref>Gilbert, ''The First World War'', pp. 477–479</ref>

=== Central Powers ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-075-50, Bei Chavignon, Arbeiten an Nachschubstraße.jpg|thumb|right|A horse-drawn German supply wagon in France in 1917]]

Before World War I, Germany had increased its reserves of horses through state-sponsored [[stud farm]]s ({{lang-de|Remonteamt}}) and annuities paid to individual horse breeders. These breeding programs were designed specifically to provide high-quality horses and mules for the German military. These efforts, and the horse-intensive nature of warfare in the early 20th century, caused Germany to increase the ratio of horses to men in the army, from one to four in 1870 to one to three in 1914. The breeding programs allowed the Germans to provide all of their own horses at the beginning of the war.<ref name=PP/> Horses were considered army reservists; owners had to register them regularly, and the army kept detailed records on the locations of all horses. In the first weeks of the war, the German army mobilized 715,000 horses and the Austrians 600,000. Overall, the ratio of horses to men in Central Powers nations was estimated at one to three.<ref name=Keegan73>Keegan, ''The First World War'', p. 73</ref>{{refn|The Russian military topped both Germany and Austria by gathering over a million horses in August 1914.<ref name=Keegan73/>|group=note}}

The only way Germany could acquire large numbers of horses after the war began was by conquest. More than 375,000 horses were taken from German-occupied French territory for use by the German military. Captured Ukrainian territory provided another 140,000.<ref name=PP/> The [[Ardennes (horse)|Ardennes]] was used to pull artillery for the French and Belgian armies. Their calm, tolerant disposition, combined with their active and flexible nature, made them an ideal artillery horse.<ref name=Pinney>Pinney, ''The Working Horse Manual'', pp. 24–25</ref> The breed was considered so useful and valuable that when the Germans established the Commission for the Purchase of Horses in October 1914 to capture Belgian horses, the Ardennes was one of two breeds specified as important, the other being the [[Belgian (horse)|Brabant]].<ref name=Animals>Schafer, "Animals, Use of" in ''The European Powers in the First World War'', p. 52</ref> The Germans were not able to capture the horses belonging to the Belgian royal family, as they were successfully evacuated, although they captured enough horses to disrupt Belgian agriculture and breeding programs. Horses used for the transport of goods were also taken, resulting in a fuel crisis in Belgium the next winter as there were no horses to pull coal wagons. The Germans sold some of their captured horses at auction.<ref>Schafer, "Animals, Use of" in ''The European Powers in the First World War'', pp. 52–53</ref> Prevented by the Allies from importing remounts, the Germans ultimately ran out of horses, making it difficult for them to move supplies and artillery, a factor contributing to their defeat.<ref name=Animals53/>

== Casualties and upkeep ==
[[File:WWI horse skin disease.jpg|thumb|right|A horse undergoes treatment for a skin disease at a British veterinary hospital in 1916]]
Battle losses of horses were approximately 25 percent of all war-related equine deaths between 1914 and 1916. Disease and exhaustion accounted for the remainder<ref name=PP/> and the Germans specifically targeted horses with gunfire.<ref name=DailyMail/> The highest death rates were in East Africa, where in 1916 alone deaths of the original mounts and remounts accounted for 290% of the initial stock numbers, mainly due to infection from the [[tsetse fly]].{{refn|This number was higher than 100 percent because additional horses were requisitioned and sent to the front, where they had a high attrition rate.|group=note}} On average, Britain lost about 15 percent (of the initial military stock) of its animals each year of the war (killed, missing, died or abandoned), with losses at 17 percent in the French theatre. This compared to 80 percent in the [[Crimean War]], 120 percent in the [[Boer War]] and 10 percent in peacetime.<ref name=PP/> During some periods of the war, 1,000 horses per day were arriving in Europe as remounts for British troops, to replace horses lost. Some horses, having collapsed from exhaustion, drowned in ankle-deep mud, too tired to lift their heads high enough to breathe.<ref name=DailyMail/> Equine casualties were especially high during battles of attrition, such as the 1916 [[Battle of Verdun]] between French and German forces. In one day in March, 7,000 horses were killed by long-range shelling on both sides, including 97 killed by a single shot from a French naval gun.<ref>Gilbert, ''The First World War'', p. 235</ref> By 1917, Britain had over a million horses and mules in service, but harsh conditions, especially during winter, resulted in heavy losses, particularly amongst the [[Clydesdale horse]]s, the main breed used to haul the guns. Over the course of the war, Britain lost over 484,000 horses, one horse for every two men.<ref name="MH417">Holmes, ''Military History'', p. 417</ref> A small number of these, 210, were killed by poison gas.<ref name=Captions/>

[[File:Alfred Theodore Joseph Bastien - Cavalry and Tanks at Arras.jpg|thumb|left|''Cavalry and Tanks at Arras, 1918'', a painting depicting a cavalry charge at Arras in 1918 by Lieutenant [[Alfred Bastien]]|upright=1.25]]
Feeding horses was a major issue, and horse [[fodder]] was the single largest commodity shipped to the front by some countries,<ref>Keegan, ''A History of Warfare,'' p. 308</ref> including Britain.<ref>Holmes, ''Tommy'', p. 163</ref> Horses ate around ten times as much food by weight as a human, and hay and oats further burdened already overloaded transport services. In 1917, Allied operations were threatened when horse feed rations were reduced after German submarine activity restricted supplies of oats from North America, combined with poor Italian harvests. The British rationed hay and oats, although their horses were still issued more than those from France or Italy. The Germans faced an even worse fodder crisis, as they had underestimated the amount of food they needed to import and stockpile before the beginning of the war. Sawdust was mixed with food during times of shortage to ease animals' sense of hunger, and many animals died of starvation. Some feed was taken from captured territories on the Eastern Front, and more from the British during the advances of the 1918 spring offensive.<ref name=PP/>

Animals bolstered morale at the front, due to the soldiers' affection for them.<ref name=Animals/> Some recruitment posters from World War I showcased the partnership between horse and man in attempts to gain more recruits.<ref name=Animals53/> Despite the boost in morale, horses could also be a health hazard for the soldiers, mainly because of the difficulty of maintaining high levels of hygiene around horses, which was especially noted in camps in Egypt.<ref>Stout, ''War Surgery and Medicine'', p. 479</ref> Horse manure was commonplace in the battle and staging areas on several fronts, creating breeding grounds for disease-carrying insects. Manure was supposed to be buried, but fast-moving battle conditions often made this impossible. Sanitation officers were responsible for the burial of horse carcasses, among other duties.<ref>Carbery, ''The New Zealand Medical Service in the Great War 1914–1918'', p. 223</ref>

[[File:USArmyVetHospitalWWIOperationInProgress.jpg|thumb|right|A horse undergoing an operation at a US Army veterinary hospital]]
Many horses died as a result of the conditions at the front—of exhaustion, drowning, becoming mired in mud and falling in shell holes. Other horses were captured after their riders were killed. Horses also endured poor feeding and care, [[poison gas]] attacks that injured their [[respiratory system of the horse|respiratory systems]] and skin, and skin conditions such as [[mange]]. When gas warfare began in 1915, nose plugs were improvised for the horses to allow them to breathe during attacks.<ref name=Animals53/> Later, several types of gas masks were developed by both the Central and Allied nations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display.aspx?id=5159|title=Gas mask for horses, Germany, 1914–1918|publisher=Science Museum, London|accessdate=2010-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9404E1DB163EE433A25752C0A9609C946996D6CF|title=Gas Masks for Horses; Improved Device Being Made for American Army|accessdate=2010-01-13|date=June 1, 1918 | journal=The New York Times}}</ref> although horses often confused them with [[feedbag]]s and destroyed them. Soldiers found that better-bred horses were more likely to suffer from shell shock and act up when exposed to the sights and sounds of war than less-well-bred animals, who often learned to lie down and take cover at the sound of artillery fire. Veterinary hospitals were established to assist horses in recovering from shell shock and battle wounds, but thousands of equine corpses still lined the roads of the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref name=Animals53/> In one year, 120,000 horses were treated for wounds or disease by British veterinary hospitals alone. Ambulances and field veterinary hospitals were required to care for the horses, and [[horse trailer]]s were first developed for use on the Western Front as equine ambulances.<ref name=IMH>{{cite web|url=http://imh.org/legacy-of-the-horse/the-horse-in-world-war-i-1914-1918/|title=1900: The Horse in Transition: The Horse in World War I 1914–1918|publisher=International Museum of the Horse|accessdate=2010-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926051214/http://imh.org/legacy-of-the-horse/the-horse-in-world-war-i-1914-1918/ |archivedate=2010-09-26}}</ref> Disease was also a major issue for horses at the front, with [[equine influenza]], [[ringworm]], [[colic|sand colic]], sores from fly bites, and [[anthrax]] among the illnesses that affected them.<ref>Reakes, ''The War Effort of New Zealand'', pp. 155–157</ref> British Army [[Royal Army Veterinary Corps|Army Veterinary Corps]] hospitals treated 725,216 horses over the course of the war, successfully healing 529,064.<ref name=Captions/> Horses were moved from the front to veterinary hospitals by several methods of transportation, including on foot, by rail and by barge.<ref>Blenkinsop, ''History of the Great War'', pp. 79–81</ref> During the last months of the war, barges were considered ideal transportation for horses suffering wounds from shells and bombs.<ref>Blenkinsop, ''History of the Great War'', p. 81</ref>

When the war ended, many horses were killed due to age or illness, while younger ones were sold to [[horse slaughter|slaughterhouses]] or to locals, often upsetting the soldiers who had to give up their beloved mounts.<ref name=Animals53/> There were 13,000 Australian horses remaining at the end of World War I, but due to quarantine restrictions, they could not be shipped back to Australia. Two thousand were designated to be killed, and the remaining 11,000 were sold, most going to India as remounts for the British Army.<ref name=ALH/> Of the 136,000 horses shipped from Australia to fighting fronts in the war, only one, Sandy, was returned to Australia.<ref name=Sandy>{{cite web|title=Sandy: The only horse to return from the First World War|publisher=Australian War Memorial|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/horses/sandy.asp|accessdate=2009-12-28|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215031052/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/horses/sandy.asp|archivedate=2009-12-15|df=}}</ref>{{refn|Sandy was the horse of Sir William Bridges, a Major General killed at Gallipoli. In October 1917, Australia's Minister for Defence Senator George Pearce asked that Sandy be returned to Australia. After three months of quarantine, Sandy was allowed to return to Australia.<ref name=Sandy/>|group=note}} New Zealand horses were also left behind; those not required by the British or Egyptian armies were shot to prevent maltreatment by other purchasers.<ref>Pugsley, ''The Anzac Experience'', p. 146</ref> The horses left behind did not always have good lives – the [[Brooke Hospital for Animals|Brooke Trust]] was established in 1930 when a young British woman arrived in [[Cairo]], only to find hundreds of previously Allied-owned horses living in poor conditions, having been sold to Egyptians after the cessation of the war. In 1934, the Old War Horse Memorial Hospital was opened by the trust, and is estimated to have helped over 5,000 horses that had served in World War I; as of 2011, the hospital continues to serve equines in the Cairo area.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Spielberg's film of War Horse gives new impetus to animal charity|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/11/war-horse-charity-boost|author=Thorpe, Vanessa|journal=The Observer|date=December 10, 2011|accessdate=2011-12-19}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Animals in War memorial.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Animals in War Memorial]] exists as a memorial to the countless animals that have served and died under British military command throughout history]]
The horse is the animal most associated with the war, and memorials have been erected to its service, including that at [[St Jude's Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb|St. Jude on the Hill]], [[Hampstead]], which bears the inscription "Most obediently and often most painfully they died{{spaced ndash}}faithful unto death."<ref name=Animals/> The [[Animals in War Memorial]] in London commemorates animals, including horses, that served with the British and their allies in all wars. The inscription reads: "Animals In War. This monument is dedicated to all the animals that served and died alongside British and allied forces in wars and campaigns throughout time. They had no choice."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4037873.stm|title=Animal War Heroes statue unveiled|accessdate=2010-01-06|date=November 24, 2004|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In [[Minneapolis]], a monument by [[Lake of the Isles]] is dedicated to the horses of the Minnesota 151st Field Artillery killed in battle during World War I.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minnpost.com/stories/2008/12/24/5471/longfellow_ole_bull_in_treasure_trove_of_statues_and_curiosities_gracing_minneapolis_parks|title=Longfellow, Ole Bull in treasure trove of statues and curiosities gracing Minneapolis parks|author=Hawley, David|date=December 24, 2008|accessdate=2011-08-02|publisher=Minnpost}}</ref>

The men of the [[Australian Light Horse Brigade]] and [[New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade|New Zealand Mounted Rifles]] who died between 1916 and 1918 in Egypt, Palestine and Syria are commemorated by the [[Mounted Memorial, Canberra|Desert Mounted Corps Memorial]], or Light Horse Memorial, on [[Anzac Parade, Canberra|Anzac Parade]], in Canberra, Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.images.act.gov.au/duslibrary/imagesact.nsf/V01/41A34DA551F4E7644A256DB300069B43?OpenDocument|accessdate=2009-12-05|title=Image: Desert Mounted Corps Memorial, Anzac Parade, Canberra, popularly known as the Light Horse Memorial|publisher=ACT Heritage Library}}</ref> The original version of this monument was in [[Port Said]] in Egypt, and was mostly destroyed during the [[1956 Suez War]].<ref name=Sabretache>{{cite journal|title=Burying the 1st AIF|journal=Sabretache|author=Gunn, Gail|date=September 1, 2003}}</ref> A piece from the original memorial, a shattered horse's head, was brought back to Australia and used as part of a new statue in the A is for Animals exhibition honoring animals who have served with the Australian military. The exhibition also contains the preserved head of Sandy, the only horse to return to Australia after the war.<ref name=Sabretache/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/21/2577061.htm|title=War Memorial honours animals great and small|author=Larkins, Damien|accessdate=2010-01-20|date=May 21, 2009|publisher=ABC News}}</ref>
[[File:AS Mounted 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mounted Memorial, Canberra|Desert Mounted Corps Memorial]], an Australian memorial to ANZAC troops in World War I, located on [[Anzac Parade, Canberra]]|alt=A statue of two men and two horses stands atop a pedestal in a paved courtyard. Large trees provide a background.]]

[[War artist]] [[Alfred Munnings]] was sent to France in early 1918 as an official war artist with the Canadian Cavalry Brigade. The [[Canadian Forestry Corps]] invited Munnings to tour their work camps in France after seeing some of his work at the headquarters of General Simms, the Canadian representative. He produced drawings, watercolors, and paintings of their work, including ''Draft Horses, Lumber Mill in the Forest of Dreux'' in 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leicestergalleries.com/art-and-antiques/detail/13453|title=Sir Alfred James Munnings (1878–1959)|accessdate=2009-12-29|publisher=The Leicester Galleries}}</ref> Forty-five of his paintings were displayed at the Canadian War Records Exhibition at the [[Royal Academy]], many of which featured horses in war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siralfredmunnings.co.uk/the-artist.html |title=Sir Alfred Munnings — The Artist |publisher=Sir Alfred Munnings Art Museum |accessdate=2009-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904014338/http://www.siralfredmunnings.co.uk/the-artist.html |archivedate=2009-09-04 |df= }}</ref>{{refn|Among Munnings' works was ''The Charge of Flowerdew's Squadron'' which depicted the Canadian cavalry charge at the Battle of Moreuil Wood.|group=note}} Numerous other artists created works that featured the horses of World War I, including [[Umberto Boccioni]] with ''Charge of the Lancers''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artchive.com/artchive/B/boccioni/lancers.jpg.html|title=Artchive: Umberto Boccioni: Charge of the Lancers|publisher=artchive.com|accessdate=2011-07-30}}</ref> and [[Terence Cuneo]] with his celebrated postwar painting of the saving of the guns at [[Battle of Le Cateau|Le Cateau]] during the [[Retreat from Mons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/bft03_btfield_tour_of_retreat_from_monsxt.doc |format=DOC |title=The Retreat from Mons 1914 |publisher=Royal Artillery Historical Society |accessdate=2010-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924063844/http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/bft03_btfield_tour_of_retreat_from_monsxt.doc |archivedate=2012-09-24 |df= }}</ref> During World War I, artist [[Fortunino Matania]] created the iconic image ''Goodbye Old Man'' that would be used by both British and American organizations to raise awareness of the suffering of animals affected by war. The painting was accompanied by a poem, ''The Soldiers Kiss'', that also emphasized the plight of the horse in war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/wwi/41932/menu.html|title=Fortunino Matania, b. 1881. "Help the Horse to Save the Soldier" : Please Join the American Red Star Animal Relief...|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|accessdate=2011-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animalsinwar.org.uk/index.cfm?asset_id=1422|title=Stories: 'Goodbye Old Man'|publisher=Animals in War Memorial Fund|accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref>

Writing poetry was a means of passing the time for soldiers of many nations, and the horses of World War I figured prominently in several poems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beck.library.emory.edu/greatwar/poetry/eaton/Eaton143/|title=The War Horse|author=Fleming, L|accessdate=2011-07-27|publisher=Emory University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/alh/ |title=Australian Light Horse Memorial |year=2005 |publisher=Anzac Day Commemoration Committee |accessdate=2010-04-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922070909/http://anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/alh/ |archivedate=2010-09-22 |df= }}</ref> In 1982, [[Michael Morpurgo]] wrote the novel ''[[War Horse (novel)|War Horse]]'', about a cavalry horse in the war. The book was later adapted into a successful [[War Horse (play)|play of the same name]], and also into a screenplay, with [[War Horse (film)|the movie]], released on December 25, 2011 in the United States.<ref name="Variety">{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118025632?refCatId=13|title=DreamWorks' holiday 'War Horse'|date=2010-10-13|accessdate=2011-02-27|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| location=Los Angeles | first=Pamela | last=McClintock}}</ref> In January 2010, the [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]] aired a documentary entitled ''The Real War Horse'', depicting the horses of World War I.<ref name=DailyMail/>

== See also ==
*[[Australian Light Horse]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite book|author=Braddon, Russell|year=1977|publisher=Hippocrene Books, Inc|location=New York|title=All the Queen's Men: The Household Cavalry and the Brigade of Guards|isbn=0-88254-431-4}}
* {{cite book|title=[[History of the Great War]] Based on Official Documents Veterinary Services|editors=Blenkinsop, L.J. & J.W. Rainey|year=1925|publisher=H.M. Stationers|location= London|oclc=460717714}}
* {{cite book|author=Carbery, A. D.|title= The New Zealand Medical Service in the Great War 1914–1918|series= New Zealand in the First World War 1914–1918|year=1924|publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs|location=Auckland, NZ|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH1-Medi-t1-g1-t1-body-d9-d5.html|oclc=162639029}}
* {{cite book|author=Carver, Michael|year=1998|title=Britain's Army in the 20th Century|location=London|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|isbn=0-333-73777-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Dent, Anthony|title=Cleveland Bay Horses|publisher=J.A. Allen|year=1978|isbn=0-85131-283-7|location=Canaan, NY}}
* {{cite book|author=Ellis, John|title=Cavalry: The History of Mounted Warfare|year=2004|publisher=Pen & Sword Books (Pen & Sword Military Classics)|isbn=1-84415-096-8|location=Barnsley, UK}}
* {{cite book|author=Erickson, Edward J.|title=Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War|series=Contributions in Military Studies, Number 201|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|year=2001|isbn=0-313-31516-7}}
* {{cite book |title=Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the outbreak of war with Germany to June 1917 |last=Falls |first=Cyril |series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |author2=G. MacMunn |year=1930 |volume=1 |publisher=HM Stationery Office |location=London |oclc=610273484}}
* {{cite book |title=Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War |last=Falls |first=Cyril |series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |others=Maps by A. F. Becke |year=1930 |volume=2 Part I |publisher=HM Stationery Office |location=London|oclc=644354483}}
* {{cite book |title=Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War |last=Falls |first=Cyril |series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |others=Maps by A. F. Becke |year=1930 |volume=2 Part II |publisher=HM Stationery Office |location=London|oclc=256950972}}
* {{cite book|author=Gilbert, Martin|title=The First World War: A Complete History|publisher=Henry Holt & Co|location=New York|year=1994|edition=First American|isbn=0-8050-1540-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Bryn|title=Cambrai 1917: The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7538-2605-8}}
*{{cite book| author=Herwig, Holger H. |title=The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World |publisher=Random House |year=2009|isbn=978-1-4000-6671-1|location=New York}}
* {{cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Military History |editor=[[Richard Holmes (military historian)|Holmes, Richard]]|year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-866209-2}}
* {{cite book|title=Tommy: the British soldier on the Western Front 1914–1918|author=Holmes, Richard|year=2005|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=London|isbn=0-00-713752-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Cavalry from hoof to track|author=Jarymowycz, Roman Johann|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-275-98726-4|location=Westport, CT}}
* {{cite book|author=Judson, Karen|url=https://books.google.com/?id=E_4S_dU9cw8C&pg=PA68&dq=donkeys+in+warfare#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chemical and Biological Warfare|series=Open for Debate|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2003|isbn=0-7614-1585-8}}
* {{cite book|author=[[John Keegan|Keegan, John]]|year=1994|title=[[A History of Warfare]]|location=New York|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|isbn=0-679-73082-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Keegan, John|year=1998|title=The First World War|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=0-375-40052-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=McPherson, J.W. |author2=Carman, Barry |author3=McPherson, John |title=The Man Who Loved Egypt: Bimbashi McPherson|publisher=British Broadcasting Corp|location=London|year=1985|isbn=0-563-20437-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Meyer, G. J.|title=A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918|publisher=Bamtam Dell|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=978-0-553-38240-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Mitchell, Elyne|year=1982|title=Light Horse: The Story of Australia's Mounted Troops|location=Melbourne|publisher=MacMillan|isbn=0-7251-0389-2}}
* {{cite book|title=The Working Horse Manual|chapter=The Ardennes|author=Pinney, Charlie|publisher=Farming Press|year=2000|isbn=0-85236-401-6|location=Ipswich, UK}}
* {{cite book |title=The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine |last=Powles |first=C. Guy |author2=A. Wilkie |series=Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War|volume=III|year=1922|publisher=Whitcombe & Tombs |location=Auckland|oclc=2959465}}
*{{cite book|author=Pugsley, Christopher|authorlink=Christopher Pugsley|title=The Anzac Experience: New Zealand, Australia and Empire in the First World War|publisher=Reed Publishing|location=Auckland, NZ|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7900-0941-4}}
* {{cite book|title=The War Effort of New Zealand|chapter=New Zealand Veterinary Corps|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH1-Effo-t1-body-d9.html|series=New Zealand in the First World War 1914–1918 |year=1923|author=Reakes, C. J.|publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs|location=Auckland, NZ|oclc=220050288}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|article=Animals, Use of|encyclopedia=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia|author=Schafer, Elizabeth D. |editor=Tucker, Spencer|year=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-8153-3351-X|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|author= Stout, T. Duncan M.|title=War Surgery and Medicine|series= The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |year=1954|publisher=Historical Publications Branch|location=Wellington, NZ|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Surg-pt2-c1-1.html|oclc=4373341}}
* {{cite book|title=The United States Cavalry: An Illustrated History|author=Urwin, Gregory J. W.|year=1983|publisher=Blandford Press|location=Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom|isbn=0-7137-1219-8}}
* {{cite book|author= Wifried, Capt. (compiler)|title=Military Operations in France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai|chapter=Preface|year=1991|publisher=Imperial War Museum/The Battery Press|isbn=0-89839-162-8|location=London}}
* {{cite book|author=Willmott, H. P.|year=2003|title=World War I|location=New York|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|isbn=0-7894-9627-5}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Horses in World War I}}
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1582562/The-mighty-Warrior-who-led-one-of-historys-last-ever-cavalry-charges.html The Mighty Warrior] – Extended story of one Canadian cavalry horse
* [https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3032 British Cavalry on the Western Front 1916–1918]

{{World War I}}
{{equine|state=collapsed}}

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Cavalry]]
[[Category:Warhorses|Warhorses]]
[[Category:Military animals of World War I]]
[[Category:Working horses]]
[[Category:Horse history and evolution]]
[[Category:Military animals]]

William George Barker

2017-12-19T14:41:50Z

Ouvrard: /* External links */ Added a link to service file

{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{about|the First World War pilot|the film producer and director|Will Barker}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Billy Barker
|image= William George Barker.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption= Official photograph of Lieutenant Colonel Billy Barker
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|df=yes|1894|11|03}}
|birth_place= [[Dauphin, Manitoba]], Canada
|death_date= {{death date and age|df=yes|1930|03|12|1894|11|03}}
|death_place= [[Ottawa]], Ontario, Canada
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= Canada United Kingdom
|branch= [[Canadian Army]] (1914–16) [[Royal Flying Corps]] (1916–19) [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (1922–30)
|serviceyears= 1914–1919 1922–1930
|rank= [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
|unit= [[No. 28 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 66 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 201 Squadron RAF]]
|commands= [[No. 139 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[First World War]]
* [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
* [[Battle of the Somme]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Bar]] [[Military Cross]] & Two Bars [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (3) [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre]] (France) [[Silver Medal of Military Valor]] (2, Italy)
|relations=
|laterwork= President [[Fairchild Aircraft Ltd.|Fairchild Aircraft of Canada Limited]]
}}
'''William George "Billy" Barker''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|VC|DSO1|MC2}} (3 November 1894 – 12 March 1930) was a Canadian [[First World War]] [[fighter ace]] and [[Victoria Cross]] recipient. He is the most decorated serviceman in the history of Canada.<ref>Constable, Miles. {{cite web |url=http://www.constable.ca/barker.htm |title=William George 'Will' Barker: World War I Fighter Ace. |accessdate=2007-02-16 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331222215/http://www.constable.ca/barker.htm |archivedate=31 March 2008 |df=dmy-all }} ''Canadian Aces Home Page''. Retrieved 3 October 2013.</ref>

==Early life==
Born on a family farm in [[Dauphin, Manitoba]], "Will" Barker grew up on the frontier of the Great Plains, riding horses, shooting, and working as a youngster on his father's farm and sawmill.<ref name="constable">{{cite web |url=http://www.constable.ca/barker.htm |title=Major William George Barker. |accessdate=2007-02-16 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331222215/http://www.constable.ca/barker.htm |archivedate=31 March 2008 |df=dmy-all }} ''constable.ca''. Retrieved 28 September 2010.</ref><ref name="Bishop">[http://www.billybishop.net/barker.html "Major William George Barker."] ''billybishop.net.'' Retrieved: 28 September 2010.</ref><ref name="Site">[http://www.sitescapers.com/Webpages/ "Barker Family."] sitescapers.com. Retrieved 28 September 2010.</ref> He was an exceptional shot, using a [[lever-action]] [[Winchester rifle|Winchester]] that he had modified with his own [[peep sight]]. He was particularly adept at shooting on the move, even while on horseback. One biographer has suggested that he could have been a trick shooter in a circus. He was physically poised, emotionally intense, with wide-ranging interests, and had an innate flair for the dramatic act. He was a very good student in school, but had frequent absences due to farm and sawmill life; he was the hunter providing food for the workers in the sawmill while still a young teenager, and missed classes because of this obligation.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 12–13.</ref>

Barker fell in love with aviation after watching pioneer aviators flying Curtiss and Wright Flyer aircraft at farm exhibitions between 1910 and 1914. He was a Boy Scout at [[Russell, Manitoba]], and a member of the 32nd Light Horse, a [[Non-Permanent Active Militia]] unit based at [[Roblin, Manitoba]]. He was in Grade 11 at Dauphin Collegiate Institute in the fall of 1914, just before his enlistment.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 15, 19–20.</ref>

==First World War==
In December 1914, soon after the outbreak of the First World War and the subsequent call to arms in the Dominion of Canada, Barker enlisted as No ''106074'' Trooper William G. Barker in the [[1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF|1st Canadian Mounted Rifles]].<ref name="Aerodrome">[http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/canada/barker.php "Barker."] ''The Aerodrome''. Retrieved 28 September 2010.</ref> The regiment went to England in June 1915 and then to France on 22 September of that year. Barker was a Colt machine gunner with the regiment's machine gun section until late February or early March 1916, when he transferred as a probationary observer to [[No. IX Squadron RAF|9 Squadron]] of the [[Royal Flying Corps]], flying in [[Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2]] aircraft.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 38–42.</ref>

===Western Front 1916–17===
He was commissioned as a second-lieutenant in April and was given five days leave in London to acquire an officer's uniform and equipment. On his return, he was assigned to [[No. IV Squadron RAF|4 Squadron]] and on 7 July transferred to [[No. 15 Squadron RAF|15 Squadron]], still flying in the B.E.2. On 21 July Barker claimed a [[LFG Roland|Roland]] scout "driven down" with his observer's gun, and in August claimed a second Roland, this time in flames. He was [[Mentioned in dispatches|Mentioned in Despatches]] around this time. He officially qualified as an Observer on 27 August and on 15 September he worked for the first time with Canadian troops, including his old regiment. On 15 November, Barker and his pilot, flying very low over the [[Ancre]] River, spotted a large concentration of German troops massing for a counter-attack on [[Beaumont Hamel]]. The crew sent an emergency [[Zone Call]] which brought to bear all available artillery fire in the area onto the specified target. The force of some 4,000 German infantry was effectively broken up. He was awarded the [[Military Cross]] for this action in the concluding stages of the [[Battle of the Somme]].<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 50–52.</ref>

In January 1917, after spending Christmas on leave in London, he commenced pilot training at [[Netheravon Airfield|Netheravon]], flying solo after 55 minutes of dual instruction. On 24 February 1917 he returned to serve a second tour on Corps Co-operation machines as a pilot flying B.E.2s and [[Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8|R.E.8s]] with 15 Squadron. On 25 March, Barker claimed another scout "driven down". On 25 April 1917 during the [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Arras Offensive]], Barker, flying an R.E.8 with observer Lt. Goodfellow, spotted over 1,000 German troops sheltering in support trenches. The duo directed artillery fire into the positions, thereby avoiding a counter-attack.

After being awarded a bar to his MC in July, Barker was wounded in the head by anti-aircraft fire in August 1917. After a short spell in the UK as an instructor, Barker's continual requests for front line service resulted in him being transferred to become a scout pilot, being offered a post with either 56 Squadron or [[No. 28 Squadron RAF|28 Squadron]]. He chose command of C Flight in the newly formed 28 Squadron, flying the [[Sopwith Camel]] that he preferred over the S.E.5s of 56 Squadron. Although Barker was reportedly not a highly skilled pilot – suffering several flying accidents during his career – he compensated for this deficiency with an aggressiveness in action and highly accurate marksmanship.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 56–57.</ref>

The unit moved to France on 8 October 1917 and Barker downed an [[Albatros D.V]] on his first patrol, though he did not claim it as the patrol was unofficial. He claimed an Albatros of ''Jasta 2'' (Lt. Lange, killed) on 20 October, and two more, of ''Jasta 18'', on 27 October (Lt. Schober killed, Offstv. Klein, force landed).<ref name="Trenches, Shores page 62">Shores et al. 1991, p. 62.</ref>

===Italian Front 1917–18===
[[File:William George Barker (1894-1930).jpg|thumb|right|Barker with his Sopwith Camel, his favourite aircraft]]

On 7 November 1917, 28 Squadron was transferred to Italy with Barker temporarily in command, and most of the unit, including aircraft, travelled by train to Milan.<ref name="Trenches, Shores page 62"/> On 29 November he downed an Austrian [[Albatros D.III]] flown by Lt. Haertl of ''Jasta 1'' near [[Pieve di Soligo]]. A ''Jasta 39'' pilot was shot down and killed and a balloon of ''BK 10'' destroyed on 3 December.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 80–81.</ref>

One of his most successful, and also most controversial raids – fictionalised by [[Ernest Hemingway]] in the short story ''[[The Snows of Kilimanjaro (story)|The Snows of Kilimanjaro]]'' – was on 25 December 1917. Catching the Germans off guard, he and Lt. Harold Hudson, his wingman, shot up the airfield of ''Fliegerabteilung'' (A) 204, setting fire to one hangar and damaging four German aircraft before dropping a placard wishing their opponents a "Happy Christmas."<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 84–85.</ref>

Lt. Lang of ''Jasta 1'' was killed by Barker on 1 January 1918, and two balloons, two Albatros fighters (one flown by ''Feldwebel'' Karl Semmelrock of ''Flik 51J'') and a pair of two-seaters fell to Barker during February. Awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) in March, he also claimed three more Albatros and an observation balloon.<ref>Ralph 2007, p. 97.</ref>

Owing to his tendency to ignore orders by flying many unofficial patrols, Barker was passed over when the post of Commanding Officer of 28 Squadron became vacant. Dissatisfied, he applied for a posting and joined 66 Squadron in April 1918, where he claimed a further 16 kills by mid-July.<ref name="Trenches, Shores page 62"/>

On 17 April, he shot down Oblt. Gassner-Norden of ''Flik 41J'', flying an Albatros D.III (Oef), over [[Vittorio]]. He then became Squadron Commander of [[No. 139 Squadron RAF|139 Squadron]], flying the [[Bristol F.2 Fighter|Bristol Fighter]]. Barker however took his Sopwith Camel with him and continued to fly fighter operations. He carried out an unusual sortie on the night of 9 August when he flew a [[Savoia-Pomilio SP.4]] bomber to land a spy behind enemy lines.<ref name="Trenches, Shores page 62"/>

By this time, his personal Sopwith Camel (serial no. B6313) had become the most successful fighter aircraft in the history of the RAF, Barker having used it to shoot down 46 aircraft and balloons from September 1917 to September 1918, for a total of 404 operational flying hours. It was dismantled in October 1918, Barker keeping the clock as a memento, although he was asked to return it the following day. During this time Barker trialled a series of modifications to B6313, to improve its combat performance. The [[Clerget aircraft engines|Clerget]] rotary engine's cooling efficiency was poorer in the hotter Italian climate, so several supplementary cooling slots were cut into the cowling. The poor upward visibility of the Camel resulted in Barker cutting away progressively larger portions of the centre-section fabric. He also had a rifle-type, notch and bead gun-sight arrangement replace the standard gun sight fitting.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 118–119.</ref>

Having flown more than 900 combat hours in two and a half years, Barker was transferred back to the UK in September 1918 to command the fighter training school at [[Hounslow Heath Aerodrome]]. Barker ended his Italian service with some 33 aircraft claimed destroyed and nine observation balloons downed, individually or with other pilots.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 140–141.</ref>

===Victoria Cross===

[[File:Col Barker, VC, in one of the captured German aeroplanes against which he fought his last air battle (HS85-10-36752).jpg|thumb|Col Barker, VC, in one of the captured German aeroplanes against which he fought his last air battle (HS85-10-36752) in 1919]]
In London at RAF HQ, he persuaded his superiors he needed to get up to date on the latest combat techniques in France and he was granted a 10-day [[roving commission]] in France, wherein he selected the [[Sopwith Snipe]] as his personal machine and attached himself to [[No. 201 Squadron RAF]], whose Squadron commander, Major Cyril Leman, was a friend from his days as a Corps Co-operation airman.

He was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for his actions on day 10, Sunday, 27 October 1918.

While returning his Snipe to an aircraft depot, he crossed enemy lines at 21,000 feet above the [[Forêt de Mormal]]. He attacked an enemy [[Rumpler]] two-seater which broke up, its crew escaping by parachute (the aircraft was of ''FAA 227'', Observer Lt. Oskar Wattenburg killed). By his own admission, he was careless and was bounced by a formation of [[Fokker D.VII]]s of ''Jagdgruppe 12'', consisting of ''Jasta 24'' and ''Jasta 44''. In a descending battle against 15 or more enemy machines, Barker was wounded three times in the legs, then his left elbow was blown away, yet he managed to control his Snipe and shoot down or drive down three more enemy aircraft (two German pilot casualties were Vfw. Alfons Schymik of ''[[Jasta 24]]'', killed, and Lt. Hinky of ''[[Jasta 44]]'', wounded). The dogfight took place immediately above the lines of the [[Canadian Corps]]. Severely wounded and bleeding profusely, Barker force-landed inside Allied lines, his life being saved by the men of an RAF Kite Balloon Section who transported him to a field dressing station. The fuselage of his Snipe aircraft was recovered from the battlefield and is preserved at the [[Canadian War Museum]], Ottawa, Ontario.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31042|date=29 November 1918 |page=14203|supp=y}}</ref><ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 148–149.</ref>

At a hospital in [[Rouen]], France, Barker clung to life until mid-January 1919, and then was transported back to England. He was not fit enough to walk the necessary few paces for the VC investiture at [[Buckingham Palace]] until 1 March 1919.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 153–155.</ref>

Barker is officially credited with one captured, two (and seven shared) balloons destroyed, 33 (and two shared) aircraft destroyed, and five aircraft "out of control", the highest "destroyed" ratio for any RAF, RFC or RNAS pilot during the conflict.<ref>Shores et al. 1991, p. 63.</ref> The Overseas Military Forces of Canada recognised Barker as "holding the record for fighting decorations" awarded in the First World War.<ref>"The Canadian Daily Record." ''Overseas Military Forces of Canada,'' edition of 5 December 1918.</ref>

===Most decorated hero===
Barker returned to Canada in May 1919 as the most decorated Canadian of the war, with the Victoria Cross, the [[Distinguished Service Order]] and [[Medal bar|Bar]], the [[Military Cross]] and two Bars, two Italian [[Silver Medals for Military Valour]], and the French [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre]]. He was also [[mentioned in despatches]] three times. The ''Canadian Daily Record'', a publication of the Overseas Military Forces of Canada, wrote in December 1918 that William Barker of Dauphin, Manitoba was the Canadian holding the record for "most fighting decorations" in the war. No other Canadian soldier, sailor or airman has surpassed this record, and the Canadian War Museum exhibit, located in Ottawa, Ontario, states: "Lieutenant Colonel William G. Barker, one of the legendary aces of the war, remains the most decorated Canadian in military service." A plaque on his tomb in the mausoleum of Toronto's [[Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto|Mount Pleasant Cemetery]], officially unveiled on 22 September 2011, describes him as "The most decorated war hero in the history of Canada, the British Empire, and the Commonwealth of Nations." Only two other servicemen in the history of the Commonwealth or Empire have received as many British medals for gallantry. These were [[Mick Mannock]] and [[James McCudden]] and, like Barker, both were "scout pilots" in the First World War. Barker, Mannock and McCudden each received six British medals, including the Victoria Cross. McCudden was also awarded a French Croix de Guerre. But with his three foreign medals and three Mentions in Despatches, Barker received a total of 12 awards for valour.<ref>Pigott 2003, p. 26.</ref>

==Post-war==
Barker formed a business partnership, Bishop-Barker Aeroplanes Limited, with fellow Victoria Cross recipient and Canadian ace [[Billy Bishop]] which lasted for about three years. In 1922 he rejoined the fledgling [[Canadian Air Force]] in the rank of [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]], serving as the Station Commander of [[Camp Borden]] from 1922 to 1924.<ref>, Marion, MWO Normand. [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/16w-16e/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=855 "A War Hero at Camp Borden."] ''Royal Canadian Air Force'', 31 August 2005.</ref>

Barker was appointed acting [[Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force|director of the RCAF]] in early 1924 and he graduated from [[RAF Staff College, Andover]], in 1926. While waiting to start RAF Staff College Course No 4, Barker spent two weeks in Iraq with the RAF to learn more about the uses of air power. He formally reported on his findings to the Minister of National Defence, and informally to Brigadier General [[Billy Mitchell]], of the US Air Service. One of his achievements in the RCAF was the introduction of parachutes. After leaving the RCAF he became the first president of the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] hockey club, and involved in tobacco growing farms in southwestern Ontario.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 157–162.</ref>

Barker continued to suffer from the physical effects of his 1918 gunshot wounds: his legs were permanently damaged and he suffered severely limited movement in his left arm. He also struggled with alcoholism in the last few years of his life. He died in 1930 when he lost control of his [[Fairchild KR-21]] biplane trainer during a demonstration flight for the RCAF, at [[Ottawa/Rockcliffe Airport|Air Station Rockcliffe]], near [[Ottawa]], Ontario. Barker, aged 35, was at the time the President and general manager of [[Fairchild Aircraft]] in Montreal.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 229–230.</ref>

==Legacy==
His funeral, the largest national state event in [[Toronto]]'s history, was attended by an honour guard of 2,000 soldiers. The cortege stretched for more than a mile and a half, and included the Chief of the General Staff and his senior officers, the [[Lieutenant Governor of Ontario]], the [[Mayor of Toronto]], three federal government cabinet ministers, and six other Victoria Cross recipients. An honour guard was also provided by the United States Army. Some 50,000 spectators lined the streets of Toronto en route to [[Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto|Mount Pleasant Cemetery]], where Barker was interred in his wife's family crypt in the Mausoleum.<ref>Ralph 2007, pp. 237–239.</ref>

In his hometown, Dauphin, Manitoba, an elementary school and the [[Lt. Col W.G. (Billy) Barker VC Airport|Barker Airport]] (dedicated in 1998) are named in his honour. The Dauphin squadron of the [[Royal Canadian Air Cadets]] is named for Barker. An elementary school at CFB Borden in Ontario was also named after Barker before its closure in the mid-1990s. In 2012, [[Southport Aerospace Centre]] named their new flight student accommodation building after him. During the week of 8 January 1999, the Canadian Federal Government designated Barker a person of national historic significance. The Discovery Channel's ''[[FlightPathTV|Flightpath]]'' series, a television documentary, included an episode entitled "First of the Few", a biography of William Barker, broadcast in Canada on 27 April 1999. In 2003 [[History TV]] broadcast "The Hero's Hero – The Forgotten Life of William Barker."

Barker's only daughter, Jean Antoinette Mackenzie (née Barker), died in July 2007. On 22 September 2011, a memorial at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto was unveiled to mark William Barker as the "most decorated war hero in the history of Canada, the [[British Empire]], and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]."<ref>Daubs, Katie. [https://www.thestar.com/news/article/1056468--the-flying-ace-you-ve-never-heard-of?bn=1 "The flying ace you've never heard of?"] ''Toronto Star'', 19 September 2011.</ref>

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Drew, George A. ''Canada's Fighting Airmen''. Toronto: MacLean Publishing Co. Ltd., 1930.
* Enman, Charles. "Billy Barker: 'The Deadliest Air Fighter that ever Lived'." ''Ottawa Citizen, 12 November 2005'', p. E6.
* Pigott, Peter. ''Taming the Skies: A Celebration of Canadian Flight''. Toronto: Dundern Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-55002-469-2}}.
* Ralph, Wayne. ''Barker VC: The Classic Story of a Legendary First World War Hero''. London: Grub Street, 1999. {{ISBN|1-902304-31-4}}.
* Ralph, Wayne. ''William Barker VC: The Life, Death & Legend of Canada's Most Decorated War Hero''. Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd., 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-470-83967-6}}.
* Shores, Christopher, Norman Franks and Russell Guest. ''Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces, 1915–20''. London: Grub Street, 1991. {{ISBN|0-948817-19-4}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/first-world-war-1914-1918-cef/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=24934 William George Barker's digitized service file]
* [http://www.constable.ca/caah/barker.htm William George "Will" Barker]

* [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7893 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'']
* {{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1918/1918%20-%201298.html |title=The Great Air Fight |journal=Flight and Aircraft Engineer| date=14 November 1918 |publisher=Flightglobal }}
* [http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggcantor.htm Burial location of William Barker: "Toronto"]
* [http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ddcancwm.htm Location of William Barker's Victoria Cross, "Canadian War Museum"]
* [https://legionmagazine.com/en/2012/09/historic-wwi-photo-victoria-cross-recipient-william-barker/ Legion Magazine Article on William George Barker]
* {{Find a Grave|7033941}}
* [http://www.billybishop.net/barker.html Major William George Barker VC, DSO & bar, MC & 2 bars, Croix de Guerre, Medaglia al Valore Militare d'Argento & bar RFC, RAF]
* [http://collections.civilization.ca/public/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=1098883 Barker's Medals At The Canadian War Museum]
* [http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/canada/barker.php William George Barker – The Aerodrome – Aces and Aircraft of World War I at www.theaerodrome.com]
* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/william-george-barker/ Barker, William George at www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com]
* {{IMDb name|2750073|William George Barker}}
* [http://www.mysteriesofcanada.com/VC_Recipients/barker.htm William Barker VC at www.mysteriesofcanada.com]
* [http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/general/sub.cfm?source=department/mincorner/photos/027 Statue]
* [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/Deaths.20080712.93161078/BDAStory/BDA/deaths Death notice for Jean Barker Mackenzie]

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{{s-bef|before=Unknown}}
{{s-ttl|title=Station Commander [[Camp Borden]]|years=1922–1924}}
{{s-aft|after=Unknown}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Lindsay Gordon]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force|Director of the RCAF]]|years=April – May 1924}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Stanley Scott]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Wwi-air}}
{{Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barker, William}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:Aviation history of Canada]]
[[Category:People from Dauphin, Manitoba]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Flying Corps officers]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I flying aces]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor]]
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Canada]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)]]
[[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]
[[Category:Canadian recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian aviation record holders]]

John Francis Young

2017-12-18T18:29:53Z

Ouvrard: /* External links */ Fixed link

{{EngvarB|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= John Francis Young
|image= John Francis Young VC.jpg
|image_size= 250
|caption=
|birth_date= {{birth date|df=y|1893|1|14}}
|death_date= {{death date and age|df=y|1929|11|7|1893|1|14}}
|birth_place= [[Kidderminster]], [[England]]
|death_place= [[Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts]], [[Quebec]]
|placeofburial= [[Mount Royal Cemetery]], [[Montreal]]
|nickname=
|allegiance= {{flag|Canada|1868}}
|branch= [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
|serviceyears=
|rank= [[Sergeant]]
|unit= [[87th Battalion (Canadian Grenadier Guards), CEF]]
|commands=
|battles= [[First World War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]]
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
'''John Francis Young''' {{post-nominals|VC}} (14 January 1893 – 7 November 1929) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] soldier who served in the [[First World War]]. Young was a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. Young was one of the seven Canadians who were awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions across the 30 km long [[Battle of Drocourt-Quéant Line|Drocourt-Quéant Line]] near [[Arras|Arras, France]]. The other six were [[Bellenden Hutcheson]], [[Arthur George Knight]], [[William Henry Metcalf|William Metcalf]], [[Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney]], [[Cyrus Wesley Peck]] and [[Walter Leigh Rayfield]].

==Early life==
John Francis Young was born in [[Kidderminster]], England on 14 January 1893. He was the son of Robert Charles Young and Mary Ann Cooper. He had two brothers: Robert Peart Young born in 1896 and Reginald H. Young born 1903. He emigrated to Canada before [[World War I]] and worked in [[Montreal]] as a packer for [[Imperial Tobacco]].

==Victoria Cross==
John Francis Young was 25 years old, and a [[Private (rank)|private]] in the 87th ([[Canadian Grenadier Guards]]) Battalion, [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] during the [[First World War]] when he performed the deed for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

On 2 September 1918 in the [[Dury, Pas-de-Calais|Dury]]-[[Arras, France|Arras]] Sector, [[France]], when his company had suffered heavy casualties, Private Young, a stretcher-bearer, went forward to dress the wounded in open ground swept by machine-gun and rifle fire. He did this for over an hour displaying absolute fearlessness, and on more than one occasion, having used up all his stock of dressings, he made his way to company headquarters for a further supply before returning to the battlefield. Later in the day he organised and led stretcher-bearers to bring in the wounded whom he had dressed. He spent a full hour rescuing well over a dozen men.

[[Mustard gas]] was present in the battle which damaged one of Young's lungs. This later contributed to his contracting tuberculosis.

The citation reads:

{{quote|text=
His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the award of the Victoria Cross to:{{ndash}}

No. 177239 Pte. John Francis Young, 87th Bn., Quebec R.

For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty in attack at Dury-Arras sector on the 2nd September, 1918, when acting as a stretcher-bearer attached to "D" Company of the 87th Bn., Quebec Regiment.

This company in the advance over the ridge suffered heavy casualties from shell and machine-gun fire.

Pte. Young, in spite of the complete absence of cover, without the least hesitation went out, and in the open fire-swept ground dressed the wounded. Having exhausted his stock of dressings, on more than one occasion he returned, under intense fire, to his company headquarters for a further supply. This work he continued for over an hour, displaying throughout the most absolute fearlessness.

To his courageous conduct must be ascribed the saving of the lives of many of his comrades.

Later, when the fire had somewhat slackened, he organised and led stretcher parties to bring in the wounded whom he had dressed.

All through the operations of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th September Pte. Young continued to show the greatest valour and devotion to duty.
|sign=London Gazette, 13 December 1918.
<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31067 |supp=y |page=14779 |date=13 December 1918 }}</ref>}}

He received his [[Victoria Cross]] from [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] at [[Buckingham Palace]] on 30 April 1919.


==Later life==
After the war, Young continued to serve in the Regiment, rising to the rank of Sergeant. He subsequently returned to his old job in Montreal. Some years later he developed [[tuberculosis]] and was admitted to a [[sanatorium]] in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Quebec, where he died on 7 November 1929. He was buried in [[Mount Royal Cemetery]], Montreal. His grave, marked with a somewhat weather-worn headstone, is in Section L/2, plot 2019.

==Legacy==
The [[Canadian Grenadier Guards]]' Junior Ranks mess has been renamed the "John Francis Young Club" in his honour and still bears his name. In Young's honour, members are required to execute a proper halt, briefly coming to attention, upon entering the Club. There is a memorial plaque to him in the Sergeants' mess. He is remembered still and honoured as one of the outstanding heroes of the Regiment's history.

==The Medal==
His VC is held by the [[Canadian War Museum]] in [[Ottawa, Ontario]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/personnel-records/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=326864 John Francis Young's digitized service file]
* [http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2005/11/the-magnificent-seven/ Legion Magazine article]
* [[List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young, John Francis}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kidderminster]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]
[[Category:Canadian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Quebec]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Canada]]