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Zahir Raihan

2024-08-01T15:28:36Z

Nafiul adeeb: Undid revision 1235313336 by 69.204.17.85 (talk) WP:UNSOURCED

{{Short description|Bangladeshi novelist, writer and filmmaker (1935–1971)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zahir Raihan
| image = Zahir Raihan (1935–1972).jpg
| caption =
| native_name = জহির রায়হান
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1935|08|19}}
| birth_place = [[Feni District|Feni]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| disappeared_date = {{disappeared date and age|1972|1|30|1935|08|19|df=y}}
| disappeared_place = [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| disappeared_status = {{Missing for|1971|12|30}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Filmmaker
* novelist
* writer
}}
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Stop Genocide]]''
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Sumita Devi]]|1961|1968|end=divorce}}|{{marriage|[[Shuchanda]]|1968}}}}
| relatives = {{unbulleted list|[[Shahidullah Kaiser]] (brother)|[[Panna Kaiser]] (sister-in-law)|[[Shomi Kaiser]] (niece)| Amitav Kaiser (nephew)}}
| awards = [[#Awards|full list]]
}}
'''Mohammad Zahirullah''' (19 August 1935 – disappeared 30 January 1972), known as '''Zahir Raihan''', was a [[Bangladesh]]i novelist, writer and filmmaker. He is most notable for his documentary ''[[Stop Genocide]]'' (1971), made during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=bpedia>{{harvnb|Khan|2012}}</ref> He was posthumously awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] in 1977 and [[Independence Day Award]] in 1992 by the [[Government of Bangladesh]].<ref name=ekushey>{{cite news |url=http://www.moca.gov.bd/site/page/c706da0c-29ee-4f0f-95d9-fa6705e19001/ |script-title=bn:একুশে পদকপ্রাপ্ত সুধীবৃন্দ |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=Government of Bangladesh |language=bn |trans-title=Ekushey Padak winners list}}</ref><ref name=indepen>{{cite web |url=http://brri.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/brri.portal.gov.bd/page/87944ec4_496e_415d_af37_27a10fb35625/Independence%20Day%20Award.pdf |title=Independence Day Award |access-date=23 September 2016 |publisher=Government of Bangladesh}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mohammad Zahirullah was born on 19 August 1935, at Majupur, a village in the [[Feni District|Feni Mahakuma]] under [[Noakhali district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]] in British India (now Feni district in Bangladesh).<ref>{{cite news |title=Profiles of martyred intellectuals |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/december/december14th/intellectuals.htm |work=The Daily Star |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhaka |first1=UNB |title=Looking back at Zahir Raihan, the legend |url=https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/266948 |access-date=13 January 2022 |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]] |date=19 August 2021}}</ref> After the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1947, he, along with his parents, returned to his village from [[Calcutta]]. He obtained his bachelor's in Bengali from the [[University of Dhaka]]. He received his [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate degree]] in [[Bengali literature]].

==Career==
Along with literary works, Raihan started working as a journalist, when he joined ''Juger Alo'' in 1950. Later, he also worked in newspapers, namely ''Khapchhara'', ''Jantrik'', and ''Cinema''. He also worked as the editor of ''Probaho'' in 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/22439/Zahir-Raihan:-Recalling-an-Intellectual- |title=Zahir Raihan: Recalling an Intellectual |work=The Daily Sun |access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref> His first collection of short stories, titled ''Suryagrahan'', was published in 1955. He worked as an assistant director on the Urdu film ''[[The Day Shall Dawn|Jago Hua Savera]]'' in 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/zahir-raihan-the-unparalleled-legend-1787128 |title=Zahir Raihan: The unparalleled legend |date=19 August 2019 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> This was his first direct involvement in film. He also assisted Salahuddin in the film ''Je Nadi Marupathe''. The filmmaker [[Ehtesham]] also employed him on his film ''E Desh Tomar Amar'', for which he wrote the title song. In 1960, he made his directorial début with ''[[Kokhono Asheni]]'', which was released in 1961. In 1964, he made Pakistan's first colour film, ''[[Sangam (Urdu film)|Sangam]]'', and completed his first [[CinemaScope]] film, ''Bahana'', the following year.

Raihan was an active supporter of the [[Bengali Language Movement]] of 1952 and was present at the historical meeting of Amtala on 21 February 1952. He was among the first group of people who got arrested on the day. The effect of the Bengali Language Movement was so strong on him that he used it as the premise of his landmark film ''[[Jibon Theke Neya]]''. He also took part in the [[1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan]].<ref>The Daily Prothom Alo,17 August 2006</ref>

In the immediate aftermath of the March 1971 start of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], Raihan made the documentary ''Stop Genocide''.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Ahmed Muztaba Zamal |date=Autumn 1999 |title=Battling for Neutral Ground |magazine=Cinemaya |volume=45 |page=14}}</ref> Before that he was making his first English film, “Let There Be Light." He abandoned the project and made his most notable work, the documentary “Stop Genocide," depicting the horrendous atrocities of the Pakistani forces. Critic Ziaul Haq Swapan calls it the start of the history of Bangladeshi documentaries and describes it as "a vehement protest against the Pakistan army’s pogrom in Bangladesh". Raihan also made the documentary ''A State is Born'' during the war.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Ziaul Haq Swapan |date=Summer 1995 |title=Alive and Kicking |magazine=Cinemaya |volume=28-29 |page=71}}</ref> Raihan went to Calcutta during the conflict, where his film ''Jibon Theke Neya'' was shown. His film was highly acclaimed by [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Ritwik Ghatak]], [[Mrinal Sen]], and [[Tapan Sinha]]. Though he was in financial difficulties at the time, he gave all his money from the Calcutta showing to the Freedom Fighters trust.<ref name=Amzad>"Akhono Obohelito Zahir Raihan" Hossain, Amzad. The Daily Prothom Alo, 17 August 2006</ref>

==Personal life==

His father's name was Mohammad Habibullah. His mother's name was Syeda Sufia Khatun. He had an elder brother named Shahidullah Kaiser.
Raihan had been married twice, to Sumita Devi in 1961 and Shuchonda in 1968, both of whom were film actresses. With Sumita he had two sons, Bipul Raihan and Anol Raihan. Again with Shuchonda, had also two sons named Opu Raihan and Topu Raihan.

==Disappearance==
Raihan went missing on 30 January 1972, when he was trying to locate his brother, a notable writer [[Shahidullah Kaiser]], who was captured and presumably killed by the [[Pakistan army]] and/or local collaborators during the final days of the liberation war.<ref name=Capturing>{{cite news |last=Ferdous |first=Fahmim |title=Zahir Raihan: Capturing national struggles on celluloid |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=269585 |access-date=9 November 2013 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=19 February 2013}}</ref> It is believed that he was killed with many others when armed Bihari collaborators and soldiers of the Pakistan Army who were hiding fired on them when they went to [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], a suburb of the capital city of Dhaka that was one of few strongholds for Pakistani/Bihari collaborators at that time.<ref name=Capturing/>

==Books==

===Novels===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* ''Shesh Bikeler Meye'' (A Girl in the Late-Afternoon)
* ''Trishna'' (Thirst)
* ''Hajar Bachhar Dhare'' (For Thousand Years)
* ''Arek Phalgun'' (Another Spring)
* ''Baraf Gala Nadi'' (River of Melted Ice)
* ''Ar Kato Din'' (How Many More Days)
* ''Kayekti Mrityu'' (A Few Deaths)
* ''Ekushey February'' (21 February)
}}

===Short stories===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* Sonar Harin (The Golden Deer)
* Shomoyer Prayojane (For the Need of Time)
* Ekti Jigyasa (One Question)
* Harano Balay (The Lost Ring)
* Badh (The Protest)
* Suryagrahan (The Solar Eclipse)
* Naya Pattan (The New Foundation)
* Bhangachora (The Broken)
* Aparadh (The Crime)
* Swikriti (The Congratulations)
* Ati Parichito (Very Familiar)
* Ichchha Anichchha (Wish or No Wish)
* Janmantar (Reincarnation)
* Poster
* Ichchhar Agune Jwalchhi (Burnt in the Fire of Wish)
* Katogulo Kukurer Artanad (Bark of Some Dogs)
* Kayekti Sanlap (Some Dialogues)
* Demag (Pride)
* Massacre
* Ekusher Galpo (Story of 21)
}}

==Filmography==

===Director===
[[File:Zahir Raihan 1961.jpg|thumb|right|Raihan at the set of the film ''Kokhono Asheni'' (1961)]]
;Films
* ''[[Kokhono Asheni]]'', 1961<ref>{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=250}}</ref>
* ''Sonar Kajol'', 1962 (jointly with [[Kalim Sharafi]])<ref name=Capturing/><ref>{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=251}}</ref>
* ''[[Kancher Deyal]]'', 1963<ref name="Gazdar1997p252">{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=252}}</ref>
* ''[[Sangam (1964 Urdu film)|Sangam]]'', 1964, Urdu<ref name="Gazdar1997p253">{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=253}}</ref>
* ''Bahana'', 1965, Urdu<ref name="Gazdar1997p254">{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=254}}</ref>
* ''[[Behula (film)|Behula]]'', 1966<ref name="Gazdar1997p257">{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=257}}</ref>
* ''[[Anwara (film)|Anwara]]'', 1967<ref name="Gazdar1997p259">{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=259}}</ref>
* ''[[Jibon Theke Neya]]'', 1970<ref name="Gazdar1997p268">{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=268}}</ref>
* ''Jaltey Suraj Ke Neeche'', 1971, Urdu<ref>{{harvnb|Hoek|2014|p=105|ps=: "Nadeem and Bobita ... in the Urdu film ''Jaltey Suraj Ke Neeche'' ... Directed by Zahir Raihan (though in places credited to his assistant director Nurul Hoque)."}}</ref>
* ''Let There Be Light'', unfinished<ref>{{harvnb|Raju|2002|p=12|ps=: "After ''Glimpses from Life'' [Jibon Theke Neya], Zahir Raihan embarked on ... ''Let There Be Light'' ... but before the film was over, the 1971 Liberation War broke out and Zahir had to postpone the project, as it turned our later, forever."}}</ref>
;
;Documentary films
* ''[[Stop Genocide]], 1971''<ref name=Capturing/>
* ''A State is Born, 1971''

===Producer===
* ''[[Kancher Deyal]]'', 1963<ref name="Gazdar1997p252" />
* ''[[Sangam (1964 Urdu film)|Sangam]]'', 1964, Urdu<ref name="Gazdar1997p253" />
* ''Bahana'', 1965, Urdu<ref name="Gazdar1997p254" />
* ''[[Behula (film)|Behula]]'', 1966<ref name="Gazdar1997p257" />
* ''Roi Bhai'', 1967<ref name="Gazdar1997p259" />
* ''Dui Bhai'', 1968<ref name="Gazdar1997p262">{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=262}}</ref>
* ''Shuorani Duorani'', 1968{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* ''[[Moner Moto Bou]]'', 1969<ref>{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=265}}</ref>
* ''Shesh Parjyanta'', 1969<ref name="Gazdar1997p266">{{harvnb|Gazdar|1997|p=266}}</ref>
* ''[[Jibon Theke Neya]]'', 1970, with A. Rahman<ref name="Gazdar1997p268" />

==Awards==
* [[Adamjee Literary Award]]
* [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] (1972)
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (1977)
* [[Independence Day Award]] (1992)
* [[Bangladesh National Film Awards]] (2005)

==See also==
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously: post-1970|List of people who disappeared]]

== References ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hoek |first=Lotte |date=2014 |title=Cross-wing Filmmaking: Urdui Urdu Films and Their Traces in the Bangladesh Film Archive |journal=BioScope |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=99–118 |doi=10.1177/0974927614547989|s2cid=154148790 }}
* {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Abu Sayeed |year=2012 |chapter=Raihan, Zahir |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Raihan,_Zahir |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Raju |first=Zakir Hossain |author-link=Zakir Hossain Raju |year=2002 |chapter=Bangladesh: A Defiant Survivor |editor1-last=Vasudev |editor1-first=Aruna |editor2-last=Padgaonkar |editor2-first=Latika |editor3-last=Doraiswamy |editor3-first=Rashmi |title=Being & Becoming: The Cinemas of Asia |publisher=MacMillan |isbn=0333-93820-8}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2513556|name=Zahir Raihan}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.gunijan.org.bd/GjProfDetails_action.php?GjProfId=250 |script-title=bn:জহির রায়হান – গুনীজন.কম |website=[[Gunijan]] |language=bn}}

{{Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Dialogue}}
{{Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Story}}
{{Cinema of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raihan, Zahir}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1970s missing person cases]]
[[Category:20th-century dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century novelists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi film directors]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male novelists]]
[[Category:Documentary war filmmakers]]
[[Category:Male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Missing people]]
[[Category:People from Feni District]]
[[Category:Recipients of Bangla Academy Award]]
[[Category:Best Dialogue National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Adamjee Literary Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Day Award]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Best Story National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]

Dhaka University Film Society

2023-05-18T08:00:48Z

Nafiul adeeb: Updated Info

{{More citations needed|date=May 2016}}

{{Infobox organization
| image = Dhaka University Film Society Logo.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = '''DUFS Logo'''
| map = 
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1991}}
| extinction = 
| type = Voluntary Students' Organization
| status = Registered
| purpose = Entertainment, film movement, film screening
| headquarters = [[Teacher-Student Centre, University of Dhaka|TSC]],(2nd Floor), [[University of Dhaka]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| leader_title = President General Secretary
| leader_name = Shiyan Shahriar Alamgir Tanjina Sultana Sejuti
| main_organ = Executive Committee
| parent_organization = [[Dhaka University Central Students' Union]]
| affiliations = Federation of Film Societies of Bangladesh
| budget =
| remarks =
| name = Dhaka University Film Society
| image_border =
| size = 
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption = 
| abbreviation = DUFS
| location = TSC, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| region_served = [[Bangladesh]]
| membership = Reserved for Dhaka University Students
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers = Around 150
| website = www.dufs.org
| First Moderator = [[Mohammad Touhidul Anwar]]
| Current Moderator = Habiba Rahman
}}
'''Dhaka University Film Society (DUFS)''' is a voluntary organization affiliated with the '''Dhaka University Central Students Union (DUCSU)''' at University of Dhaka. It is registered under the Film Societies Act 2011 and a member of '''Federation of Film Societies, Bangladesh (FFSB)'''. DUFS is also registered with the '''Bangladesh Film Censor Board.''' '''Dhaka University Film Society (DUFS)''' started its journey in 1962 during the Film Society Movement. Since then, the organization’s main mission remains the same, which is to create viewers of good movies with adequate taste. The organization had started its journey with the motto, ‘'''BETTER FILM, BETTER VIEWERS’'''. It took three decades of consistent performance and unremitting handwork of hundreds of film enthusiasts to reach DUFS’s present glorious position.

==Activities==
As a part of its mission, DUFS have successfully organized many film oriented programs such as: film festivals, appreciation courses, seminars, workshops, rallies, retrospectives and so on. World Film Manifestation Programme (WFMP) is one of its successful programs with over 400 movie screenings. Some of the major regular festivals of DUFS are 'Amar Bhashar Chalachchitra’, 'International Inter University Short Film Festival’, 'Film for Freshers', ‘World Film Manifestation Program’ and ‘Women's lens film Festival’. Beside these, DUFS has been publishing its official publication Flashback for the past 20 years.

===World Film Manifestation Program===

World Film Manifestation Program, commonly known as WFMP, is a monthly film screening by DUFS at different cultural centers such as the [[Goethe-Institut Dhaka]] and the [[Alliance Française de Dhaka]] among others. WFMP's main objective is to introduce classic and contemporary films to film society members. The program is open for all.

DUFS recently organized the 130th edition of WFMP, WFMP on Remembering [[Agnès Varda]] at [[Alliance Française de Dhaka]] on 22–13 July 2019. 4 films by the French new wave filmmaker were screened.

La Pointe Courte (1955),
Cleo from 5 to 7 (1962),
Le Bonheur (1965),
Vegabond (1985)

The program was started as a "viewer's forum" in June 1998 at the Goethe-Institute Dhaka. The first session was open to everyone. In the next two years, fourteen more sessions were held in different cultural centers in Dhaka. After various sessions, the initiative was renamed as World Film Manifestation Program (WFMP).

The first 1st WFMP session was held in September 2000 at the Goethe-Institute Dhaka.

===''Flashback''===
''Flashback'' is the official publication of DUFS. It is published annually for more than fourteen years. The publication is about specific topics in the [[film industry]]. The latest issue of flashback on East European Films was published in July 2019. Flashback: [[Independent Film]] was published in November 2018. Some issues of the publication included articles about films from [[Latin America]] and those from the Far East. One ''Flashback'' was centered around [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in remembrance of his 150th birth anniversary.<ref name=b>{{cite news|title=Dhaka University Film Society --Better films, better viewers|url=http://www.newagebd.com/supliment.php?sid=170&id=1276|accessdate=8 January 2014|newspaper=New Age|date=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108145420/http://www.newagebd.com/supliment.php?sid=170&id=1276 |archivedate= 8 January 2014}}</ref>

===Study circle===
The study circle is a weekly program for members moderated by the study circle secretary. The circle discusses a pre-selected topic relevant to films. Study circles are moderated by an expert facilitator on the selected topic. The study circle sessions are open for all.

===Others===
DUFS regularly organizes film workshops, film orientation courses, and film appreciation courses. The 7th film workshop organized by DUFS was held on 25 July to 9 August. Two short films were produced through the workshop. Film Orientation Courses are designed towards enabling the new members to learn basic knowledge about film viewing and making. Appreciation courses are designed to guide the standard film viewer towards a more insightful understanding of cinema.

DUFS has a library for its members. The library has a rich collection of books on cinema. Members can books and newspapers at the DUFS room.

Besides all these, DUFS organizes a number of film screening sessions throughout the year, often in collaboration with other film societies and cultural centers. "Sunday German-Bangla Film Screening" is held every last Sunday of each month, where one German and one Bengali movie is shown at the Goethe Institute.

==Festivals==
[[File:Dhaka University 03710.JPG|thumb|TSC Auditorim]]
Dhaka University Film Society organized more than thirty major film festivals so far. It has been playing an active as a cultural organization at the university and the country as well.

''Amar Bhasar Chalachitra'' (Films in my language) is an annual film festival organized by DUFS at the TSC complex. The festival is held every February month in remembrance of the martyrs of the [[Bengali Language Movement]]. DUFS organized the 20th edition of the Festival, 'Amar Bhasar Chalachitra 1428' on 22-26 February 2022. The festival was first held in 2004. It is now recognized as the biggest film festival in the Bengali language.

International Inter-University Short Film Festival (IIUSFF) is an annual film festival organized by DUFS. It has been running for over a decade with the slogan "Take your camera, frame your dream". Its goal is to create a cross-cultural platform for university-going filmmakers all over the world. DUFS has recently organized the 11th edition of IIUSFF, in association with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 1401 short films from more than 90 countries were submitted. Since 10th IIUSFF a new category, 'Short films on refugee' has been introduced to address the refugee crisis around the globe.

'Short film festival on cultural diversity and peace' was introduced in 2019. DUFS and Actionaid Bangladesh jointly organized the event to promote cultural diversity and peace.

Film for Freshers is the yearly film screening for the university freshers. It is open to all freshers. ''Boichitre Jibon'' (Diversity is Life) is jointly organized by Dhaka University Film Society and National Disabled Forum, in association with Sightsavers in 2010 and 2013.<ref name=Age />

The major festivals organized by DUFS at the TSC auditorium, [[Central Public Library (Dhaka)|Shawkat Osman Memorial Auditorium]] and at different cultural centers in [[Dhaka]] are as follows.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://dufs.org/history.html |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF DUFS |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227060518/http://dufs.org/history.html |archivedate=27 December 2012 |accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! style="width:50px;"| Year
! style="width:250px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Date
! style="width:120px;"| Venue
! style="width:100px;"| Number of Film Screening
! style="width:200px;"| Types of Film
|-
|style="text-align:center"|1994
|style="text-align:left"|''First National Film Festival''
|style="text-align:center"|
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|[[Central Public Library (Dhaka)|Shawkat Osman memorial auditorium]], Public library
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|[[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi cinema]]
|-
|style="text-align:center"|1996
|style="text-align:left"|''Bangladesh Panorama''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"| Bangladeshi cinema
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|1998
|style="text-align:left"|''Science Fiction Film Week''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|[[Science fiction film]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''HELP: the Flood Victims''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Various films to help [[1998 Bangladesh floods|flood]] victims
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|1999
|style="text-align:left"|''War Film Week''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|[[War film]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Oscar Film Week''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|[[Academy Award for Best Picture|Oscar-winning films]]
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|2000
|style="text-align:left"|''Film for Freshers''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|[[Teacher-Student Centre, University of Dhaka|TSC auditorium]]
|style="text-align:center"|6
|style="text-align:left"|Various films for freshers of Dhaka University
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Comedy Film Week''
|style="text-align:center"|1–7 October
| style="text-align:center"|Shawkat Osman memorial auditorium
|style="text-align:center"|25
|style="text-align:left"|Classic and modern [[comedy films]]
|-
| style="text-align:center"|2001
|style="text-align:left"|''Film for Freshers''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|[[Teacher-Student Centre, University of Dhaka|TSC auditorium]]
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Various films for freshers of Dhaka University
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|2002
|style="text-align:left"|''Week on Film Classics''
|style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|Shawkat Osman memorial auditorium
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Classic films from all over the world
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''ভাষা আন্দোলনের ৫০ বছরঃ চলচ্চিত্রে বাংলার মুখ'' (50 years of language movement:Bengali in films)
|style="text-align:center"|
| rowspan=12 style="text-align:center"|TSC auditorium
|style="text-align:center"|15
|style="text-align:left"|Bangladeshi cinema
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|2003
|style="text-align:left"|''Film for Freshers''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Various films for freshers of Dhaka University
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''সত্যজিতের চলচ্চিত্র'' (Film of Satyajit)<ref name="dhaka">{{cite news |date=22 November 2007 |title=Dhaka University Film Society: A hub for young cine-enthusiasts |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=12520 |url-status=live |accessdate=5 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104031303/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=12520 |archivedate=4 January 2014}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|21
|style="text-align:left"|[[Satyajit Ray filmography#Filmography|Film of Satyajit]]
|-
|style="text-align:center"|2004
|style="text-align:left"|''বাংলা চলচ্চিত্র উৎসব'' (Bengali Film Festival)
|style="text-align:center"|11–18 May
|style="text-align:center"|28
|style="text-align:left"|Bengali films from both Bangladesh and [[Cinema of West Bengal|India]]
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|2005
|style="text-align:left"|''বাংলার ছবি'' (Film of Bengal)
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Bangladeshi cinema
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Film for Freshers''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Various films for freshers of Dhaka University
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Animation Film Festival''
|style="text-align:center"|28 November–2 December
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|[[Animation film]]
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|2006
|style="text-align:left"|''50 years of Bangladeshi Film''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Bangladeshi cinema
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Film for Freshers''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Various films for freshers of Dhaka University
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|2007
|style="text-align:left"|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro)
|style="text-align:center"|24–28 February
|style="text-align:center"|20
|style="text-align:left"|Bengali film from both Bangladesh and [[Cinema of West Bengal|India]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''ক্যামেরা যখন রাইফেল'' (When camera is rifle)
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''অপরাজিত'' (Unbeaten)
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Various film to help the [[Cyclone Sidr]] survivors
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''International Inter-University Short Film Festival (IIUSFF)''<ref name=dhaka/>
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|[[Goethe Institute#By country|Goethe Institute Dhaka]]
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|International short film competition for university students.
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|2008
|style="text-align:left"|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro)
|style="text-align:center"|22–28 February
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|TSC auditorium
|style="text-align:center"|28
|style="text-align:left"|Bengali film from both Bangladesh and West Bengal
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Film for Freshers''
|style="text-align:center"|18–21 August
|style="text-align:center"|12
|style="text-align:left"|Various films for freshers of Dhaka University
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''2nd International Inter-University Short Film Festival (IIUSFF)''
|style="text-align:center"|21–23 April
|style="text-align:center"|Goethe Institute Dhaka
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|International short film competition for university students.
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|2009
|style="text-align:left"|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro)
|style="text-align:center"|13–18 February
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|TSC auditorium
|style="text-align:center"|24
|style="text-align:left"|Bengali film from both Bangladesh and West Bengal
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Film for Freshers''
|style="text-align:center"|5–7 May
|style="text-align:center"|12
|style="text-align:left"|Various films for freshers of Dhaka University
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''3rd International Inter-University Short Film Festival (IIUSFF)''
|style="text-align:center"|25–26 May
|style="text-align:center"|Goethe Institute Dhaka
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|International short film competition for university students.
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Disaster Risk Reduction Film Festival'' ''({{lang-bn|দুর্যোগ প্রস্তুতি বিষয়ক চলচ্চিত্র উৎসব}})''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|Public Library auditorium
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Disaster related films
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|2010
|style="text-align:left"|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র-১৪১৬'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro-1416)
|style="text-align:center"|22–28 February
|style="text-align:center"|TSC auditorium
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Bengali film from both Bangladesh and West Bengal
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''4th International Inter-University Short Film Festival (IIUSFF)''
|style="text-align:center"|24–28 April
|style="text-align:center"|TSC auditorium and Goethe Institute Dhaka
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|International short film competition for university students.
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''বৈচিত্র্যে জীবন'' (Diversity of life)
|style="text-align:center"|4–8 December
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|TSC auditorium
|style="text-align:center"|34
|style="text-align:left"|First national disability related film festival
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|2011
|style="text-align:left"|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র-১৪১৭'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro-1417)
|style="text-align:center"|24–28 February
|style="text-align:center"|20
|style="text-align:left"|Bengali film from both Bangladesh and West Bengal
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''ছায়াচিত্রে রবীন্দ্রনাথ'' (Rabindranath in Films)
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|Films based on [[Rabindranath Tagore#Adaptations of novels and short stories in cinema|Rabindranath Tagore works]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''5th International Inter-University Short Film Festival (IIUSFF)''
|style="text-align:center"|15–19 May
|style="text-align:center"|Goethe Institute Dhaka
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|International short film competition for university students.
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|2012
|style="text-align:left"|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র-১৪১৮'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro-1418)
|style="text-align:center"|23–28 February
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|TSC auditorium
|style="text-align:center"|19
|style="text-align:left"|Bengali film from both Bangladesh and West Bengal
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''চলচ্চিত্রে হুমায়ুন আহমেদ'' (Humayun Ahmed in Films)
|style="text-align:center"|24–26 September
|style="text-align:center"|9
|style="text-align:left"|In remembrance of late novelist and filmmaker [[Humayun Ahmed]]<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:হুমায়ূনের সিনেমা নিয়ে উৎসব করছে ঢাবি চলচ্চিত্র সংসদ |language=bn |trans-title=Festival arranged by DU Film Society with Humayun |url=http://www.khulnanews.com/entertainment/65-entertainment-news/24018-2012-09-22-10-20-36.html|accessdate=7 January 2014|newspaper=khunanews.com|date=22 September 2012|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015933/http://khulnanews.com/entertainment/65-entertainment-news/24018-2012-09-22-10-20-36.html |archivedate=5 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|2013
|style="text-align:left"|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র-১৪১৯'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro-1419)
|style="text-align:center"|23–28 February
|style="text-align:center"|23
|style="text-align:left"|Bengali film from both Bangladesh West Bengal
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Film for Freshers''
|style="text-align:center"|19–22 May
|style="text-align:center"|12 <ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ঢাবি চলচ্চিত্র সংসদের উদ্যোগে ৪ দিনব্যাপী চলচ্চিত্র উৎসব শুরু |language=bn |trans-title= 4 days long film festival organized by Dhaka University Film Society begins |url=http://www.education24news.com/?p=5831 |accessdate=7 January 2014 |newspaper=education24news.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107140321/http://www.education24news.com/?p=5831 |archivedate=7 January 2014}}</ref>
|style="text-align:left"|Various films for freshers of Dhaka University freshers.
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''6th International Inter-University Short Film Festival (IIUSFF)''
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|Goethe Institute Dhaka
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:left"|International short film competition for university students.
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''বৈচিত্র্যে জীবন'' (Diversity of life)
|style="text-align:center"|9–11 December
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|TSC auditorium
|style="text-align:center"|12 <ref name=Age>{{cite news|title=Film fest on disability ends today|url=http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2013-12-11&nid=76289|accessdate=7 January 2014|newspaper=New Age|date=11 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107134902/http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2013-12-11&nid=76289 |archivedate=7 January 2014 }}</ref>
|style="text-align:left"|Second national disability related film festival
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|2014
|style="text-align:left"|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র-১৪২০'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro-1420)
|style="text-align:center"|22–27 February
|style="text-align:center"|24
|style="text-align:left"|Bengali film from both Bangladesh and West Bengal
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Animation Film Festival''
|style="text-align:center"|3–9 November
|style="text-align:center"|18
|style="text-align:left"|[[Animation film]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |2015
|style="text-align:left"|''7th International Inter-University Short Film Festival (IIUSFF)''
|style="text-align:center"|26–28 January
|style="text-align:center"|45
|style="text-align:left"|International short film competition for university students.
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র-১৪২১'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro-1421)
|style="text-align:center"|23–28 February<ref name="alo">{{cite news |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/460381/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81 |script-title=bn:আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র উৎসব শুরু |language=bn |trans-title=Amar Vashar Cholochitro festival begins |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |location=Dhaka |date=24 February 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224032937/http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/460381/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81 |archivedate=24 February 2015 |accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center"|24<ref name="alo"/>
|style="text-align:left"|Bengali film from both Bangladesh and West Bengal
|-
|''Film for Freshers''
|17-18 August
|TSC auditorium
|9
|Various films for freshers of Dhaka University freshers.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''8th International Inter-University Short Film Festival (IIUSFF)''
|
|TSC auditorium
Alliance Française de Dhaka

Alliance Française de Chittagong

|
|International short film competition for university students.
|-
|6th Film Workshop 2016
|21 July- 5 August
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র-১৪২২'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro-1422)
|10-14 February
|TSC auditorium
|20
|Bengali film from both Bangladesh West and Bengal
|-
|''Animation Film Festival 2017''
|20-23 March
|TSC auditorium
|15
|Animation Films from all over the world
|-
|Film Orientation Course 2017
|
|Munir Chowdhury Auditorium, TSC
|
|
|-
|''9th International Inter-University Short Film Festival (IIUSFF)''
|11 August -14 September
|TSC auditorium

Alliance Française de Dhaka

Star Cineplex Dhaka
|90
|International short film competition for university students.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র-১৪২৪'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro-1424)
|12-17 February
|TSC Auditorium
|20
|Bengali film from both Bangladesh and West Bengal
|-
|''10th International Inter-University Short Film Festival''
|2-4 September
|TSC auditorium

Alliance Française de Dhaka

Goethe Institut Bangladesh
|200
|International short film competition for university students.
|-
|Film Appreciation Course 2018
|10 October-13 October
|Shaheed Munier Chowdhury Seminar Room
|
|
|-
|''Human Rights Short Film Festival''
|08-9 December
|Bangladesh Shishu Academy Complex

|60
|The theme of this film festival is “Finding Bangladesh and South Asia in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 70 years later”.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র-১৪২৫'' (Amar Vashar Cholochitro-1425)
|10-14 February
|TSC auditorium
|17
|Bengali film from both Bangladesh West and Bengal
|-
|''11th International Inter-University Short Film Festival''
|29-31 July
|TSC auditorium

Alliance Française de Dhaka

Goethe Institut Bangladesh
|200
|International short film competition for university students.
|-
|7th Film Workshop
|25 July- 9 August
|CARASS Auditorium
|
|
|-
|''Short Film Festival on Cultural Diversity and Peace''
|08-9 September
|TSC auditorium

|50
|Short film festival to promote cultural diversity and peace.
|}

==Membership==
New members are admitted in the society in April each year. Only fresher students of Dhaka University are eligible to apply for membership. After an initial screening process, ''[[viva-voce]]'' (oral interview) is held to select the few successful (around forty) candidates for admission. At present, there are 227 members of whom thirty-three are executive members and others are general members. The current president is Shiyan Shahriar Alamgir; the general secretary is K M Itmam Islam.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Abu Shahed Emon]] has turned himself into a successful filmmaker after his debut full-length feature film ''[[Jalaler Golpo]]''{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} 

==See also==
* [[List of film schools]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{University of Dhaka}}

[[Category:University of Dhaka]]

Jamilur Reza Choudhury

2022-06-26T08:42:11Z

Nafiul adeeb:

Jamilur Reza Choudhury

2022-06-26T08:41:43Z

Nafiul adeeb: Year correction

Rafiath Rashid Mithila

2021-09-27T18:31:29Z

Nafiul adeeb: Restored revision 1044831934 by Fayenatic london (Restorer)

{{short description|Bangladeshi singer, songwriter, model, actress, social worker, and writer}}{{Multiple issues|{{blp sources|date=June 2021}}
{{copy edit|date=June 2021}}}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rafiath Rashid Mithila
| native_name = রাফিয়াত রশিদ মিথিলা
| image =
| caption = Mithila in 2018
| occupation = Actress, Development worker, Singer, model, writer
| spouses = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Tahsan Rahman Khan]]|2006|2017|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Srijit Mukherji]]|2019}}}}
| children = 1
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[University of Dhaka]]| [[BRAC University]]}}
}}

'''Rafiath Rashid Mithila''' is a Bangladeshi actress, singer, model and development worker.<ref name=walk>{{cite news |first=Novera|last=Deepita |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/05/27/d505271402101.htm |title=Walking down the ramp with Mithila |work=The Daily Star |date=27 May 2005|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028020358/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/05/27/d505271402101.htm|archive-date=28 October 2016|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/deshi-grapevine/mithila-returns-the-screen-1227346|title=Mithila returns to the screen|date=21 May 2016|newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> She is currently the Head of Early Childhood Development programme in [[BRAC (organisation)|BRAC International]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/she-really-inspired-me-rafiath-rashid-mithila-1895248|title="She really inspired me"—Rafiath Rashid Mithila|date=2020-04-21|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mithila completed her bachelor's and master's in political science at the [[University of Dhaka]].<ref name=heart/> She completed her second master's in early childhood development from [[BRAC University]]. She was a valedictorian and achieved the Chancellor's gold medal for her academic performance in her master's degree in 2016.<ref name=power>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/cover-story/mithila-symbol-empowerment-1384465|title=Mithila – A Symbol of Empowerment|date=1 April 2017|newspaper=The Daily Star|first=Rafi | last=Hossain|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/1-minute-please/1-minute-please-1340788|title=1 minute please|first=Elita | last=Karim|date=6 January 2017|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
Rafiath started her PhD at the University of Geneva in Switzerland in December 2019. She took Kathak, Manipuri, and Bharat Natyam dance lessons at Benuka Dance Academy and was trained in Nazrul Geeti at Hindol music academy.<ref name=walk/> She was a student of the art school Nandan. Some of her oil paintings were displayed in the Drik Gallery in a group exhibition.<ref name=walk/> She also performed for People's Theater Group as a theater artist in her childhood.

==Career in audio-visual media==
Mithila started her modeling career in 2002 with the cultural and fashion shows of fashion house Neelanjana Palli.<ref name=walk/> She began to appear in TV commercials and became the brand ambassador for many brands and products, such as Jui coconut oil, Robi, Banglalink, Hayes and Haier, Meril baby products, Bajaj hair oil, Close-Up toothpaste, and Huawei.<ref name=heart/> She was the model in the music videos ''Moyna Go'' and ''Ghum'' by the musician [[Habib Wahid]] and ''Ki Hole Ki Hoto'' by Arnob.<ref name=walk/>
Mithila acted in the television serial ''"[[House Full (TV series)|House Full]]"'', directed by [[Redoan Rony]] and [[Iftakher Ahmed Fahmi]].<ref name=duo>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/the-dynamic-duo-58037|title=The Dynamic Duo|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=3 January 2015|first=Rafi | last=Hossain|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref> She attained popularity for her role in the ''Housefull'' TV series. Mithila acted in various dramas and telefilms, including ''X-Factor'', ''Land phone er din gulote prem'', and ''Denmohor''.
Mithila also hosts the celebrity talk show 'Amar Ami' on Banglavision. She has sung many songs including title tracks of telefilms and has written lyrics of many popular songs. Now she is stepping into the world of silver screen. Directed by [[Anonno Mamun]], the film, "Omanush" will feature Rafiath Rashid Mithila alongside popular actor Nirob.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=Rafiath Rashid Mithila on her Silver Screen Debut|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/rafiath-rashid-mithila-her-silver-screen-debut-2084085|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-21|title=Mithila to debut in movie with 'Amanush'|url=http://www.tbsnews.net/glitz/mithila-debut-movie-219829|access-date=2021-07-14|website=The Business Standard|language=en}}</ref>

==Career in development sector==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=June 2021}}
Rafiath Rashid Mithila has thirteen years of experience working in the development sector. Currently, she is working as the Head of Early Childhood Development in BRAC International.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-20|title=Growing up in a digital world|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/news/growing-digital-world-1829578|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> She possesses extensive experience in project development, research, and teaching in the field of education and early childhood development. She has closely worked with the marginalized and excluded groups in Africa and Asia, and has designed and implemented innovative, cost-effective and sustainable education. She has worked in Bangladesh, Nepal, Uganda, Tanzania, South Sudan, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. She is also in the core team for designing and implementing a play-based ECD model in Uganda and Tanzania.

She is an active advocate of women's and children's rights in Bangladesh.
She has also worked as a goodwill ambassador for the ‘Safe Internet for Children’ campaign run by Grameen Phone (Telenor) (2014 – 2015) in Bangladesh. She designed and hosted country's first radio show on positive parenting in early childhood development named 'Berey Othar Golpo' on Radio Shadhin.

==Career in academia==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=June 2021}}
Mithila worked as a lecturer in Northern University Bangladesh. She taught English literature at the high school in Scholastica. She has worked as a Tutor in AVID (Advancement Via Individual Determination) program at the Minneapolis Public School District in USA. Mithila has also worked as a guest faculty in the Dept. of Early Childhood Development in BRAC University. Currently she is pursuing her PhD in Early Childhood Education in the University of Geneva.

Rafiath Rashid Mithila also writes in academic and non-academic platforms such as: journals, blogs, newspapers etc. Apart from writing lyrics and poems, she has recently focused her interest in writing children's story books and has already published a set of two books for young children 1 to 5 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-02|title=Children's Book By Mithila|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/deshi-grapevine/children-book-by-popular-actress-mithila-1709200|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> Her books are: 'School er Prothom Din', 'Laal Balloon' and 'Ayra aar Maaer Obhijaan’.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=Mithila and Ayra’s adventure book ‘Ayra aar Maaer Obhijaan’ to release in Boi Mela today|url=http://www.tbsnews.net/splash/mithila-and-ayras-adventure-book-ayra-aar-maaer-obhijaan-release-boi-mela-today-222796|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Business Standard|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mithila met [[Tahsan Rahman Khan]], a musician, in 2004, and they married on 3 August 2006.<ref name=heart>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=73023 |title=Heart to heart with Tahsan-Mithila |newspaper=The Daily Star|date=27 January 2009|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref> Together they have a daughter, Ayra Tehreem Khan (b. 2013).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2013-04-30/news/348901|language=bn|script-title=bn:বাবা-মা হলেন তাহসান-মিথিলা |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/193007.details|language=bn|script-title=bn:তাহসান-মিথিলার ঘরে প্রথম কন্যাসন্তান |work=banglanews24.com |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, on a Facebook post, the couple announced their divorce.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/entertainment/2017/07/20/celebrity-couple-tahsan-mithila-announce-divorce-apologise-to-fans|title=Celebrity couple Tahsan, Mithila announce divorce, apologise to fans|date=20 July 2017 |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
On 6 December 2019, Mithila married Indian film director and script writer [[Srijit Mukherji]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/tollywood-movies-tollywood-director-srijit-mukherjee-gets-married-to-bangladesh-model-actress-rafiyat-rashid-mithila-pbd-387691.html|title=''হাত ভর্তি মেহেন্দি, পরনে লাল জামদানি, নতুন বউকে সঙ্গে নিয়ে এক ফ্রেমে সৃজিত''|publisher=[[News18 Bangla]]|date=6 December 2019|access-date=6 December 2019|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/srijit-mukherjees-special-post-for-rafiath-rashid-mithila-hours-before-their-marriage/articleshow/72396759.cms|script-title=bn:অচেনা নদীর স্রোতে এভাবেই মিথিলার হাত ছুঁয়ে থাকা|publisher=[[Ei Samay]]|date=6 December 2019|access-date=6 December 2019|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-to-marry-rafiath-rashid-mithila-today-dgtl-1.1079263#aoh=15756490419108&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s|title=''এক হচ্ছে চার হাত, আজই মিথিলার সঙ্গে বিয়ে সৃজিতের''|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|last=Biswas|first=Bihangi|date=6 December 2019|access-date=6 December 2019|language=bn}}</ref>

Musician [[Shayan Chowdhury Arnob|Arnob]] is Mithila's cousin.<ref>{{Citation|title=ARNOB Mithila BanglaVision Program Amar Ami Ep-565 Sajjad Hussain|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEHVVn0ru0M|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

==Works==
{{Blp sources|section|date=June 2021|reason=largely unverifiable}}

===Television dramas and telefilms===
{{Colbegin}}
* ''[[House Full (TV series)|House Full]]''
* ''Anti Clock''
* ''Punch Clip''
* ''Prem Keboli Ekti Rashayonik Bikria''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/special-feature/the-singers-act-1248871|title=The Singers' Act|date=2 July 2016|newspaper=The Daily Star|first=Minam | last=Haque|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* ''Landphoner Dingulote Prem''
* ''Anger Story''
* ''After Marriage''
* ''Promise''
* ''He and she''
* ''Mr. and Mrs.''
* ''Amar golpe tumi''
* ''Nobab gunda''
* ''Proof reader''
* ''Amar kotha''
* ''Choto Pakhi''
* ''Life Insurance''
* ''Thikana''
* ''Batch 27''
* ''Batch 27 - the last page''
* ''Biyer daoat roilo''
* ''Denmohor''
* ''Ghum''
* ''X-factor''
* ''Kothopokokhon''
* ''Timeline''
{{Colend}}

===Short films===
* Mukhomukhi
* Ekti Shobuj Bag
* WTF (Welcome To Family)
* Joggota
* Dure Thaka Kacher Manush
* Khola Janala
* Trap

===Songs===

* Ogochore (in film 3rd Person Singular Number)
* Thikana (Title track in natok 'Thikana')
* Tomar Amar (Title track in Natok 'Mr. And Mrs')
* Title track in Natok 'Amar Golpe Tumi'
* Chile Amar (title track of natok 'kothopokothon')
* Rodela dupure
* Shesher Golpo
* Onubhuti
* Brittalpona
* Durotto

===Lyrics===

* Shosta Khobh
* Ogochore
* Rodela dupure
* Shesher gaan
* Durotto
* Dure
* Tomar Amar
* Nirbashito
* Pagla Ghuri
* Sroter Sheshe

===Music video===

* Ghum (Habib)
* Ki Hole Ki Hoto (Arnob)

===TV show===

* 'Amar Ami' on Bangla Vision
* 'Onek Ojana Kotha' on Zee5

===Radio show===

* 'Berey Othar Golpo' on Radio Shadhin

===Children's Literature===

* School er Prothom Din
* Laal Balloon
* Ayra ar Maa er Obhijan - Adventure series - 'Tanzaniar Dip e'

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Co-Artist
!Director
!Notes
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Amanush (2021 film)|Amanush]]{{dagger}}''
|Nudrat
|[[Nirab Hossain]]
| [[Anonno Mamun]]
|
|}

===Web series===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#F5F5F5;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! OTT
! Character
! Director
! Notes
|-
|2020|| ''[[Ekattor (web series)|Ekattor]]'' ||[[Hoichoi]] ||Ruhi ||[[Tanim Noor]] ||
|-
|2021|| ''[[Contract (web series)|Contract]]''{{dagger}} ||[[ZEE5]] ||Rumana ||[[Tanim Noor]] and [[Krishnendu Chattopadhyay]] ||
|-
|2021|| ''[[Unoloukik (Bangladeshi TV Series)|Unoloukik]]'' || Chorki || ||Robiul Alam Robi ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mithila, Rafiath Rashid}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi female models]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi television actresses]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi women singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Fakir Alamgir

2021-07-23T17:47:58Z

Nafiul adeeb: Added death date

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Fakir Alamgir
| native_name = ফকির আলমগীর
| native_name_lang = bn
| image=Fakir Alamgir (1) (cropped).JPG
| caption=Alamgir in February 2014
| birth_date = 21 February 1950<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/fakir-alamgirs-67th-birthday-today-1364494|title=Fakir Alamgir's 67th birthday today|work=The Daily Star|date=2019-09-29}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|7|23|1950|2|21|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-23|title=Folk singer Fakir Alamgir no more|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/07/23/folk-singer-fakir-alamgir-no-more|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>
| years_active = 1966{{snd}}2021
}}

'''Fakir Alamgir''' ({{lang-bn|ফকির আলমগীর}}; born 21 February 1950{{Spaced en dash}}July 23, 2021)<ref name=":0"/> is a Bangladeshi folk and pop singer. After the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971, he emerged as a ''Gono Sangeet'' (inspiration songs for the masses) singer. Some of his notable songs are ''"O Sokhina", "Shantahar", "Nelson Mandela", "Naam Tar Chhilo John Henry" and "Banglar Comrade Bondhu"''.<ref name=rtv/> He was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] in 1999 by the [[Government of Bangladesh]].<ref name=rtv>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-127850|title=Fakir Alamgir performs live on Rtv|date=25 February 2010|access-date=29 January 2018|newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref name=ekushey>{{cite news|url= http://www.moca.gov.bd/site/page/c706da0c-29ee-4f0f-95d9-fa6705e19001/|script-title=bn:একুশে পদকপ্রাপ্ত সুধীবৃন্দ|access-date=29 January 2018|publisher=Government of Bangladesh|language=bn|trans-title=Ekushey Padak winners list}}</ref>

==Career==
Alamgir started his music career in 1966. He played his role as a singer in [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan]].<ref name=40yrs/>

Alamgir has worked with ''Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra'' during the Liberation War.

Alamgir is the founder of the cultural organization ''"Wrishiz Shilpi Gosthi"'' in 1976.<ref name=star>{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/02/23/d502231404113.htm|title=Fakir Alamgir: A singer of the masses|author=Harun ur Rashid|date=23 February 2005|access-date=29 January 2018|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> He serves as the president of ''Gono Sangeet Shamanya Parishad (GSSP)'' .

Alamgir is also a writer. He published his first book ''Chena China'' in 1984. His next two publications were ''Muktijuddher Smriti Bijoyer Gaan'' and ''Gono Sangeeter Otit O Bortoman''. In 2013 he published 3 books - ''Amar Kotha'', ''Jara Achhen Hridoy Potey'' and ''Smriti Alaponey Muktijuddho''. So far, he has authored nine books.<ref name=book>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-269235|title=Fakir Alamgir turns to fine print|date=16 February 2013|work=The Daily Star|access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Ekushey Padak]]
* Bhashani Padak
* Sequence Award of Honour<ref name=40yrs>{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/08/01/d508011401106.htm|title=Wrishij celebrates Fakir Alamgir's 40 years in music|work=The Daily Star|date=1 August 2005|access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8780686}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alamgir, Fakir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male singers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi pop singers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi folk singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Bangla Academy]]

{{Bangladesh-singer-stub}}

Hydrophis cantoris

2021-06-05T09:32:16Z

Nafiul adeeb: Wikilink correction

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{speciesbox
| image =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Hydrophis
| species = cantoris
| authority = [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864
| synonyms = *''Hydrophis cantoris'' {{small|Günther, 1864}}
*''Microcephalophis cantoris'' {{small|— [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1921}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="RDB">"''Hydrophis cantoris'' ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
}}

'''''Hydrophis cantoris''''' is a [[species]] of [[venom]]ous [[Hydrophiidae|sea snake]] found in the Indian Ocean and its seas, bays and gulfs.

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''cantoris'', is in honor of [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zoology|zoologist]] [[Theodore Edward Cantor]].<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Hydrophis cantoris'', p. 47).</ref>

==Description==
Diagnostic characters: Head small, body long and slender anteriorly; scales on thickest part of body juxtaposed; 5-6 maxillary teeth behind fangs; 23-25 (rarely 21) scale rows around neck, 41-48 around thickest part of body (increase from neck to midbody 18-24); ventrals divided by a longitudinal fissure; prefrontal in contact with third upper labial; ventrals 404-468.<ref name="Levitonetal2003">[[Allen Edward Leviton|Leviton AE]], Wogan GOU, Koo MS, [[:Pde:George Robert Zug|Zug GR]], Lucas RS, Vindum JV (2003). "The Dangerously Venomous Snakes of Myanmar: Illustrated Checklist with Keys". ''Proc. California Acad. Sci.'' '''54''' (24): 407-462. (''Hydrophis cantoris'', p. 431).</ref>

Total length males {{convert|1450|mm|in|abbr=on}}, females {{convert|1880|mm|in|abbr=on}}; tail length males {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}}, females {{convert|140|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Levitonetal2003"/>

==Geographic range==
[[Indian Ocean]] ([[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Myanmar]] (= Burma), [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]]), [[Andaman Islands]].<ref name="RDB"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1890). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''Hydrophis cantoris'', p. 405).
*Boulenger GA (1896). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ...'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (''Hydrophis cantoris'', p. 281 + Plate XIV).
*[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (1996). ''Biogeography of the Reptiles of South Asia''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. vii + 87 pp. + 16 plates. {{ISBN|978-0894649356}}. (''Microcephalophis cantoris'', p. 61).
*[[Albert Günther|Günther A]] (1864). ''The Reptiles of British India.'' London: The Ray Society. (Taylor & Francis, printers). xxvii + 452 pp. + Plates I-XXVI. (''Hydrophis cantoris'', new species, p. 374 + Plate XXV, figure U).
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.'' London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Microcephalophis cantoris'', p. 475).
*[[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall F]] (1921). ''Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon.'' Colombo, Ceylon [Sri Lanka]: Colombo Museum. (H.R. Cottle, Government Printer). xxii + 581 pp. (''Microcephalophis cantoris'', new combination, pp. 330–334, figure 63).

==External links==
*The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ™. (http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/176713/0).

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3011894}}

[[Category:Hydrophis|cantoris]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1864]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]

{{Elapidae-stub}}

Gandhi Peace Prize

2021-03-24T08:19:51Z

Nafiul adeeb: Fixed Wikilink

{{about||the award presented by the US peace education organisation [[Promoting Enduring Peace]]|Gandhi Peace Award|the award presented by the London-based [[Gandhi Foundation]]|Gandhi International Peace Award}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Gandhi Peace Prize
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader =
| awarded_for = Contributions towards social, economic and political transformation through non-violence and other Gandhian methods
| sponsor = [[Government of India]]
| firstawarded = 1995
| lastawarded = 2020
| reward = {{INR}} 1 Crore (10 million)
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 19
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Julius Nyerere]]
| award3_type = Latest winner
| award3_winner =[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}

The '''International Gandhi Peace Prize''', named after [[Mahatma Gandhi]], is awarded annually by the [[Government of India]].

As a tribute to the ideals espoused by Gandhi, the Government of India launched the International Gandhi Peace Prize in 1995 on the occasion of the 125th birth anniversary of Mohandas Gandhi. This is an annual award given to individuals and institutions for their contributions towards social, economic and political transformation through non-violence and other Gandhian methods. The award carries {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on|year=2020}} in cash, convertible in any currency in the world, a plaque and a citation. It is open to all persons regardless of nationality, race, creed or gender.

A jury consisting of the [[Prime Minister of India]], the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha]], the [[Chief Justice of India]], [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] and one other eminent persons decides the awardee each year.

Ordinarily, only proposals coming from competent persons invited to nominate are considered. However, a proposal is not taken as invalid for consideration by the jury merely on the ground of not having emanated from competent persons. If it is considered that none of the proposals merit recognition, the jury is free to withhold the award for that year; the award was withheld in the years from 2006 to 2012 inclusive. Only achievements within 10 years immediately preceding the nomination are considered for the award; an older work may, however, be considered if its significance has not become apparent until recently. A written work, to be eligible for consideration, should have been published.<ref name=Hume />

==Recipients ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|bgcolor="#e4e8ff" width=30| ||Indicates a joint award for that year
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl no
! Year
! width = 160em | Recipient
! class = "unsortable" | Image
! Birth / death
! Country
! class = "unsortable" | Description
|-
|1
| 1995
| [[Julius Nyerere]]<ref name="mkgandhi">{{cite web|url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/nobel/index.htm|title=International Gandhi Peace Prize |access-date=15 November 2010}}</ref>
| [[File:Julius Nyerere cropped.jpg|75px]]
| 1922–1999
| {{flag|Tanzania}}
| Julius Kambarage Nyerere was a Tanzanian politician who served as the leader of Tanzania, and previously Tanganyika, from 1960 until his retirement in 1985.
|-
|2
| 1996
| [[A. T. Ariyaratne]]<ref name="mkgandhi" />
| [[File:Dr Ariyaratne meeting with leaders in the North.jpg |75px]]
| b. 1931
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| Founder of [[Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement]]
|-
|3
| 1997
| [[Gerhard Fischer (diplomat)|Gerhard Fischer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.myiris.com/features/article.php3?fl=B2017 |title=President Confers Gandhi Peace Prize 1997 on Dr.Gerhard Fischer of Germany |date=5 January 1998 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928123440/http://pib.myiris.com/features/article.php3?fl=B2017 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/05/stories/2006070505711300.htm|title= Gerhard Fischer passes away |last=Radhakrishnan|first=R.K.|date=5 July 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 February 2009}}</ref>
| {{dash}} 
| 1921–2006
| {{flag|Germany}}
| German diplomat, recognised for his work against [[leprosy]] and [[polio]]
|-
|4
| 1998
| [[Ramakrishna Mission]]<ref name="mkgandhi" />
| {{dash}} 
| est. 1897
| {{flag|India}}
| Founded by [[Swami Vivekananda]] for promoting social welfare, tolerance, and non-violence among disadvantaged groups
|-
|5
| 1999
| [[Baba Amte]]<ref>[http://www.narmada.org/archive/ie/19991126.ige26014.html Narmada.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111224246/http://www.narmada.org/archive/ie/19991126.ige26014.html |date=11 January 2011 }} Retrieved 4 November 2006.</ref><ref name="mkgandhi" />
| {{dash}} 
| 1914–2008
| {{flag|India}}
| Social worker, known particularly for his work for the rehabilitation and empowerment of poor people suffering from leprosy
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| rowspan="2" |6
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| [[Nelson Mandela]]<ref name="mkgandhi" />
| [[File:Nelson Mandela-2008 (edit).jpg |75px]]
| 1918-2013
| {{flag|South Africa}}
| Former [[President of South Africa]]<ref name="mkgandhi" />
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| [[Grameen Bank]]
| {{dash}} 
| est. 1983
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| Founded by [[Muhammad Yunus]]
|-
|7
| 2001
| [[John Hume]]<ref name=Hume>[http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/ffeb2002/f060220022.html Press Information Bureau Website] Retrieved 4 November 2006.</ref><ref name="mkgandhi" />
| [[File:John Hume 2008.jpg|75px]]
| 1937–2020
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| [[Northern Ireland Assembly|Northern Irish Politician]] and major figure in the [[Northern Ireland peace process]]
|-
|8
| 2002
| [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]<ref name="mkgandhi" />
| {{dash}} 
| est. 1938
| {{flag|India}}
| Educational trust that emphasises Indian culture
|-
|9
| 2003
| [[Václav Havel]]<ref name="PIB 2004-01-02" /><ref name="PIB 2004-01-05" />
| [[File:Václav Havel 2008.jpg|75px]]
| 1936–2011
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| Last President of [[Czechoslovakia]] and first President of the Czech Republic
|-
|10
| 2004
| [[Coretta Scott King]]<ref name="mkgandhi" />
| [[File:Corettascottking.jpg|75px]]
| 1927–2006
| {{flag|United States}}
| Activist and civil rights leader.
|-
|11
| 2005
| [[Desmond Tutu]]<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006-10-03-tutu-to-be-honoured-with-gandhi-peace-award Tutu to be honoured with Gandhi Peace Award] Retrieved 11 November 2008.</ref>
| [[File:DesmondTutuDec10.jpg |75px]]
| b. 1931
| {{flag|South Africa}}
| South African cleric and activist.He was South African social rights activist and retired Anglican bishop who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid.
|-
|12
| 2013
| [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]]<ref name="Joshua 2014-03-01" /><ref name="Singh 2014-03-01" />
| [[File:Chandi prasad bhatt 1.jpg|75px]]
| b. 1934
| {{flag|India}}
| Environmentalist, social activist and pioneer of the [[Chipko movement]].Founded Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh (DGSS)
|-
|13
| 2014
| [[ISRO]]<ref name=isro_2014>{{cite web|title=ISRO gets Gandhi Peace Prize for 2014|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117790|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref>
| [[File:Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg|75px]]
| est. 1969
| {{flag|India}}
| Space agency of the Indian Govt. Objective is to advance space technology and deliver the applications of it
|-
|14
|2015
|[[Vivekananda Kendra]] <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-announces-winners-of-gandhi-peace-prize-for-2015-2018-1978883|title=Centre Announces Winners Of Gandhi Peace Prize For 2015-2018|work=ndtv|date=17 January 2019|access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref>
|
|est. 1972
|{{flag|India}}
|A Hindu spiritual organisation based on the principles preached by Swami Vivekananda
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| rowspan="2" |15
| rowspan="2" | 2016
|[[Akshaya Patra Foundation]]
|
|est.2000
|{{flag|India}}
|A non-profit organisation in India that runs school lunch programme across India
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|[[Sulabh International]]
|
|est. 1970
|{{Flag|India}}
|A social service organization that works to promote human rights, environmental sanitation, non-conventional sources of energy, waste management and social reforms through education.
|-
|16
|2017
|[[Ekal Abhiyan Trust]]
|[[File:Ekal Vidyalaya Logo.png|75px]]
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|Contribution in providing Education for Rural and Tribal Children in remote areas pan India, Rural Empowerment, Gender and Social Equality.
|-
|17
|2018
|[[Yōhei Sasakawa]]
|[[File:Yohei Sasakawa (2015).jpg|75px]]
| b. 1939
|{{flag|Japan}}
|For his contribution in Leprosy Eradication in India and across the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/news/l00245/japan%E2%80%99s-sasakawa-yohei-wins-international-gandhi-peace-prize-for-hansen%E2%80%99s-disease-work.html|title=Japan’s Sasakawa Yōhei Wins International Gandhi Peace Prize for Hansen’s Disease Work|date=25 January 2019|website=Nippon.com}}</ref>
|-
|18
|2019
|[[Qaboos bin Said Al Said]]
|[[File:QaboosBinSaidAlSaid (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|1940-2020
|{{flag|Oman}}
|For contributions for social, economic and political transformation through non-violent and other Gandhian methods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1706591|title=Gandhi Peace Prize for the Year 2019 announced|publisher=PIB|date=22 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|19
|2020
|[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
|[[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg|75px]]
|b. 1920
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|For his contributions towards social, economic and political transformation through non-violent and other Gandhian methods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1706590|title=Gandhi Peace Prize for the Year 2020 announced|publisher=PIB|date=22 March 2021}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Gandhi Memorial International Foundation]]
* [[Gandhi Peace Award]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Peace Prize]]
* [[List of peace activists]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="Joshua 2014-03-01">{{cite news
| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/gandhi-peace-prize-for-chipko-pioneer/article5737881.ece
| title=Gandhi Peace Prize for Chipko pioneer, founded Dasholi Swarajya Gram Sangh
| last=Joshua | first=Anita
| date=1 March 2014
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| access-date=3 March 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="PIB 2004-01-02">{{cite web
| url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=583
| title=PIB Press Release – President to confer the Gandhi Peace Prize to Mr. Vaclav Havel
| work=pib.mic.in
| publisher=Government of India Press Information Bureau
| date=2 January 2004 | access-date=15 November 2010
}}</ref>

<ref name="PIB 2004-01-05">{{cite web
| url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=584
| title=PIB Press Release – Gandhi Peace Prize conferred on Mr. Vaclav Havel
| work=pib.mic.in
| publisher=Government of India Press Information Bureau
| date=5 January 2004 | access-date=15 November 2010
}}</ref>

<ref name="Singh 2014-03-01">{{cite news
| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gandhi-Peace-Prize-for-Chandi-Prasad-Bhatt/articleshow/31231359.cms
| title=Gandhi Peace Prize for Chandi Prasad Bhatt
| last=Singh | first=Kautilya
| date=1 March 2014
| work=[[The Times of India]]
| access-date=3 March 2014
}}</ref>

}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Gandhi Peace Prize laureates}}
{{India Honours and Decorations}}
{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

[[Category:Peace awards]]
[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize| ]]
[[Category:Gandhism]]
[[Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi]]

User:Nafiul adeeb/sandbox

2021-02-21T06:46:10Z

Nafiul adeeb: ←Created page with '{{User sandbox}} '

{{User sandbox}}

User:Nafiul adeeb

2021-02-14T17:41:34Z

Nafiul adeeb:

{{#babel:Bangladesh|bn|en-4}}

I edit mostly at Bengali Wikipedia. Here's the [https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80:Nafiul_adeeb link]

Madhuri Chattopadhyay

2021-02-04T07:24:14Z

Nafiul adeeb: Spelling correction

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Srimati Madhuri Chattopadhyay
| background = solo_singer
| image = Madhuri_Chattopadhyay.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1939|12|16}}
| birth_place= [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|10|19|1939|12|16}}
| death_place= [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Playback singer]]
| occupation = Singer
}}

'''Madhuri Chattopadhyay''' (16 December 1940 – 19 October 2013) was a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] singer from [[Kolkata]], who sang numerous songs in popular Bengali language during the 1960s, 70s and 80s.<ref name="plans">{{cite web|title=Renowned Musician Madhuri Chattopadhyay Died |url=http://plansmobile.blogspot.in/2013/10/renowned-musician-madhuri-chattopadhyay.html|accessdate=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="jagran">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/renowned-musician-madhuri-chattopadhyay-died-1382256466-1|title=Renowned Musician Madhuri Chattopadhyay Died|accessdate=12 January 2018|date=20 October 2013}}</ref> Madhuri Chattopadhyay will forever be remembered for her contribution in Geet, Gazal, Bengali Modern Songs, light Classical songs, Najrul Geeti and Rabindra Sangeet. She was playback singer for a few Bengali movies. She also published album in Shyama Sangeet in later years.

==Family members==
''Father:'' Shibnath Bandyopadhyay

''Husband:'' Arun Kumar Chattopadhyay

''Daughter:'' Rupa Chattopadhyay

==Early life==
According to the accounts of Shankarlal Bhattacharya,<ref name = "shankar" /> Madhuri was born in a nursing home in Park Street, and was raised in her maternal uncle's house in Balaram Bose Ghat Road in North Kolkata in her early years. Her father Sri Shibnath Bandyopadhyay was a famous ''Kirtaniya'' (''Kirtan'' Singer), and the main inspiration behind her. Since her early years Madhuri was trained in Hindusthani Classical Music under eminent artists such as Singer Uma De, Ustad Keramatullah Khan and Pandit Harihar Shuklaji. Apart from her father, she was trained in Kirtan from eminent singer Sri Rathin Ghosh.<ref name = "shankar" />

==Career as a Singer==
Madhuri appeared in the audition in All India Radio in 1955 and started her career as a singer at the age of fourteen. In 1959 she was offered to publish her first record from Megaphone as Puja album. Music for the two songs were composed by Nachiketa Ghosh. "''Oli omon kore noy''" and "''Tomay amay prothom dekha''", these two songs became legends on their first appearance and created a permanent place in the romantic psyche of Bengalis.<ref name="shankar">{{cite web |title= নিজেরে হারায়ে খুঁজি |url= http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/ন-জ-র-হ-র-য়-খ-জ-1.111548 |accessdate= 12 January 2018}}</ref> In the first disk her name was mentioned as Madhuri Bandyopadhyay.

Madhuri Chattopadhyay was introduced to [[Salil Chowdhury]] by Sri Kamal Ghosh, owner of Megaphone Records. in 1960 Madhuri published her Puja Album with two songs composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]], "''Nijere haraye khuNji''" and "''Ebar amar somoy holo jabar''".<ref name = "shankar" />

Madhuri sang a few songs of [[Salil Chowdhury]].<ref name = "jagran" /> [[Salil Chowdhury|Salilda]] while composing "''Oi je sobuj bono bithika''" that spans two and a half octave, used glimpses of Beethoven's 6th symphony (Pastorale) in the interlude, that blended with Madhuri's voice.<ref name="current">{{cite book|first=S N|last= Jha|title=Current affairs 2014 |publisher= Kalinjar Publications|year= 2014|page=299}}</ref>

For many years she resided at the Dover Lane Reserve Bank Quarters, and was closely associated with the local cultural activities.

==Playback singer in Bengali movies==
Maestro Rathin Ghosh was Guru of Madhuri Chattopadhyay and under his music direction Madhuri appeared as playback singer in the Bengali movie "Moha Teertha Kalighat" in 1964. It was a chorus song sang along with Nilima Bandopadhyay, Binay Adhikary and Manas Mukhopadhyay. In the same year she sang in Bengali movie "Radhakrishna". In 1965 she sang in "Rup Sanatan" a ''kirtan''. Manabendra Mukhopadhyay gave her a break in the movie "Uttor Purush" in 1966. The song "ekbar broje chalo Brajeswar" became immense popular. Other Movies where she lent her voice were "Shachimar Sonsar" (1971), "Swarnaa Mahal" (1982), "Tania" (1987) etc.<ref name="madhuri">{{cite web |title= নিজেরে হারায়ে খুঁজি |url= http://madhurichattopadhyay.blogspot.in/2013/10/blog-post_19.html |accessdate= 12 January 2018|date= 19 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Events, Memoirs==
[[Pratima Bandopadhyay]] presented Sundar Narayan Bandyopadhyay Smriti Sandhya on July 13, 2010 at 6 pm at Vidya Mandir hall. Madhuri Chattopadhyay was felicitated on that occasion for her lifetime achievement.<ref name="tele">{{cite news|newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/timeout-13-07-2010/cid/1272303 | title=Timeout 13-07-2010 | date=13 July 2010 | accessdate=29 November 2018}}</ref> In spite of her unmatched talent and her outstanding renditions, Madhuri Chattopadhyay kept herself away from the spotlight of media and publicity.

== Discography ==
{| class="navbox" style="text-align: left; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em;"
|-
! style="background-color: #ffd8a0;" | '''Madhuri Chattopadhyay Discography'''
|-
|
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="15%" |Song
! width="2%" |Year
! width="10%" |Film/album
! width="15%" |Lyrics
! width="15%" |Music
|-
| ''Aaji sharater aakashe'' || || - || ||
|-
| ''Amar Sandhya Pradip'' (Original song by Gayatri Basu) || || - || Pranab Roy || Robin Chatterjee
|-
| ''Bou kotha kao'' || 1975 || - || Gauriprasanna Majumdar || Anupam Ghatak
|-
| ''Ebar amar somoy holo'' || 1960 || - || || [[Salil Chowdhury]]
|-
| ''Ek phota chokher jole'' || || || Subir Hazra || Salil Mitra
|-
| ''Ekbar broje chalo Brajeswar'' || 1966 || "Uttor Purush" || || [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]]
|-
| ''Ekti kothai likhe jabo'' || 1955 || || Gauriprasanna Majumdar || [[Shyamal Mitra]]
|-
| ''Emoni borosha chhilo se din'' || 1975 || - || [[Pranab Roy]] || [[Kamal Dasgupta]]
|-
| ''Gun gun phalgun'' || 1967 || - || [[Salil Chowdhury]] || [[Salil Chowdhury]]
|-
| ''Hriday Amar Sundar Taba Pay'' (Original song by Alpana Banerjee 1956 "Sagarika") || - || - || Gauriprasanna Majumdar || Robin Chatterjee
|-
| ''Jani na aaj prane'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Je mala shukaye'' (original song by [[Talat Mahmood]] 1956) || - || - || Pabitra Mitra || Shyamal Mitra
|-
| ''Jedin jibone tumi'' || - || - || Shyamal Gupta || Satinath Mukhopadhyay
|-
| ''Jethay gele haray sobai'' || - || || Shyamal Gupta || Satinath Mukhopadhyay
|-
| ''Ke tumi amare dako'' || - || - || Gauriprasanna Majumdar || Anupam Ghatak
|-
| ''Ki aar kohibo balo'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Kon banshuriya banshite amay'' || 1968 || - || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Ratu Mukhopadhyay
|-
| ''Kono kono phul subas diye'' || - || - || Biggnaswar Bhattacharya || Krishna Chattopadhyay
|-
| ''Nijere haraye khNuji'' || 1960 || - || || [[Salil Chowdhury]]
|-
| ''Ogo aaj ei sondhyay'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Ogo shuni tabo banshi'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Oi banka nodi'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Oli omon kore noy'' || 1959 || - || [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] || [[Nachiketa Ghosh]]
|-
| ''Ore o shaapla phul'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Paarul bon aamar'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Phul phutuk na phutuk aaj basanto'' || - || - || Subhas Mukhopadhyay || Jatileswar Mukhopadhyay
|-
| ''Protidin ami tomay dekhi'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Sanjher taroka ami'' (original song by Juthika Roy 1934) || 1968 || - || Pranab Roy || Kamal Dasgupta
|-
| ''Tomay amay prothom dekha'' || 1959 || - || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Nachiketa Ghosh
|-
| ''Tumi nai aaj'' || || - || Shyamal Gupta || Ratu Mukhopadhyay
|-
|}
|}

==Awards==
Srimati Madhuri Chattopadhyay was awarded with "Sangeet Samman" by Government of West Bengal in 2012.<ref name="gov">{{cite web| url= http://nriwestbengal.gov.in/nri/success_document/Information_culture.pdf |title=Information and Cultural Affairs|accessdate=12 January 2018}}</ref>

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Madhuri}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian female film singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Madhuri Chattopadhyay

2021-02-04T07:14:25Z

Nafiul adeeb: Spelling correction

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Srimati Madhuri Chattopadhyay
| background = solo_singer
| image = Madhuri_Chattopadhyay.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1939|12|16}}
| birth_place= [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|10|19|1939|12|16}}
| death_place= [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Playback singer]]
| occupation = Singer
}}

'''Madhuri Chattopadhyay''' (16 December 1940 – 19 October 2013) was a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] singer from [[Kolkata]], who sang numerous songs in popular Bengali language during the 1960s, 70s and 80s.<ref name="plans">{{cite web|title=Renowned Musician Madhuri Chattopadhyay Died |url=http://plansmobile.blogspot.in/2013/10/renowned-musician-madhuri-chattopadhyay.html|accessdate=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="jagran">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/renowned-musician-madhuri-chattopadhyay-died-1382256466-1|title=Renowned Musician Madhuri Chattopadhyay Died|accessdate=12 January 2018|date=20 October 2013}}</ref> Madhuri Chattopadhyay will forever be remembered for her contribution in Geet, Gazal, Bengali Modern Songs, light Classical songs, Najrul Geeti and Rabindra Sangeet. She was playback singer for a few Bengali movies. She also published album in Shyama Sangeet in later years.

==Family members==
''Father:'' Shibnath Bandyopadhyay

''Husband:'' Arun Kumar Chattopadhyay

''Daughter:'' Rupa Chattopadhyay

==Early life==
According to the accounts of Shankarlal Bhattacharya,<ref name = "shankar" /> Madhuri was born in a nursing home in Park Street, and was raised in her maternal uncle's house in Balaram Bose Ghat Road in North Kolkata in her early years. Her father Sri Shibnath Bandyopadhyay was a famous ''Kirtaniya'' (''Kirtan'' Singer), and the main inspiration behind her. Since her early years Madhuri was trained in Hindusthani Classical Music under eminent artists such as Singer Uma De, Ustad Keramatullah Khan and Pandit Harihar Shuklaji. Apart from her father, she was trained in Kirtan from eminent singer Sri Rathin Ghosh.<ref name = "shankar" />

==Career as a Singer==
Madhuri appeared in the audition in All India Radio in 1955 and started her career as a singer at the age of fourteen. In 1959 she was offered to publish her first record from Megaphone as Puja album. Music for the two songs were composed by Nachiketa Ghosh. "''Oli omon kore noy''" and "''Tomay amay prothom dekha''", these two songs became legends on their first appearance and created a permanent place in the romantic psyche of Bengalis.<ref name="shankar">{{cite web |title= নিজেরে হারায়ে খুঁজি |url= http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/ন-জ-র-হ-র-য়-খ-জ-1.111548 |accessdate= 12 January 2018}}</ref> In the first disk her name was mentioned as Madhuri Bandyopadhyay.

Madhuri Chattopadhyay was introduced to [[Salil Chowdhury]] by Sri Kamal Ghosh, owner of Megaphone Records. in 1960 Madhuri published her Puja Album with two songs composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]], "''Nijere haraye khuNji''" and "''Ebar amar somoy holo jabar''".<ref name = "shankar" />

Madhuri sang a few songs of [[Salil Chowdhury]].<ref name = "jagran" /> [[Salil Chowdhury|Salilda]] while composing "''Oi je sobuj bono bithika''" that spans two and a half octave, used glimpses of Beethoven's 6th symphony (Pastorale) in the interlude, that blended with Madhuri's voice.<ref name="current">{{cite book|first=S N|last= Jha|title=Current affairs 2014 |publisher= Kalinjar Publications|year= 2014|page=299}}</ref>

For many years she resided at the Dover Lane Reserve Bank Quarters, and was closely associated with the local cultural activities.

==Playback singer in Bengali movies==
Maestro Rathin Ghosh was Guru of Madhuri Chattopadhyay and under his music direction Madhuri appeared as playback singer in the Bengali movie "Moha Teertha Kalighat" in 1964. It was a chorus song sang along with Nilima Bandopadhyay, Binay Adhikary and Manas Mukhopadhyay. In the same year she sang in Bengali movie "Radhakrishna". In 1965 she sang in "Rup Sanatan" a ''kirtan''. Manabendra Mukhopadhyay gave her a break in the movie "Uttor Purush" in 1966. The song "ekbar broje chalo Brajeswar" became immense popular. Other Movies where she lent her voice were "Shachimar Sonsar" (1971), "Swanra Mahal" (1982), "Tania" (1987) etc.<ref name="madhuri">{{cite web |title= নিজেরে হারায়ে খুঁজি |url= http://madhurichattopadhyay.blogspot.in/2013/10/blog-post_19.html |accessdate= 12 January 2018|date= 19 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Events, Memoirs==
[[Pratima Bandopadhyay]] presented Sundar Narayan Bandyopadhyay Smriti Sandhya on July 13, 2010 at 6 pm at Vidya Mandir hall. Madhuri Chattopadhyay was felicitated on that occasion for her lifetime achievement.<ref name="tele">{{cite news|newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/timeout-13-07-2010/cid/1272303 | title=Timeout 13-07-2010 | date=13 July 2010 | accessdate=29 November 2018}}</ref> In spite of her unmatched talent and her outstanding renditions, Madhuri Chattopadhyay kept herself away from the spotlight of media and publicity.

== Discography ==
{| class="navbox" style="text-align: left; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em;"
|-
! style="background-color: #ffd8a0;" | '''Madhuri Chattopadhyay Discography'''
|-
|
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="15%" |Song
! width="2%" |Year
! width="10%" |Film/album
! width="15%" |Lyrics
! width="15%" |Music
|-
| ''Aaji sharater aakashe'' || || - || ||
|-
| ''Amar Sandhya Pradip'' (Original song by Gayatri Basu) || || - || Pranab Roy || Robin Chatterjee
|-
| ''Bou kotha kao'' || 1975 || - || Gauriprasanna Majumdar || Anupam Ghatak
|-
| ''Ebar amar somoy holo'' || 1960 || - || || [[Salil Chowdhury]]
|-
| ''Ek phota chokher jole'' || || || Subir Hazra || Salil Mitra
|-
| ''Ekbar broje chalo Brajeswar'' || 1966 || "Uttor Purush" || || [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]]
|-
| ''Ekti kothai likhe jabo'' || 1955 || || Gauriprasanna Majumdar || [[Shyamal Mitra]]
|-
| ''Emoni borosha chhilo se din'' || 1975 || - || [[Pranab Roy]] || [[Kamal Dasgupta]]
|-
| ''Gun gun phalgun'' || 1967 || - || [[Salil Chowdhury]] || [[Salil Chowdhury]]
|-
| ''Hriday Amar Sundar Taba Pay'' (Original song by Alpana Banerjee 1956 "Sagarika") || - || - || Gauriprasanna Majumdar || Robin Chatterjee
|-
| ''Jani na aaj prane'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Je mala shukaye'' (original song by [[Talat Mahmood]] 1956) || - || - || Pabitra Mitra || Shyamal Mitra
|-
| ''Jedin jibone tumi'' || - || - || Shyamal Gupta || Satinath Mukhopadhyay
|-
| ''Jethay gele haray sobai'' || - || || Shyamal Gupta || Satinath Mukhopadhyay
|-
| ''Ke tumi amare dako'' || - || - || Gauriprasanna Majumdar || Anupam Ghatak
|-
| ''Ki aar kohibo balo'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Kon banshuriya banshite amay'' || 1968 || - || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Ratu Mukhopadhyay
|-
| ''Kono kono phul subas diye'' || - || - || Biggnaswar Bhattacharya || Krishna Chattopadhyay
|-
| ''Nijere haraye khNuji'' || 1960 || - || || [[Salil Chowdhury]]
|-
| ''Ogo aaj ei sondhyay'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Ogo shuni tabo banshi'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Oi banka nodi'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Oli omon kore noy'' || 1959 || - || [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] || [[Nachiketa Ghosh]]
|-
| ''Ore o shaapla phul'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Paarul bon aamar'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Phul phutuk na phutuk aaj basanto'' || - || - || Subhas Mukhopadhyay || Jatileswar Mukhopadhyay
|-
| ''Protidin ami tomay dekhi'' || - || - || ||
|-
| ''Sanjher taroka ami'' (original song by Juthika Roy 1934) || 1968 || - || Pranab Roy || Kamal Dasgupta
|-
| ''Tomay amay prothom dekha'' || 1959 || - || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Nachiketa Ghosh
|-
| ''Tumi nai aaj'' || || - || Shyamal Gupta || Ratu Mukhopadhyay
|-
|}
|}

==Awards==
Srimati Madhuri Chattopadhyay was awarded with "Sangeet Samman" by Government of West Bengal in 2012.<ref name="gov">{{cite web| url= http://nriwestbengal.gov.in/nri/success_document/Information_culture.pdf |title=Information and Cultural Affairs|accessdate=12 January 2018}}</ref>

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Madhuri}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian female film singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Aziz Ahmed (general)

2021-02-02T18:04:09Z

Nafiul adeeb: Undid revision 1004431803 by 2603:8000:BE00:6A4:E59F:49D7:4FC5:BABF (talk)

{{about|a Bangladeshi general|the Pakistani diplomat|Aziz Ahmed}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General (Bangladesh)|General]]
| name = Aziz Ahmed
| honorific_suffix = SBP, BSP, BGBM, PBGM, BGBMS, psc, G, PhD
| native_name = আজিজ আহমেদ
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Army Chief Bangladesh General Aziz Ahmed SBP, BSP, BGBM, PBGM, BGBMS, psc, G.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Official Military Portrait
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|1|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandpur District]], [[East Pakistan]]
| allegiance = {{BAN}}
| branch = {{Army|Bangladesh}}
| serviceyears = 1983 - Present
| rank = [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-9.svg|15px]] [[File:Four star.jpg|30px]] [[General (Bangladesh)|General]]
| unit = [[Artillery|Regiment of Artillery]]
| commands = • [[Quartermaster general|Quartermaster General]] of [[Bangladesh Army]] • [[General officer commanding|GOC]] of [[ARTDOC]] • [[Director General of Border Guards Bangladesh|DG]] of [[Border Guards Bangladesh|Border Guard Bangladesh]] • [[General officer commanding|GOC]] of 33 Infantry Division • Commander 33 Artillery Brigade • Commander 6 Independent [[Air Defense Artillery Branch|Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] • Sector Commander of [[Border Guards Bangladesh#Bangladesh Rifles|Bangladesh Riffles]]
| battles = [[United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission|UNIKOM]]
[[United Nations Mission in Sudan|UNMIS]]
| website = {{URL|www.army.mil.bd}}
}}
'''Aziz Ahmed''' (born 1 January 1961) is a [[Four-star rank|four Star]] General of [[Bangladesh]] and the current [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of the [[Bangladesh Army]].

== Early life and education ==
Ahmed was born on 1 January 1961 in [[Narayangonj]].<ref name="Chief of Army Staff">{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil.bd/Chief-of-Army-Staff |title=Chief of Army Staff |website=Bangladesh Army |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> His ancestral home is in the village of Tarki in Sultanabad Union, [[Matlab Uttar Upazila]], [[Chandpur District]]. His father Abdul Wadud worked in the air force<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2018/06/18/ex-bgb-director-general-aziz-ahmed-named-new-army-chief|title=Ex-BGB Director General Aziz Ahmed named new army chief|work=bdnews24.com|date=18 June 2018}}</ref> and his mother's name is Renuja Begum. He completed his [[Secondary School Certificate|SSC]] from [[Mohammadpur Government High School]] in 1977, went to [[Notre Dame College, Dhaka]] and completed [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|HSC]] there; Engineering in [[Textile Technology]] from College of Textile Technology (present [[Bangladesh University of Textiles]]) in 1980 and was commissioned in the regiment of artillery on 10 June 1983 with 8th BMA Long Course.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} He is a graduate of Defense Services Command and Staff College, Mirpur. He completed his Masters in Defense Studies, and MSc (Technical) from [[Bangladesh National University|National University]] and also completed a [[Master of Business Administration|Masters in Business Administration]] (Executive) from [[American International University-Bangladesh]] (AIUB).<ref name="Chief of Army Staff" />

== Career ==
Ahmed received his commission in the Corps of Artillery on 10 June 1983 from the [[Bangladesh Military Academy]]. He had been a GSO-3 (Operation) in [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|CHT]], [[Brigade major]] in an infantry brigade, GSO-II in AHQ Military Training Directorate and GSO-I of AHQ Pay Pension & Allowance Directorate. Ahmed commanded one Artillery Regiment, one BDR (Bangladesh Rifles) Battalion, one BDR Sector, two [[Artillery brigade]]s including an Independent [[Air Defense Artillery|Air Defense Artillery Brigade]]. He also served as instructor for more than seven years at the Artillery Center & School and the School of Military Intelligence.{{cn|date=January 2020}}

As a Major General, Ahmed commanded the 33rd Infantry Division in [[Comilla]]. He was appointed as Director General of [[Border Guards Bangladesh|Border Guard Bangladesh]] (BGB) on 5 December 2012.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-260063|title=Maj Gen Aziz Ahmed new BGB director general|date=6 December 2012|newspaper=The Daily Star|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> Under his command the BGB raised four regional headquarters, 15 battalions and established 108 new border outposts covering {{convert|310|km}} unguarded border with India and Myanmar along the border in Chittagong Hill Tracts area, two floating outposts in the Sundarbans.{{cn|date=January 2020}}

During his tenure a total of 18,000 new soldiers were recruited, including the first 100 female recruits in the BGB.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Outgoing BGB chief unhappy with border killing, Felani trial |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/11/08/bgb-chief-unhappy-border-killing-felani/ |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |date=8 November 2016 |access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref>

Ahmed also served as an observer for the [[United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission|United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM)]] and a [[Military advisor|military adviser]] to the force commander of the [[United Nations Mission in Sudan|United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS)]].<ref name=":1" />

On 16 November 2016 he was promoted to [[Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)|Lieutenant General]] and appointed as [[General officer commanding|GOC]] of [[ARTDOC]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/180596/ExBGB-DG-Aziz-Ahmed-promoted-to-Lt-Gen|title=Ex-BGB DG Aziz Ahmed promoted to Lt Gen |work=Daily Sun|access-date=2018-02-26|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/11/02/maj-gen-abul-hossain-appointed-border-guard-bangladesh-chief|title=Maj Gen Abul Hossain appointed Border Guard Bangladesh chief|newspaper=bdnews24.com|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

On 9 January 2018 he was appointed as Quarter Master General (QMG) of Bangladesh Army at Army Headquarters.

On 25 June 2018 Ahmed was promoted to the rank of General and was appointed to replace [[Abu Belal Muhammad Shafiul Huq]] as Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/gen-aziz-ahmed-new-chief-bangladesh-army-1591780|title=Aziz Ahmed made new Army Chief|newspaper=The Daily Star|location=Dhaka|date=18 June 2018}}</ref> After he became the new Army chief of Bangladesh, [[Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission|BTRC]] temporarily blocked the online portal [[Bdnews24.com]] citing "objectionable comments" about Ahmed. The portal was only allowed to re-open after the unspecified "objectional" content had been removed.<ref>{{cite news |title=BTRC reopened bdnews24 website |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/bangladesh-censorship-06182018171537.html |publisher=Benarnews}}</ref>

== Contributions ==
[[File:The Chief of Army Staff, Bangladesh Army, General Aziz Ahmed meeting the Chief of Army Staff, General Bipin Rawat, in New Delhi on August 01, 2018.JPG|thumb|Ahmed with General [[Bipin Rawat]] (August 1, 2018).]]
After the appointment of Ahmed, the Bangladesh Army witnessed important reforms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/390502/2019/05/07/New-Era-of-Bangladesh-Army-under-a-Dynamic-Skipper|title=New Era of Bangladesh Army under a Dynamic Skipper|last=Chowdhury|first=Imran|date=2019-05-07|work=Daily Sun|access-date=2019-05-27|location=Dhaka}}</ref> During his tenure, the Bangladesh Army has participated in 54 UN peace-keeping missions in 40 countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/perspective/news/increased-interoperability-land-forces-allies-and-partners-bangladesh-perspective-1747381|title=Increased interoperability of land forces with allies and partners: A Bangladesh perspective|last=Aziz|first=Ahmed|date=2019-05-23|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2019-05-27|location=Dhaka}}</ref> He also facilitated the signing of a non-binding agreement with the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2019/02/15/dhaka-riyadh-sign-defense-mou|title=Dhaka Tribune|last=Bhuiyan|first=Humayun|date=2019-02-15|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=2019-05-27|location=Dhaka}}</ref> for military cooperation and support that includes the deployment of Bangladeshi troops in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/military-cooperation-dhaka-riyadh-sign-mou-1702504|title=Military Cooperation: Dhaka, Riyadh sign MoU|date=2019-02-15|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/military-cooperation-dhaka-riyadh-sign-mou-1702504|title=Military Cooperation: Dhaka, Riyadh sign MoU|date=2019-02-15|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2019-05-27|location=Dhaka}}</ref> Ahmed played a vital role in normalizing the then BDR force after the [[Bangladesh Rifles revolt|Bangladesh Rifles Revolt]].<ref name="The Daily Bangladesh">{{cite news |date=2019-03-25 |title=Colourful Career of the Chief of Army Staff of Bangladesh Army |url=https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/Colourful-Career-of-the-Chief-of-Army-Staff-of-Bangladesh-Army/21268 |work=The Daily Bangladesh |location=Dhaka |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> He reinstated confidence on the newly formed [[Border Guards Bangladesh|BGB]]. Ahmed took initiative to launch '[[Shimanto Bank]]'- a welfare project for the betterment of Border Guards of Bangladesh.<ref name="The Daily Bangladesh"/>

== Personal life ==
Ahmed is married and has three sons.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

Ahmed had 5 brothers including younger brother Tofail Ahmed Joseph, a convicted criminal.<ref name="India43">{{cite news |title=General Aziz Ahmed named new Army Chief of Bangladesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/world/story/general-aziz-ahmed-named-new-army-chief-of-bangladesh-1263330-2018-06-18 |accessdate=25 August 2018 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, media reported that Joseph had spent 20 months in hospital, allegedly without any medical reason, and in privileged conditions.<ref name="bdnews456" /> He was transported back to the jail from hospital when the issue was raised.<ref name="Daily star1287">{{cite news |title=President pardons top terror Joseph |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/president-pardons-top-terror-joseph-1584037 |accessdate=25 August 2018 |work=The Daily Star |date=31 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He was given a presidential pardon on 30 May 2018, in order to undergo medical treatment in India.<ref name="India43" /> Two other brothers, Harris (or Haris) and Anis Ahmed, were also named as accomplices in the murder of Mostafa, and a fourth sibling, Sayeed Ahmed Tipu, was shot dead by assailants in the 1990s.<ref name="Daily star1287" /><ref name="bdnews456">{{cite news |title=Top criminal Joseph freed from jail on presidential mercy |url=https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/1500459? |accessdate=25 August 2018 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Al Jazeera Investigation ==
On February 1st 2021, Al Jazeera broadcast a one hour long investigative documentary titled "All the Prime Minster's Men"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/1/gang-close-to-bangladesh-pm-extracts-bribes-for-state-contracts?fbclid=IwAR0qQxTHJSlFZKbJ6T2C0zG4gOOWBhzoUb5_WzsLlZIL1hrrrCdQWgy6vqk|title=Gang close to Bangladesh PM extracts bribes for state contracts|work=aljazeera.com|date=1 February 2021}}</ref> which revealed how Ahmed protected his brothers, Haris and Anis Ahmed, after they fled abroad to escape law enforcement in spite of them both being currently wanted by Bangladeshi law enforcement. In addition, leaked documents obtained by Al Jazeera reveal how General Aziz used military officers to help Haris create a false identity, which was then used to set up businesses in Europe and buy properties around the world.

In other video recordings, Azis's brother Haris boasts of profits he made from military contracts using his brother’s power as army chief to extract bribes. The documentary also provided photographic evidence that in March 2019, Haris and Anis visited Dhaka for the wedding of Aziz’s son, where the two fugitives partied alongside Bangladesh’s President Abdul Hamid and foreign dignitaries during an opulent ceremony.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Commonscat|Aziz Ahmed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Aziz}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Army generals]]
[[Category:Director Generals of Border Guards Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Notre Dame College, Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:American International University-Bangladesh alumni]]
[[Category:People from Matlab Uttar Upazila]]

User talk:Nafiul adeeb

2021-01-26T18:44:26Z

Nafiul adeeb: ←Created page with '{{Talk page}}'

Phoolan Devi

2021-01-24T11:32:50Z

Nafiul adeeb: /* Conversion to Buddhism */ Replaced dead link

{{short description|Indian bandit, politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] ([[11th Lok Sabha]])
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 1998
| constituency = [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] ([[13th Lok Sabha]])
| term_start2 = 1999
| term_end2 = 26 July 2001
| constituency2 = [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]]
| name = Phoolan Devi
| image = Phoolan Devi-Bandit Queen.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_name = Phoolan Mallah
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1963|8|10}}
| birth_place = [[Jalaun district|Patherakala]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2001|7|26|1963|8|10}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| death_cause = Assassination by shooting
| occupation = [[Dacoit]], politician
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
}}

'''Phoolan Devi''' (10{{nbsp}}August 1963{{snd}}26{{nbsp}}July 2001), popularly known as "Bandit Queen", was an Indian female rights activist, [[bandit]] and politician from the [[Samajwadi Party]] who later served as [[Member of Parliament]].

Born into a poor family in rural [[Uttar Pradesh]], Phoolan endured poverty, child marriage and had an abusive marriage before taking to a life of crime. Having developed major differences with her parents and being raped multiple times by her husband, the teenage Phoolan sought escape by running away and joining a gang of bandits. She was the only woman in that gang, and her relationship with one gang member, coupled with [[Caste System in India|caste]] difference, caused a gunfight between gang members. Phoolan's lover was killed in that gunfight. The victorious rival faction, who were [[Rajput]]s, took Phoolan to their village of Behmai, confined her in a room, and took turns to rape her repeatedly over several weeks. After escaping, Phoolan rejoined the remnants of her dead lover's faction who were gangs of [[Mallaah]], took another lover from among those men, and continued with banditry. A few months later, her new gang descended upon the village of Behmai to exact revenge for what she had suffered.<ref name="Devi">{{cite book | title=I, Phoolan Devi | publisher=Warner Books | author=Devi, Phoolan | year=1996 | pages=384–388 | isbn=0-7515-1964-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/14/sher-singh-rana-murderer-phoolan-devi-bandit-queen-life-sentence|title=Killer of Phoolan Devi, India's 'Bandit Queen', given life sentence|agency=Associated Press|date=14 August 2014|work=The Guardian|access-date=4 October 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> As many as twenty-two [[Rajput]] men belonging to that village were shot dead by Phoolan's gang.

Her act of revenge was portrayed by the press as an act of righteous rebellion. The respectful sobriquet 'Devi' was conferred upon her by the media and public at this point.<ref name="gua_dead">{{cite web | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,527406,00.html | title = The queen is dead | work = The Guardian | date = 26 July 2001 | access-date = 18 November 2011 }}</ref>

Phoolan evaded capture for two years after the massacre before she and her few surviving gang-members surrendered to the police in 1983. She was charged with 48 crimes, including multiple murders, plunder, arson and kidnapping for ransom.<ref name="Phoolan Devi">{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1335253/Phoolan-Devi.html | title=Phoolan Devi | newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=26 July 2001}}</ref> Phoolan spent the next eleven years in jail, as the various charges against her were tried in court. In 1994, the state government headed by [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] of the [[Samajwadi Party]] summarily withdrew all charges against her, and Phoolan was released.<ref name="Phoolan Devi"/> She then stood for election to parliament as a candidate of the [[Samajwadi Party]] and was twice elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] as the member for [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]]. In 2001, she was shot dead at the gates of her official bungalow (allotted to her as [[Member of Parliament|MP]]) in New Delhi by former rival bandits whose kinsmen had been slaughtered at Behmai by her gang. The 1994 film ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (made around the time of her release from jail) is loosely based on her life until that point.

==Early life==
Phoolan was born into the [[Mallah]] (boatmen) [[caste]],<ref name="goodbyemag_queen">{{cite web |url=http://www.goodbyemag.com/jul01/devi.html |title=Phoolan Devi, India's Bandit Queen |access-date=11 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228081825/http://www.goodbyemag.com/jul01/devi.html |archive-date=28 December 2005 }}</ref> in the small village of Ghura Ka Purwa (also spelled Gorha ka Purwa) in [[Jalaun District]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Henry_Hindi_1994">{{cite book | title = A Hindi movie | author = Henry Scholberg | publisher = Indus ([[HarperCollins]] India) | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-81-7223-097-5 | page = 24 }}</ref> She was the fourth and youngest child of Moola and her husband Devi Din Mallah.<ref>India today, Volume 26. Thomson Living Media India Ltd., 2001</ref> Only she and one older sister survived to adulthood.

Phoolan's family was very poor. The major asset owned by them was around {{convert|1|acre|ha|1|abbr=off}} of farmland with a large but very old [[neem]] tree on it.<ref name="JanS_2011">{{cite book | title = Good Girls Don't Make History | author = Jan Stradling | publisher = Pier | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-74266-623-5 | chapter = 12: Phoolan Devi - 'Bandit Queen', freedom fighter, politician }}</ref> When Phoolan was eleven years old, her paternal grandparents died in quick succession and her father's elder brother became the head of the family. His son, Maya Din Mallah, proposed to cut down the Neem tree which occupied a largish patch of their one-acre farmland. He wanted to do this because the [[Neem]] tree was old and not very productive, and he wished to cultivate that patch of land with more profitable crops.<ref name="John_Insurgents_2011">{{cite book | title = Insurgents, Raiders, and Bandits | author = John Arquilla | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | year = 2011 | isbn = 9781566638326 | pages = 245–251 }}</ref> Phoolan's father acknowledged that there was some sense to this act, and agreed to it with mild protest. However, the teenage Phoolan was incensed. She felt that since her father had no sons (only two daughters), her uncle and cousin were asserting sole claim on the family's farmland inherited from the paternal grandfather. She confronted her much older cousin, taunted him publicly, called him a thief and repeatedly and, over a period of several weeks, showered abuse and taunts upon him. One of the things attested about Phoolan by nearly every source is the fact that she had a very foul tongue, and routinely used abuses.<ref name="JanS_2011"/> Phoolan also attacked her cousin physically when he berated her for abusing him and making accusations against him. She then gathered a few village girls and staged a ''Dharna'' ([[sit-in]]) on the land, and did not budge even when the family elders tried to use force to drag them home. She was eventually beaten unconscious with a brick.<ref name="Roy on Phoolan">{{cite news | url=http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html | title=The Great Indian Rape-Trick | date=22 August 1992 | access-date=11 December 2015 | work=Sawnet news | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html | archive-date=14 April 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A few months after this incident, when Phoolan was eleven years old, her family arranged for her to marry a man named Puttilal Mallah, who lived several hundred miles away and was thrice her age.<ref name="bbc_champion">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1456441.stm | title=Phoolan Devi: Champion of the poor | date=25 July 2001 | access-date=11 December 2006 | work=BBC News}}</ref> She suffered continuous beatings and sexual abuse at the hands of her husband and after several attempts at running away was returned to her family in 'disgrace'.

In retaliation for the public and private humiliations heaped on him, and to teach her a lesson, Maya Din went to the local cops and accused Phoolan of stealing small items from him, including a gold ring and a wrist watch. The cops, who belonged to nearby villages, knew Phoolan and her family well, and they did what Maya Din wanted. They kept Phoolan in jail for three days, physically abused her, and then let her off with a warning to behave and live quietly without quarreling with her family or with others.<ref name="John_Insurgents_2011"/> Phoolan never forgave her cousin for this incident.

After Phoolan was released from jail, her parents once again wanted to send her to her husband. They approached Phoolan's in-laws with the plea that she was now sixteen years of age and therefore old enough to begin cohabiting with her husband. They initially refused to take Phoolan back. However, they were themselves very poor, Phoolan's husband was now thirty-eight years old, and it would be very difficult to find another bride for him, especially with one wife still living. Divorce was simply out of the question in that society. After Phoolan's family offered generous gifts, they finally agreed to take her back. Phoolan's parents performed the ceremony of ''gauna'' (after which a married woman begins to cohabit with her husband), took Phoolan to her husband's house and left her there.

Within a few months, Phoolan, this time no longer a virgin, again returned to her parents. Shortly afterwards, her in-laws returned the gifts that Phoolan's parents had given them and sent word that under no circumstances would they accept Phoolan back again. This was in 1979 and Phoolan was only a few months past her sixteenth birthday. She later claimed in her autobiography that her husband was a man of "very bad character." A wife leaving her husband, or being abandoned by her husband, is a serious taboo in rural India, and Phoolan was marked as a social outcast.

==Life as a bandit==
The region where Phoolan lived ([[Bundelkhand]]) is even today extremely poor, arid and devoid of industry; most of the able-bodied men migrate to large cities in search of manual work. During the period in question, industry was depressed even in the large cities, and daily life was a grim engagement with subsistence farming in a dry region with poor soil. It was not unusual for young men to seek escape from fruitless labour in the fields by running away to the nearby ravines (the main geographical feature of the region), forming groups of bandits, and plundering their more prosperous neighbours in the villages or passing townspeople on the highways.

Shortly after her final sojourn in her husband's house, and in the same year (1979), Phoolan fell in the company of one such gang of [[dacoit]]s. How exactly this happened is unclear; some say that she was kidnapped by them because her "spirited temperament," estrangement from her own family and outspoken rejection of her husband had attracted the attention of the bandits, while others say that she "walked away from her life."<ref name="John_Insurgents_2011"/> In her autobiography, she merely says ''"kismet ko yehi manzoor tha"'' ("it was the dictate of fate") that she become part of a gang of bandits.

Whether it was kidnapping or her own folly, Phoolan had immediate cause for regret. The gang leader, Babu Gujjar, raped and brutalized her for three days. At this juncture, Phoolan was saved from rape by Vikram Mallah, the second-in-command of the gang, who belonged to Phoolan's own Mallah caste. In the altercation connected to the rape, Vikram Mallah killed Babu Gujjar. The next morning, he assumed leadership of the gang.

===Relationship with Vikram Mallah===
Undaunted by the fact that Vikram already had a wife and that she likewise had a husband, Phoolan and Vikram began [[cohabit]]ing together. A few weeks later, the gang attacked the village where Phoolan's husband lived. Phoolan herself dragged him out of his house and stabbed him in front of the villagers. The gang left him lying almost dead by the road, with a note warning older men not to marry young girls. The man survived, but carried a scar running down his abdomen for the rest of his life. Due to this incident, and because he legally remained Phoolan's husband, the man was never able to marry again. He lived his life as a recluse because most people in the village began avoiding his company out of fear of the bandits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kisslibrary.net/book/AA121713E120B0A8A376?search=Outlaw:+Indias+Bandit+Queen+and+Me&a_aid=ddmidovv&a_bid=11110007&chan=droplets&data1=2019-04-04&data2=phpcloak|title=Outlaw. India's Bandit Queen and Me by Roy Moxham / KissLibrary: Affordable Ebooks|website=kisslibrary.net|access-date=30 May 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Phoolan learned how to use a rifle from Vikram, and participated in the gang's activities across [[Bundelkhand]], which straddles the border between Uttar Pradesh and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. These activities consisted of attacking and looting villages where upper-caste people lived, kidnapping relatively prosperous people for [[ransom]], and committing occasional highway robberies which targeted flashy cars. Phoolan was the only woman member of that gang of dacoits. After every crime, she would visit a [[Durga]] temple and thank the Goddess for her protection.<ref name="goodbyemag_queen" /> The gang's main hideouts were in the ravines of the [[Chambal River]].

Sometime later, Shri Ram and Lalla Ram, two upper-caste [[Rajput]] brothers who had been caught by the police, were released from jail and came back to the gang. They were outraged to hear of the murder of Babu Gujjar, their former leader, and held Phoolan responsible for inciting the act.<ref name="John_Insurgents_2011"/> They berated her for being a divisive wanton, and she answered them back with her characteristic foulness of tongue. Shri Ram then held her by the cuff of the neck and slapped her hard, and a scuffle ensued. Phoolan seized this opportunity to allege that Shri Ram had touched her breasts and molested her during the scuffle. As leader of the gang, Vikram Mallah berated Shri Ram for attacking a woman and made him apologise to Phoolan. Shri Ram and his brother smarted under this humiliation, which was exacerbated by the fact that Phoolan and Vikram both belonged to the [[Mallaah]] caste of boatmen, much lower than the land-owning [[Rajput]] caste to which they themselves belonged.

Whenever the gang ransacked a village, Shri Ram and Lalla Ram would make it a point to beat and insult the Mallahs of that village. This displeased the Mallah members of the bandit gang, many of whom left the gang. On the other hand, around a dozen Rajputs joined the gang at the invitation of Shri Ram and Lalla Ram, and the balance of power gradually shifted in favour of the Rajput caste. Vikram Mallah then suggested that the gang be divided into two, one comprising mainly Rajputs and the other mainly Mallahs. Shri Ram and Lalla Ram refused this suggestion on the grounds that the gang had always included a mixture of castes during the days of Babu Gujjar and his predecessors, and there was no reason to change. Meanwhile, the other Mallahs were also not happy with Vikram Mallah. The fact that he alone had a woman cohabiting with him incited jealousy; some of the other Mallahs had bonds of kinship with Vikram's actual wife; and Phoolan's tongue did not endear her to anyone who interacted with her. A few days after the proposal for division had been floated, a quarrel ensued between Shri Ram and Vikram Mallah. Apparently, Shri Ram made a disdaining comment about Phoolan's morals, and Vikram responded with comments about Shri Ram's womenfolk. A gunfight ensued. Vikram and Phoolan, with not a single supporter, managed to escape in the dark. However, they were later tracked down and Vikram Mallah was shot dead. Phoolan was taken by the victorious faction to the Rajput-dominated village of Behmai, home to Shri Ram, Lalla Ram and several of the new Rajput recruits.<ref name="goodbyemag_queen"/>

According to legend, Vikram taught Phoolan, "If you are going to kill, kill twenty, not just one. For if you kill twenty, your fame will spread; if you kill only one, they will hang you as a murderess."<ref>{{cite web|title=India's bandit queen died as she once lived|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,168857,00.html|work=Time|date=25 July 2001}}</ref>

===Detainment in Behmai===
Phoolan was locked up in a room in one of the houses in Behmai village. She was beaten, raped and humiliated by succession of several upper caste Thakur men over a period of three weeks. In a final indignity they paraded her naked around the village.<ref name="gua_dead"/><ref name="John_Insurgents_2011"/> She then managed to escape, after three weeks of captivity, with the help of a low-caste villager of Behmai and two Mallah members from Vikram's gang, including Man Singh Mallah.

===A new gang===
Phoolan and Man Singh soon became lovers and joint leaders of a gang composed solely of Mallahs. The gang carried out a series of violent raids and robberies across Bundelkhand, usually (but not always) targeting upper-caste people. Some say that Phoolan targeted only the upper-caste people and shared the loot with the lower-caste people, but the Indian authorities claim this is a myth; there is no evidence of Phoolan or her partners in crime sharing money with anyone, whether low-caste or otherwise.<ref name="bbc_champion" />

===Massacre in Behmai===
Several months after her escape from Behmai, Phoolan returned to the village to seek revenge. On the evening of 14 February 1981, at a time when a wedding was in progress in the village, Phoolan and her gang marched into Behmai dressed as police officers. Phoolan demanded that her tormentors "Sri Ram" and "Lala Ram" be produced.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}} she allegedly said, The two men could not be found. And so Devi rounded up all the young men in the village and stood them in a line before a well. They were then marched in file to the river. At a green embankment they were ordered to kneel. There was a burst of gunfire and 22 men lay dead.<ref name="gua_dead"/>
<ref name="goodbyemag_queen"/>

The Behmai massacre provoked outrage across the country. [[V. P. Singh]], the then [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], resigned in the wake of the Behmai killings.<ref name="tribune_samaj_honor">{{cite web
|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060501/nation.htm#5
|title=Kshatriya Samaj to honour Phoolan's killer
|date=21 May 2006
|work=The Tribune|location=Chandigarh
|access-date=11 December 2006
}}</ref> A massive police manhunt was launched which however failed to locate Phoolan. It began to be said that the manhunt was not successful because Phoolan had the support of poor people in the region; stories on the [[Robin Hood]] model began circulating in the media. Phoolan began to be called the Bandit Queen, and she was glorified by sections of the Indian media<ref name="bbc_champion"/> as an intrepid and undaunted woman, the underdog struggling to survive in the world.

===Surrender and jail term===
Two years after the Behmai massacre, the police had still not captured Phoolan. The [[Indira Gandhi]] Government decided to negotiate a surrender. By this time, Phoolan was in poor health and most of her gang members were dead, some having died at the hands of the police, some others at the hands of rival gangs. In February 1983, she agreed to surrender to the authorities. However, she said that she didn't trust the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] and insisted that she would only surrender to the [[Madhya Pradesh]] Police. She also insisted that she would lay down her arms only before the pictures of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the Hindu goddess [[Durga]], not to the police.<ref name="anuja_power">{{cite web|url=http://people.virginia.edu/~pm9k/gifs/ZoForth/Pholan/power.html
|title=Phoolan Power|author=Anuja Pande|access-date=11 December 2006}}</ref> She laid down four further conditions:
# A promise that the death penalty would not be imposed on any member of her gang who surrenders
# The term for the other members of the gang should not exceed eight years.
# A plot of land to be given to her
# Her entire family should be escorted by the police to witness her surrender ceremony

An unarmed police chief met her at a ''rendezvous'' in the Chambal ravines. They traveled to [[Bhind]] in Madhya Pradesh, where she laid down her rifle before the portraits of Gandhi and Goddess [[Durga]]. The onlookers included a crowd of around 10,000 people and 300 policemen, apart from the then chief minister of Madhya Pradesh, [[Arjun Singh (former politician)|Arjun Singh]]. Other members of her gang also surrendered at the same time with her.

Phoolan was charged with as many as ''forty-eight'' crimes, including thirty charges of dacoity (banditry) and kidnapping. Her trial was delayed for eleven years, during which time she remained in prison as an undertrial. During this period, she was operated on for [[ovarian cyst]]s and underwent a [[hysterectomy]]. The doctor of the hospital reportedly joked that "We don't want Phoolan Devi breeding more Phoolan Devis".<ref>{{cite news|title=Phoolan Devi|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1335253/Phoolan-Devi.html|access-date=9 August 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=26 July 2001}}</ref> She was finally released on parole in 1994 after intercession by [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]], the leader of the [[Nishadha]] community (another name for the ''Mallah'' community of boatmen and fisherfolk). The Government of Uttar Pradesh, led by [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], withdrew all cases against her. This move sent shock-waves across India and became a matter of public discussion and controversy.

===Marriage with Ummed Singh===

This time around Phoolan married Ummed Singh. Ummed Singh contested the 2004 and 2009 elections on Indian National Congress's ticket. In 2014 he contested election on Bahujan Samaj Party's ticket. Phoolan's sister Munni Devi later accused him of being involved in Phoolan's murder.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bandit-queens-sister-claims-sher-singh-wrongly-convicted-for-phoolans-murder/articleshow/64261756.cms</ref>

==Conversion to Buddhism==
On 15 February 1995, Phoolan Devi and her husband Ummed Singh embraced [[Buddhism]] at the famous Buddhist site [[Deekshabhoomi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jul 27|last2=2001|last3=Ist|first3=00:02|title=Phoolan had embraced Buddhism {{!}} Pune News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Phoolan-had-embraced-Buddhism/articleshow/1406816872.cms|access-date=2021-01-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Parliament==
In 1995, one year after her release, Phoolan was invited by Dr. Ramadoss (founder of Pattali Makkal Katchi) to participate in the conference about alcohol prohibition and women Pornography. This was her first conference after her release which began her political career in India. However, Phoolan stood for election to the [[11th Lok Sabha]] from the [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]] constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She contested the election as a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], whose government had withdrawn all cases against her and summarily released her from prison. She won the election and served as an MP during the term of the [[11th Lok Sabha]] (1996–98). She lost her seat in the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 election]] but was re-elected in the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 election]] and was the sitting member of parliament for [[Mirzapur]] when she was assassinated.

==Assassination==
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Assassination of Phoolan Devi
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = New Delhi
| target =
| coordinates = 28.6139° N, 77.2089° E
| date = 26 July 2001
| time = 1:30 pm
| timezone = [[UTC]]+5.5
| type = Murder
| fatalities = Phoolan Devi
| injuries = 1 (Balinder Singh)
| victims =
| perpetrators = 3 unidentified gunmen
| weapons = [[Webley & Scott#Webley & Scott automatic pistols|Webley & Scott pistol]], [[IOF .32 Revolver]]
| numparts =
| dfens =
| motive = Revenge
}}

At 1:30 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (08:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) on 26 July 2001, Devi was shot dead by three masked gunmen outside of her Delhi bungalow. She was hit nine times, variously in the head, chest, shoulder and right arm. Her personal security guard, Balinder Singh, was shot in his right chest and right arm, who returned fire with a 9-mm service pistol when the gunmen fled the scene in a [[Maruti 800]] car. They abandoned the car mid-way and boarded an auto rickshaw. The police recovered a [[Webley & Scott#Webley & Scott automatic pistols|Webley & Scott pistol]] and an [[improvised firearm]], an [[IOF .32 Revolver]] from the spot, along with nine empty and 15 live rounds, from the car.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/26/stories/01260001.htm|title=Phoolan Devi shot dead|access-date=31 October 2018|work=The Hindu|date=26 July 2001}}</ref>

Devi was taken to [[Ram Manohar Lohia hospital]] but was declared dead. The prime suspect, [[Sher Singh Rana]], later surrendered to the police.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile of Sher Singh Rana|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Profile-of-Sher-Singh-Rana/articleshow/1154821372.cms|access-date=9 August 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 July 2001}}</ref> Rana allegedly claimed to have murdered Devi in revenge for the upper-caste men she gunned down in the Behmai massacre.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1335484/Man-arrested-for-murder-of-Bandit-Queen.html|title=Man arrested for murder of 'Bandit Queen'|access-date=9 August 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=27 July 2001}}</ref> In the latest ruling, on 14 August 2014, the court sentenced Rana to life in prison and a fine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile of life sentences|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Life-sentence-to-Sher-Singh-Rana-for-killing-Phoolan-Devi/articleshow/40249822.cms|access-date=14 August 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 August 2014}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
In the immediate aftermath of the murder, the police were accused of incompetence in their handling of the case. It was alleged that a party worker picked up revolvers that had been dumped by the killers and hid them. Three other people staying in her house were accused of knowing about the revolvers. The revolvers then disappeared before the police could conduct forensic tests on them.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

Sher Singh Rana, the main accused, was convicted by a Delhi court on 8 August 2014. However, the other ten accused were acquitted. Rana was convicted of the offences under Sections 302 (murder), 307 (attempt to murder) and 34 (common intention) under the IPC. The judge had fixed 12 August 2014, as the date for arguments and pronouncement of sentence.<ref>http://www.newskarnataka.com/india/Main-accused-in-Phoolan-Devis-killing-convicted/</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mystery surrounds Bandit Queen murder|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/jul/30/worlddispatch.lukeharding|access-date=10 August 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=30 July 2001}}</ref> On 14 August 2014 Rana was sentenced to a life term by a Delhi court.<ref name=toi4>{{cite news|last1=Shakil|first1=Sana|title=Life sentence to Sher Singh Rana for killing Phoolan Devi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Life-sentence-to-Sher-Singh-Rana-for-killing-Phoolan-Devi/articleshow/40249822.cms|access-date=14 August 2014|work=The Times of India|date=14 August 2014}}</ref>

==Movie and autobiography==
[[Shekhar Kapur]] made a movie ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (1994) about Phoolan Devi's life up to her 1983 surrender, based on Mala Sen's 1993 book ''India's Bandit Queen: The True Story of Phoolan Devi''.<ref name="Telegraph_Mala_201105">{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/8546445/Mala-Sen.html | title = Obituaries: Mala Sen | work=The Telegraph | date = 30 May 2011 | access-date = 28 November 2011 }}</ref> Although Phoolan Devi is a heroine in the film, she fiercely disputed its accuracy and fought to get it banned in India. She even threatened to [[self-immolation|immolate]] herself outside a theater if the film were not withdrawn. Eventually, she withdrew her objections after the producer [[Channel 4]] paid her £40,000.<ref name="Telegraph_Mala_201105"/> The film brought her international recognition. Author-activist [[Arundhati Roy]] in her film review entitled, "The Great Indian Rape Trick", questioned the right to "restage the rape of a living woman without her permission", and charged Shekhar Kapur with exploiting Phoolan Devi and misrepresenting both her life and its meaning.<ref>[http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html The Great Indian Rape-Trick] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html |date=14 April 2016 }} @ SAWNET -The South Asian Women's NETwork. Retrieved 25 November 2011.</ref>

In 1985 another low budget Bengali movie [[Phoolan Devi (1985 film)|Phoolan Devi]] was released loosely based on Phoolan's life. This film was directed by Ashok Roy and starred by [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Rita Bhaduri]] and [[Joy Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt2325905/|title=Phoolan Devi (1985)|date=n.d.|publisher=IMDb|access-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

Although she was illiterate, Phoolan composed her autobiography entitled ''The Bandit Queen of India: An Indian Woman's Amazing Journey From Peasant to International Legend'', with the help of international authors Marie-Therese Cuny and Paul Rambali.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Bandit-Queen-India-Amazing-International/dp/1592286410/ The Bandit Queen of India: An Indian Woman's Amazing Journey from Peasant to International Legend] @ Amazon.com. Retrieved 25 November 2011.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jagga Jatt]]
* [[Paan Singh Tomar]]
* [[Seema Parihar]]
*[[Ashok Mahto gang]]
* [[List of assassinated Indian politicians]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Further reading==
'''Books on Phoolan Devi'''
* ''Devi: The Bandit Queen'', by Richard Shears, Isobelle Gidley. Published by Allen & Unwin, 1984. {{ISBN|0-04-920097-6}}.
* ''India's Bandit Queen: The True Story of Phoolan Devi'', by Mala Sen. Published by HarperCollins Publishers, 1993. {{ISBN|0-04-440888-9}}.
* ''I, Phoolan Devi: The Autobiography of India's Bandit Queen'', by Phoolan Devi, Marie-Thérèse Cuny, Paul Rambali. Published by Little, Brown and Co., 1996. {{ISBN|0-316-87960-6}}.
* {{cite book
| date = 3 June 2010
| title = Outlaw: India's Bandit Queen and Me
| last = Moxham
| first = Roy
| publisher = [[Rider (imprint)|Rider]]
| isbn = 978-1-84604-182-2
}}
* Phoolan Devi, with Marie-Therese Cuny, and Paul Rambali, ''The Bandit Queen of India: An Indian Woman's Amazing Journey from Peasant to International Legend'', Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-59228-641-6}}
* Phoolan Devi – by N.Pugazhendhi, Coimbatore in TAMIL translated from Malayalam.

'''Other sources'''
* Gabriel, Karen (2009). [https://du-in.academia.edu/KarenGabriel/Papers/922265/Reading_Rape_Sexual_Difference_Representational_Excess_and_Narrative_Containment "Reading Rape: Sexual Difference, Representational Excess and Narrative Containment"]. pp. 9–16.
* ''[https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199611/bandit-queen India's Bandit Queen]'' by Mary Anne Weaver
* Peacock, J. Sunita "[https://books.google.com/books?id=A786X6Zyz3cC Phoolan Devi: The Primordial Tradition of the Bandit Queen]." in: ''Transnationalism and the Asian American Heroine: Essays on Literature, Film, Myth and Media.'' pp. 187–195.

==External links==
* [http://www.people.virginia.edu/~pm9k/gifs/ZoForth/Pholan/phoolan.html A collection of links related to Phoolan Devi] .
* {{cite web |title=The Phoolan Devi Murder home page |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/phoolan.htm |publisher=Rediff.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070602015649/http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/phoolan_devi/index.html Crime Library article on Phoolan Devi]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Phoolan}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jalaun district]]
[[Category:1979 crimes]]
[[Category:Assassinated activists]]
[[Category:2000s murders in India]]
[[Category:2001 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2001 murders in Asia]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Female organized crime figures]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Indian robbers]]
[[Category:Indian women in politics]]
[[Category:Outlaws]]
[[Category:People from Mirzapur district]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:11th Lok Sabha members]]
[[Category:13th Lok Sabha members]]
[[Category:Political crimes]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Murdered criminals]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]

Taqdeer (2020 TV series)

2020-12-24T08:49:10Z

Nafiul adeeb: Clean up

{{short description|Bengali web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{Infobox television
| name = Taqdeer Web Series
| image =
| caption =
| director = Shawki Syed
| country = [[Bangladesh]] [[India]] 
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| num_seasons = 1 
| num_episodes = 8 
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] & [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| company = Film Noir
| network = [[Hoichoi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|12|18}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Taqdeer''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] web series directed by Shawki Syed, started streaming on the Bengali [[Over-the-top media service in India|OTT]] platform hoichoi from 18th December 2020. [[Hoichoi]] announced their upcoming twenty-five web series, Taqdeer is one of them, Based on Bangladesh, the series features [[Chanchal Chowdhury]], Manoj Kumar Pramanik, [[Sanjida Preeti]] & Shohel Mondol in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-20|title=Taqdeer: The bite of conscience through a commoner’s narrative|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2020/12/20/taqdeer-the-bite-of-conscience-through-a-commoner-s-narrative|access-date=2020-12-21|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Snigdha|first=Puza|date=2020-12-17|title=Web Series “Taqdeer” to Release on Hoichoi|url=https://whatson.guide/web-series-taqdeer-to-release-on-hoichoi/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=WhatsOn|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==

The plot of the series revolves arounds a story of a freezer van driver in Dhaka named Taqdeer (played by Chanchal Chowdhury) whose whole life turns upside down when he finds a dead body inside his van. A trail of chaotic events thereby folllows which pushes Taqdeer and his best friend Montu (played by Shohel Mondol) into bigger difficulties.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=Hoichoi releases trailer of Chanchal Chowdhury’s new web series ‘Taqdeer’|url=https://tbsnews.net/glitz/hoichoi-releases-trailer-chanchal-chowdhurys-new-web-series-taqdeer-168193|access-date=2020-12-21|website=The Business Standard|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.letsott.com/taqdeer-review|title=Taqdeer Review: This smart Bangladeshi thriller never overstays it’s welcome|website=Taqdeer Review: This smart Bangladeshi thriller never overstays it’s welcome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.positivenews.com.bd/2020/12/21/taqdeer-web-series/|title=Taqdeer Web Series - Taqdeer Web Series Cast | Taqdeer - Positive News|date=21 December 2020|website=Positivenews.com.bd}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Chanchal Chowdhury]] as Taqdeer
*[[Sanjida Preeti]] as Afsana
*[[Manoj Kumar Pramanik]] as Rana
*[[Shohel Mondol]] as Montu

==Season 1 (2020)==
On 6 December 2020, hoichoi released the official trailer of the web series, which created a buzz among the audience of India and Bangladesh. On 18 December 2020, hoichoi released all eight episodes of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-17|title=Chanchal Chowdhury starrer “Taqdeer” to release on Hoichoi tomorrow|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/chanchal-chowdhury-starrer-taqdeer-release-hoichoi-tomorrow-2012905|access-date=2020-12-21|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#4C5966 |overall=|title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |released=y |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Rashatal
|DirectedBy = Shawki Syed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|12|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Raadbadal
|DirectedBy = Shawki Syed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|12|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Ranakhetra
|DirectedBy = Shawki Syed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|12|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Gandham
|DirectedBy = Shawki Syed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|12|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Barafkal
|DirectedBy = Shawki Syed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|12|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Barkhelap
|DirectedBy = Shawki Syed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|12|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Prayeshchitto
|DirectedBy = Shawki Syed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|12|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Pulsirat
|DirectedBy = Shawki Syed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|12|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt13582638}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]

Anupam Roy

2020-12-10T09:04:31Z

Nafiul adeeb: added Category:Bengali musicians using HotCat

{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = solo_singer
| image = Anupam_Roy_at_home.jpg
| caption =
| name = Anupam Roy
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1982|3|29}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| genre = {{hlist| Anupam Music| Rock | Pop | Alternative Rock }}
| label = Anupam Roy Creations
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* Lyricist
* Music Composer
* Poet
* Columnist
}}
| instrument = Guitar, [[musical composition]], songwriting, vocals
| years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Anupam Roy''' (born 29 March 1982) is an Indian singer, lyricist, composer and playback singer from [[Kolkata]], West Bengal. He made his debut with ''Amake Amar Moto Thakte Dao'' & ''Benche Thakar Gaan'', which appeared on the [[Soundtrack#Movie and television soundtracks|soundtrack]] of the 2010 Bengali film ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]''. Since then, he has gone on to compose, write lyrics and sing for many Bengali films. In 2015, he made his Bollywood debut, composing the songs and score for [[Piku]]. He was nominated for the 61st [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html|title=Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards|work=filmfare.com|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> and won the 61st [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score]] for ''[[Piku]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html|title=Full list of winners of the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards|work=filmfare.com|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> He is a recipient of 64th [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] for the song ''Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho''.<ref>{{cite press_release| url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf| publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|title=64th National Film Awards, 2016|date=7 April 2017|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref>

==Music==
Roy has been writing songs since his childhood days. His biggest break was having two of his songs featured in the Bengali film Autograph (2010) by [[Srijit Mukherji]]. Roy wrote and composed ''Benche Thakar Gaan (''বেঁচে থাকার গান'')'', sung by [[Rupam Islam]] & also by himself in another version and ''Amake Amar Moto Thakte Dao (আমাকে আমার মতো থাকতে দাও)'', which he sang himself. Roy subsequently debuted as music director for the Bengali movie ''[[Chalo Paltai]]'' (2011). In the same year movies like ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'', ''Rang Milanti'' released where he continued his work as music director, lyricist and vocalist. In 2012, ''[[Hemlock Society]]'' released where he worked as music director/lyricist/vocalist. Songs like ''Ekhon Anek Raat'' & ''Amar Mawte'' catapulted his success to another level.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120401/jsp/graphiti/story_15318416.jsp| work=The Telegraph |title=Songs of life |date=1 April 2012}}</ref> 2014, marked the release of 4 films where he worked as music director. Songs from ''[[Highway (2014 Bengali film)|Highway]]'' and ''[[Chotushkone]]'' did remarkably well on music charts. ''Boba Tunnel'' and ''Bawshonto Eshe Gechhe'' were super hit numbers.

2015 marked the release of his Bollywood debut, as music director, singer and lyricist, ''[[Piku]]'', directed by [[Shoojit Sircar]].
<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/Im-hungry-for-work-but-I-dont-beg-Anupam-Roy/articleshow/34371881.cms |location=Calcutta,India | work = TOI | title=Anupam's break in Bollywood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/I-had-written-the-song-in-college/articleshow/46844270.cms?hc_location=ufi|title=I had written the song in college|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=8 April 2015}}</ref> In 2015, he married his long-time girlfriend Piya Chakraborty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/151207-singer-anupam-roy-weds-piya-chakraborty|title=Singer Anupam Roy weds Piya Chakraborty|website=radioandmusic.com|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref>

Apart from film music, Roy has four solo albums. He released ''Durbine Chokh Rakhbona'' (দূরবীনে চোখ রাখব না), his debut album in 2012 which contains tracks like ''Bijli Baati'', ''Tistaan'' and also the original version of ''Benche Thakar Gaan''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/anupam-exclusive_3241.html | work=zeenews | title=Bhalobashar durbine chokh rekhechhi roj | date=14 February 2012}}</ref> He followed it up with ''Dwitiyo Purush(দ্বিতীয় পুরুষ)'' in 2013 with a music video of ''Adbhut Mugdhota''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130214/jsp/entertainment/story_16558586.jsp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Anupam again | date=14 February 2013}}</ref>
His third album ''[[Bakyobageesh]]'' was released in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140809/jsp/t2/story_18702105.jsp#.U_rzY2NSg1Q | date=9 August 2014 | title = Decoded: Anupam Roy’s ‘disturbing’ new album ''Bakyobageesh'' on the good and bad in society | work= The Telegraph}}</ref> 2014 also marked Anupam Roy's first Live Concert in Mumbai at the Sarvajanin Durgotsav hosted by Powai Bengali Welfare Organisation (PBWA).

As an independent artist, he and his band released his first English single ''Second Sex'' in May 2013.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130508/jsp/entertainment/story_16870018.jsp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Mohua | last=Das | title=Anupam Roy's first English song gets a video | date=8 May 2013}}</ref>
In 2015, he did his first ''[[Coke Studio (India)]]'' episode. He successfully recreated ''[[Moner Manush]]'' by [[Lalon Fakir]] with an additional Hindi verse written and composed by him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/moner-manush-anupam-roy-brings-the-magic-of-bengali-folk-song-to-coke-studio/1/492738.html|title=Anupam Roy brings the magic of Bengali folk song to Coke Studio|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

In 2016, he composed two songs for the Hindi film ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]''. In 2017, he composed for the Hindi films ''[[Running Shaadi]]'' (one song) and ''[[Dear Maya]]''.

In 14 February 2017.Anupam released his fourth studio album ''Ebar Morle Gachh Hawbo''. The album consists of songs such as ''Amar Shohor'', ''Oestrogen'', ''Choitrer Kafon'', ''Rock n Roll'' and ''Byatha Lage''.

==Discography==
Roy's solo albums as a singer-songwriter.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#cfc; text-align:center;"
| '''Year''' || '''Title''' || '''Language''' || '''Role'''
|-
| 2012 || ''Durbine Chokh Rakhbo Na''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120213/jsp/entertainment/story_15127119.jsp|title=Autograph please|work = The Telegraph |date = 14 February 2014}}</ref> || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Dwitiyo Purush]]'' || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bakyobageesh]]'' || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ebar Morle Gachh Hawbo (album)|Ebar Morle Gachh Hawbo]]'' || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|}

Singles as singer-songwriter
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#cfc; text-align:center;"
| '''Year ''' || '''Title ''' || '''Language ''' || '''Role'''
|-
| 2013 || ''Second Sex'' || English || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2018 || ''Girl in a Bookstore'' || English || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2018 || ''Regular Guy'' || English || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2018 || ''Bangladesher Meye'' || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2018 || ''Kalboishakhi'' || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2018 || ''Mithye Kotha'' || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2019 || ''Ish Debashish'' || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2019 || ''Agomonir Gaan'' || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2019 || ''Brishti Theme Gele'' || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2020 || ''Porichoy''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2020/02/21/anupam-s-porichoy-celebrates-humanity|title=Anupam's 'Porichoy' celebrates humanity|date=21 February 2020|website=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>|| Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2020 || ''Miss Understanding'' || English || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2020 || ''Bela Boye Jaay (Nirbashoner Gaan)'' || Bengali || Singer/writer/composer
|-
| 2020 || ''Aisi Raaton'' || Hindi || Singer/writer/composer
|}

==Filmography==
===As Lyricist-Music Director===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

Roy has worked as lyricist, music director & singer for the following films.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#cfc; text-align:center;"
| '''Year''' || '''Title''' || '''Language''' || '''Songs'''
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ||''Amake Amar Mawto'' and ''Benche Thakar Gaan''
|-
|rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Chalo Paltai]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''Rang Milanti'' || Bengali || ''Tai Shoi''
|-
| ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
|rowspan="5"|2012 || ''One Liner'' || Bengali|| Stalled
|-
| ''[[Teen Yaari Katha]]'' || Bengali || ''Teen Yaari Katha (title song)''
|-
| ''[[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock Society]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''Laptop'' || Bengali || ''Proshner Dawl''
|-
| ''[[Chorabali]]'' || Bengali ||''Chorabali'' title track (Bangladesh)
|-
| 2013|| ''Shunyo Anko'' || Bengali || ''Bibhotsho Mawja'' and ''Dhushor Chul''
|-
|rowspan="4"|2014 || ''[[Chaya Manush]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''[[Window Connection]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''[[Highway (2014 Bengali film)|Highway]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''[[Chotushkone]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
|rowspan="5"|2015 || ''Bela Sheshe'' || Bengali || ''Obhabe Keno'' and ''Shesh Belay''
|-
| ''[[Piku]]'' || Hindi|| Full album + background score
|-
| ''Family Album'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''[[Jomer Raja Dilo Bor]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''[[Katmundu]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
|rowspan="5"|2016 || ''[[Praktan]]'' || Bengali || ''Kolkata'' and ''Tumi Jake Bhalobaso''
|-
| ''[[Khawto]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''[[Shaheb Bibi Golaam]]'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' || Hindi || ''Tujhse Hi Hai Roshni'' and ''Pink Title Track''
|-
| ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' || Bengali || Full album
|-
|rowspan="10"|2017 || ''Black Coffee'' || Bengali || Full album + background score
|-
| ''[[Runningshaadi.com]]'' || Hindi || ''Main Faraar Sa''
|-
| ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]'' || Bengali || ''Posto Title Track'' and ''Keno Erokom Kichhu Holona''
|-
| ''[[Dear Maya]]'' || Hindi || Full album + background score
|-
| ''Arani Takhon'' || Bengali|| ''Ekbar Phirte Dao''
|-
| ''[[Champ (2017 film)|Champ]]'' || Bengali|| ''Tumio Chaamp''
|-
| ''Maachher Jhol'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'' || Bengali || ''Ahare Mon''
|-
| ''Chawlochitro Circus'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''Chol Kuntal'' || Bengali ||Chol Kuntal
|-
|rowspan="8"|2018 || ''[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|Pari]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/anupam-roy-to-compose-music-for-pari/articleshow/59234825.cms|title=Anupam Roy to compose music for 'Pari' |work=The Times of India|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anupam-roy-on-composing-for-anushka-sharmas-pari/articleshow/59969458.cms|title=Anupam Roy on composing for Anushka Sharma's Pari |work=The Times of India|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> || Hindi ||Full album
|-
| ''Ghare and Baire'' || Bengali || ''Tui Ki Kore Dili'', ''Hridoyer Rong'' & ''Tara Khoshe Pore''
|-
| ''[[October (2018 film)|October]]'' || Hindi || ''Tab Bhi Tu''
|-
| ''Aatwaja'' || Bengali ||Full album
|-
| ''[[Drishtikone]]'' || Bengali || Full album
|-
| ''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]'' || Bengali || Full album
|-
| ''[[Debi (2018 film)|Debi]]'' || Bengali || Du MuTho Bikel (Bangladesh)
|-
| ''Rosogolla'' || Bengali || ''Rosogolla Anthem''
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019 || ''[[Shahjahan Regency|Shah Jahan Regency]]'' || Bengali || ''Ghure Takao'' & ''Rondhre Rondhre Paap''
|-
| ''[[Badla (2019 film)|Badla]]'' || Hindi || ''Badla Title Track''
|-
| ''[[Vinci Da]]'' || Bengali || Full album
|-
| ''[[Konttho]]'' || Bengali || ''Alote Alote Dhaka'' & ''Tomar Jonmodine''
|-
| ''[[Bhootchakra Pvt. Ltd.]]'' || Bengali || Full Album
|-
| ''[[Bornoporichoy]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/anupam-roy-is-at-his-busiest-best/articleshow/69973458.cms|title=Anupam Roy is at his busiest best!|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>|| Bengali || Full Album
|-
|''Sanjhbati''<ref name=":0" />|| Bengali || Full Album
|-
| rowspan="11" |2020 ||''Dwitiyo Purush''|| Bengali || Full Album
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|''Avwanchhit''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/anupam-roy-forays-into-marathi-cinema-with-film-set-in-kolkata/articleshow/71082269.cms|title=Anupam Roy forays into Marathi cinema with film set in Kolkata|website=The Times of India|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>|| Marathi || Unreleased
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|''Padma Shri Subhasini Mistry''
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/bengali/music/anupam-roy-to-score-music-for-devs-next/amp_articleshow/67319452.cms|title=Anupam Roy to score music for Dev's next|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>
|| Bengali || Unreleased

|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|''[[Bela Shuru]]'' || Bengali || Unreleased

|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|''Bony''<ref name=":0" />|| Bengali || Unreleased
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|''Ardhangini'' || Bengali || Unreleased

|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|''Haami 2'' || Bengali || Unreleased

|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|''Prem Tame'' || Bengali || Unreleased

|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|''[[Bob Biswas (film)|Bob Biswas]]'' || Hindi || Unreleased
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|''Dhumketu'' || Bengali || Unreleased
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|''Biplob Aaj O Kal'' || Bengali || Unreleased
|-

|}

===As Playback Artist===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

Roy worked only as a playback artist in the following films (for other lyricists & composers)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#cfc; text-align:center;"
| '''Year''' || '''Title''' || '''Language''' || '''Composers'''
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Jaani Dyakha Hawbe]]'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] & [[Neel Dutt]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Bedroom (film)|Bedroom]]'' || Bengali || [[Rupam Islam]] & [[Allan Ao]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Bicycle Kick]]'' || Bengali || [[Joy Sarkar]]
|-
| 2012 || ''Om Shanti Om'' || Bengali || Neel Dutt
|-
| 2012 || ''Untitled'' || Bengali || Neel Dutt
|-
| 2012 || ''Teen Kanya'' || Bengali || Indraadip Dasgupta
|-
| 2012 || ''Namte Namte'' || Bengali || [[Siddhartha Ray]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[C/O Sir]]'' || Bengali || [[Raja Narayan Deb]]
|-
| 2013 || ''Mukti'' || Bengali || Raja Narayan Deb
|-
| 2013 || ''Mukti'' || Bengali || Raja Narayan Deb
|-
| 2013 || ''Half Serious'' || Bengali || Joy Sarkar
|-
| 2013 || ''Nayika Sangbad'' || Bengali || Gaboo
|-
| 2013 || ''Strugglers'' || Bengali || Silajit
|-
| 2013 || ''Kolkatar King'' || Bengali || Tuki
|-
| 2013 || ''Unnamed'' || Bengali || Gaboo
|-
| 2013 || ''Amar Ami'' || Bengali || Kabir/Shiba
|-
| 2013 || ''Cross Connection 2'' || Bengali || Neel Dutt
|-
| 2013 || ''Promotion'' || Bengali || Snehasish
|-
| 2014 || ''Janla Diye Bou Palalo'' || Bengali || [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
|-
| 2015 || ''Bhitu'' || Bengali || [[Ayan Chowdhury]]
|-
| 2015 || ''Dwitiyo Ripu'' || Bengali || [[Abhijit Chowdhury]]
|-
| 2015 || ''Chotoder Chobi'' || Bengali || Indraadip Dasgupta
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Open Tee Bioscope]]'' || Bengali || [[Shantanu Moitra]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Amanush 2]]'' || Bengali || [[Arindom Chatterjee]]
|-
| 2016 || ''Teenanko'' || Bengali || [[Arko Mukherjee]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Fan (film)|Fan]]'' || Bengali || [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|-
| 2016 || ''Biabaho Diaries'' || Bengali || Savvy
|-
| 2017 || ''Mandobasar Galpo'' || Bengali || [[Ashok Bhadra]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]'' || Bengali || Indraadip Dasgupta
|-
| 2018 || ''Sonar Pahar'' || Bengali || Neel Dutt
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bagh Bandi Khela (film)|Bagh Bandi Khela]]'' || Bengali || [[Jeet Gannguli]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Baccha Shoshur]]'' || Bengali || [[Maharshi Dutta]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Buro Sadhu]]'' || Bengali || Pranjal Das
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Feluda Pherot]]'' || Bengali || Joy Sarkar
|-
|}

====Documentaries====
* ''Warrior Prince'' (2011) – singer/lyricist/music director;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/A-docu-feature-on-Dada-by-Anupam-Roy/articleshow/7285259.cms?referral=PM|work=TOI|title=Docu feature on Dada by Anupam Roy| date= 15 January 2011}}</ref>

====Theatre====
* ''Nariyal Paani'' (2009) – music director/singer/actor
* ''Bikele Bhorer Shorshe Phool'' (2011) – music director/lyricist/singer

===Jingles===
* ''Jibon Gorar Gaan'' (2012) for [[George Telegraph S.C.]] – music, lyrics & vocals
* ''Ei Samay Theme Song'' (2012) for [[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]] – music, lyrics & vocals
*Mishti Manei Banchharam (2014) for Banchharam Sweets – music, lyrics & vocals
* ''Nestle Baby & Me'' (2015) for Nestle India – music
* ''Hero Come Home Safe'' (2016) for [[Hero MotoCorp]]- music & vocals
* ''Amader Balaram'' (2016) for Balaram Mullick & Radharaman Mullick – music, lyrics & vocals
* ''Release The Pressure'' (2017) for [[Mirinda]] India – music
* ''Nomoshkar Kolkata'' (2017) for Central ([[Future Group]]) – music, lyrics & vocals
* ''Maa'' (2017) for ([[JSW Cement]]) – music, lyrics & vocals
* ''Big Bazaar Pujo Song'' (2017) for [[Big Bazaar]] – music, lyrics & vocals
* ''Tumi Kothay – Pujo with Pantaloons'' (2018) for [[Pantaloons Fashion & Retail]] – music, lyrics & vocals
* ''Subhodrishti Title Track'' (2018) – music, lyrics & vocals
* ''Missing Stars of Pujo'' (2018) for [[Bharti Airtel]] – music, lyrics & vocals

==The Anupam Roy Band==
Roy's live performance is backed by The Anupam Roy Band:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anupamroymusic.com/the-anupam-roy-band|title=The Anupam Roy Band – TARB|website=anupamroymusic.com|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>
; Current members
* Anupam Roy – Singer-Songwriter
* Rishabh Ray – Guitar
* Kaustav Biswas (Rono) – Bass
* [[Nabarun Bose]] – Keyboards/Backing vocals/Music Producer
* Sandipan Parial – Drums
* Rana Singharoy – Manager
* Shomi Chatterjee – Sound Engineer

; Past members
* Sayan Banerjee – Guitar (Oct 2010 – March 2012)
* Subhodip Banerjee – Guitar (March 2012 – Oct 2014)
* Roheet Mukherjee – Bass (Feb 2011 – Oct 2014)

==Writings==
Roy's writings have been featured in various online & print magazines & newspapers. He has helped in the running of an online Bengali portal named ''Boipara''(''বইপাড়া'') along with visual artist, Samit Roy. Anupam Roy maintains a blog, ''[Alternative Bangla Print]''.
Published in print, major little magazines<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anupamroymusic.com/author|title=Writings of Anupam Roy|date=21 December 2017|website=Anupam Roy Official Website}}</ref>
* The Bengali magazine, [[Kaurab]](''কৌরব'') published his work, ''Amader Beche Thaka (''আমাদের বেঁচে থাকা'')'', in the open prose category of its August 2010 issue.
* [[Kaurab]](কৌরব) published his work, ''Paati Lebu (''পাতি লেবু'')'', in the open prose category of its August 2011 issue.
* [[Kaurab]](কৌরব) published his poems in its February 2012, 2013 and 2014 issues.
* [[Kaurab]](কৌরব) published his work, ''Poster'', in the prose category of its August 2012 issue.
* [[Kaurab]](কৌরব) published his work, ''Kabar Sangee (কবর সঙ্গী)'', in the prose category of its August 2013 issue.
* [[Kaurab]](কৌরব) published his work, ''Eriyali (এরিয়ালি)'', in the prose category of its August 2015 issue.

=== Books ===
* "Sara Raat Kete Jaay Tor Kawtha Bhebe (''সারা রাত কেটে যায় তোর কথা ভেবে'')" – his first book of Bengali poems was published by Saptarshi Prakashani, in Kolkata Book Fair, 2012.
* "Chhowache Kolom (''ছোঁয়াচে কলম'')" – second book of Bengali poems, published by Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 2013
* "Shomoyer Baire (''সময়ের বাইরে'')" – debut Bengali novel, published by Deys Publishing, Kolkata, 2014
* "Anupamkawtha (''অনুপমকথা'')" – a collection of 25 essays published in [[Ebela]] newspaper, published by Saptarshi Prakashani, in Kolkata Book Fair, 2015
* "Antony O Chandrabindoo (''অ্যান্টনি ও চন্দ্রবিন্দু'')" – graphic novel, published by Deep Prakashani, Kolkata, 2015 (Illustrations by Sambuddha Bishee)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150415/jsp/t2/story_14533.jsp|title=Music men|work=The Telegraph|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>
* "Mon o Mejaj (মন ও মেজাজ)" – third book of Bengali poems, published by Karigor Publishers, Kolkata, 2016
* "Amader Benche Thaka (''আমাদের বেঁচে থাকা'')" – a collection of short stories, published by Kaurab Prakashani, in Kolkata Book Fair, 2018
* "Anupamkawtha O Onyanyo (''অনুপমকথা ও অন্যান্য'')" – a collection of essays, published by Karigar Prakashani, Kolkata, 2018
* "Nijer Shawbde Kaaj Koro (''নিজের শব্দে কাজ করো'')" – fourth book of Bengali poems, published by Deys Publishing, Kolkata 2020

=== Newspaper ===
* Anupam was a regular columnist for Bengali newspaper [[Ebela]] (''এবেলা'') from September 2012 to October 2016
* He also writes articles for ''Pratidin'' (''রোববার'')

===Graphic Novel===
Roy is the creator of the Bengali graphic novel character Antony. He writes the story and the dialogues for it. Sambuddha Bishee is the illustrator. The first adventure of Antony started getting published in Bengali newspaper magazine ''Pratidin'' (''রোববার'') from July 2014 on a weekly basis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ezinemart.com/mediator-345-Robbar.html | work=Robbar | title=Antony}}</ref>

==Other activities==
Roy has written & directed two short films, ''Tiebreaker'' (2009) and ''Mind Radio'' (2010), both produced by TIIMMC.
He is a gold medal recipient and is a holder of the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering from [[Jadavpur University]]. He used to work for Texas Instruments India, Bangalore as an analog circuit design engineer from 2004 (July) to 2011 (March).

==Acting==
Roy's career as an actor.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Role !! Remarks
!Ref
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Jaatishwar|Jatismar]]'' || Bengali || As himself ||
|
|-
| 2014 || ''Amartya'' || Bengali || As Amartya || Short film
|
|-
|2016 || ''[[Praktan]]'' || Bengali || As himself ||
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Anupam-Roy-turns-actor-for-Ritu-Prosenjit-film/articleshow/49337606.cms|title=Anupam Roy turns actor for Ritu, Prosenjit film |work=The Times of India|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and recognitions==
* Anandalok Special Jury Award for 'The Most Popular Singer, 2010'
* Heritage Samman For Legendary Personalities, (Best upcoming talent, 2010)
* Bangla Sangeet Award ([[Anandabazar Patrika]]) – Best new Lyricist (2010), Best new Song (2010) – ''Amake Amar Moto Thakte Dao (আমাকে আমার মত থাকতে দাও)''
* Big Bangla Movie Awards 2011 – Best Lyricist – ''Amake Amar Moto Thakte Dao (আমাকে আমার মত থাকতে দাও)''
* Zee Bangla Gourab Award 2011– Best Lyricist – ''Amake Amar Moto Thakte Dao (আমাকে আমার মত থাকতে দাও)''
* Bose Tele Cine Awards (Pulok Bandopadhyay Memorial Award) 2011 – Best Lyricist – ''Amake Amar Moto Thakte Dao (আমাকে আমার মত থাকতে দাও)''
* Star Jalsa Entertainment Award 2011– 'Agami Diner Star'
* [[STAR Ananda]] Shera Bangali Award 2011 – 'Notun Mukh (Best Newcomer)'
* Big Bangla Rising Star Award 2011 – 'Best Singer (Male)' & 'Role Model'<ref>{{cite news|author=Sreemita Bhattacharya |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/regional/30366325_1_star-studded-event-amake-amar-moto-celebs |title=Celebs at Big Bangla Rising Star Awards |work=The Times of India |date=6 November 2011 |accessdate=4 October 2012}}</ref>
* [[Anandalok Awards]] for ''Best Song'' 2011 for 'Bariye Daao Tomar Haat (Chalo Paltai)'
* [[Mirchi Music Awards Bangla]] 2012 – 6 awards, upcoming lyricist (Ekbar Bawl), best lyricist (jury & popular) for Bengali Films, best film album 'Baishey Sraabon' (jury and popular) and best song "Gobheere Jao"
* Bangla Sangeet Puroshkar 2012 ([[Anandabazar Patrika]] & Friends 91.9FM) – Best music director (Baishey Sraabon), Best song (Je Kota Din), Best film album (Baishey Sraabon)
* [[ABP Ananda]] Shera Bangali Award 2012 – Music Category
* 12th Tele Cine Awards 2012 – Best male playback for "Ekbar Bawl" (একবার বল) from [[Baishe Srabon]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}
* Zee Bangla Gourab Award 2012 – Best Lyricist – ''Bariye Daao'' & Best Music Director – [[Baishe Srabon]]
* IBFA 2012 – Best Singer – "Ekbar Bawl"
* IBFCA 2012 – Best lyricist, music director & singer – all for [[Baishe Srabon]]
* Anandalok Best Song Award 2012 for "Ekhon Anek Raat" from Hemlock Society
* [[Mirchi Music Awards Bangla]] 2013 – Best song 'Ekhon Anek Raat' & best album [[Hemlock Society]]
* 13th Tele Cine Awards (Pulok Bandopadhyay Memorial Award) 2013 – Best lyricist – 'Ekhon Anek Raat'{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}
* ETV Bangla Sangeet Samman 2013 – Best Male Playback – 'Ekhon Anek Raat'
* BFJA 2013 – Best Male Playback – 'Ekhon Anek Raat'
* [[Ebela]] – ''Ami Amar Moto (আমি আমার মত)'' Samman 2013
* Zee Bangla Gourab Award 2013–14 – Best Lyricist – ''Ekhon Anek Raat'' & Best Playback Singer – ''Ekhon Anek Raat''
* 61st [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score]] 2016 – ''[[Piku (film)|Piku]]''
* [[Mirchi Music Awards Bangla]] 2015 – Best Song 'Bondhu Chol' & Royal Stag Make it Large Award
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] 2017 – Best Music Director – [[Praktan]] & Best Lyricist – ''Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho''
* [[Filmfare Award]] East 2017 – Best Music Album – [[Praktan]] & Best Lyricist – ''Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2017/winners|title=Filmfare Award East 2017 Winners – List of Bengali Filmfare Award Winners {{!}} Filmfare.com|website=filmfare.com|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref>
* [[Mirchi Music Awards Bangla]] 2016 – Best Song (Critics Choice) – ''Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho'', Best Album (Critics Choice) – [[Shaheb Bibi Golaam]], Best Lyrics – ''Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho'' & Best Music Composer – ''Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho''
* [[64th National Film Awards]] 2016 – [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]] – ''Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho''
* 16th Tele Cine Awards 2017 – Best Lyrics & Best Music Director for ''Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho''{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}
*SRL Award 2018 – "Composer of the Decade"
* [[Filmfare Award]] East 2018 – Best Music Album – ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2018/winners|title=Filmfare Award East 2018 Winners – List of Bengali Filmfare Award Winners {{!}} Filmfare.com|website=filmfare.com|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Mirchi Music Awards Bangla]] 2017 – Best Lyrics – ''Keno Erokom Kichhu Holona'', Best Album (Listeners' Choice) – [[Maacher Jhol]] & Best Album (Critics Choice) – ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]''
* 17th Tele Cine Awards 2018 – Best Lyrics for ''Dawttok''{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] 2019 – Best Music Director – [[Drishtikone]] & [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – ''Amar Dukkhogulo''
* [[Mirchi Music Awards Bangla]] 2018 – Best Song (Listeners' Choice) – ''Hridoyer Rong'' & Best Album (Listeners' Choice) – Ghare and Baire
*NABC Film Festival 2019 – Best Music for [[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] 2020 – Best Music Director - [[Shahjahan Regency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons cat|Anupam Roy}}
* [http://aroyfloyd.blogspot.in/ Poems by Anupam Roy]
* {{IMDb name|4487955}}
{{National Film Award Best Lyrics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Anupam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Best Lyrics National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]

Darul Aman Palace

2020-11-28T17:28:43Z

Nafiul adeeb: Corrected spelling

{{short description|Palace in Afghanistan}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Darul Aman Palace
| image = Darul Aman Palace 2019.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Darul Aman Palace in 2019 during restoration
| status = Reconstructed in 2019 on the 100th [[Afghan Independence Day|Independence Day of Afghanistan]]
| building_type = [[Palace]]
| architectural_style = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]
| location_city = [[Kabul]]
| location_country = Afghanistan
| native_name = قصر دارالامان‎ - د دارالامان ماڼۍ
| native_name_lang = ps
| architect = Walter Harten A. Godard M. Godard
| height = {{convert|107|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| start_date = 1925
| completion_date = 1927
| renovation_date = 2016-2019
| material = [[Brick]] [[Marble]] (spiral staircases)
| floor_count = 3
| rooms = 150
| inauguration_date = 19 August 2019 (renovation)
| ren_cost = $20 million
}}
'''Darul Aman Palace''' ({{lang-fa| قصر دارالامان}}; {{lang-ps|د دارالامان ماڼۍ}}; "abode of peace" or, in a double meaning "abode of Aman[ullah]")<ref>Clements, Frank (2003) ''Conflict in Afghanistan, a Historical Encyclopaedia''. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, {{ISBN|1-85109-402-4}}, page 29, 67.</ref> is a palace located about {{convert|16|km|mile}} south-west outside of the center of [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]. It sits directly across from the [[National Assembly (Afghanistan)|Afghan Parliament]], and is close to the [[National Museum of Afghanistan]] and the [[American University of Afghanistan]].

In 2019, the palace was fully renovated for the 100th year of [[Afghan Independence Day|Afghan Independence]], which was on the 19th of August, 2019.<ref>{{YouTube|gKbTRImOT_I|Reconstruction of the Palace of the Darulaman}}, Jan. 5, 2019, National Defense and Operations Directorate chaired by JHA</ref><ref name="NYT2017"/>

==History==
Construction of the Darul Aman Palace began in the early 1920s as a part of the endeavours of King [[Amanullah Khan]] to modernize Afghanistan. It was to be part of the new capital city called [[Darulaman]], connected to Kabul by a [[Narrow-gauge railway|narrow gauge railway]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/kabul-to-darulaman-railway/ | title=Kabul to Darulaman railway|website=Sndrewgrantham.co.uk|accessdate=2016-02-24}}</ref> Amanullah Khan invited 22 architects from Germany and France to build the palace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sada-e-azadi.net/index.php/en/afghanistan/36-capital/13844-cabinet-approves-darul-aman-palace-reconstruction-budget|title=Cabinet Approves Darul Aman Palace Reconstruction Budget|publisher=Sada-E-Azadi|date=12 March 2016|accessdate=2019-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064152/http://www.sada-e-azadi.net/index.php/en/afghanistan/36-capital/13844-cabinet-approves-darul-aman-palace-reconstruction-budget|archivedate=2018-02-08}}</ref> The palace is considered to be a testimony of the Afghan-German ties, as it was designed by German engineer Walter Harten and his team of engineers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sada-e-azadi.net/index.php/en/afghanistan/36-capital/13844-cabinet-approves-darul-aman-palace-reconstruction-budget|title=Cabinet Approves Darul Aman Palace Reconstruction Budget|first=Sada-e|last=Azadi|website=www.sada-e-azadi.net|access-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064152/http://www.sada-e-azadi.net/index.php/en/afghanistan/36-capital/13844-cabinet-approves-darul-aman-palace-reconstruction-budget|archive-date=2018-02-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The palace is an imposing [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] building on a hilltop overlooking a flat, dusty valley in the western part of the Afghan capital. Designed by French architects A. Godard and M. Gordad, as well as German architects, it was one of the first buildings in the country to get central heating and running water.<ref name="NYT2017"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Art Of War - Военно-исторический литературный портал|url=http://www.artofwar.net.ru/profiles/greshnov_andrei_b/view_book/dvorets_postroennyi_ne_na_tom_meste|date=2018-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729040049/http://www.artofwar.net.ru/profiles/greshnov_andrei_b/view_book/dvorets_postroennyi_ne_na_tom_meste|access-date=2020-05-16|archive-date=2018-07-29}}</ref> Intended as the seat of a future parliament, the building remained unused and partially complete for many years after religious conservatives under [[Habibullah Kalakani]] forced Amanullah from power in 1929, and halted his reforms. In later years it served as the medical school for [[Kabul University]], as well a warehouse, and the seat of several smaller ministries.<ref name="NYT2017"/>

The building was gutted by fire on 14 December 1968, and afterwards restored to house the [[Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Defense]] during the 1970s and 1980s. In the [[Saur Revolution|Communist coup of 1978]], the building was once more set on fire. Much of the building was damaged by tank fire during [[Shahnawaz Tanai]]'s failed coup attempt on 6 March 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2012/09/08/kabul-darul-aman-palace-abandoned-dreams/|title=Palace of Abandoned Dreams|first=Mariam & Ashraf|last=Ghani|date=8 September 2012|publisher=}}</ref> It was once again damaged in the 1990s as rival [[Mujahideen]] factions fought for control of Kabul. Heavy shelling by the Mujahideen left the palace a gutted ruin, including the garage containing the vehicles of the former king which were removed and used as target practice, all ultimately being destroyed. It was mostly used as a refugee settlement and a nomad camp until the early 2000s, when it became a battalion headquarters for the Afghan National Army.<ref name="NYT2017"/>[[File:Die 7 km lange Eisenbahn zwischen Kabul und Darul-Aman war stark überfüllt CR.jpg|Railway line to the palace in 1923.|thumb|right|300px]]

[[File:Darul-Aman Palace 001.jpg|thumb|Front of the ruined palace in 2008]]
In 2005, a plan was unveiled to refurbish the palace for use as the seat of Afghanistan's future parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everywheremag.com/places/4482 |accessdate=February 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221075848/http://everywheremag.com/places/4482 |archivedate=December 21, 2009 |title=Place to see: Darul Aman Palace, Kabul, Afghanistan}}</ref> It was to be funded primarily by private donations from foreigners and wealthy Afghans. The palace one of several targets in a series of attacks launched on 15 April 2012, for which the [[Taliban]] claimed responsibility.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17719956 | work=BBC News | title=Taliban strike across Afghanistan in 'spring offensive' | date=16 April 2012}}</ref> Eventually it was decided to develop a new building opposite the palace to house the [[National Assembly (Afghanistan)|parliament]] under a grant, provided by India. Construction was completed in 2015.

In early 2016, work began on a $20 million restoration project, intended to renovate the palace in time for the centenary of Afghanistan's full independence in 1919. Nearly 600 tons of debris was initially removed from the 150-room building and by the spring of 2017, workers were taking down plaster and concrete from the inner walls.<ref name="NYT2017">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/world/asia/saving-an-afghan-symbol-with-afghans-only.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur&_r=0 | title=Saving an Afghan Symbol, With Afghans Only|work=The New York Times|date=2017-04-05|accessdate=2017-04-06}}</ref> Over 80 engineers and architects were involved in the project, of which 25 percent were female. It was announced in February 2018, that almost 50 percent of the renovation was complete and then was completed in full by July 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/renovation-darul-aman-palace-resume-spring|title=Renovation of Darul Aman Palace To Resume In Spring - TOLOnews|publisher=}}</ref>

On 18 April 2020, an opening ceremony was held as the palace was converted into a COVID-19 isolation and treatment center with 200 beds during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan turns iconic palace into isolation facility|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/afghanistan-turns-iconic-palace-into-isolation-facility/1809701|website=www.aa.com.tr|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 Cases Reach 933 in Afghanistan|url=https://tolonews.com/health/covid-19-cases-reach-933-afghanistan|website=TOLOnews|language=en|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The palace is a U-shaped brick building, built in a [[Neoclassical architecture|European neoclassical style]]. It has 3 floors with 150 rooms, including a semi-circular main hall. Its highest point is around {{cvt|33|m}} above ground level. There are four [[Dome|domed towers]] on the roof. The galleries on the third floor of the southern facade are decorated with a number of [[Corinthian columns]]. Each floor is connected by [[marble]] [[spiral staircase]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-11-09|title=In pictures: Kabul's battle-scarred palace|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29727312|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nordland|first=Rod|date=2017-04-05|title=Saving an Afghan Symbol, With Afghans Only|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/world/asia/saving-an-afghan-symbol-with-afghans-only.html|access-date=2020-05-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mumtaz|first=Babar|title=Development of Kabul: Reconstruction and planning issues|last2=Noschis|first2=Kaj|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=2-940075-09-3|location=|pages=154–172}}</ref>

==In pop culture==
In the 2015 game [[Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain]] (which is set in Kabul), there's a location called Lamar Khaate Palace that is clearly inspired by Darul Aman palace.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Darul-Aman Palace in 2002.jpg|The southern facade in 2002
Afgan1986Kabul 40ArmyShtab.jpg|Palace in 1986
Image:Darul_aman_palace_kabul_2006-01.JPG|Northern elevation showing shelling damage inflicted during [[Afghanistan#Soviet invasion and civil war|mujahideen fighting for Kabul]] after Soviet withdrawal
Image:Darul Aman Place.png|Heavy snowfall at the palace
Вадим Чуприна-Кабул VADIM CHUPRINA © Kabul 09.jpg|The palace in 1982, with Soviet Army trucks visible
Image:Darul_aman_palace_kabul_2006-02.JPG|Western elevation
Image:View-from-dural-2002.JPG|2 US Special Forces soldiers view Kabul looking north
Image:In-dural-2002.JPG|US Commandos patrolling a heavily bombed out room in the palace in 2002
Image:Inside Darul amman 2010.jpg|The inside of the palace is in very bad shape in July 2010
Image:Parl-front.png|View from the Afghan Parliament building showing the ruins of the palace, under reconstruction in December 2015
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[National Assembly (Afghanistan)|National Assembly of Afghanistan]], the parliament of Afghanistan located opposite the Darul Aman Palace, and completed in December 2015.
*[[Tajbeg Palace]], located on a nearby hill and built as a residence for Amanullah, his wife, [[Soraya Tarzi|Queen Soraya]], and their family.
*[[Bagh-e Bala Palace]], a palace built as a leisure home for Abdur Rahman Khan in 1893

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Darul-Aman Palace}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050403134739/http://en.darul-aman.net/ Darul-Aman Project for Kabul]
*[http://www.darulaman.de/ The story of the german ingenieur Wilhelm Rieck. Many historical pictures]
*[http://www.kuriositas.com/2013/09/the-shattered-remains-of-afghanistans.html The Shattered Remains of Afghanistan’s Versailles]
*{{YouTube|gKbTRImOT_I|Reconstruction of the Palace of the Darulaman}}, Jan. 5, 2019, National Defense and Operations Directorate chaired by JHA
*{{YouTube|_rf9c7CP8rE|In restoring a century-old palace, a step toward rebuilding Afghanistan's independence}}, Sep. 12, 2016 [[PBS NewsHour]]

{{Coord|34|27|54.78|N|69|7|9.47|E|display=title}}
{{Kabul Province}}

[[Category:Houses completed in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Palaces in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Royal residences in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kabul]]
[[Category:Ruined palaces]]
[[Category:Ruins in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1920s establishments in Afghanistan]]

Nipah virus

2020-11-10T17:19:09Z

Nafiul adeeb: Removed irrelevant reference.

{{short description|Species of virus}}
{{Distinguish|Nepovirus}}
{{Virusbox
| image = Nipah virus from an infected VERO cell.jpg
| image_caption = False-color electron micrograph showing a Nipah virus particle (purple) by an infected Vero cell (brown)
| parent = Henipavirus
| species = Nipah henipavirus
}}
'''Nipah virus''', scientific name '''''Nipah henipavirus''''', is a bat-borne [[virus]] that causes [[Nipah virus infection]], a disease with a high mortality rate. Numerous disease outbreaks caused by Nipah virus have occurred in South and Southeast Asia. Nipah virus belongs to the genus ''Henipavirus'' along with the [[Hendra virus]], which has also caused disease outbreaks.

==Virology==
===Tropism===
[[EPH receptor B2|Ephrin B2]] and [[Ephrin B3|B3]] have been identified as the main receptor for Nipah virus.<ref name=Lee2011>{{cite journal | author = Lee B, Ataman ZA | year = 2011 | title = Modes of paramyxovirus fusion: a Henipavirus perspective | journal = Trends in Microbiology | volume = 19 | issue = 8| pages = 389–399 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2011.03.005 | pmid = 21511478 | pmc = 3264399 | last2 = Ataman }}</ref> Ephrin subtypes have a complex distribution of expression throughout the body, where the B3 is noted to have particularly high expression in some fore-brain subregions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hruska|first1=Martin|last2=Dalva|first2=Matthew B.|date=May 2012|title=Ephrin regulation of synapse formation, function and plasticity|journal=Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences|volume=50|issue=1|pages=35–44|doi=10.1016/j.mcn.2012.03.004|issn=1044-7431|pmc=3631567|pmid=22449939}}</ref>

===Evolution===
The most likely origin of this virus was in 1947 (95% credible interval: 1888–1988).<ref name=LoPresti2015>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lo Presti A, Cella E, Giovanetti M, Lai A, Angeletti S, Zehender G, Ciccozzi M | year = 2015 | title = Origin and evolution of Nipah virus | journal = J Med Virol | volume = 88| issue = 3| pages = 380–388| doi = 10.1002/jmv.24345 | pmid = 26252523 }}</ref> There are two clades of this virus—one with its origin in 1995 (95% credible interval: 1985–2002) and a second with its origin in 1985 (95% credible interval: 1971–1996). The mutation rate was estimated to be 6.5 × 10−4 substitution/site/year (95% credible interval: 2.3 × 10−4 –1.18 × 10−3), similar to other RNA viruses.

==Geographic distribution==
Nipah virus has been isolated from Lyle's flying fox (''[[Pteropus lylei]]'') in Cambodia<ref name=reynes>{{cite journal |vauthors=Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S |title=Nipah virus in Lyle's flying foxes, Cambodia |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=1042–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16022778 |doi=10.3201/eid1107.041350 |pmc=3371782}}</ref> and viral RNA found in urine and saliva from ''P. lylei'' and Horsfield's roundleaf bat (''[[Hipposideros larvatus]]'') in Thailand.<ref name=Wacharapluesadee>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdacha B, Boongird K |title=Bat Nipah virus, Thailand |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1949–51 |year=2005 |pmid=16485487 |doi=10.3201/eid1112.050613 |pmc=3367639}}</ref> Infective virus has also been isolated from environmental samples of bat urine and partially eaten fruit in Malaysia.<ref name="Chua KB">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chua KB, Koh CL, Hooi PS |title=Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes |journal=Microbes and Infection |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=145–51 |year=2002 |pmid=11880045 |doi= 10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01522-2}}</ref> [[Antibody|Antibodies]] to henipaviruses have also been found in fruit bats in Madagascar (''[[Pteropus rufus]], [[Eidolon dupreanum]]'')<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lehlé C, Razafitrimo G, Razainirina J |title=Henipavirus and Tioman virus antibodies in pteropodid bats, Madagascar |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=159–61 |year=2007 |pmid=17370536 |doi= 10.3201/eid1301.060791|pmc=2725826}}</ref> and Ghana (''[[Eidolon helvum]]'')<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hayman DT, Suu-Ire R, Breed AC, McEachern JA, Wang L, Wood JL, Cunningham AA |title=Evidence of henipavirus infection in West African fruit bats |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=7 |page=2739 |year=2008 |pmid=18648649 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0002739|pmc=2453319 |editor1-last=Montgomery |editor1-first=Joel Mark |display-authors=1 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2739H }}</ref> indicating a wide geographic distribution of the viruses. No infection of humans or other species have been observed in Cambodia, Thailand or Africa as of May 2018.

==History==
===Emergence===
[[File:Pteropus vampyrus2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Pteropus vampyrus'' ([[large flying fox]]), one of the natural reservoirs of Nipah virus]]
The first cases of Nipah virus infection were identified in 1998, when [[1998–99 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak|an outbreak]] of neurological and respiratory disease on pig farms in [[peninsular Malaysia]] caused 265 human cases, with 105 deaths.<ref name=field>{{cite journal |last1=Field |first1=H|first2= P|first3= JM|first4= J|first5= L|first6= J |title=The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses |journal=Microbes and Infection |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=307–14 |year=2001 |pmid=11334748 |doi= 10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01384-3|last2=Young |last3=Yob |last4=Mills |last5=Hall |last6=MacKenzie }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Update: outbreak of Nipah virus—Malaysia and Singapore, 1999 |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=48 |issue=16 |pages=335–7 |date=30 April 1999 |pmid=10366143 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00057012.htm |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mjpath.org.my/2007.2/02Nipah_Virus_lessons.pdf|title=Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia|author1=Lai-Meng Looi|author2=Kaw-Bing Chua|journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology|year=2007|volume=29|number=2|p=63–67|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830060915/http://www.mjpath.org.my/2007.2/02Nipah_Virus_lessons.pdf|archivedate=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The virus itself was isolated the following year in 1999.<ref name=CDC2018>{{cite web |title = Nipah Virus (NiV) CDC |url = https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/index.html |website = www.cdc.gov |publisher = CDC |access-date = 21 May 2018 |language = en-us |url-status = live |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171216043000/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/index.html |archivedate = 16 December 2017 }}</ref> This outbreak resulted in the [[culling]] of one million pigs. In Singapore, 11 cases, including one death, occurred in abattoir workers exposed to pigs imported from the affected Malaysian farms. The Nipah virus has been classified by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] as a [[Bioterrorism#Category C|Category C agent]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140722181901/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist-category.asp Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases]. bt.cdc.gov</ref> The name "Nipah" refers to the place, Sungai Nipah in [[Port Dickson]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], the source of the human case from which Nipah virus was first isolated.<ref name="Siva2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Siva SR, Chong HT, Tan CT | year = 2009 | journal = Neurology Asia | pages = 53–58 | volume = 14 | title = Ten year clinical and serological outcomes of Nipah virus infection | url = http://www.neurology-asia.org/articles/20091_053.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/spillover-zika-ebola-beyond/home/ |title=Spillover – Zika, Ebola & Beyond |author= |date=3 August 2016 |website=pbs.org |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=4 August 2016 }}</ref> Nipah virus is one of several viruses identified by [[World Health Organization|WHO]] as a likely cause of a future epidemic in a new plan developed after the [[West African Ebola virus epidemic|Ebola epidemic]] for urgent research and development before and during an epidemic toward new diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kieny|first1=Marie-Paule|title=After Ebola, a Blueprint Emerges to Jump-Start R&D|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/after-ebola-a-blueprint-emerges-to-jump-start-r-d/|website=Scientific American Blog Network|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LIST OF PATHOGENS|url=https://www.who.int/csr/research-and-development/list_of_pathogens/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref>

The outbreak was originally mistaken for [[Japanese encephalitis]], but physicians in the area noted that persons who had been vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis were not protected in the epidemic, and the number of cases among adults was unusual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vadscorner.com/veo.html |title=Dobbs and the viral encephalitis outbreak }}. Archived thread from the Malaysian [http://dobbs.com.my/ Doctors Only BBS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418000448/http://dobbs.com.my/ |date=18 April 2006 }}</ref> Although these observations were recorded in the first month of the outbreak, the Ministry of Health failed to take them into account, and launched a nationwide campaign to educate people on the dangers of Japanese encephalitis and its vector, ''[[Culex]]'' mosquitoes.

Symptoms of infection from the Malaysian outbreak were primarily encephalitic in humans and respiratory in pigs. Later outbreaks have caused respiratory illness in humans, increasing the likelihood of human-to-human transmission and indicating the existence of more dangerous strains of the virus.

Based on seroprevalence data and virus isolations, the primary reservoir for Nipah virus was identified as Pteropid fruit bats, including ''Pteropus vampyrus'' ([[large flying fox]]), and ''Pteropus hypomelanus'' ([[small flying fox]]), both found in Malaysia.

The transmission of Nipah virus from flying foxes to pigs is thought to be due to an increasing overlap between bat habitats and piggeries in peninsular Malaysia. At the index farm, fruit orchards were in close proximity to the piggery, allowing the spillage of urine, faeces and partially eaten fruit onto the pigs.<ref name=chua>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chua KB, Chua BH, Wang CW |title=Anthropogenic deforestation, El Niño and the emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia |journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |year=2002 |pmid=16329551}}</ref> Retrospective studies demonstrate that viral spillover into pigs may have been occurring, undetected, in Malaysia since 1996.<ref name="field"/> During 1998, viral spread was aided by the transfer of infected pigs to other farms, where new outbreaks occurred.

===Outbreaks===
[[File:Flying fox distribution.png|thumb|325px|right|Locations of henipavirus outbreaks (red stars–Hendra virus; blue stars–Nipah virus) and distribution of henipavirus flying fox reservoirs (red shading–Hendra virus; blue shading–Nipah virus)]]

Nipah virus outbreaks have been reported in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh and India. The highest mortality due to Nipah virus infection has occurred in Bangladesh, where outbreaks are typically seen in winter season.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, Ksiazek TG, Mishra A|date=February 2006|title=Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=2|pages=235–40|doi=10.3201/eid1202.051247|pmc=3373078|pmid=16494748}}</ref> Nipah virus [[1998–99 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak|first appeared in Malaysia]] in 1998 in peninsular Malaysia in pigs and pig farmers. By mid-1999, more than 265 human cases of encephalitis, including 105 deaths, had been reported in Malaysia, and 11 cases of either encephalitis or respiratory illness with one fatality were reported in Singapore.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Eaton BT, Broder CC, Middleton D, Wang LF|s2cid=24764543|date=January 2006|title=Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=23–35|doi=10.1038/nrmicro1323|pmc=7097447|pmid=16357858}}</ref> In 2001, Nipah virus was reported from [[Meherpur District]], Bangladesh<ref name="chadha2">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, Ksiazek TG, Mishra A|date=February 2006|title=Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=2|pages=235–40|doi=10.3201/eid1202.051247|pmc=3373078|pmid=16494748|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="hsu2">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD, Ali MM, Ksiazek TG, Kuzmin I, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht C, Bresee J, Breiman RF|date=December 2004|title=Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=12|pages=2082–7|doi=10.3201/eid1012.040701|pmc=3323384|pmid=15663842|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Siliguri]], India.<ref name="chadha2" /> The outbreak again appeared in 2003, 2004 and 2005 in [[Naogaon District]], [[Manikganj District]], [[Rajbari District]], [[Faridpur District]] and [[Tangail District]].<ref name="hsu2" /> In Bangladesh, there were also outbreaks in subsequent years.<ref name="SEARO2018">{{cite web|title=Nipah virus outbreaks in the WHO South-East Asia Region|url=http://www.searo.who.int/entity/emerging_diseases/links/nipah_virus_outbreaks_sear/en/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523034319/http://www.searo.who.int/entity/emerging_diseases/links/nipah_virus_outbreaks_sear/en/|archive-date=23 May 2018|access-date=23 May 2018|website=South-East Asia Regional Office|publisher=WHO}}</ref>

*[[1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak|September 1998 – May 1999]], in the states of [[Perak]], [[Negeri Sembilan]] and [[Selangor]] in [[Malaysia]]. A total of 265 cases of acute [[encephalitis]] with 105 deaths caused by the virus were reported in the three states throughout the outbreak.<ref name="lessons from Nipah outbreak">{{cite journal|date=2007|title=Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia|url=http://www.mjpath.org.my/2007.2/02Nipah_Virus_lessons.pdf|url-status=live|journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology|volume=29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830060915/http://www.mjpath.org.my/2007.2/02Nipah_Virus_lessons.pdf|archivedate=30 August 2019|author-first1=Lai-Meng|author-last1=Looi|author-first2=Kaw-Bing|author-last2=Chua|number=2|p=63–67}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Health (Malaysia)|Malaysian health authorities]] at the first thought [[Japanese encephalitis]] (JE) was the cause of infection which hampered the deployment of effective measures to prevent the spread.<ref name="lessons from Nipah outbreak2">{{cite journal|date=2007|title=Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia|url=http://www.mjpath.org.my/2007.2/02Nipah_Virus_lessons.pdf|url-status=live|journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology|volume=29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830060915/http://www.mjpath.org.my/2007.2/02Nipah_Virus_lessons.pdf|archivedate=30 August 2019|author-first1=Lai-Meng|author-last1=Looi|author-first2=Kaw-Bing|author-last2=Chua|number=2|p=63–67}}</ref>
*2001 January 31–23 February, [[Siliguri]], India: 66 cases with a 74% mortality rate.<ref name="chadha">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L |title=Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=235–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16494748 |doi=10.3201/eid1202.051247 |pmc=3373078}}</ref> 75% of patients were either hospital staff or had visited one of the other patients in hospital, indicating person-to-person transmission.
* 2001 April – May, [[Meherpur District]], Bangladesh: 13 cases with nine fatalities (69% mortality).<ref name="hsu">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD |title=Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=2082–7 |year=2004 |pmid=15663842 |doi=10.3201/eid1012.040701 |pmc=3323384}}</ref>
* 2003 January, [[Naogaon District]], Bangladesh: 12 cases with eight fatalities (67% mortality).<ref name="hsu" />
* 2004 January – February, [[Manikganj]] and [[Rajbari District|Rajbari]] districts, Bangladesh: 42 cases with 14 fatalities (33% mortality).
* 2004 19 February – 16 April, [[Faridpur District]], Bangladesh: 36 cases with 27 fatalities (75% mortality). 92% of cases involved close contact with at least one other person infected with Nipah virus. Two cases involved a single short exposure to an ill patient, including a rickshaw driver who transported a patient to hospital. In addition, at least six cases involved acute respiratory distress syndrome, which has not been reported previously for Nipah virus illness in humans.
* 2005 January, [[Tangail District]], Bangladesh: 12 cases with 11 fatalities (92% mortality). The virus was probably contracted from drinking date palm juice contaminated by fruit bat droppings or saliva.<ref>{{cite journal|author=ICDDR,B |title=Nipah virus outbreak from date palm juice |journal=Health and Science Bulletin |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=1–5 |year=2005 |url=http://www.icddrb.org/pub/publication.jsp?classificationID=56&pubID=6590 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210071513/http://www.icddrb.org/pub/publication.jsp?classificationID=56 |archivedate=10 December 2006 }}</ref>
* 2007 February – May, [[Nadia district|Nadia District]], India: up to 50 suspected cases with 3–5 fatalities. The outbreak site borders the Bangladesh district of [[Kushtia]] where eight cases of Nipah virus encephalitis with five fatalities occurred during March and April 2007. This was preceded by an outbreak in [[Thakurgaon District|Thakurgaon]] during January and February affecting seven people with three deaths.<ref>{{cite journal|author=ICDDR,B |title=Person-to-person transmission of Nipah infection in Bangladesh |journal=Health and Science Bulletin |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1–6 |year=2007 |url=http://www.icddrb.org/pub/publication.jsp?pubID=9038&classificationID=0&typeClassificationID=0 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203073526/http://www.icddrb.org/pub/publication.jsp?pubID=9038&classificationID=0&typeClassificationID=0 |archivedate=3 February 2009 }}</ref> All three outbreaks showed evidence of person-to-person transmission.
* 2008 February – March, Manikganj and Rajbari districts, Bangladesh: Nine cases with eight fatalities.<ref>{{cite journal|author=ICDDR,B |title=Outbreaks of Nipah virus in Rajbari and Manikgonj |journal=Health and Science Bulletin |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=12–3 |year=2008 |url=http://www.icddrb.org/pub/publication.jsp?pubID=9038&classificationID=0&typeClassificationID=0 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203073526/http://www.icddrb.org/pub/publication.jsp?pubID=9038&classificationID=0&typeClassificationID=0 |archivedate=3 February 2009 }}</ref>
* 2010 January, Bhanga subdistrict, Faridpur, Bangladesh: Eight cases with seven fatalities. During March, one physician of Faridpur Medical College Hospital caring for confirmed Nipah cases died<ref>{{cite journal|author=ICDDR,B |title=Nipah outbreak in Faridpur District, Bangladesh, 2010 |journal=Health and Science Bulletin |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=6–11 |year=2010 |url=http://www.icddrb.org/what-we-do/publications/cat_view/52-publications/10042-icddrb-periodicals/10048-health-and-science-bulletin-bangla-and-english/10102-vol-8-no-2-english-2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928124410/http://www.icddrb.org/what-we-do/publications/cat_view/52-publications/10042-icddrb-periodicals/10048-health-and-science-bulletin-bangla-and-english/10102-vol-8-no-2-english-2010 |archivedate=28 September 2011 }}</ref>
* 2011 February: An outbreak of Nipah Virus occurred at Hatibandha, Lalmonirhat, Bangladesh. The deaths of 21 schoolchildren due to Nipah virus infection were recorded on 4 February 2011. [[International Association of National Public Health Institutes#List of IANPHI members|IEDCR]] confirmed the infection was due to this virus.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |title=Arguments in Bahodderhat murder case begin |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=28294 |access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> Local schools were closed for one week to prevent the spread of the virus. People were also requested to avoid consumption of uncooked fruits and fruit products. Such foods, contaminated with urine or saliva from infected fruit bats, were the most likely source of this outbreak.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110206152427/http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2011-02-04/news/128856 তাহেরকে ফাঁসি দেওয়ার সিদ্ধান্ত নেন জিয়া]. prothom-alo.com. 4 February 2011</ref>
*[[2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala|2018 May]]: Deaths of seventeen<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/nipah-death-toll-rises-to-14-in-kerala-two-more-cases-confirmed-5193201/|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=2018-05-29|title=Nipah virus outbreak: Death toll rises to 14 in Kerala, two more cases confirmed|date=27 May 2018}}</ref> people in [[Perambra]] near [[Calicut]], [[Kerala]], India were confirmed to be due to the virus. Treatment using antivirals such as Ribavirin was initiated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-kozhikode-health-authorities-vigilant-after-three-of-a-family-die-due-to-rare-viral-fever-5184124/|title=Kozhikode on high alert as three deaths attributed to Nipah virus|date=20 May 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44193145|title=Deadly Nipah virus claims victims in India|date=21 May 2018|access-date=11 December 2018|work=BBC News}}</ref>
*2019 June: A 23-year-old student was admitted into hospital with Nipah virus infection at [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]].<ref name="newsclick0">{{cite news |date=4 June 2019 |title=Kerala Govt Confirms Nipah Virus, 86 Under Observation |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Nipah-Virus-Confirmed-Kerala |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714064538/https://www.newsclick.in/Nipah-Virus-Confirmed-Kerala |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=15 July 2019 }}</ref> Health Minister of Kerala, [[K. K. Shailaja]] confirmed that 86 people who have had recent interactions with the patient were under observation. This included two nurses who treated the patient, and had fever and sore throat. The situation was monitored and precautionary steps were taken to control the spread of virus by the [[Government of India|Central]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/centre-gears-up-to-contain-re-emergence-of-nipah-virus-in-kerala-1559629926061.html|title=Centre gears up to contain re-emergence of Nipah virus in Kerala|last=Sharma|first=Neetu Chandra|date=4 June 2019|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref> and [[Government of Kerala|State Government]].<ref name="newsclick0" /> 338 people were kept under observation and 17 of them in isolation by the Health Department of Kerala. After undergoing treatment for 54 days at a private hospital, the 23-year-old student was discharged. On 23 July, the Kerala government declared Ernakulam district to be Nipah-free.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/health/story/ernakulam-district-declared-nipah-virus-free-says-kerala-health-minister-1572681-2019-07-23|title=Ernakulam district declared Nipah virus free, says Kerala health minister|last1=KochiJuly 23|first1=Press Trust of India|last2=July 23|first2=2019UPDATED|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19|last3=Ist|first3=2019 19:32}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak]]
* [[2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala]]
* [[Nipah virus infection]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Diseaseinformation/Diseasehome Current status of Nipah (virus encephalitis) worldwide] at OIE. WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120519061152/http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Food-and-Agriculture/Fighting-Nipah-virus.aspx Nipah virus] – [[CSIRO]]
* {{cite web|author=Enserink M |title=Virus's Achilles' Heel Revealed |date=February 2009 |work=Science Now |publisher=AAAS |url=http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/218/1 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222233532/http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/218/1 |archivedate=22 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15928531}}

[[Category:Animal virology]]
[[Category:Henipavirus]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]

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2020-11-10T17:17:23Z

Nafiul adeeb: ←Created page with 'I edit mostly at Bengali Wikipedia. Here's the [https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E...'

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