Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Roman Catholic Diocese of Innsbruck

2014-06-17T15:23:40Z

LKruse:

{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Diocese
| name = Innsbruck
| latin = Dioecesis Oenipontanus
| local = Diözese Innsbruck
| image = Cathedral of St. James Facade 1.jpg
| image_size = frameless
| image_alt =
| caption = [[Innsbruck Cathedral]]

| country = [[Austria]]
| metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg|Archdiocese of Salzburg]]
| territory = [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]]
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tirol|Archdiocese of Tirol]]
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 9,845
| population = 537,770
| population_as_of = 2012
| catholics = 395,855
| catholics_percent = 73.6
| parishes = 
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| established = December 8, 1968
| cathedral = [[Innsbruck Cathedral|Cathedral of St James]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[Saint Peter Canisius]]
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| bishop = [[Manfred Scheuer]]
| metro_archbishop = [[Franz Lackner]]
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops =
| vicar_general =
| emeritus_bishops =

| map = Bistuemer oesterreich innsbruck.png
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [http://www.dioezese-innsbruck.at Website of the Diocese]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Diocese of Innsbruck''' ({{lang-la|Dioecesis Oenipontanus}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Innsbruck]] in the [[Ecclesiastical province]] of [[Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg|Salzburg]] in Austria.

==History==
* December 11, 1925: Established as Apostolic Administration of Innsbruck – Feldkirch
* August 6, 1964: Promoted as Diocese of Innsbruck – Feldkirch
* December 8, 1968: Renamed as Diocese of Innsbruck

==Special churches==
*Minor Basilicas:
** Herz-Jesu-Basilika, [[Hall in Tirol]], [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]]
** St. Michael, [[Absam]], Tirol
** Unsere Liebe Frau von der Unbefleckten Empfängnis, [[Wilten]], Tirol
** Zisterzienserkirche, [[Stams]], Tirol

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Innsbruck (Roman rite)
** Bishop Manfred Scheuer (since 2003.10.21)
** Archbishop [[Alois Kothgasser]], [[S.D.B.]] (1997.10.10 – 2002.11.27)
** Bishop [[Reinhold Stecher]] (1980.12.15 – 1997.10.10)
** Bishop [[Paulus Rusch]] (1964.08.06 – 1980.08.13)
* Apostolic Administrators of Innsbruck – Feldkirch (Roman rite)
** Bishop Paulus Rusch (1938.10.15 – 1964.08.06)
** Archbishop [[Sigismund Waitz]] (1921 – 1938)

==See also==
*[[Roman Catholicism in Austria]]

==Source==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/inns0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dinns.html Catholic Hierarchy]
* [http://www.dioezese-innsbruck.at/ Diocese website]

{{Navbox Dioceses of Austria}}

{{coord missing|Austria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Innsbruck}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in Austria]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1925]]
[[Category:Innsbruck]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Salzburg|Innsbruck, Roman Catholic Diocese of]]

{{Austria-stub}}
{{Europe-RC-diocese-stub}}

Greenfield, Ohio

2013-06-29T02:22:05Z

LKruse:

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Greenfield, Ohio
|settlement_type = [[Village]]
|nickname =
|motto ="A Perfect Place To Raise A Family"


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map = OHMap-doton-Greenfield.png
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of Greenfield, Ohio
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Ohio]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Ohio|Counties]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Highland County, Ohio|Highland]], [[Fayette County, Ohio|Fayette]], [[Ross County, Ohio|Ross]]


|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name ="Gazetteer files"/>
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 5.34
|area_land_km2 = 5.34
|area_water_km2 = 0
|area_total_sq_mi = 2.06
|area_land_sq_mi = 2.06
|area_water_sq_mi = 0


|population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
|population_est = 4562
|pop_est_as_of = 2012<ref name="2012 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2013-06-17}}</ref>
|population_footnotes = <ref name ="FactFinder"/>
|population_total = 4639
|population_density_km2 = 869.5
|population_density_sq_mi = 2251.9


|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|elevation_footnotes = {{GR|3}}
|elevation_m = 278
|elevation_ft = 912
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 39 |latm = 21 |lats = 6 |latNS = N
|longd = 83 |longm = 23 |longs = 11 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code = 45123, 45165
|area_code = [[Area code 937|937]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 39-32088{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1064755{{GR|3}}
|website = http://www.greenfieldohio.net
http://www.greenfieldohio.com
|footnotes =
}}

'''Greenfield''' is a [[village (United States)|village]] in [[Highland County, Ohio|Highland]], [[Fayette County, Ohio|Fayette]], and [[Ross County, Ohio|Ross]] counties in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Ohio]], along [[Paint Creek (Ohio)|Paint Creek]], a tributary of the [[Scioto River]]. The population was 4,639 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]]. Although the municipality is listed as a city by the Census Bureau,{{GR|2}} by Ohio law it officially became a village when its population dropped below 5,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/703.01 |title=Ohio Revised Code Section 703.01(A) |accessdate=2007-09-15 }}</ref>

==History==
Much of Greenfield's early history concentrates on the [[Travellers' Rest Inn]] at the eastern end of Jefferson Street: built in 1812, it was the village's first stone building. It also served as its first post office, and was the space for its first doctor's office.<ref>Owen, Lorrie K., ed. ''Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places''. Vol. 2. [[St. Clair Shores, Michigan|St. Clair Shores]]: Somerset, 1999, 772.</ref> Now operated as a museum,<ref>[http://www.greenfieldhistoricalsociety.org/ghs-exhibits.html Greenfield Historical Society Exhibits], Greenfield Historical Society, n.d. Accessed 2012-12-17.</ref> the inn is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. The [[Samuel Smith House and Tannery]] is also listed on the National Register.<ref>{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>

==Geography==
Greenfield is located at {{coord|39|21|6|N|83|23|11|W|type:city}} (39.351623, -83.386461),{{GR|1}} almost entirely in Highland County.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2006_39.csv | title = Subcounty population estimates: Ohio 2000-2006| format = [[comma-separated values|CSV]] | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division | date = 2007-06-28 | accessdate = 2008-05-28 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080420141502/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2006_39.csv  | archivedate = 2008-04-20}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|2.06|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all of it land.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2013-01-06}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Clock Tower Greenfield Ohio.jpg|Clock tower in central Greenfield
File:Greenfield, Ohio.JPG|Intersection of Jefferson Street and Washington Street (central business district) in Greenfield
</gallery>

==Demographics==
===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2013-01-06}}</ref> of 2010, there were 4,639 people, 1,829 households, and 1,148 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|2251.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 2,141 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1039.3|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 95.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.7% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.1% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.2% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.3% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.7% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.8% of the population.

There were 1,829 households of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 17.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 15% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.07.

The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.4% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 4,906 people, 1,955 households, and 1,253 families residing in the village. The [[population density]] was 2,536.3 people per square mile (981.5/km²). There were 2,099 housing units at an average density of 1,085.1 per square mile (419.9/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 95.78% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 2.20% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.08% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.28% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.12% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.33% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.41% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.69% of the population.

There were 1,955 households out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the village the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 85.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,805, and the median income for a family was $36,952. Males had a median income of $32,156 versus $21,352 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village was $14,306. About 12.3% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 13.6% of those age 65 or over.

==Notable people==
* [[Otway Curry]], poet and legislator.
* [[David T. Daniels]], Director of the Ohio Department of Agriculture
* [[Brad Martin]], [[country music]] artist.
* [[Johnny Paycheck]], Country singer

==Government==
Greenfield's [[Town council|village council]] comprises Robert Bergstrom, Betty Jackman, Harvey Everhart, Bill Redenbaugh, and Brenda Losey.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.greenfieldohio.net/Officials.html | title = Greenfield city council | publisher = Greenfield| accessdate = 2010-02-28}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Fayette County, Ohio}}
{{Highland County, Ohio}}
{{Ross County, Ohio}}

[[Category:Greenfield, Ohio| ]]

Michael Hainisch

2013-05-16T02:39:33Z

LKruse:

{{Infobox President | name=Michael Hainisch
|nationality=Austrian
|image=Michael Hainisch.jpg|140px
|caption= Michael Hainisch, July 1928, [[Vienna]]
|order=2nd [[President of Austria]]
|term_start=December 9, 1920
|term_end=December 10, 1928
|chancellor = [[Michael Mayr]] [[Johann Schober]] [[Walter Breisky]] [[Ignaz Seipel]] [[Rudolf Ramek]]
|predecessor=[[Karl Seitz]]
|successor=[[Wilhelm Miklas]]
|birth_date={{birth date|1858|8|15|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Aue bei Schottwien]], [[Niederösterreich]] ([[Lower Austria]])
|death_date={{death date and age|1940|2|26|1858|8|15|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Vienna]], [[Nazi Germany]] [[Now Austria]]
|party=[[independent (politican)|independent]]
|religion=
}}
'''Michael Hainisch''' (August 15, 1858 - February 26, 1940) was an Austrian politician, and the [[President of Austria#List of presidents of Austria (1919–present)|second President]] of Austria, after the fall of the monarchy at the end of [[World War I]].

==Origins==
He started out as a lawyer and an official of the Treasury and of the Education Department, but then retired to his estates in [[Lower Austria]] and [[Styria]], where he carried on model farming, became a leader of the Austrian branch of the [[Fabian Society|Fabian]] movement, and one of the founders of the Central People's Library. In later years he moved away from radical socialism to became a conservative agrarian.<ref>{{Cite EB1922|Hainisch, Michael}}</ref>

==Presidency==
Hainisch held aloof from political parties. He was chosen president because of his personal authority, although he was not a member of the parliament. He was an independent candidate. He was elected and assumed office in 1920, and stayed for two periods until 1928. He was married to Emilia Figdor, the descendant of a prominent Viennese assimilated Jewish family. Emilia's father, Gustav, was a town councillor of the city of Vienna.

As a president, he worked hard to improve the dire situation Austria found itself after the war.
He did a lot to develop the [[agricultural sector]], encouraged the [[electrification]] of the [[railway]], tried to develop more [[tourism]] especially in the [[Alps]]. Trade with neighbouring countries such as [[Germany]] was encouraged. He also became a protector of local traditions and [[culture]] and initiated the creation of the law of protected monuments.
He became also an honorary member of the Akademie der Wissenschaften (Academy of Sciences).

In 1928, main parties proposed to amend the constitution in order to reelect Hainisch for a third term. Federal Chancellor [[Ignaz Seipel]] proposed a one-year term for Hainisch, but Hainisch declined a third term.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[Time Magazine]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928608-1,00.html|title=Austria: Three-Room President|date=December 17, 1928}}</ref>

Controversially, he supported [[Pan-German]] ideas and later supported the [[Anschluss]] of Austria to Nazi-Germany in 1938, as did many of his fellow compatriots. He died in 1940, just a year after [[World War II]] started.

==Works==
He was a fertile author of works on sociology and politics:
* ''Zukunft der Oesterreicher'' (“The future of the Austrians,” 1892)
* ''Zur Wahlreform'' (“Towards electoral reform,” 1895)
* ''Kampf ums Dasein und Sozialpolitik'' (“The fight for existence and social politics,” 1899)
* ''Heimarbeit'' (1906)
* ''Fleischnot und Alpine Landwirtschaft''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hofburg.at/show_content2.php?s2id=46 Hofburg.at: Michael Hainisch] {{de icon}}
*[http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.h/h093814.htm AEIOU: Michael Hainisch] {{de icon}}

{{Presidents of Austria}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=67257032}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME =Hainisch, Michael
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =Austrian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH =August 15, 1858
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Aue bei Schottwien]], [[Niederösterreich]] ([[Lower Austria]])
| DATE OF DEATH =February 26, 1940
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hainisch, Michael}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gloggnitz]]
[[Category:Presidents of Austria]]

Washington High School (Washington, Iowa)

2013-05-01T03:43:42Z

LKruse:

{{coord|41.297|-91.689|region:US-IA_type:edu|display=title}}
{{Infobox Secondary school
| name = Washington High School
| established = 1912
| type = High School
| principal = Erik Buchholz
| address = 313 S. 4th Ave.
| affiliation = [[Southeast Conference (Iowa)|Southeast Conference]]
| students = 400+
| website = http://www.washington.k12.ia.us
| colors = [[orange (color)|Orange]] and [[Black]] {{colorbox|orange}} {{colorbox|black}}
| mascot = Demons
| city = [[Washington, Iowa|Washington]]
| state = [[Iowa]]
| country = [[United States]]
| newspaper = Washingtonian
| yearbook = Hi-Life
| grades = 10-12
}}

{{see also|Washington High School}} ''for schools of the same name''

'''Washington High School''' is the local public high school in [[Washington, Iowa]]. It is a member of the Washington Community School district.[http://www.washington.k12.ia.us/] The building was built in 1918 and is still currently used. Construction of a new building conjoined with the existing junior high began in July 2010 with an estimated completion date set for Fall 2012, 96 years after the opening of the present structure. The school runs on [[block schedule]] with 4, 86-minute blocks. The year is divided up into 4 [[Academic term]]s. The average graduating class is around 110 students.

Demon athletics has long been a strong competitor in the area, having participated in state championships in several sports. The school's yearbook staffers have won several state and national awards over the years. WHS's Physics Olympics team took first place in the state competition in 2010.

Many graduates of the school go on to 2-year community colleges or 4-year public or private institutions in the area.

==Notable Alumni==
Keith Molesworth, NFL Football Player for Chicago Bears (Graduated Class of 1923)

== Sources ==
*Washington High School [http://www.washington.k12.ia.us/buildings/whs/]
*[http://www.publicschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/30548]

[[Category:Public high schools in Iowa]]
[[Category:Schools in Washington County, Iowa]]

{{Iowa-school-stub}}

Odry

2013-02-09T19:12:52Z

LKruse:

{{For|the village in Poland|Odry, Poland}}
{{Geobox | Settlement

| name = Odry
| other_name = Odrau
| category = Town

| image =
| image_caption =

| flag = Odry CZ flag.gif
| symbol = Odry CZ CoA.gif

| etymology =
| official_name =
| motto =
| nickname =

| country = Czech Republic
| country_flag = 1
| state =
| region = [[Moravian-Silesian Region|Moravian-Silesian]]
| region_type = [[Regions of the Czech Republic|Region]]
| district = [[Nový Jičín District|Nový Jičín]]
| district_type = [[Districts of the Czech Republic|District]]
| commune = Odry
| municipality =

| part =
| river =

| location = Masarykovo náměstí
| elevation = 274
| lat_d = 49
| lat_m = 39
| lat_s = 50
| lat_NS = N
| long_d = 17
| long_m = 49
| long_s = 51
| long_EW = E
| highest =
| highest_elevation =
| highest_lat_d =
| highest_long_d =
| lowest =
| lowest_elevation =
| lowest_lat_d =
| lowest_long_d =

| area = 74.08
| area_round = 2

| population = 7467
| population_date = 2006-08-28
| population_density = auto

| established = 1234
| established_type = First mentioned
| mayor = Pavel Matůšů

| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = CEST
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code = 742 35 - 742 38
| area_code =
| code =

| free =

| map = Czechia - outline map.svg
| map_background = Czechia - background map.png
| map_caption = Location in the Czech Republic
| map_locator = Czechia
| map1 = Moravian-Silesian Region - outline map.svg
| map1_background =Moravian_Silesian_Region_-_background_map.png
| map1_caption = Location in the Moravian-Silesian Region
| map1_locator = Moravian-Silesian_Region

| commons = Odry
| statistics = [http://www.statnisprava.cz/ebe/ciselniky.nsf/i/599701 statnisprava.cz]
| website = [http://www.odry.cz/ www.odry.cz]

| footnotes =
}}
'''Odry''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈodrɪ}}; {{lang-de|Odrau}}) is a town in the [[Moravian-Silesian Region]] of the [[Czech Republic]]. It has 7,467 inhabitants.
==NOTABLE RESIDENTS==
Gregor Mendel was born in Odry in 1822, which was then part of the Austrian Empire.
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.odry.cz/ Municipal website] {{cs icon}}

{{Nový Jičín District}}

{{Expand German|Odry|date=June 2010}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Nový Jičín District]]
[[Category:Lichnowsky family]]

{{MoraviaSilesia-geo-stub}}

[[roa-rup:Odry]]
[[cs:Odry]]
[[de:Odry]]
[[eo:Odry]]
[[it:Odry]]
[[nl:Odry (okres Nový Jičín)]]
[[pl:Odry (Czechy)]]
[[pt:Odry]]
[[sk:Odry]]
[[vi:Odry]]
[[zh:奧德里 (捷克)]]

Butter chicken

2012-11-27T20:06:23Z

LKruse:

{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Butter chicken
| image = [[File:Chicken makhani.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Butter chicken
| alternate_name = Murgh makhani
| country = [[South Asia]]
| region = [[Ghaziabad]]
| creator = Simon Mahli Chahal
| origin = [[Indian cuisine]] [[Pakistani cuisine]]
| course =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Chicken]], [[butter]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
{{Cuisine of India}}

'''Butter chicken''' (or '''murgh makhani''') is part of [[Indian cuisine]], popular in countries all over the world. The origins of butter chicken can be traced back to Britain, where desi chefs created a dish to suit the European palettei. Butter chicken is regarded to have been first introduced by Moti Mahal, Daryaganj and Aanand chicken, Ghaziabad. Butter chicken is usually served with [[naan]], [[roti]], [[paratha]]s, roomali roti or [[steamed rice]]. It should not be confused with [[chicken tikka masala]], a similarly coloured Indian chicken dish that originated among the South Asian diaspora in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mishra|first=Pankaj|title=Butter chicken in Ludhiana : travels in small town India|year=2007|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=0330444123|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=1qVHN9IeK-YC&dq=butter+chicken&source=bl&ots=gaM7PjCVTt&sig=ivuUthfDbQ7_WcHLyt3_HprhbMI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ylh-UNHGB8asrAfm6YHgCw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA|edition=Rev. ed.}}</ref>

==Preparation==
It is thought that butter chicken was hastily prepared by a Delhi eatery chef post dinner time for a harried VIP customer who wanted "some" chicken dish. A chef named Simon Mahli Chahal first prepared this when he only had half of a [[Tandoori chicken]] which he tossed with liberal amounts of butter, tomato, and garam masalas etc. to improvise for an delicious delicacy he was supposed to make for the ruler of Mareelun. He forgot to buy enough ingredients so he ended up with this dish.

Though various versions exists for the recipe, typically dressed [[chicken]] (with or without bones) is [[marination|marinated]] overnight in a [[yogurt]] and [[spice]] mixture usually including [[garam masala]], [[ginger]], [[Garlic|garlic paste]], [[lemon]] or [[lime (fruit)|lime]], [[black pepper|pepper]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[turmeric]] and [[chili powder|chili]]. The chicken is traditionally cooked in a [[tandoor]], but can also be grilled, roasted or pan fried. The sauce, is made by heating and mixing [[butter]], [[tomato]] puree, and various spices, often including [[cumin]], [[clove]]s, [[cinnamon]], [[coriander]], [[black pepper|pepper]], [[fenugreek]] and fresh cream. [[Cashew]] paste can also be added, and will make the gravy thicker. Of all the spices added to the dish it is dried [[fenugreek]] leaves (Urdu/Hindi: Qasuri Methi) that makes the greatest contribution to the characteristic flavour of the dish. Once the sauce is prepared, the prepared chicken is chopped and cooked until the gravy and chicken have blended. The dish may be garnished with white butter, fresh cream, sliced green chillies and [[fenugreek|Qasuri Methi]].

==Trivia==
Indian actor Kunal Nayyar has stated in several interviews that Butter Chicken is his favourite food.

==Bibliography==
* ''Curry Club Tandoori and Tikka Dishes'', Piatkus, London — ISBN 0-7499-1283-9 (1993)
*''Curry Club 100 Favourite Tandoori Recipes'', Piatkus, London — ISBN 07499149 & ISBN 0-7499-1741-5 (1995)
* ''India: Food & Cooking'', New Holland, London — ISBN 978-1-84537-619-2 (2007)

==External links==
*[http://www.foodnetwork.ca/recipes/Eggs/Dairy/recipe.html?dishid=8423 Food Network - Better Butter Chicken]
*[http://en.recidemia.com/wiki/Butter_chicken Butter Chicken recipe on Recidemia]
*[http://indianfood.about.com/od/chickendishes/r/butterchicken.htm Butter Chicken recipe on About.com Indian Food site]
*[http://www.anaarkali.org Anaarkali Butter Chicken recipe]

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Foods featuring butter}}
{{Chicken}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Butter Chicken}}
[[Category:Indian meat dishes]]
[[Category:Curry]]
[[Category:Chicken dishes]]
[[Category:Foods featuring butter]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora cuisine]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:New Zealand cuisine]]

==Reference==
{{Reflist}}

[[da:Murgh makhani]]
[[es:Pollo con mantequilla]]
[[fr:Butter chicken]]
[[ko:버터 치킨]]
[[ml:ബട്ടര്‍ ചിക്കന്‍]]
[[no:Murgh makhani]]
[[tr:Tereyağlı tavuk]]

Astrophysics

2012-11-24T21:16:47Z

LKruse:

{{for|the journal|The Astrophysical Journal}}
[[Image:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|[[NGC 4414]], a typical spiral galaxy in the [[constellation]] [[Coma Berenices]], is about 56,000 [[light-year]]s in diameter and approximately 60 million light-years distant.]]
{{General physics}}
'''Astrophysics''' (Greek: ''Astro ''- meaning "star", and Greek: ''physis ''– ''φύσις '' - meaning "nature") is the branch of [[astronomy]] that deals with the [[physics]] of the [[universe]], including the physical properties of [[astronomical object|celestial object]]s, as well as their interactions and behavior.<ref>{{cite web | title=astrophysics | publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/astrophysics | accessdate=2011-05-22 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110610085146/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/astrophysics| archivedate= 10 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Among the objects studied are [[galaxy|galaxies]], [[star]]s, [[planet]]s, [[exoplanet]]s, the [[interstellar medium]] and the [[cosmic microwave background]]. Their emissions are examined across all parts of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], and the properties examined include [[luminosity]], [[density]], [[temperature]], and [[chemistry|chemical]] composition. Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, ''astrophysicists'' typically apply many disciplines of physics, including [[mechanics]], [[electromagnetism]], [[statistical mechanics]], [[thermodynamics]], [[quantum mechanics]], [[theory of relativity|relativity]], [[nuclear physics|nuclear]] and [[particle physics]], and [[atomic, molecular, and optical physics|atomic and molecular physics]]. In practice, modern astronomical research involves a substantial amount of physics. The name of a university's department ("astrophysics" or "astronomy") often has to do more with the department's history than with the contents of the programs. Astrophysics can be studied at the [[bachelor's degree|bachelors]], [[master's degree|masters]], and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] levels in [[aerospace engineering]], physics, or astronomy departments at many [[university|universities]].

==History==
Although astronomy is as ancient as recorded history itself, it was long separated from the study of physics. In the [[Aristotel]]ian worldview, the celestial world tended towards perfection—bodies in the sky seemed to be perfect spheres moving in perfectly circular orbits—while the earthly world seemed destined to imperfection; these two realms were not seen as related.

[[Aristarchus of Samos]] (c. 310–250 BC) first put forward the notion that the motions of the celestial bodies could be explained by assuming that the [[Earth]] and all the other [[planet]]s in the [[Solar System]] orbited the [[Sun]]. Unfortunately, in the geocentric world of the time, Aristarchus' [[heliocentric theory]] was deemed outlandish and heretical. For centuries, the apparently common-sense view that the Sun and other planets went round the Earth nearly went unquestioned until the development of [[Copernican heliocentrism]] in the 16th century AD. This was due to the dominance of the [[geocentric model]] developed by [[Ptolemy]] (c. 83-161 AD), a [[Greek astronomy|Hellenized astronomer]] from [[History of Roman Egypt|Roman Egypt]], in his ''[[Almagest]]'' treatise.

The only known supporter of Aristarchus was [[Seleucus of Seleucia]], a [[Babylonian astronomy|Babylonian astronomer]] who is said to have proved heliocentrism through [[reasoning]] in the 2nd century BC. This may have involved the phenomenon of [[tide]]s,<ref>[[Lucio Russo]], ''Flussi e riflussi'', Feltrinelli, Milano, 2003, ISBN 88-07-10349-4.</ref> which he correctly theorized to be caused by attraction to the [[Moon]] and notes that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun.<ref>[[Bartel Leendert van der Waerden]] (1987). "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy", ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences'' '''500''' (1), 525–545 [527].</ref> Alternatively, he may have determined the constants of a [[geometry|geometric]] model for the heliocentric theory and developed methods to compute planetary positions using this model, possibly using early [[trigonometry|trigonometric]] methods that were available in his time, much like Copernicus.<ref>[[Bartel Leendert van der Waerden]] (1987). "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy", ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences'' '''500''' (1), 525–545 [527-529].</ref> [[Bartel Leendert van der Waerden|B. L. van der Waerden]] has interpreted the planetary models developed by [[Aryabhata]] (476-550), an [[Indian astronomy|Indian astronomer]], and [[Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi|Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]] (787-886), a [[Islamic astronomy|Persian astronomer]], to be [[Heliocentrism|heliocentric models]]<ref>[[Bartel Leendert van der Waerden]] (1987). "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy", ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences'' '''500''' (1), 525–545 [534-537].</ref> but this view has been strongly disputed by others.<ref>Noel Swerdlow (June 1973), "Review: A Lost Monument of Indian Astronomy" [review of [[Bartel Leendert van der Waerden|B. L. van der Waerden]], ''Das heliozentrische System in der griechischen, persischen und indischen Astronomie''], ''Isis'' '''64''' (2), p. 239–243. David Pingree (1973), "The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''93''' (1), p. 32. Dennis Duke (2005), "The Equant in India: The Mathematical Basis of Ancient Indian Planetary Models", ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'' '''59''', p. 563–576 [http://people.scs.fsu.edu/~dduke/india8.pdf].</ref>

In the 9th century AD, the [[Islamic physics|Persian physicist]] and [[Islamic astronomy|astronomer]], [[Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir]], hypothesized that the heavenly bodies and [[celestial spheres]] are subject to the same [[Physical law|laws of physics]] as Earth, unlike the ancients who believed that the celestial spheres followed their own set of physical laws different from that of Earth.<ref>{{Citation |last=Saliba |first=George |authorlink=George Saliba |year=1994a |title=Early Arabic Critique of Ptolemaic Cosmology: A Ninth-Century Text on the Motion of the Celestial Spheres |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=25 |pages=115–141 [116] |bibcode = 1994JHA....25..115S }}</ref> He also proposed that there is a [[gravitation|force of attraction]] between "[[Astronomical object|heavenly bodies]]".<ref>{{citation|first=K. A.|last=Waheed|year=1978|title=Islam and The Origins of Modern Science|page=27|publisher=Islamic Publication Ltd., [[Lahore]]}}</ref>
In the early 11th century, the Arabic [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) wrote the ''Maqala fi daw al-qamar'' (''On the Light of the Moon'') some time before 1021. This was the first successful attempt at combining mathematical astronomy with [[physics]], and the earliest attempt at applying the [[Scientific method|experimental method]] to astronomy and astrophysics. He disproved the universally held opinion that the [[moon]] reflects [[sunlight]] like a [[mirror]] and correctly concluded that it "emits light from those portions of its surface which the [[sun]]'s light strikes." In order to prove that "light is emitted from every point of the moon's illuminated surface," he built an "ingenious [[experiment]]al device." Ibn al-Haytham had "formulated a clear conception of the relationship between an ideal mathematical model and the complex of observable phenomena; in particular, he was the first to make a systematic use of the method of varying the experimental conditions in a constant and uniform manner, in an experiment showing that the [[Brightness|intensity]] of the light-spot formed by the projection of the [[moonlight]] through two small [[aperture]]s onto a screen diminishes constantly as one of the apertures is gradually blocked up."<ref name=Toomer>{{citation|first=G. J.|last=Toomer|title=Review: ''Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' by Matthias Schramm|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|volume=55|issue=4|date=December 1964|pages=463–465 [463–4]|doi=10.1086/349914}}</ref>

In the 14th century, [[Ibn al-Shatir]] produced the first model of [[Moon|lunar]] motion which matched physical observations, and which was later used by Copernicus.<ref name=Saliba-2007>[[George Saliba]] (2007), [http://youtube.com/watch?v=GfissgPCgfM Lecture at SOAS, London - Part 4/7] and [http://youtube.com/watch?v=0VMBRAd6YBU Lecture at SOAS, London - Part 5/7]</ref> In the 13th to 15th centuries, [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī|Tusi]] and [[Ali Qushji]] provided the earliest [[Empirical research|empirical evidence]] for the [[Earth's rotation]], using the phenomena of [[comet]]s to refute Ptolemy's claim that a stationary Earth can be determined through observation. Kuşçu further rejected [[Aristotelian physics]] and [[natural philosophy]], allowing astronomy and physics to become empirical and mathematical instead of philosophical. In the early 16th century, the debate on the Earth's motion was continued by [[Al-Birjandi]] (d. 1528), who in his analysis of what might occur if the Earth were rotating, develops a hypothesis similar to [[Galileo Galilei]]'s notion of "circular [[inertia]]", which he described in the following observational test:<ref>{{Citation |last=Ragep |first=F. Jamil |year=2001a |title=Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context |journal=Science in Context |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=145–163 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ragep |first=F. Jamil |year=2001b |title=Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy: An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science |journal=Osiris, 2nd Series |volume=16 |issue=Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions |pages=49–64 & 66–71 |bibcode = 2001Osir...16...49R |doi=10.1086/649338 |last2=Al-Qushji |first2=Ali}}</ref>

{{bquote|The small or large rock will fall to the Earth along the path of a line that is perpendicular to the plane (''sath'') of the horizon; this is witnessed by experience (''tajriba''). And this perpendicular is away from the tangent point of the Earth's sphere and the plane of the perceived (''hissi'') horizon. This point moves with the motion of the Earth and thus there will be no difference in place of fall of the two rocks.}}

After heliocentrism was revived by [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] in the 16th century, [[Galileo Galilei]] discovered the four brightest moons of [[Jupiter]] in 1610, and documented their orbits about that planet, which contradicted the [[Geocentric model|geocentric]] doctrine of the [[Catholic Church]] of his time, and escaped serious punishment only by maintaining that his astronomy was a work of [[mathematic]]s, not of natural philosophy (physics), and therefore purely abstract.

The availability of accurate observational data (mainly from the observatory of [[Tycho Brahe]]) led to research into theoretical explanations for the observed behavior. At first, only [[empirical]] rules were discovered, such as [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion]], discovered at the start of the 17th century. Later that century, [[Isaac Newton]] bridged the gap between Kepler's laws and Galileo's dynamics, discovering that the same laws that rule the dynamics of objects on Earth rule the motion of planets and the moon. [[Celestial mechanics]], the application of Newtonian [[gravity]] and Newton's laws to explain Kepler's laws of planetary motion, was the first unification of astronomy and physics.

After Isaac Newton published his book, ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'', maritime [[navigation]] was transformed. Starting around 1670, the entire world was measured using essentially modern [[latitude]] instruments and the best available [[clock]]s. The needs of navigation provided a drive for progressively more accurate astronomical observations and instruments, providing a background for ever more available data for scientists.

At the end of the 19th century, it was discovered that, when decomposing the light from the Sun, a multitude of [[spectral line]]s were observed (regions where there was less or no light). Experiments with hot gases showed that the same lines could be observed in the spectra of gases, specific lines corresponding to unique [[chemical element]]s. In this way it was proved that the chemical elements found in the Sun (chiefly [[hydrogen]]) were also found on Earth. Indeed, the element [[helium]] was first discovered in the spectrum of the Sun and only later on Earth, [[etymology|hence]] its name. During the 20th century, [[spectroscopy]] (the study of these spectral lines) advanced, particularly as a result of the advent of [[quantum physics]] that was necessary to understand the astronomical and experimental observations.<ref>[http://www.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9711066 Frontiers of Astrophysics: Workshop Summary], H. Falcke, P. L. Biermann</ref>

See also:
* [[Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure]]
* [[Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae]]
* [[Timeline of black hole physics]]
* [[Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity]]

==Observational astrophysics==

The majority of astrophysical observations are made using the [[electromagnetic spectrum]].

* [[Radio astronomy]] studies radiation with a [[wavelength]] greater than a few millimeters. Example areas of study are [[radio waves]], usually emitted by cold objects such as [[interstellar gas]] and dust clouds; the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]] which is the [[redshift]]ed light from the [[Big Bang]]; [[Pulsar]]s, which were first detected at [[microwave]] frequencies. The study of these waves requires very large [[radio telescope]]s.
* [[Infrared astronomy]] studies radiation with a wavelength that is too long to be visible to the naked eye but is shorter than radio waves. Infrared observations are usually made with telescopes similar to the familiar [[optical]] telescopes. Objects colder than stars (such as planets) are normally studied at infrared frequencies.
* [[Optical astronomy]] is the oldest kind of astronomy. Telescopes paired with a [[charge-coupled device]] or [[spectroscope]]s are the most common instruments used. The Earth's [[atmosphere]] interferes somewhat with optical observations, so [[adaptive optics]] and [[space telescope]]s are used to obtain the highest possible image quality. In this wavelength range, stars are highly visible, and many chemical spectra can be observed to study the chemical composition of stars, galaxies and [[nebula]]e.
* [[Ultraviolet]], [[X-ray astronomy|X-ray]] and [[gamma ray astronomy]] study very energetic processes such as [[binary pulsar]]s, [[black hole]]s, [[magnetar]]s, and many others. These kinds of radiation do not penetrate the Earth's atmosphere well. There are two methods in use to observe this part of the electromagnetic spectrum—[[space-based telescope]]s and ground-based [[imaging air Cherenkov telescope]]s (IACT). Examples of [[Observatory|Observatories]] of the first type are [[RXTE]], the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] and the [[Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]]. Examples of IACTs are the [[High Energy Stereoscopic System]] (H.E.S.S.) and the [[MAGIC (telescope)|MAGIC]] telescope.

Other than electromagnetic radiation, few things may be observed from the Earth that originate from great distances. A few [[gravitational wave]] observatories have been constructed, but gravitational waves are extremely difficult to detect. [[Neutrino]] observatories have also been built, primarily to study our Sun. [[Cosmic ray]]s consisting of very high energy particles can be observed hitting the Earth's atmosphere.

Observations can also vary in their time scale. Most optical observations take minutes to hours, so phenomena that change faster than this cannot readily be observed. However, historical data on some objects is available, spanning [[century|centuries]] or [[millennia]]. On the other hand, radio observations may look at events on a millisecond timescale ([[millisecond pulsar]]s) or combine years of data ([[Rotation-powered pulsar|pulsar deceleration]] studies). The information obtained from these different timescales is very different.

The study of our very own Sun has a special place in observational astrophysics. Due to the tremendous distance of all other stars, the Sun can be observed in a kind of detail unparalleled by any other star. Our understanding of our own sun serves as a guide to our understanding of other stars.

The topic of how stars change, or [[stellar evolution]], is often modeled by placing the varieties of star types in their respective positions on the [[Hertzsprung-Russell diagram]], which can be viewed as representing the state of a stellar object, from birth to destruction. The material composition of the astronomical objects can often be examined using:
* [[Spectroscopy]]
* [[Radio astronomy]]
* [[Neutrino astronomy]] (future prospects)

==Theoretical astrophysics==

Theoretical astrophysicists use a wide variety of tools which include [[mathematical model|analytical model]]s (for example, [[polytrope]]s to approximate the behaviors of a star) and [[computation]]al [[Numerical analysis|numerical simulations]]. Each has some advantages. Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen.<ref>{{Citation |first=H. |last=Roth |title=A Slowly Contracting or Expanding Fluid Sphere and its Stability |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=525–529 |year=1932 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.39.525 |bibcode = 1932PhRv...39..525R }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=A. S. |last=Eddington |title=Internal Constitution of the Stars |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |origyear=1926 |year=1988 |isbn=0-521-33708-9 }}.</ref>

Theorists in astrophysics endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models. This helps allow observers to look for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between several alternate or conflicting models.

Theorists also try to generate or modify models to take into account new data. In the case of an inconsistency, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model to fit the data. In some cases, a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to total abandonment of a model.

Topics studied by theoretical astrophysicists include: [[stellar dynamics]] and [[Stellar evolution|evolution]]; [[Galaxy formation and evolution|galaxy formation]]; [[magnetohydrodynamics]]; [[large-scale structure]] of [[matter]] in the [[Universe]]; origin of [[cosmic ray]]s; [[general relativity]] and [[physical cosmology]], including [[string theory|string]] cosmology and [[astroparticle physics]]. Astrophysical relativity serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large scale structures for which gravitation plays a significant role in physical phenomena investigated and as the basis for [[black hole]] (''astro'')[[physics]] and the study of [[gravitational waves]].

Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astrophysics, now included in the [[Lambda-CDM model]] are the [[Big Bang]], [[Cosmic inflation]], [[dark matter]], [[dark energy]] and fundamental theories of physics. [[Wormhole|Wormholes]] are examples of hypotheses which are yet to be proven.
==Media==
Rajesh 'Raj' Koothrappali on the American television show 'The Big Bang Theory' is an astrophysicist.
==See also==
{{Portal|Physics}}
* [[List of astronomical observatories|Astronomical observatories]]
* [[list of publications in physics#Astrophysics|Important publications in astrophysics]]
* [[List of astrophysicists]]
* [[List of Russian astrophysicists]]
* [[Nucleosynthesis]]
* [[Particle accelerator]]
* [[Astrodynamics]]
* [[Stellar physics]]
* [[Astrochemistry]]
* [[Cosmic ray]]
* [[Bremsstrahlung]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Astrophysics}}
* [http://www.worldscinet.com/ijmpd/ijmpd.shtml International Journal of Modern Physics D] from [[World Scientific]]
* [http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/index.htm Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology] from the American Institute of Physics
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/subseries/16 Prof. Sir Harry Kroto, NL], Astrophysical Chemistry Lecture Series. 8 Freeview Lectures provided by the Vega Science Trust.
* [http://home.slac.stanford.edu/ppap.html Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, California]
* [http://www.iasfbo.inaf.it Institute for Space Astrophysics and Cosmic Physics]
* [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/ Astrophysical Journal]
* [http://www.aanda.org/ Astronomy and Astrophysics, a European Journal]
* [http://www.scienceresourceworld.com/publications/journals/astronomy_journals.html List and directory of peer-reviewed Astronomy / Astrophysics Journals]
* [http://master.obspm.fr/ Master of Science in Astronomy and Astrophysics]
* [http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial, UCLA]
* Philippe Stee's homepage: [http://www.oca.eu/stee/page1/page3/page3.html Hot and Active Stars Research]

{{Physics-footer}}
{{Astronomy subfields}}

[[Category:Astrophysics|*]]
[[Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics]]

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Lois Neilson

2012-11-17T06:13:18Z

LKruse:

{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}}
'''Lois Neilson''' (September 7, 1895 - July 9, 1990) was an American silent movie [[actress]] who became actor and comedian [[Stan Laurel|Stan Laurel's]] first wife.

She was born in [[Tulare, California]]. She and Laurel both appeared in ''[[Do You Love Your Wife?]]'' in 1919.

Neilson and Laurel began sharing her apartment in 1925, and married on August 13, 1926.

Their daughter, also named Lois, was born in 1927. Their son, also named Stanley, was born two months premature in 1930, and lived for nine days. Neilson and Laurel separated that same year, and were divorced in December 1934.

She died in Los Angeles at the age of 94.

Through her daughter, she was the mother-in-law of Western actor Rand Brooks, best known for his role of Lucky Jenkins in the Hopalong Cassidy "B" films.

==External links==
* {{imdb name|id=0624816|name=Lois Neilson}}
* {{Find a Grave|29336861|name=Lois Neilson Laurel}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Neilson, Lois
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 7, 1895
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = July 9, 1990
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Neilson, Lois}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:American silent film actors]]
[[Category:American film actors]]

{{film-actor-stub}}

Galena Park, Texas

2012-11-16T05:08:25Z

LKruse: /* Notable people */

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Galena Park, Texas
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|website = {{URL|www.cityofgalenapark-tx.gov}}
|image_skyline = GalenaParkWelcomesignTX.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Galena Park sign
|image_map = Harris County GalenaPark.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location in the state of [[Texas]]
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_region = US-TX
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Texas|County]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Texas]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Harris County, Texas|Harris]]
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = R.P. "Bobby" Barrett
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_total_km2 = 12.9
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_land_km2 = 12.6
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_km2 = 0.3
|population_as_of = 2010
|population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2010"/>
|population_total = 10887
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|CST]]
|utc_offset = -6
|timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|CDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -5
|latd = 29 |latm = 44 |lats = 20 |latNS = N
|longd = 95 |longm = 14 |longs = 14 |longEW = W
|elevation_m = 8.5
|elevation_ft = 28
|established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date =
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 77547
|area_code = [[Area code 713|713]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 48-27996{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1377177{{GR|3}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''Galena Park''' is a city in [[Harris County, Texas]], [[United States]], within the [[Greater Houston|Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown]] metropolitan area. The population was 10,887 at the 2010 census.<ref name="Census 2010">{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov| title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Galena Park city, Texas| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| accessdate=June 15, 2012}}</ref>

==History==
The area of Galena Park began as the settlement of Clinton in 1835. The settlement originally served as a farming and ranching community but in the 1880s transformed into a railroad center along the new [[Port of Houston]]. With the coming of the petrochemical industry in the early 1900s, Clinton again transformed into a [[refinery]] center.<ref name="Handbook">"[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/GG/hfg1.html Galena Park, Texas]." ''[[Handbook of Texas]]''. Retrieved on November 4, 2009.</ref>

Clinton attempted to establish a post office in 1935, but the request was denied as another Clinton, Texas had established the name. The settlement's name was changed to Galena Park after the [[Texaco|Galena Signal Oil Company of Texas]], which built the first refinery there. Galena Park's original name survives today as the name of a major street in the city, Clinton Drive.<ref name="Handbook"/> Because of the 1935 incorporation, Houston did not incorporate Galena Park's territory into its city limits, while Houston annexed surrounding areas that were [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]].<ref name="Annexbitter">Lee, Renée C. "[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/4243441.html Annexed Kingwood split on effects]." ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. Sunday October 8, 2006. A21. Retrieved on July 6, 2011. "Some of the area communities that incorporated as cities and escaped annexation by Houston:" Print version exclusively has the information cited; the information is ''not'' included in the online edition.</ref> By the late 1930s Houston was growing as a port, so Galena Park expanded. Since the 1940s area residents considered the city to be a part of [[Greater Houston]].<ref name="Handbook"/>

The economy of Galena Park began to suffer in the early 1980s, when cranes used to haul ship cargo were reduced; prior to the early 1980s a team of workers who took up to one week to load cargo off of a ship stayed in the port city and contributed to its local economy, but the new technology lead to ships unloading all cargo in less than one day. The 80's also hit Galena Park's economy with all the layoffs from the steel mills. The economy further decreased after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], when sea port administrators tightened security rules that governed whether sailors could leave ships docked at port.<ref>Harkinson, Josh. "All Aboard." ''[[Houston Press]]''. March 18, 2004. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2004-03-18/news/all-aboard/ 1].</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:GalenaParkMap.gif|thumb|Map of Galena Park]]
Galena Park is located at {{Coord|29|44|20|N|95|14|14|W|type:city}} (29.738928, -95.237211).{{GR|1}}

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|5.0|sqmi|km2}}, all of it land.

The border between Galena Park, an all-White city and [[Clinton Park, Houston|Clinton Park]], an African-American area in Houston, is barricaded. Rafael Longoria and Susan Rogers of the Rice Design Alliance said that the barricade "provides a stark example of how the prevailing segregationist sentiments of the era is still in evidence."<ref name="Rurban1819">Longoria, Rafael and Susan Rogers. "[http://offcite.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Cite_73_Rurban_Horseshoe_LongoriaRogers.pdf The Rurban Horseshoe]." ''Cite 73''. The Rice Design Alliance, (Northern Hemisphere) Winter 2008. Pages 18-19. Retrieved on February 24, 2010.</ref>

The previous information although well-sourced is no longer true. Galena Park is not "all-White", in the 2010 Census it was only 11% white, 7% African American (and 82% Hispanic origin of all races) (see below). Also Galena Park is not "barricaded" from Clinton Park. Per Google Map directions (Retrieved on June 27, 2012), three different E-W streets currently connect the two cities (Tennessee Street/W. 16th Street, Bolden Street/W. 9th Street and Clinton Drive). Instead, again per Google Maps, Kinder Morgan (a large industrial facility) separates western Galena Park from eastern Galena Park.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2010, there were 10,887 people and 3,021 households residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 2,183.3 people per square mile (843.0/km²). There were 3,273 housing units at an average density of 654.6/sq mi (253.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 11.4% [[White (U.S. Census)|White, Not Hispanic]], 6.6% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American, Not Hispanic]], 0.13% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American or Native Alaskan, Not Hispanic]], 0.09% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian or Pacific Islander, Not Hispanic]], 0.16% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races, not Hispanic]], and 0.25% from two or more races. People of [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]], [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Spanish Origin]] of any race were 81.4% of the population, a 21% increase in Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin population over the 2000 census.

Remaining demographics were not yet available from the 2010 census (expected release Summer-Fall of 2011). As of the 2000 census there were 3,054 households out of which 46.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.4% were non-families. 17.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.47 and the average family size was 3.92.

In the city the population was spread out with 33.8% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 16.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,660, and the median income for a family was $34,702. Males had a median income of $29,814 versus $21,172 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $12,207. About 21.5% of families and 25.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 34.2% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over.

==Government and infrastructure==
===Local government===
[[Image:GalenaParkCityHall.JPG|thumb|Galena Park City Hall]]
As of 2008 R. P. "Bobby" Barrett is the mayor of Galena Park.<ref>"[http://www.cityofgalenapark-tx.gov/mayor.html Galena Park Mayor]." ''City of Galena Park''. Accessed October 11, 2008.</ref> As of the same year the city council has four positions, with each having a responsibility for a particular municipal department or group of departments. Commissioner Danny Simms, position one, heads the water and sewer services. Joseph Thibodeaux, position two, heads police and fire services. Robert Clowers, position three, heads parks and recreation. Maxie Campbell, position four, heads street and bridge services. In addition Jim L. DeFoyd serves as the city attorney, Margaret Stevens serves as the city secretary and the tax collector and assesser, and City Administrator John Cooper directs public works.<ref>"[http://www.cityofgalenapark-tx.gov/council.html City Council]." ''City of Galena Park''. Accessed October 11, 2008.</ref>

The Galena Park Fire Department and the Galena Park Police Department serve the city. As of 2008 Robert C. Pruett serves as the Chief of Police and Rick D. Bates serves as the Assistant Chief.<ref>"[http://www.cityofgalenapark-tx.gov/police.html Police Department Administration]." ''City of Galena Park''. Accessed October 11, 2008.</ref>

===County, federal, and state representation===
Galena Park is located within Harris County Precinct 2; as of 2011 Jack Morman headed Precinct 2.<ref>[http://www.hctx.net/]." ''Harris County''. Accessed May 10, 2011.</ref>

Galena Park is located in District 143 of the [[Texas House of Representatives]]<ref>"[http://www.fyi.legis.state.tx.us/fyiwebdocs/PDF/house/dist143/m1.pdf]" ''Texas Legislature District 143 Map'' Accessed May 10, 2011.</ref> As of 2011 [[Ana Hernandez Luna]], formerly Ana E. Hernandez, represented the district.<ref>"[http://www.house.state.tx.us/members/member-page/?district=143]." ''Texas House of Representatives''. Accessed May 10, 2011.</ref> Galena Park is within District 6 <ref>"[http://www.fyi.legis.state.tx.us/fyiwebdocs/pdf/senate/dist6/m1.pdf]." ''Texas Senate, District 6 Map'' Accessed May 10, 2011.</ref> of the [[Texas Senate]]; as of 2011 [[Mario Gallegos, Jr.]] was the representative.<ref>"[http://www.senate.state.tx.us/75r/senate/members/dist6/dist6.htm]". ''[[Texas State Senate District 6]]''. Accessed May 10, 2011.</ref>

Galena Park was within [[Texas's 29th congressional district]]; as of 2011 [[Gene Green]] represented the district.<ref>"[http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/tx29_109.gif Congressional District 29]." ''[[National Atlas of the United States]]''. Retrieved on December 13, 2008.</ref> The [[United States Postal Service]] operates the Galena Park Post Office at 1805 Clinton Drive.<ref>"[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/51873?p=1&s=TX&service_name=post_office&z=Galena+Park Post Office Location - GALENA PARK]." ''[[United States Postal Service]]''. Retrieved on December 13, 2008.</ref>

==Education==
===Primary and secondary schools===
====Public schools====
[[Image:GalenaParkHighSchoolGalenaParkTX.JPG|thumb|[[Galena Park High School]]]]
[[Image:GalenaParkLibraryGalenaParkTX.JPG|thumb|Galena Park Library]]
Students in Galena Park attend schools in [[Galena Park Independent School District]].

Three separate elementary schools, Galena Park Elementary School in Galena Park, MacArthur Elementary School in Galena Park, and Pyburn Elementary School in Houston, serve students from the city of Galena Park<ref name="ES">"[http://www.galenaparkisd.com/attendancezones/south/elementary/SouthElemsL.pdf Elementary Schools - South]," ''[[Galena Park Independent School District]]''. Retrieved on November 29, 2008.</ref> Almost all Galena Park students are zoned to Galena Park Middle School (6-8) in Galena Park. A few in northeast Galena Park are zoned to Woodland Acres Middle School in Houston.<ref>"[http://www.galenaparkisd.com/attendancezones/south/middle/WoodlandAcresMiddle.pdf Woodland Acres Middle School]." ''[[Galena Park Independent School District]]''. Retrieved on November 29, 2008.</ref> All Galena Park residents are zoned to [[Galena Park High School]] (9-12) in Galena Park.<ref>"[http://www.galenaparkisd.com/attendancezones/south/high/GalenaParkHigh.pdf Galena Park High School]." ''[[Galena Park Independent School District]]''. Retrieved on November 29, 2008.</ref>

In addition GPISD operates the William F. "Bill" Becker Early Childhood Development Center, a preschool program for low income families, in Galena Park.<ref>"[http://www.galenaparkisd.com/head_start.htm Early Head Start]." [[Galena Park Independent School District]]. Retrieved on November 11, 2011.</ref>

====Private schools====
[http://www.olfcatholicschool.com/ Our Lady of Fatima School], a K-6 [[Roman Catholic]] school, is in Galena Park [http://www.archgh.org/SchoolPages/schoolpages-new/ourladyoffatima-galenapark.htm].

===Colleges and universities===
Galena Park is zoned to the [[San Jacinto College]] system.

===Public libraries===
The [[Harris County Public Library]] (HCPL) system operates the Galena Park Branch at 1500 Keene Street in Galena Park. The {{convert|5800|sqft|m2|adj=on}} branch, a partnership between HCPL and Galena Park, was built in March 1996 opened in December of that year.<ref>"[http://www.hcpl.net/branchinfo/gp/gpinfo.htm Galena Park Branch Library]." ''[[Harris County Public Library]]''. Retrieved on November 29, 2008.</ref>

===Gallery of schools===
<gallery>
Image:GalenaParkMiddleSchool.JPG|Galena Park Middle School
Image:GalenaParkElementarySchoolTexas.JPG|Galena Park Elementary School
Image:MacArthurElementaryGalenaParkTX.JPG|MacArthur Elementary School
Image:BeckerEarlyChildhoodGalenaParkTX.JPG|Becker Early Childhood Center
</gallery>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:GalenaParkFireDepartment.JPG|Galena Park Fire Station #1
Image:GalenaParkPoliceDepartment.JPG|Galena Park Police Department
</gallery>

==Notable people==
* [[Michael Glyn Brown]], former hand surgeon<ref name="Ackermanimage1">Ackerman, Todd. "Troubles belie Houston hand doc's family-man image." ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. Monday September 6, 2010. [http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Troubles-belie-Houston-hand-doc-s-family-man-image-1717453.php 1]. Retrieved on November 20, 2011.</ref>
Mickey Gilley, singer and piano player (Mickey owned a ranch outside of Galena Park)

==See also==
{{Portal|Houston}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cityofgalenapark-tx.gov City of Galena Park official website]
*{{Handbook of Texas|id=GG/hfg1|name=Galena Park, Texas}}

{{Harris County, Texas}}
{{Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA}}
{{Texas}}

[[Category:Cities in Texas]]
[[Category:Populated places in Harris County, Texas]]
[[Category:Populated places in Texas with Hispanic majority populations]]
[[Category:Greater Houston]]

[[es:Galena Park (Texas)]]
[[ht:Galena Park, Texas]]
[[nl:Galena Park]]
[[pl:Galena Park (Teksas)]]
[[pt:Galena Park]]
[[vi:Galena Park, Texas]]

Croup

2012-11-03T09:49:44Z

LKruse:

{{dablink|Croup also refers to the [[rump (animal)|rump]] of a quadruped and the [[crop (anatomy)|crop]] of a bird. For the work of a casino employee, see [[croupier]].}}
{{Infobox Disease
| Name = Croup
| Image =Croup steeple sign.jpg
| Caption = The [[steeple sign]] as seen on an AP neck X-ray of a child with croup
| DiseasesDB = 13233
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|05|0|j|00}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|464.4}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 000959
| eMedicineSubj = ped
| eMedicineTopic = 510
| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|370}} {{eMedicine2|radio|199}}
| MeshID = D003440
}}

'''Croup''' (or '''laryngotracheobronchitis''') is a respiratory condition that is usually triggered by an acute viral infection of the upper airway. The infection leads to swelling inside the throat, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classical symptoms of a "barking" [[cough]], [[stridor]], and [[hoarseness]]. It may produce mild, moderate, or severe symptoms, which often worsen at night. It is often treated with a single dose of oral [[steroids]]; occasionally [[epinephrine]] is used in more severe cases. Hospitalization is rarely required.

Croup is diagnosed on clinical grounds, once potentially more severe causes of symptoms have been excluded (i.e. [[epiglottitis]] or an [[airway foreign body]]). Further investigations—such as blood tests, [[X-rays]], and cultures—are usually not needed. It is a relatively common condition that affects about 15% of children at some point, most commonly between 6 months and 5–6 years of age. It is almost never seen in teenagers or adults. Once due primarily to [[diphtheria]], this cause is now primarily of historical significance in the Western world due to the success of [[vaccination]], and improved hygiene and living standards.

==Signs and symptoms==
{{listen
| filename = Stridor 2OGG.ogg
| title = Stridor
| description = Inspiratory and expiratory stridor in a 13 month child with croup.
| format = [[Ogg]]
}}
Croup is characterized by a "barking" [[cough]], [[stridor]], [[hoarseness]], and [[Shortness of breath|difficult breathing]] which usually worsens at night.<ref name=Au10>{{cite journal | author = Rajapaksa S, Starr M | title = Croup – assessment and management | journal = Aust Fam Physician | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 280–2 | year = 2010 | month = May | pmid = 20485713 | doi = }}</ref> The "barking" cough is often described as resembling the call of a [[Pinniped|seal]] or [[sea lion]].<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> The stridor is worsened by agitation or [[crying]], and if it can be heard at rest, it may indicate critical narrowing of the airways. As croup worsens, stridor may decrease considerably.<ref name=Au10/>

Other symptoms include [[fever]], [[coryza]] (symptoms typical of the [[common cold]]), and [[chest wall]] indrawing.<ref name=Au10/><ref name=Alberta07>{{cite web |url=http://www.childhealthbc.ca/resources/category/5-croup?download=13%3Acroup-guideline |format=PDF|title=Diagnosis and Management of Croup |work=BC Children’s Hospital Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines |accessdate=}}</ref> [[Drooling]] or a very sick appearance indicate other medical conditions.<ref name=Alberta07/>

==Causes==
Croup is usually deemed to be due to a viral infection.<ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> Others use the term more broadly, to include acute [[laryngotracheitis]], spasmodic croup, laryngeal diphtheria, [[bacterial tracheitis]], laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis. The first two conditions involve a viral infection and are generally milder with respect to symptomatology; the last four are due to bacterial infection and are usually of greater severity.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/>

===Viral===
Viral croup or acute laryngotracheitis is caused by [[parainfluenza virus]], primarily types 1 and 2, in 75% of cases.<ref name=Croup09/> Other viral etiologies include [[influenza]] A and B, [[measles]], [[adenovirus]] and [[respiratory syncytial virus]] (RSV).<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Spasmodic croup is caused by the same group of viruses as acute laryngotracheitis, but lacks the usual signs of infection (such as fever, sore throat, and increased [[white blood cell count]]).<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Treatment, and response to treatment, are also similar.<ref name=Croup09/>

===Bacterial===
Bacterial croup may be divided into laryngeal diphtheria, bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Laryngeal diphtheria is due to ''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' while bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis are usually due to a primary viral infection with secondary bacterial growth. The most common bacteria implicated are ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Hemophilus influenzae]]'', and ''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]''.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/>

==Pathophysiology==
The viral infection that causes croup leads to swelling of the [[larynx]], [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]], and large [[bronchi]]<ref name=PedN09/> due to infiltration of [[white blood cells]] (especially [[histiocytes]], [[lymphocytes]], [[plasma cells]], and [[neutrophils]]).<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Swelling produces airway obstruction which, when significant, leads to dramatically increased work of breathing and the characteristic turbulent, noisy airflow known as stridor.<ref name=PedN09/>

==Diagnosis==
{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"
|+ '''The Westley Score: Classification of croup severity'''<ref name=Croup09/><ref name=Peds99/>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Feature
! colspan="6" |Number of points assigned for this feature
|-
!0
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
|-
| Chest wall retraction
| style="width:80px;"|None
| style="width:80px;"|Mild
| style="width:80px;"|Moderate
| style="width:80px;"|Severe
| style="width:80px;"|
| style="width:80px;"|
|-
| [[Stridor]]
| None
| With agitation
| At rest
|
|
|
|-
| [[Cyanosis]]
| None
|
|
|
| With agitation
| At rest
|-
| [[Level of consciousness|Level of consciousness]]
| Normal
|
|
|
|
| Disoriented
|-
| Air entry
| Normal
| Decreased
| Markedly decreased
|
|
|
|}
Croup is a clinical diagnosis.<ref name=PedN09/> The first step is to exclude other obstructive conditions of the upper airway, especially [[epiglottitis]], an airway [[foreign body]], [[subglottic stenosis]], [[angioedema]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], and [[bacterial tracheitis]].<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/>

A frontal [[X-ray]] of the neck is not routinely performed,<ref name=PedN09/> but if it is done, it may show a characteristic narrowing of the trachea, called the [[steeple sign]], because of the subglottic stenosis, which is similar to a [[Steeple (architecture)|steeple]] in shape. The steeple sign is suggestive of the diagnosis, but is absent in half of cases.<ref name=Alberta07/>

Other investigations (such as [[blood test]]s and [[viral culture]]) are discouraged, as they may cause unnecessary agitation and thus worsen the stress on the compromised airway.<ref name=PedN09/> While viral cultures, obtained via [[nasopharyngeal]] aspiration, can be used to confirm the exact cause, these are usually restricted to research settings.<ref name=Au10/> Bacterial infection should be considered if a person does not improve with standard treatment, at which point further investigations may be indicated.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/>

;Severity

The most commonly used system for classifying the severity of croup is the Westley score. It is primarily used for research purposes rather than in clinical practice.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM">{{cite journal | author = Cherry JD | title = Clinical practice. Croup | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 358 | issue = 4 | pages = 384–91 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18216359 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp072022 }}</ref> It is the sum of points assigned for five factors: level of consciousness, cyanosis, stridor, air entry, and retractions.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> The points given for each factor is listed in the table to the right, and the final score ranges from 0 to 17.<ref name=Peds99/>

* A total score of ≤ 2 indicates ''mild'' croup. The characteristic barking cough and hoarseness may be present, but there is no stridor at rest.<ref name=Croup09/>
* A total score of 3–5 is classified as ''moderate'' croup. It presents with easily heard stridor, but with few other signs.<ref name=Croup09/>
* A total score of 6–11 is ''severe'' croup. It also presents with obvious stridor, but also features marked [[chest wall]] indrawing.<ref name=Croup09/>
* A total score of ≥ 12 indicates impending [[respiratory failure]]. The barking cough and stridor may no longer be prominent at this stage.<ref name=Croup09/>

85% of children presenting to the emergency department have mild disease; severe croup is rare (<1%).<ref name=Croup09/>

==Prevention==
Many cases of croup have been prevented by [[immunization]] for [[influenza]] and [[diphtheria]]. At one time, croup referred to a diphtherial disease, but with vaccination, diphtheria is now rare in the developed world.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/>

==Treatment==
Children with croup are generally kept as calm as possible.<ref name=PedN09/> Steroids are given routinely, with epinephrine used in severe cases.<ref name=PedN09/> Children with [[oxygen saturation]]s under 92% should receive oxygen,<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> and those with severe croup may be hospitalized for observation.<ref name=Alberta07/> If oxygen is needed, "blow-by" administration (holding an oxygen source near the child's face) is recommended, as it causes less agitation than use of a [[oxygen mask|mask]].<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> With treatment, less than 0.2% of people require [[endotracheal intubation]].<ref name=Peds99>{{cite journal | author = Klassen TP | title = Croup. A current perspective | journal = Pediatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 46 | issue = 6 | pages = 1167–78 | year = 1999 | month = December | pmid = 10629679 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70180-2 }}</ref>

===Steroids===
[[Corticosteroids]], such as [[dexamethasone]] and [[budesonide]], have been shown to improve outcomes in children with all severities of croup.<ref name=Cochrane11>{{cite journal | author = Russell KF, Liang Y, O'Gorman K, Johnson DW, Klassen TP | title = Glucocorticoids for croup | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = CD001955 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21249651 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001955.pub3 }}</ref> Significant relief is obtained as early as six hours after administration.<ref name=Cochrane11/> While effective when given orally, [[parenteral]]ly, or by inhalation, the oral route is preferred.<ref name=PedN09/> A single dose is usually all that is required, and is generally considered to be quite safe.<ref name=PedN09/> Dexamethasone at doses of 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg appear to be all equally effective.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Port C | title = Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 4. Dose of dexamethasone in croup | journal = Emerg Med J | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–2 | year = 2009 | month = April | pmid = 19307398 | doi = 10.1136/emj.2009.072090 }}</ref>

===Epinephrine===
Moderate to severe croup may be improved temporarily with [[nebulizer|nebulized]] [[epinephrine]].<ref name=PedN09>{{cite journal | author = Everard ML | title = Acute bronchiolitis and croup | journal = Pediatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 119–33, x–xi | year = 2009 | month = February | pmid = 19135584 | doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.007 }}</ref> While epinephrine typically produces a reduction in croup severity within 10–30 minutes, the benefits last for only about 2 hours.<ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> If the condition remains improved for 2–4 hours after treatment and no other complications arise, the child is typically discharged from the hospital.<ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/>

===Other===
While other treatments for croup have been studied, none have sufficient evidence to support their use. Inhalation of hot steam or humidified air is a traditional [[self-care]] treatment, but clinical studies have failed to show effectiveness<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/> and currently it is rarely used.<ref name=Hist2001>{{cite journal | author = Marchessault V | title = Historical review of croup | journal = Can J Infect Dis | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 337–9 | year = 2001 | month = November | pmid = 18159359 | pmc = 2094841 | doi = }}</ref> The use of [[cough medicine]]s, which usually contain [[dextromethorphan]] and/or [[guiafenesin]], are also discouraged.<ref name=Au10/> While breathing [[heliox]] (a mixture of [[helium]] and [[oxygen]]) to decrease the work of breathing has been used in the past, there is very little evidence to support its use.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Vorwerk C, Coats T | title = Heliox for croup in children | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = CD006822 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20166089 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006822.pub2 }}</ref> Since croup is usually a viral disease, [[antibiotics]] are not used unless secondary bacterial infection is suspected.<ref name=Au10/> In cases of possible secondary bacterial infection, the antibiotics [[vancomycin]] and [[cefotaxime]] are recommended.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> In severe cases associated with influenza A or B, the [[antiviral drug|antiviral]] [[neuraminidase inhibitors]] may be administered.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/>

==Prognosis==
Viral croup is usually a [[Self-limiting (biology)|self-limited]] disease, but can very rarely result in death from [[respiratory failure]] and/or [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name=Au10/> Symptoms usually improve within two days, but may last for up to seven days.<ref name=Croup09/> Other uncommon complications include bacterial tracheitis, [[pneumonia]], and [[pulmonary edema]].<ref name=Croup09>{{cite journal | author = Johnson D | title = Croup | journal = Clin Evid (Online) | volume = 2009 | issue = | pages = | year = 2009 | pmid = 19445760 | pmc = 2907784 | doi = }}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
Croup affects about 15% of children, and usually presents between the ages of 6 months and 5–6 years.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/> It accounts for about 5% of hospital admissions in this population.<ref name=Croup09/> In rare cases, it may occur in children as young as 3 months and as old as 15 years.<ref name=Croup09/> Males are affected 50% more frequently than are females, and there is an increased [[prevalence]] in autumn.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/>

==History==
The word ''croup'' comes from the [[Early Modern English]] verb ''croup'', meaning "to cry hoarsely"; the name was first applied to the disease in Scotland and popularized in the 18th century.<ref>Online Etymological Dictionary, [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=croup croup]. Accessed 2010-09-13.</ref> Diphtheritic croup has been known since the time of [[Homer]]'s [[Ancient Greece]] and it was not until 1826 that viral croup was differentiated from croup due to [[diphtheria]] by Bretonneau.<ref name=history>{{cite book |author=Feigin, Ralph D. |title=Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2004 |page=252 |isbn=0-7216-9329-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Viral croup was then called "faux-croup" by the French, as "croup" then referred to a disease caused by the diphtheria bacteria.<ref name=Hist2001/> Croup due to diphtheria has become nearly unknown due to the advent of effective [[immunization]].<ref name=history/>

==Notable People==
The Rolling Stones band member Brian Jones and his sister got croup as children; however her case was not as severe. It is what caused Brian to have lifelong problems with asthma

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|display=Croup|v=no|n=no|b=no|q=no|s=no}}

{{Respiratory pathology}}
{{Good article}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Viruses]]
[[Category:Acute upper respiratory infections]]

[[ar:خانوق]]
[[bg:Круп (медицина)]]
[[bn:খুংরিকাশি]]
[[cs:Záškrt]]
[[de:Pseudokrupp]]
[[es:Laringotraqueobronquitis]]
[[fa:خروسک]]
[[fi:Valekuristustauti]]
[[fr:Croup]]
[[hr:Krup]]
[[io:Krupo]]
[[it:Croup]]
[[kk:Круп]]
[[nl:Pseudokroep]]
[[ja:クループ]]
[[no:Falsk krupp]]
[[nn:Falsk krupp]]
[[pl:Podgłośniowe zapalenie krtani]]
[[pt:Laringotraqueobronquite]]
[[ru:Круп]]
[[th:ครุป]]
[[uk:Круп]]

Sibley, Iowa

2012-07-19T05:57:54Z

LKruse:

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Sibley, Iowa
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map = Osceola_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Sibley_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location of Sibley, Iowa
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{USA}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Iowa}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Iowa|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Osceola County, Iowa|Osceola]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 4.2
|area_land_km2 = 4.2
|area_water_km2 = 0.0
|area_total_sq_mi = 1.6
|area_land_sq_mi = 1.6
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.0


|population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2000|2000]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 2796
|population_density_km2 = 669.8
|population_density_sq_mi = 1734.7


|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset = -6
|timezone_DST = CDT
|utc_offset_DST = -5
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 462
|elevation_ft = 1516
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 43 |latm = 24 |lats = 11 |latNS = N
|longd = 95 |longm = 44 |longs = 47 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 51249
|area_code = [[Area code 712|712]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 19-72975
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0461598
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Sibley''' is a city in [[Osceola County, Iowa|Osceola County]], [[Iowa]], [[United States]]. The population was 2,796 at the 2000 census. It is the [[county seat]] of [[Osceola County, Iowa|Osceola County]]{{GR|6}}. It is named after [[Henry Hastings Sibley]], a prominent General during the [[Dakota War of 1862]], who eventually became the first territorial governor of Minnesota. [[William L. Harding]], governor of Iowa from 1917 to 1921, was born in Sibley in 1877. [[Hawkeye Point]], the highest point in the State of Iowa, is also nearby.

==Geography==
Sibley is located at {{coord|43|24|11|N|95|44|47|W|type:city}} (43.403046, -95.746471){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|1.6|sqmi|km2}}, all of it land.

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|align= right
|title= Hartley Population History
| 1880= 301
| 1890= 1090
| 1900= 1289
| 1910= 1330
| 1920= 1803
| 1930= 1870
| 1940= 2356
| 1950= 2559
| 1960= 2852
| 1970= 2749
| 1980= 3051
| 1990= 2815
| 2000= 2796
| 2010= 2798
|estyear=
|estimate=
|estref=
| footnote = <center>Iowa Data Center <ref name="IADC">{{cite web|url=http://www.iowadatacenter.org/archive/2011/02/feb10|title=Data from the 2010 Census|publisher=State Data Center of Iowa|accessdate=2011-06-11}}</ref>
}}

As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 2,796 people, 1,161 households, and 743 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 1,734.7 people per square mile (670.5/km²). There were 1,244 housing units at an average density of 771.8 per square mile (298.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.68% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.21% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.32% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.32% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.89% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.54% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.22% of the population.

There were 1,161 households out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.0% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the city the population was spread out with 23.7% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 23.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,173, and the median income for a family was $43,882. Males had a median income of $31,403 versus $21,633 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $16,845. About 3.6% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.

== Notable people == 



*[[William Lloyd Harding]] (1877–1934) the [[List of Governors of Iowa|22nd Governor of Iowa]] 1917–1921 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6665665|title=Find A Grave|publisher=William Lloyd Harding|accessdate=2010-12-11}}</ref>
*[[Barb Whitehead]], golfer. Winner of one [[LPGA]] Tour event and member of Iowa Golf Hall of Fame.<ref>[http://www.siouxcityjournal.com/sports/golf/article_f747e90b-d11d-5a33-81d6-2c1fa64f206d.html Whitehead to enter Iowa Golf Hall of Fame]</ref>
Gordon Ramsey: Bozo the Clown

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Portal box|Iowa}}
*[http://www.osceolacountyia.com/sibley Profile on county website]
*[http://www.city-data.com/city/Sibley-Iowa.html City-Data] Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Sibley

 
{{Osceola County, Iowa}}

[[Category:Populated places in Osceola County, Iowa]]
[[Category:Cities in Iowa]]
[[Category:County seats in Iowa]]

[[ca:Sibley (Iowa)]]
[[es:Sibley (Iowa)]]
[[fr:Sibley (Iowa)]]
[[io:Sibley, Iowa]]
[[kk:Сиблэй (Айова)]]
[[ht:Sibley, Iowa]]
[[nl:Sibley (Iowa)]]
[[pl:Sibley (Iowa)]]
[[pt:Sibley (Iowa)]]
[[simple:Sibley, Iowa]]
[[vo:Sibley (Iowa)]]

The Andy Griffith Show (season 7)

2012-06-12T01:29:49Z

LKruse:

This is a list of episodes from the [[CBS]] television comedy ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]''. The first episode aired on October 3, 1960 and the final episode aired on April 1, 1968. There were 249 episodes in all, 159 in black and white (seasons 1–5) and 90 in color (seasons 6–8).

All episodes aired on Monday.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season
! Episodes
! Premiere date
! Finale date
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[The Andy Griffith Show (season 1)|1]]
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| -
| -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[The Andy Griffith Show (season 2)|2]]
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| -
| -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[The Andy Griffith Show (season 3)|3]]
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| -
| -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[The Andy Griffith Show (season 4)|4]]
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| -
| -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[The Andy Griffith Show (season 5)|5]]
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| -
| -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[The Andy Griffith Show (season 6)|6]]
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| -
| -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[The Andy Griffith Show (season 7)|7]]
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| -
| -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[The Andy Griffith Show (season 8)|8]]
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| -
| -
|-
|}

==Color episodes==
Episodes below are listed in their '''production order''', not their original broadcast order. Production order is the order most commonly used for ''The Andy Griffith Show'' because it is the order used by the show's syndicator, [[Paramount Pictures]].

===Season 7 (1966–1967)===
30 episodes


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color: #FFFFDD" | [[List of Andy Griffith Show episodes#Episode order|Production #]]
! style="background-color: #DDFFFF" | Broadcast #
! style="background-color: #DDFFDD" | Airdate
! style="background-color: #FFDDFF" | Title
! style="background-color: #DDDDFF" | Written by
! style="background-color: #FFDDDD" | Directed by
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|190 
|190 
|September 12, 1966
|Opie's Girlfriend
|Budd Grossman
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Opie's friendship with an athletically superior girl blossoms when she follows the advice of an older female and adopts the clinging vine approach.
* Helen's niece, Cynthia, is from [[Wheeling, West Virginia]].
* Opie reminds Andy of the time he was forced to go to a school dance. This is a reference to episode 181, "Look Paw, I'm Dancing."
* Opie is president of his seventh-grade class.
* Cynthia's favorite subject in school is history. Opie's is lunch.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|191 
|192 
|September 26, 1966
|The Barbershop Quartet
|Fred S. Fox
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
The Mayberry [[barbershop quartet]] loses its [[tenor]] when Howard can't go to the singing contest so Andy drafts a prisoner with a beautiful voice.
* [[Hamilton Camp]] guest stars as Jeff Nelson.
* George Lindsey does not appear in this episode.
* The Mayberry Barbershop Quartet performs "Beautiful Isle Of Make Believe" at the contest. In practice, they sing "In The Gloaming," in case they are called upon to do an encore.
* The Mayberry Quartet is scheduled to perform at 8:30 PM., as the final contestants in the Mount Pilot contest. The Mayberrians use dressing room F.
* Floyd tells Sheriff Wilson that Jeff Nelson is a famous singer who has sung at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in New York City.
* [[Ken Mayer]] appears as Sheriff Blake Wilson, although the cast credits list him as "Sheriff Blake."
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|192 
|191 
|September 19, 1966
|The Lodge
|Jim Parker and Arnold Margolin
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Goober blackballs Howard when he applies for membership in the Mayberry men's [[fraternal organizations|lodge]].
* The secret password at the lodge is "[[Geronimo]]."
* As the Keeper of the Door, Goober wears a red turban with green tassels and a large gold key and chain around his neck.
* Howard tells Andy that in the past 23 years, girl births have outnumbered boy births by 94%, practically 2 to 1.
* Howard's first words after becoming a lodge member: "I sure could use one of those root beers."
* The lodge serves beer, root beer, and soft drinks. Howard enjoys drinking the lodge's root beer. Floyd tells Howard that root beer was invented by the Indians and is a very healthy drink. He mentions that "you don't see many sick Indians."
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|193 
|195 
|October 17, 1966
|The Darling Fortune
|Arnold Margolin and Jim Parker
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Andy and the town of Mayberry undergo a trying experience when the hillbilly [[The Darlings|Darling family]] comes into a fortune of $300 and shows up in town looking for brides for the boys.
* Ron Howard does not appear in this episode.
* Briscoe refers to Goober as "Big Ears" because he is nosy.
* The Darling boys are finally named.
: On guitar: Rodney
: On mandolin: Dean (aka Other)
: On the bass: Mitch
: On banjo: Doug (aka Jebbin)
* No mention is made as to whether Charlene is still married to Dud Wash, or the whereabouts of her daughter, Andelina.
* This is the final appearance of Briscoe Darling, the Darling boys and Charlene.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|194 
|194 
|October 10, 1966
|Aunt Bee's Crowning Glory
|Ronald Axe
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
A visiting pastor's message, ("Be yourself") causes Aunt Bee to don a blonde wig, upsetting Andy and the rest of Mayberry.
* Reverend Leighton is from Raleigh.
* George Lindsey does not appear in this episode.
* Floyd claims that he knows all of Reverend Tucker's sermons by heart.
* Helens says that Aunt Bee is the best cook in Mayberry.
* Opie shows Reverend Leighton some card tricks.
* Clara serves chopped-egg canapes among her hors d'oeuvres at the reception.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|195 
|193 
|October 3, 1966
|The Ball Game
|Story: Rance Howard Teleplay: Sid Morse
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Andy is concerned about the appearance of favoritism when he decides to umpire a crucial junior baseball game for Opie, but ends up angering the town when one of his decisions loses the game for Mayberry.
* The Mayberry Giants' team colors are orange and white. The Mount Pilot Comets' colors are navy blue and white.
* Floyd says that being the manager of the Mayberry Giants has made Goober "power mad."
* Goober's baseball signals to his players are as follows: (1) Wiping his hands across his chest means a hit, (2) Tugging at the bill of his cap means to bunt, (3) Grabbing his belt buckle means to take a pitch.
* Johnny Adams is the lead-off hitter for the Mount Pilot Comets.
* Ron Howard stated that this episode was his favorite.
* This episode was appropriately aired just two days prior to the 1966 World Series, between the [[Baltimore Orioles]] and the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]. For the record, the Orioles won the series, four games to none.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|196 
|203 
|December 19, 1966
|Goober Makes History
|John L. Greene and Paul David
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
After growing a beard, inarticulate [[Goober Pyle|Goober]] suddenly becomes a verbose [[philosopher]], and shares his new-found "wisdom" with all his friends.
* Howie Forman had a bad habit of chewing on Opie's pencils at school.
* Floyd trims Goober's beard for no charge. Goober promises to give him a free radiator flush in return.
* Opie asks Andy about the [[American Revolution]], the [[Articles of Confederation]], and the [[Stamp Act]].
* Shorty Watson once owned and operated a grocery store in Mayberry. One time, Goober, Shorty and a few others went on a fishing trip to Troublesome Creek.
* [[Sandy Kenyon]] appears as Bill Lindsey. The cast credits incorrectly list [[Richard Bull (actor)|Richard Bull]] in this role.
*Goober says that Hawaii became a state before Alaska, however Alaska bacame a state in January, 1959, Hawaii did not until August, 1959, seven months later.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|197 
|198 
|November 14, 1966
|The Senior Play
|Sid Morse
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
[[Helen Crump]] and her teenaged students find themselves at odds with the crotchety old school principal over the content of a play, but eventually convince him that today's youngsters are not that different from his own generation's.
* Frances Bavier does not appear in this episode.
* Helen appeared in a few plays during her college days.
* Howard is the treasurer of the high school. The budget for the play is only $38.00.
* Miss Vogel is in charge of all the costumes in the play. She suggested that the play should be a series of skits depicting great moments in history. Mr. Hampton and Howard liked her idea. Helen and the students hated it.
* While in high school, Floyd appeared in [[The Mikado]]. He claims to have been the backbone of the drama club. He sings "A Wandering Minstrel" from the afore-mentioned operetta. Goober joins in on a pitiful duet.
* Andy and Goober assist in painting the sets for the play.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|198 
|200 
|November 28, 1966
|Big Fish in a Small Town
|Bill Idelson and Sam Bobrick
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Fishing season begins, and the town's sportsmen are all eager for a chance to catch "Old Sam", the biggest fish in the lake. Howard, a non-fisherman, tags along and antagonizes everybody by catching him.
* Frances Bavier does not appear in this episode.
* Andy uses size #6 fish hooks.
* Goober's cousin tells him to use a piece of banana peel with red yarn as bait.
* Goober claims that Tucker's Lake is also loaded with rainbow and bluegill.
* Opie has been fishing since he was four years old.
* According to Opie, the deepest spot in Tucker's Lake is ten feet.
* Howard states that 90% of lake fish are caught when the water temperature is between 60° and 68°.
* Goober also likes to fish at a place called Warrior River.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|199 
|196 
|October 31, 1966
|Mind Over Matter
|Ron Friedman and Pat McCormick
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Goober's injuries cause his friends to convince him he has a severe case of whiplash and he promptly becomes a helpless invalid.
* Goober borrows mercurochrome from Floyd. It can be found next to the bay rum.
* Andy tells Goober that his injury is psychosomatic.
* Floyd neglected to tell Goober that Johnny Harris was kicked in the head by a mule.
* Aunt Bee left out the fact that Willis Cundiff is 91 years old.
* Goober claims that he was once a star football player.
* Andy has to sleep on a cot in the spare room while Goober is a house guest.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|200 
|197 
|November 7, 1966
|Politics Begin at Home
|Fred S. Fox
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
[[Aunt Bee]] runs against Howard for the office of town councilman.
* Floyd spent 4 years on the town council, years ago. He says they were four of the stormiest years in Mayberry's political history. The town was rife with corruption, including the famous drinking fountain scandal. It seems that someone hooked up a hot water line to the fountain and then tried to cover it up.
* Clara arranges for Aunt Bee to speak at the Booster Club Luncheon as well as before the Literary Guild. Lillian Hartzell has offered to accompany Aunt Bee and play her saxophone. Aunt Bee believes that Lillian's version of "[[Flight of the Bumblebee]]" livens up an audience.
* Tillie Kincaid suggests that Elm Street would look nicer if only the Wallravens would paint their home.
* Aunt Bee would like to see a dam and a water wheel installed, once the bridge on Baker Street is completed.
* Opie gets a high D on his history test.
* The very same story was used for episode 144 in Season 5 of the [[Dick Van Dyke]] show.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|201 
|204 
|December 26, 1966
|A New Doctor in Town
|Ray Brenner and Barry E. Blitzer
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Nobody in Mayberry wants to be the first to see if the town's new doctor is qualified, until Andy shows his faith in the young doctor by letting him remove Opie's tonsils.
*The doctor is played by [[William Christopher]] who later played [[Father Mulcahy]] on the television version of ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]''.
* George Lindsey does not appear in this episode.
* Dr. Peterson is 25 years old and drives a convertible. His license plate is SR-490. He also has another license plate affixed to his car. This license plate number is MBB-624.
* The Taylors' address is given as 14 Maple.
* Opie's bedtime is now 9:00 PM. Andy states that youngsters need a good 10 hours of sleep.
* Dr. Peterson likes to joke about his tender age. When folks ask him if he is old enough to have a doctor's license, he responds, "No, I only have a learner's permit." Floyd and Clara do not find this amusing.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|202 
|199 
|November 21, 1966
|Opie Finds a Baby
|Stan Dreben and Sid Mandel
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Opie and his friend Arnold find an abandoned baby. They run into trouble when they innocently try to find it some new parents.
*[[Jack Nicholson]] plays the baby's father.
* Arnold tells Andy that when he grows up, he also wants to be a sheriff who doesn't carry a gun. Arnold plans to use an Australian bullwhip instead. Arnold also tells Opie that he caught a shark while fishing at Hopkins Creek. Opie tells him that he's nuts.
* Arnold deduces that the baby is a boy because of the blue blanket in the basket.
* Other than Helen and Goober, Opie and Arnold ask Sarah the telephone operator, a lady named Miss Cripps, an unnamed young woman with five children, and an unnamed elderly gentleman (who appreciated the thought) if they would like to have a baby.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|203 
|201 
|December 5, 1966
|Only a Rose
|Jim Parker and Arnold Margolin
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Opie accidentally ruins Aunt Bee's prize rose entry on the eve of the Annual Mayberry Flower Show.
* George Lindsey does not appear in this episode.
* Floyd wins the blue ribbon for his pansies.
* Snails and bugs, particularly aphids, are the bane of any flower grower. Clara advises, "Spray, spray, spray!" She also says that the Simmons Seed catalog has been the Mayberry Garden Club's planting bible for many years.
* Aunt Bee and Clara played basketball together at Sweetbriar Normal School. Aunt Bee was the backbone of the team, while Clara was the best dribbler.
* While preparing Aunt Bee for the bad news about her rose, Andy reminds her that the really important things in life are one's health, having enough money to live on, good friends, a sound mind, good weather, and pep.
* Andy suggests that he, Opie, and Aunt Bee could dine at the Copper Kettle in Mount Pilot.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|204 
|202 
|December 12, 1966
|Otis the Deputy
|Jim Parker and Arnold Margolin
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Otis and Howard bunglingly attempt to rescue Andy who has been taken prisoner by a pair of desperate bank-robbers.
* This episode was Otis's last series appearance.
* Frances Bavier, Ron Howard and George Lindsey do not appear in this episode.
* Otis states that Andy is his best friend.
* Howard quotes the theories of Dr. Emile Sharlock to Fred and Larry. Dr. Sharlock wrote that any criminal can be rehabilitated into becoming a good citizen. Initially, Fred tells Howard to "shut up" about Dr. Sharlock's theories. At the conclusion of the episode, Howard tries one more time to convince Fred about the theories. This time, Fred punches him in the stomach.
* Observant viewers should note that after Otis gets doused by the two cups of water and wakes up, his shirt is still wet, but his pants are bone dry.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|205 
|205 
|January 2, 1967
|Don't Miss a Good Bet
|Fred S. Fox
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Andy and four of his level-headed friends and relatives are taken in by a con man's get-rich-quick scheme.
* According to Andy, Ross's Raiders were a group of men during the Civil War who showed allegiance to neither Union nor Confederate troops. They stole valuables from both sides. Once, they robbed a Union payroll train and took away over $100,000 in gold, which they promptly buried. They were later caught and sentenced to life in prison. Some believe that the ill-gotten booty is still buried.
* Floyd, who was named after his mother's brother, is secretary of the Downtown Businessman's Club.
* Goober and Floyd talk about what they'd do if they got a share ($10,000) of the treasure. Goober would likely buy his own gas station and hire someone to run it. Floyd would renovate his barbershop. He'd push out the shop in back and turn it into a five-chair affair.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|206 
|206 
|January 9, 1967
|Dinner at Eight
|Budd Grossman
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Andy looks forward to spending an evening alone in the house. However, due to Goober's error, he has a filling evening when he must eat three spaghetti dinners cooked by thoughtful friends.
* Aunt Bee's sister, Ellen, planned ahead for Aunt Bee's visit. First, she'll host a luncheon, then they'll attend a handicraft exhibit at the old people's home. After resting for an hour or two, they'll dine at the Armenian restaurant She-Bobs in Raleigh. Ellen wants Aunt Bee to make a return visit when it's time for the Strawberry Festival.
* Scoutmaster Stevens leads troop #44 (Opie's troop). He shows the boys how to keep warm by putting hot rocks in their sleeping bags. He was going to demonstrate how to make pancakes out of powdered eggs, oatmeal mix, and water over an outdoor fire, but it rained.
* Andy purchases the following foods at the market: wild mushrooms, canned oysters, chili sauce, pickled avocados, chocolate syrup, and shrimp enchiladas.
* Aunt Bee packs five pairs of socks in Opie's scout pack, just in case the ground is damp.
* The secret ingredient in spaghetti sauce: [[oregano]].
* George Lindsey selected this episode as his favorite.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|207 
|209 
|January 30, 1967
|Andy's Old Girlfriend
|Sid Morse
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Andy's perennial romance with Helen is jolted a bit when Andy's high school sweetheart moves back to town.
* Frances Bavier does not appear in this episode.
* Andy and Alice remember the first time they went to the fair together and rode the ferris wheel. They got stuck on the very top, and a frightened Andy began screaming.
* Howard brushes his teeth with an electric toothbrush for 15 minutes in the morning and 15 minutes in the evening. When he sleeps. it's usually on his stomach.
* Andy says he has known Helen for about five years and that she came from [[Kansas]].
* Goober had been reading spicy romantic stories, but he gave them up for science fiction.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|208 
|212 
|February 20, 1967
|The Statue
|Fred S. Fox
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Andy and Aunt Bee learn their ancestor was the state's biggest swindler, just before the town of Mayberry unveils his statue as a hero.
* Mayberrians believe their town is the garden spot of the state.
* Before the group decides on a statue, Clara suggests using the money to plant flowers in flower boxes and put them along the railings of the bridge over Parker Creek. This is on the main road from Raleigh. Andy says he'd like to rezone the property at the end of Main Street for commercial stores and development. Floyd opposes Andy's idea. He thinks there would be too much confusion and traffic.
* Andy has Seth Taylor's chin and Opie has Seth's eyes, according to Aunt Bee and Clara.
* According to Howard, Mr. Jackson creates over 90% of the tombstones used in the community.
* Clara and Howard decide to declare an annual Seth Taylor Day.
* Floyd claims that all the children in Mayberry (population 1,800) have good teeth.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|209 
|210 
|February 6, 1967
|Aunt Bee's Restaurant
|Ronald Axe and Les Roberts
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Aunt Bee has a brief fling as co-owner of a Chinese restaurant in Mayberry, but her superstitions stand in the way of her success.
* Ron Howard does not appear in this episode.
* When the Spare Ribs Tavern closed, Charlie Lee had planned to go back to his hometown of [[Pittsburgh]] and work at Wong Soo's Canton Palace.
* "Aunt Bee's Canton Palace" is located on Main Street in downtown Mayberry.
* Howard is particularly fond of water chesnuts in his Chinese food.
* On opening night at Aunt Bee's Canton Palace, Andy and his friends order the following dishes: Andy, Helen, and Goober go for the $1.95 [[Chow Mein]] dinner. Goober was going to opt for the smaller $1.65 Chow Mein dinner, until Andy said that he was picking up the tab. Howard orders the Ling Chi Chi (with only one Chi - a printer's error on the menu) chicken plate and a bowl of what Jack Lee refers to as a Chinese matzoth ball soup.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|210 
|211 
|February 13, 1967
|Floyd's Barbershop
|Jim Parker and Arnold Margolin
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Floyd decides to give up his Mayberry barbershop when Howard buys the building and raises the rent $15 a month.
* Harry Walker, who was played by David Ketchum, is best known as Agent 13 on ''[[Get Smart]]''.
* Harry Walker's company is the Harry Walker Real Estate Company. Harry is a typical high-pressure salesman. He makes such dubious statements as "The aircraft industry has its eye on Mayberry."
* Floyd has cut Andy's hair since Andy was a youngster. Floyd fondly recalls that young Andy used to mistake shaving cream for ice cream.
* Howard's telephone number is given as 397.
* Floyd's Barbershop uses red and purple ceramic tile in the back room.
* On the lease Howard has drawn up for Floyd, the rent increase is stated in clause #6.
* Goober states that there has not been any bad blood in Mayberry since "that Ferguson girl" beat up Harold Lovett.
* Desperate to avoid getting a haircut from Aunt Bee, Opie threatens to ride his bike to a barbershop in Mount Pilot. After all, it's only a six-hour ride from Mayberry. (Unless Opie's mightily slow on his bike, this suggests an inconsistency with the distance established in previous episodes. Both 68 and 126 place the distance at 12 miles.)
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|211 
|207 
|January 16, 1967
|A Visit to Barney Fife
|Bill Idelson and Sam Bobrick
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Andy visits [[Barney Fife|Barney]], now with the Raleigh police department, and makes a hero out of his bumbling former deputy when he assists him in solving a string of supermarket robberies.
* [[Don Knotts]] guest stars in this episode.
* Frances Bavier, Ron Howard and George Lindsey do not appear in this episode.
* From his boarding house room window, Barney can get a glimpse of City Hall. His room features a private sink, a double bed, a real leather chair, and two pieces of art: "[[Laughing Cavalier]]" and "[[The Blue Boy]]." Barney's walls also feature his Mayberry High pennant and his framed ''Mayberry Gazette'' headline and story about his heroic cave rescue.
* Barney once arrested a minister for loitering. The minister is currently threatening to sue the Raleigh police department.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|212 
|208 
|January 23, 1967
|Barney Comes to Mayberry
|Sid Morse
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Detective Barney Fife pays a visit to his old hometown. At the same time, a now-famous movie star who used to date Barney has returned to Mayberry for a motion picture premiere, and Barney is her escort.
* [[Don Knotts]] guest stars in this episode.
* The Mayberry Band plays "The Mayberry Theme" as Barney's train pulls into the depot.
* Barney wears a double-breasted tuxedo to the movie premiere. He rented it from Giggleheimer's.
* KNC is a television station in Raleigh.
* According to Andy, the train only comes through Mayberry once daily.
* Miss Andrews stays in Room #7 at the Mayberry Hotel.
* While making dinner reservations, Barney asks the [[maitre d']] to put a bottle of the restaurant's best red wine on ice. He is informed that red wine is traditionally served at room temperature.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|213 
|213 
|February 27, 1967
|Helen the Authoress
|Doug Tibbles
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Helen writes a children's book that is accepted for publication and Andy faces the disquieting prospect of being the fiance of a celebrity.
* Guest star [[Elaine Joyce]].
* Helen takes the pen name of Helene Alexion Dubois.
* Andy states that the name of Crump carries a lot of class in the state of Kansas.
* Goober says that Potter's Cave is a tourist site in Mayberry.
* The high school is being sandblasted.
* Howard enjoys putting raw eggs in his malted milkshakes.
* A full page ad about Helen and her book appears in the ''Mount Pilot Bugle And Sun''.
* In ''Best Bets'', a television magazine, Andy spots a documentary about forest rangers that he and Helen plan to watch. After that, they plan on watching an [[Eddie Bracken]] movie.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|214 
|214 
|March 6, 1967
|Goodbye, Dolly
|Michael L. Morris and Seaman Jacobs
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Andy and Opie face the difficult problem of helping an old milk-wagon horse find contentment in retirement.
* Goober claims that a horse can live off its fat for seven days.
* Goober tells Opie that when he was a boy, a day's work consisted of rising before daylight, chopping the neighbors' kindling, feeding chickens, slopping hogs, delivering groceries for the general store, sweeping up, and pumping gas at his daddy's gas station. He was paid a quarter per day. He quit after the first day.
* Aunt Bee took Clara's advice and put just a touch of nutmeg in her apples as they cooked. This made for a tasty apple pie.
* One of the Taylors' next door neighbors is Fred Hartley.
* Opie refuses to accept any payment from Mr. Simpson.
* Howard is looking forward to retirement. He has an annuity that pays off when he is 60 years old.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|215 
|215 
|March 13, 1967
|Opie's Piano Lesson
|Leo and Pauline Townsend
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Opie insists on studying piano until he finds out that football practice and piano practice are incompatible.
* Mr. Jackson was played by [[Richard Bull (actor)|Richard Bull]], who is best known as Nels Oleson on ''[[Little House on the Prairie (TV series)|Little House on the Prairie]]''.
* George Lindsey does not appear in this episode.
* Aunt Bee says that the first requirement of a piano player is that he must have clean hands.
* The Taylors' piano needs to be tuned. Aunt Bee hopes to catch piano tuner Mr. Higby the next time he passes through town.
* Flip Conroy played college football before playing for ten years with the [[New York Giants]].
* Opie is both the quarterback and captain of his football team.
* Black performers had been cast as extras in other episodes of The Andy Griffith Show, but this episode is the first and only one to feature a black actor.
* Flip Conroy plays the piano. He selection is "[[Grand Valse Brillante]]" by [[Frederic Chopin]].
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|216 
|216 
|March 20, 1967
|Howard the Comedian
|Michael Morris and Seaman Jacobs
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Howard Sprague becomes a comedian and appears on television with jokes about his hometown, and inadvertently rubs his friends the wrong way with his routine.
* Howard appears on "Colonel Tim's Talent Time" originating live from TV station WASG in Raleigh. A CBS "eye" logo appears on one of the cameras.
* Goober refers to Howard as "Mayberry's #1 comedian."
* Howard says that his Uncle Carl had a good sense of humor.
* Before Howard leaves for Raleigh, Floyd gives the comedian a trim, while Goober waxes his blue station wagon. After the program, Floyd tells Howard he should get his next haircut from "that poodle trimmer in Mount Pilot."
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|217 
|217 
|March 27, 1967
|Big Brother
|Fred S. Fox
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Howard volunteers to become the [[Big Brothers Big Sisters of America|Big Brother]] of a high school boy, which brings a reward he didn't expect.
* Betty Parker was played by [[Elizabeth MacRae]], who is best known as [[Gomer Pyle]]'s girlfriend on its spin-off show, ''[[Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.]]''.
* Ron Howard does not appear in this episode.
* Goober says he was an only child.
* Floyd and Goober think the Big Brother program is a good idea. In fact, they offer to volunteer.
* The Embassy Dance Hall is located in Mount Pilot.
* Howard mistakenly refers to the St. Louis Dodgers, meaning to say the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]. Then, he refers to the St. Louis Orioles, meaning to say the [[St. Louis Cardinals]]. Later, he reads a sports magazine and discovers that former St. Louis Cardinal [[Stan Musial]] had a lifetime batting average of .334.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|218 
|218 
|April 3, 1967
|Opie's Most Unforgettable Character
|Michael Morris and Seaman Jacobs
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Opie has trouble coming up with a subject for his writing assignment, and Andy gets distressed when Opie eventually chooses someone else as the subject.
* Prior to suggesting Andy as an interesting subject for Opie, Aunt Bee suggest he write about egg man Mr. Bristol or Howard Sprague. (Mr. Bristol talks to his chickens as if they were people. Howard single-handedly reorganized Mayberry's entire sewer system.) Andy suggested that Goober might make a good subject. (Opie started a paper on Goober, but its 43 words fell short of the required 500-word essay.)
* As Andy commented about having done some living in his time, Goober thinks out loud, "You can say that again".
* Goober recently enjoyed his finest weekend of fishing. He caught 7 perch and 6 large-mouth bass.
|- style="background-color: #F9F9FF; text-align: center;" |
|219 
|219 
|April 10, 1967
|Goober's Contest
|Ron Friedman and Pat McCormick
|Lee Philips
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF" |
| colspan="6" valign="top"|
Goober faces disaster when a printing error awards [[Floyd Lawson|Floyd]] a large cash prize in his filling station contest.
* This was [[Howard McNear]]'s final episode on the show.
*[[Rob Reiner]] plays Joe, the printer's apprentice.
* Goober suggests calling the contest "Goober's Gusher of Gold," but Wally nixes the idea.
* Andy strikes out with his three envelopes.
* When Aunt Bee wins $5.00, she states that she has never won anything in her life. Apparently she has forgotten the truckload of prizes she won on the "Win or Lose" game show in episode 165, "Aunt Bee On TV."
* According to Andy, a tornado hit Mayberry about 12 years ago. Goober refers to the 1955 tornado, too.
* Before Goober breaks the bad news to Floyd, he is offered a free haircut and a shampoo. Floyd promises to use a sweet-smelling shampoo that will make him smell like [[Maurice Chevalier]].
* Opie congratulates his father for his wisdom in scheming to resolve the contest problem. He compares Andy to the biblical [[King Solomon]].
|}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andy Griffith Show Season 7}}
[[Category:American television sitcoms]]
{{Andy Griffith}}

Caryville, Florida

2012-01-03T20:27:45Z

LKruse:

{{Infobox settlement

|official_name = Caryville, Florida
|other_name =
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|settlement_type = [[Town]]
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|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map = Washington_County_Florida_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Caryville_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location in [[Washington County, Florida|Washington County]] and the state of [[Florida]]
|image_map1 =
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|subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}}
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|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Florida}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Florida|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = {{noflag|[[Washington County, Florida|Washington]]}}
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|area_total_km2 = 8.1
|area_land_km2 = 7.8
|area_water_km2 = 0.3
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|area_land_sq_mi = 3
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.1
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|population_as_of = 2000
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|population_total = 218
|population_density_km2 = 26.9
|population_density_sq_mi = 70.3
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|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset = -6
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|utc_offset_DST = -5
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|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 30 |latm = 46 |lats = 32 |latNS = N
|longd = 85 |longm = 48 |longs = 38 |longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m = 16
|elevation_ft = 52

|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 32427
|area_code = [[Area code 850|850]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 12-10975{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0294706{{GR|3}}
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Caryville''' is a town in [[Washington County, Florida|Washington County]], [[Florida]], [[United States]]. The population was 218 at the 2000 census.

==Geography==

Caryville is located at {{Coord|30|46|32|N|85|48|38|W|type:city}} (30.775620, -85.810506){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|3.2|sqmi|km2}}. {{convert|3.0|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|0.1|sqmi|km2}} of it (4.13%) is water.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 218 people, 86 households, and 57 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 72.1 inhabitants per square mile (27.9/km²). There were 110 housing units at an average density of 36.4 per square mile (14.1/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 73.39% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 20.64% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.38% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.75% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.83% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 5.96% of the population.

There were 86 households out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the town the population was spread out with 32.1% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 115.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $22,500, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $15,625 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $11,385. About 16.7% of families and 37.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 66.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 35.1% of those sixty five or over.

==Notable natives==
*[[Bob Thorpe (outfielder)|Bob Thorpe]], [[Major League Baseball]] player
Robert Carter, United States Civil Rights Activist and U.S. District Judge

==References==
<references />

{{Washington County, Florida}}

[[Category:Towns in Washington County, Florida]]

[[ca:Caryville (Florida)]]
[[es:Caryville]]
[[ht:Caryville, Florid]]
[[nl:Caryville (Florida)]]
[[pt:Caryville (Flórida)]]
[[ru:Кэривилл (Флорида)]]
[[vo:Caryville (Florida)]]

Maynooth

2011-12-15T18:12:40Z

LKruse:

{{for|the Canadian town|Maynooth, Ontario}}
{{Infobox settlement
|settlement_type = Town
|name = Maynooth
|other_name = {{Pad top italic|Maigh Nuad}}
|image_skyline = Maynooth, County Kildare.jpg
|image_caption =
|motto = ''Crom Abu''
|pushpin_map = Ireland
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ireland
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = dim:100000_region:IE
|latd = 53.38157
|longd = -6.59098
|blank_name_sec1 = Irish Grid Reference
|blank_info_sec1 = {{iem4ibx|N935378}}
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Ireland|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Leinster]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Ireland|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[County Kildare]]
|unit_pref = Metric
|elevation_m = 48
|population_as_of = 2006
|population_total = 10715
|population_footnotes = <ref name = "cso2006">{{cite web | title = Census 2006 – Volume 1 – Population Classified by Area | work = Central Statistics Office Census 2006 Reports | publisher = [[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office Ireland]] | year = 2007 |month = April | url = http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/census2006_volume_1_pop_classified_by_area.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate = 2011-05-16}}</ref>
|website = {{URL|www.maynooth.ie}}
}}

'''Maynooth''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|m|ə|ˈ|n|uː|θ}}; {{lang-ga|Maigh Nuad}}) is a town in north [[County Kildare]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It is home to a branch of the [[National University of Ireland, Maynooth|National University of Ireland]], a Papal University and Ireland's main Roman Catholic seminary, [[St. Patrick's College, Maynooth|St. Patrick's College]]. Maynooth is also the seat of the Irish Catholic Bishops’ Conference<ref>http://www.catholiccommunications.ie/</ref> and holds the headquarters of Ireland's largest development charity, [[Trocaire]].<ref>http://www.trocaire.org/</ref>

==Location and access==
Maynooth is located on the [[Roads in Ireland|R148 road]] between [[Leixlip]] and [[Kilcock]] 25Km West of Dublin City, with the [[M4 motorway (Republic of Ireland)|M4 motorway]] bypassing the town. Other roads connect the town to [[Celbridge]], [[Clane]], and [[Dunboyne]]. Maynooth is also on the Dublin to Sligo rail line and is served by a commuter train service.

==Etymology==
The ancient name of Maynooth means the plain of [[Nuadhu]]. Nuadhu is referred to as the maternal grandfather of the legendary [[Fionn mac Cumhail]] in the [[Annals of the Four Masters]].

==History==
Maynooth was a long-term centre for the [[Geraldines|Geraldine]] family, who dominated Irish affairs in various periods.

In the 1920s, the town was the unofficial home to the King of England's representative in Ireland, [[Domhnall Ua Buachalla]], who declined to take up official residence in the Viceregal Lodge in the [[Phoenix Park]], and whose family operated a hardware store in the town until 2005, the only store with an [[Irish language]] name in the town for many years.

==Historical features==
The town has, at either end of the main street, [[Maynooth Castle]] and [[Carton House]]: two former seats of the Dukes of Leinster. The castle was a stronghold of the 16th century historical figure [[Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare]] better known as Silken Thomas. The castle was overrun in 1535, after the rebellion of the Earl.

The village is just inside the western edge of [[The Pale]].

The most important historical buildings in the town are those of [[St. Patrick's College, Maynooth|St. Patrick's College]] and some of which antedate the foundation of the college, while others are in the late Georgian and neo-Gothic revival style. The "new range" of buildings was erected by [[Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin|A.W.N. Pugin]] in 1850 under a commission from then college president [[Laurence F. Renehan]], while the College Chapel was designed and completed by [[James Joseph McCarthy]] during the presidency of Dr. Robert Browne in 1894.

The famed ''[[Conolly's Folly]]'' is also near the town, although it is arguably in [[Celbridge]], as it is much closer to it, but is covered by Maynooth's very extensive town boundaries. It was known to be the gateway to the west as the main route from [[Dublin]].

==Population==
The population of 10,715 (2006 Census<ref>[http://www.cso.ie/census/census2006results/volume_2/census_2006_vol_2_tables_14_15.pdf Census 2006 – Table 14A – Towns 10,000 population and over]</ref>) makes it the fifth largest village in Kildare and the 35th largest in the [[Republic of Ireland]]. Measurement can be difficult as much of the village's population is transient – students at [[NUI Maynooth]] or [[St Patrick's College, Maynooth|St. Patrick's College]], or temporary employees at the nearby [[Intel]] and [[Hewlett Packard]] facilities (both located in [[Leixlip]]).

{{Historical populations|state=collapsed
|1813|1468
|1821|1364
|1831|2053
|1841|2129
|1851|1696
|1861|1497
|1871|1414
|1881|1278
|1891|958
|1901|948
|1911|886
|1926|846
|1936|632
|1946|573
|1951|581
|1956|1722
|1961|1753
|1966|1254
|1971|1296
|1981|3388
|1986|6893
|1991|6027
|1996|8528
|2002|10845
|2006|10715
|2011|13621
| footnote=<ref>[http://www.cso.ie/census and www.histpop.org for post 1821 figures, 1813 estimate from Mason’s Statistical Survey For a discussion on the accuracy of pre-famine census returns see JJ Lee “On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses Irish Population, Economy and Society edited by JM Goldstrom and LA Clarkson (1981) p54, in and also New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700-1850 by Joel Mokyr and Cormac O Grada in The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Nov., 1984), pp. 473-488. ]</ref>
}}

==Education==
[[Image:Stpatirckscollegemaynooth.JPG|thumb|St Patrick's College]]
Two third-level educational institutions--[[St. Patrick's College, Maynooth]], founded under [[King George III]] in 1795 to educate Ireland's Roman Catholics, and the [[National University of Ireland, Maynooth]], separated from St. Patrick's College in 1997—are located in the town. They share campus space and many facilities. NUI Maynooth is the only [[university]] in the Republic of Ireland not situated in a city.
There is one secondary school (Maynooth Post Primary), and four primary schools, a girls' school, a boys' school, an [[Educate Together]] school, and an Irish-speaking school.

==Amenities==
The town contains a fire station, in addition to the area's part time [[Garda Síochána|Garda]] station, a health centre, a branch library, a [[Credit Union]] and was formerly home to the worlds 4th largest hamster wheel. In the mid-1980s the town gained some minor fame for having the first callcard phones in Ireland.

==Economy==
[[File:Maynooth town logo.jpg|thumbnail|right|Device used as logo for Maynooth village on street signs, tourist information, etc.]]The town is the main [[retail]] and other service centre for North Kildare and South [[County Meath|Meath]], with branches of [[SuperValu (Ireland)|SuperValu]], [[Tesco Ireland]], [[Aldi]] and [[Lidl]], as well as a wide variety of non-chain stores. In October 2005, [[Dunnes Stores]] opened a major [[shopping mall|shopping centre]] off the town's main street, [[Manor Mills]]. This centre contains a number of other high street names, such as [[Easons]], [[Elvery's]] Sports and a [[Halifax (Irish bank)|Halifax]] branch. [[Tesco]] is open 24 hours, [[Dunnes Stores]]also formerly did so. On 18 January 2007 Tesco Ireland announced plans to demolish its existing store in Maynooth (the same store having been demolished and rebuilt only seven years previously) and build a larger shopping centre, anchored by a [[Tesco Extra]] store, on a neighbouring site.<ref>[http://www.businessworld.ie/cgi-bin/printer_friendly?a=1612236 ]</ref> The new centre is known as [[Carton Park]], after nearby [[Carton House]]. The Tesco Extra portion of the new shopping centre opened on 3 November 2008, with [[Heatons]], [[Sports World]], [[Next Children]] and [[Boots UK|Boots]]. A number of shops that formed part of the former Maynooth Shopping Centre remain open on the old site.

==Transport==
[[Image:Maynoothharbour.jpg|thumbnail|left|Maynooth Harbour by the Train station]]Maynooth is on the Royal Canal, navigable from central Dublin to this point, now used mostly for leisure purposes. It provided an important stopping point before Dublin in the period directly before the coming of the railways to Ireland in the first half of the 19th century. The harbour, known locally as ''Dukes Harbour'' is roughly triangular in shape and on the north side of the canal, opposite the railway station is a popular fishing area.

[[Maynooth railway station|Maynooth station]] is one of the busiest in the Dublin / Kildare region, serving as it does two major educational institutions. The town is the terminus of most [[Iarnród Éireann]] [[Dublin Suburban Rail#Western Commuter|Western Commuter]], as well as a being served by the Sligo [[InterCity]] service. [[Dublin Bus]] and Bus Éireann services also serve the town. A number of private operators also serve the town, linking it with nearby towns and cities.

==Sport==
===Golf===
*[[GUI National Golf Academy]] is located in Maynooth. It has a driving range, putting green and short game area, as well as lessons.

===Rugby===
The North Kildare Rugby Club is the local rugby club and is situated about 3 km from Maynooth on the [[Kilcock]] road.

Maynooth Native [[Bob Casey (rugby player)|Bob Casey]] is a professional rugby player and Ireland international. Casey has represented Ireland at Schools, U19, U21, Ireland 'A' and U25 levels. He made his senior debut against Australia in 1999.
Casey has six caps for Ireland. When he played for Ireland against Canada in May 2009, it was his first cap since 2000.
He Currently Plays for London Irish.

He has also played for the Barbarians.

===Gaelic games===
*[[Maynooth GAA]] is the local [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] club and compete in the senior football championship in Kildare since 2009.

===Soccer===
*[[Maynooth Town F.C.]] is the local [[soccer]] club.

===Horseracing===
*Maynooth is home to the [[Thoroughbred horse race|thoroughbred horse racing]] and [[horse breeding|breeding]] operation, [[Walter Haefner#Moyglare Stud Farm|Moyglare Stud Farm]].

===Athletics===
[[Le Chéile Athletic Club]]

===Famous People===
Actor-singer Devon Murray grew up on his father's farm outside Maynooth.

==See also==
*[[List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland|List of towns and villages in Ireland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.maynooth.ie/ Maynooth (County Council site)]
* [http://www.maynooth.org Maynooth Town Portal (Maynooth Town Portal) news & forums]
* [http://www.northkildarerfc.com North Kildare Rugby Club]
* [http://www.maynoothtoastmasters.com Maynooth Toastmasters]
* [http://www.irish-architecture.com/buildings_ireland/kildare/maynooth/index.html Architecture of Maynooth]
* [http://industrialheritageireland.info/TikiWiki/tiki-browse_gallery.php?galleryId=1 Bond Bridge photographs pre-demolition]
* [http://news.portal.ie/Desktopdefault.aspx?DocumentID=807 News article about Bond Bridge]
* [http://www.maynoothtownfc.com Maynooth Town Football Club]
* [http://www.Maynoothonline.ie MaynoothOnline.ie, Business Directory for Maynooth]

{{County Kildare}}

[[Category:Maynooth]]
[[Category:University towns]]

[[br:Maigh Nuad]]
[[bg:Мейнут]]
[[da:Maynooth]]
[[de:Maynooth]]
[[es:Maynooth]]
[[eu:Maynooth]]
[[fa:منوث]]
[[fr:Maynooth]]
[[ga:Maigh Nuad]]
[[id:Maynooth]]
[[it:Maynooth]]
[[hu:Maynooth]]
[[nl:Maynooth]]
[[pl:Maynooth]]
[[pt:Maynooth]]
[[ru:Мейнут]]
[[sk:Maynooth]]
[[sv:Maynooth]]

County Roscommon

2011-02-12T17:00:30Z

LKruse:

{{dablink|Not to be confused with [[Roscommon County, Michigan]], [[United States]].}}
{{Infobox Place Ireland
| name = County Roscommon
| gaeilge = Contae Ros Comáin
| crest image = Logo-contea-Roscommon.png
| motto = ''Constans Hiberniae Cor''{{spaces|2}}([[Latin]]) "Steadfast Irish heart"
| map image = Island of Ireland location map Roscommon.svg
| mapsize = 200px
| area km2 = 2547
| area note =  ([[List of Irish counties by area|11th]])
| county town = [[Roscommon]]
| code = RN
| population = 58768
| population note =  ([[List of Irish counties by population|27th]])
| census yr = 2006
| dailconstituency = [[Roscommon–South Leitrim (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Roscommon-South Leitrim]]
| EU constituency = [[North-West (European Parliament constituency)|North-West]]
| province = [[Connacht]]
}}

'''County Roscommon''' ({{lang-ga|Contae Ros Comáin}}) is one of the twenty-six traditional counties of the [[Republic of Ireland]] and one of the thirty-two traditional [[counties of Ireland|counties]] in the [[island of Ireland]]. Located within the [[Provinces of Ireland|province]] of [[Connacht]], it is named after the town of [[Roscommon]]. The population of the county is 58,768 according to the 2006 census.<ref>[http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=75467 Census 2006 - Population of each province, county and city]</ref>

Roscommon is the 11th largest of the 32 counties in area, the fifth least-populous county in Ireland and has the second least population density after [[County Leitrim|Leitrim]]<ref>{{cite book| first=Eoghan| last=Corry| title=The GAA Book of Lists| publisher=Hodder Headline Ireland| year=2005| id= | pages=186–191}}</ref>. It is the third largest of Connacht’s five counties in size and fourth largest in terms of population. The county borders every other Connacht county, including Galway, Mayo, Sligo and Leitrim. In 2008 a news report said that statistically, Roscommon has the longest life expectancy of any county on the island of Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0812/health.html |title=Roscommon tops life expectancy study |date=12 August 2008 |work=RTÉ News |publisher=RTÉ Commercial Enterprises |location=Dublin |accessdate=19 August 2009 }}</ref> [[Lough Key]] in north Roscommon is noted for having thirty-two islands.

==History==
[[File:LoughKeyRoscommon.JPG|thumb|220px|left|Lough Key]]
Roscommon comes from the Irish ''Ros'' meaning a wooded, gentle height and ''Comán'', the name of the county's famous saint and the first bishop of the see. Rathcroghan was home to the Kings of Connacht and then to the High Kings of Ireland.

[[Tulsk]] is the nearest village to the mythological site of Rath Cruachán, home of [[Queen regnant|Queen]] [[Medb]] (Méadhbh, Maeve). This was the starting point of the ''[[Táin Bó Cúailnge]]'', or Cattle Raid of Cooley, an epic tale in [[Irish mythology]].

Dr Douglas Hyde, the first Irish president, was born in County Roscommon and the GAA park in County Roscommon is named Hyde Park in his honor. Strokestown Park House and Famine Museum is an award-winning museum for its portrayal of the great [[Irish Famine]].<ref>[http://www.roscommonlinks.com/ Roscommon Links] Roscommonlinks.com Accessed 11 November 2008</ref>

==People==
*[[Baron de Freyne]]
*[[Douglas Hyde]] (1860–1949) - an Irish scholar of the Irish language who served as the first [[President of Ireland]] from 1938 to 1945. He founded the [[Conradh na Gaeilge|Gaelic League]], one of the most influential cultural organisations in Ireland. Hyde is buried in the Hyde Museum, [[Frenchpark]], Roscommon.
*[[Percy French]] (1854–1920) - one of Ireland's foremost songwriters and entertainers. He has also become recognised for his watercolour paintings.
*[[Chris O'Dowd]] (born 1980) - an Irish actor born in [[Boyle, County Roscommon|Boyle]], County Roscommon. Best known for starring in [[Channel 4]]'s comedy ''[[The IT Crowd]]''.
Maureen O'Sullivan, Ireland's first International Star was born in Boyle, County Roscommon.

==Towns and villages==
{{Historical populations
|state=collapsed
|1659|12843
|1821|208729
|1831|249613
|1841|253591
|1851|173436
|1861|157272
|1871|140670
|1881|132490
|1891|114397
|1901|101791
|1911|93956
|1926|83556
|1936|77566
|1946|72510
|1951|68102
|1956|63710
|1961|59217
|1966|56228
|1971|53519
|1979|54189
|1981|54543
|1986|54592
|1991|51897
|1996|51975
|2002|53774
|2006|58768
||footnote=<ref>For 1653 and 1659 figures from Civil Survey Census of those years, Paper of Mr Hardinge to Royal Irish Academy March 14, 1865.</ref><ref>[http://www.cso.ie/census Census for post 1821 figures.]</ref><ref>http://www.histpop.org</ref><ref>http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=Lee|first=JJ| authorlink =John Joseph Lee|editor-last=Goldstrom|editor-first=J. M.|editor2-last=Clarkson
|editor2-first=L. A.|title=Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell
|year=1981|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, England
|chapter=On the accuracy of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Pre-famine]] Irish censuses}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Mokyr | first = Joel
| author-link = Joel Mokyr | last2 = O Grada | first2 = Cormac
| author2-link = Cormac Ó Gráda | title = New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700-1850 | journal = The Economic History Review | volume = 37 | issue = 4
| pages = 473–488 | date = November | year = 1984
| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120035880/abstract | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x | postscript = .
}}</ref>
}}
{{Div col|cols=3|small=yes}}
* [[Arigna]]
* [[Athleague]]
* [[Athlone]]
* [[Ballaghaderreen]]
* [[Ballintober, County Roscommon|Ballintober]]
* [[Ballinlough, County Roscommon|Ballinlough]]
* [[Bellanagare]]
* [[Bellanamullia]]
* [[Boyle, County Roscommon|Boyle]]
* [[Ballyfarnon]]
* [[Ballyforan]]
* [[Lanesborough-Ballyleague|Ballyleague]]
* [[Cloonfad]]
* [[Castlerea]]
* [[Castleplunket]]
* [[Croghan, County Roscommon|Croghan]]
* [[Cortober]]
* [[Drum, County Roscommon|Drum]]
* [[Elphin, County Roscommon|Elphin]]
* [[Frenchpark]]
* [[Keadue]]
* [[Knockvicar]]
* [[Knockcroghery]]
* [[Lecarrow]]
* [[Loughglynn]]
* [[Rahara]]
* [[Roscommon]]
* [[Roosky]]
* [[Strokestown]]
* [[Tarmonbarry]]
* [[Tulsk]]
{{Div col end}}

==Twinning==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland}}
County Roscommon is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with the following places:
*{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]''', [[Arizona]], [[United States]]
*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Castle Point]]''', [[Essex]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="been">[http://www.castlepoint.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=1200 Twinning]</ref>

==Annalistic references==
From ''The [[Annals of the Four Masters]]'':

* ''M1556.1. Gilla-Columb O'Clabby, Coarb of St. Patrick at Uaran-Maighe-Aoi, head of the hospitality and affluence of the Coarbs of Connaught, general entertainer of the indigent and the mighty, died in Clanrickard, after having been banished from Uaran, and after his son, Dermot Roe O'Clabby, had been slain by the Clann-Conway.''

==See also==
*[[List of abbeys and priories in the Republic of Ireland#County Roscommon|List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Roscommon)]]
*[[Counties of Ireland]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.roscommoncoco.ie/ Official site - County Council]
* [http://www.countyroscommon.com/ Tourism Information]
* [http://www.cruachanai.com/ Tulsk Visitor Centre]
* [http://www.shamrockcottages.co.uk/maps/roscommon.jpg Map of Roscommon]
* [http://www.roscommonhistory.ie Roscommon publications, documents & ephemera site]

{{County Roscommon}}
{{Ireland_counties}}



{{coord|53|45|N|8|15|W|region:IE_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:County Roscommon| ]]
[[Category:Connacht|Roscommon]]
[[Category:Counties of the Republic of Ireland|Roscommon]]

[[ar:مقاطعة روسكومون]]
[[ast:Condáu de Roscommon]]
[[br:Kontelezh Ros Comáin]]
[[bg:Роскомън (графство)]]
[[ca:Comtat de Roscommon]]
[[cy:Swydd Roscommon]]
[[da:County Roscommon]]
[[de:County Roscommon]]
[[es:Condado de Roscommon (Irlanda)]]
[[eo:Graflando Roscommon]]
[[eu:Roscommoneko konderria]]
[[fr:Comté de Roscommon]]
[[ga:Contae Ros Comáin]]
[[gv:Coontae Ros Comain]]
[[gl:Condado de Roscommon]]
[[id:County Roscommon]]
[[is:County Roscommon]]
[[it:Roscommon (contea)]]
[[sw:Wilaya ya Roscommon]]
[[la:Comitatus Roscomensis]]
[[lt:Roskomono grafystė]]
[[mk:Роскомон]]
[[ms:County Roscommon]]
[[nl:County Roscommon]]
[[ja:ロスコモン州]]
[[no:Roscommon (grevskap)]]
[[nn:County Roscommon]]
[[pl:Hrabstwo Roscommon]]
[[pt:Condado de Roscommon]]
[[ro:Comitatul Roscommon]]
[[ru:Роскоммон (графство)]]
[[sco:Coonty Roscommon]]
[[fi:Roscommonin kreivikunta]]
[[sv:Roscommon (grevskap)]]
[[tg:Вилояти Роскоммон]]
[[uk:Роскоммон (графство)]]
[[zh:羅斯康芒郡]]

Westport, Connecticut

2010-06-30T19:40:43Z

LKruse: /* Famous Places and Events of Westport */

{{Cleanup-laundry|date=January 2008}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
{{Infobox settlement
|image_flag = Westport_CT_flag.jpg‎‎
|official_name = Westport, Connecticut
|image_map = Map of Fairfield County, Connecticut Westport Highlighted.PNG
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location in [[Fairfield County, Connecticut]]
|settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_seal =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Connecticut]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[NECTA]]
|subdivision_name2 = Bridgeport-Stamford
|subdivision_type3 = Region
|subdivision_name3 = South Western Region
|government_type = [[Representative town meeting]]
|leader_title = First selectman
|leader_name = Gordon F. Joseloff
|leader_title1 = Town meeting moderator
|leader_name1 = Hadley C. Rose
|established_title = Incorporated
|unit_pref =US
|established_date = 1835
|area_water_km2 = 34.5
|area_total_sq_mi = 33.3
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 86.2
|area_land_sq_mi = 20.0
|area_land_km2 = 51.8
|population_as_of = 2005
|population_total = 26615
|population_footnotes =<ref name=popest>[http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2005_9.csv U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates]</ref>
|population_density_sq_mi = 1331
|population_density_km2 = 514
|timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|area_water_sq_mi = 13.3
|elevation_m = 8
|elevation_ft = 26
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 41 |latm = 07 |lats = 24 |latNS = N
|longd = 73 |longm = 20 |longs = 49 |longEW = W
|postal_code_type = ZIP code
|postal_code = 06880
|region =
|website = http://www.westportct.gov/
|area_code = [[Area code 203|203]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 09-83500
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0213532
|footnotes =
}}
'''Westport''' is a coastal [[New England town|town]] located on Long Island Sound in [[Fairfield County, Connecticut|Fairfield County]], [[Connecticut]], 47 miles north of [[New York City]] in the [[United States]]. The population was estimated at 26,615 in 2005.<ref name=popest />

Westport is one of the most affluent communities in the United States and is home to the [[Westport Country Playhouse]], a longtime regional theater, the [[Levitt Pavilion]] providing free concerts, an arts council, the [[Westport Public Library]], and a heritage as a former artists' colony.

==Politics==
[[Image:WestportCTTownHall09302007.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Westport Town Hall]] on Myrtle Avenue]]
The town government consists of the three-member Board of Selectmen, a [[Town meeting|Representative Town Meeting]] (RTM), a Board of Finance, a Board of Education, a Planning and Zoning Commission, and many other commissions, boards, and committees.

==Geography and transportation==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], Westport has a total area of 33.3 square miles (86.3 km2).20.0 square miles (51.8 km2) or 60.02% of it is land and 13.3 square miles (34.5 km2) or 39.98% is water.

Much of the eastern side of town is considered unusually flat in comparison to the rest of Connecticut.

Westport is bordered by [[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]] on the west, [[Weston, Connecticut|Weston]] to the north, [[Wilton, Connecticut|Wilton]] to the northwest, [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]] to the east and [[Long Island Sound]] to the south. [[Interstate 95 in Connecticut|Interstate 95]], the [[Merritt Parkway]] and [[U.S. Route 1 in Connecticut|U.S. 1]], as well as the [[Saugatuck River]], run through Westport.

Westport has two train stations, [[Green's Farms (Metro-North station)|Green's Farms]] and [[Westport (Metro-North station)|Westport]] on the [[Metro-North Railroad|Metro-North Railroad's]] [[New Haven Line]], which serves [[Stamford (Metro-North station)|Stamford]] and [[Grand Central Terminal]] in [[New York City]] or [[Union Station (New Haven)|New Haven-Union Station]]. This line is shared with [[Amtrak]] trains as it is part of the [[Northeast Corridor]], but no Amtrak services stop at Green's Farms or Westport. The nearest Amtrak stations are at [[Bridgeport (Metro-North station)|Bridgeport]] (10 miles) and Stamford (12 miles).

Westport station is the more widely used of the two, even among people living geographically closer to Green's Farms mainly because more trains stop there. The wait for a parking sticker at the Westport station is now nearly four years long.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]] of 2000, there were 26,644 people, 9,586 households, and 7,170 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 1,286.7 people per square mile (496.8/km²). There were 10,065 housing units at an average density of 503.0/sq mi (194.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 95.16% White, 1.13% [[African American]], 0.05% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.43% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander]], 0.40% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. 2.34% of the population were [[Hispanic]] or [[Latino]] of any race.

There were 9,586 households out of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.8% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 25.2% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the town the population was spread out with 27.9% under the age of 18, 2.7% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $147,391, and the median income for a family was $176,740. As of the 2000 Census, males had a median income of $100,000 versus $53,269 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $73,664. 2.6% of the population and 1.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 2.7% are under the age of 18 and 2.1% are 65 or older.

Westport was named the fifth top-earning city in the US, with a median family income of $193,540 and median home price of $1,200,000 in July, 2008.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/moneymag/0807/gallery.bplive_topearners.moneymag/5.html CNN]</ref>

==Neighborhoods==
* '''Saugatuck''' – around the Westport railroad station near the southwestern corner of the town – a built-up area with some restaurants, stores and offices.
* '''[[Greens Farms]]''' – around the Greens Farms railroad station near the southeastern corner of town.
* '''Cockenoe Island''' (pronounced "KawKEEnee") – just off the southeastern coast of the town.
* '''Old Hill''' – west of the [[Saugatuck River]] and north of the [[Boston Post Road]], a historic section of town with many homes from the Revolutionary and Victorian eras.
* '''Coleytown''' – Located at the northern edge of town, near the Weston town line. Home to Coleytown fire station, Middle and Elementary school.
* [[Compo (Westport)|Compo]] – Located around the main beach in the town, Compo Beach
[[Image:PostcardChristChurchAndRectoryWestportCT1907.jpg|thumb|right|Christ Church and rectory, from a postcard sent in 1907]]

==Flooding==
A total of 26 percent of town residents live within the 100-year-flood plain, and homes and businesses located near the water can become flooded in extremely intense storms. Many other communities along the Connecticut shoreline have flood-prone areas, but Westport has been cited as an example of a town that has taken more action than others in mitigating the problem.

In one storm on December 11, 1992, when a [[Nor'easter]] struck the state, many cars parked at the Westport railroad station were immersed in water. "Very strong easterly gales of {{convert|55|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} created by the storm caused severe coastal flooding in Westport and several other communities," according to the Association of State Floodplain Managers. "The Compo Beach and Saugatuck Shores areas of Westport were especially hard hit with virtually every building in both areas being inundated." <ref name=WestportFlood>[http://www.floods.org/Publications/mit%20succ%20stories/mssiiict.htm Floods.org]
a page on the Web site of the Association of State Floodplain Managers accessed on July 4, 2006.</ref>

A total of 22 homes were raised higher starting in the mid-1990s with some help from state grants, and the town has taken other flood protection measures, including the installation of 16 combination staff gauges and evacuation signs, as well as the publication of a disaster preparedness brochure. These made Westport "the first community in Connecticut to have an approved Hazard Mitigation Plan" for flooding.<ref name=WestportFlood/>

The town also has enacted tough regulations on home renovation and construction in flood-prone areas. Homeowners or businesses that build additions or renovations to their buildings in flood-prone areas must elevate the structure to one foot above the Base Flood Elevation if their renovations or additions exceed 50 percent of the fair market value of the property in any five-year period.<ref name=WestportFlood/>

Another flood which hit the town on October 20, 1996, resulted in no damage to the original seven elevated homes, although several dozen others, not elevated, were flooded again. Ideas for preventing more flooding, such as construction of a berm near Compo Beach, were shelved in the mid-1990s, as they were considered too expensive. To this day, employees of the town's Guests Services division of the Parks and Rec office place sandbags along Soundview Drive twice a year to prevent any further flooding.

==History==
[[Image:Main Street Westport 1913 Postcard.jpg|thumb|Postcard showing Main Street in 1913]]
[[Image:Post Road in Westport Connecticut 1937 Postcard.jpg|thumb|Postcard showing Post Road in 1937]]
[[Image:Minute Man at Compo Beach 1912.jpg|thumb|Postcard from 1912 showing Minuteman statue, looking towards [http://www.1compobeach.com/history.html historic home](William Scribner ca.1854), still standing]]
[[Image:Trolly and original home at Compo Beach.jpg|thumb|Postcard showing trolley to beach in early 1900's and view with only house in area, today 1 [[Compo Beach]]]]
[[Image:Compo Beach Trolley Westport Connecticut 1920 Postcard.jpg|thumb|Postcard from 1920 showing trolley which ran between Compo Beach and the downtown]]
[[Image:Compo Beach 1912.JPG|thumb|Postcard from 1912 showing swimmers at Compo Beach]]
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
| align="center" colspan="2" | '''Historical population of Westport'''[http://www.sots.ct.gov/RegisterManual/SectionVII/SecVIITOC.htm]
|-
|1840 || 1,803
|-
|1850 || 2,651
|-
|1860 || 3,293
|-
|1870 || 3,361
|-
|1880 || 3,477
|-
|1890 || 3,715
|-
|1900 || 4,017
|-
|1910 || 4,259
|-
|1920 || 5,114
|-
|1930 || 6,073
|-
|1940 || 8,258
|-
|1950 || 11,667
|-
|1960 || 20,955
|-
|1970 || 27,318
|-
|1980 || 25,290
|-
|1990 || 24,410
|-
|2000 || 25,749
|}
Although colonists settled along the Saugatuck River in 1639, Westport was officially incorporated as a town in 1835 with land taken from [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]], [[Weston, Connecticut|Weston]] and [[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]]. For several decades after that, Westport was a prosperous agricultural community, which distinguished itself as the nation's leading onion-growing center. Westport's Compo Beach was the site of a British expeditionary force's landing, in which about 2,000 British soldiers marched to Danbury and razed it, resulting in the [[Battle of Ridgefield]]. They were attacked on the way and attacked upon landing by [[Minutemen]] from Westport and the surrounding areas. A statue of a Minuteman, rifle in hand, is located near Compo Beach. The statue has its back towards the beach to symbolize the Minutemen's strategy of waiting for the British to land and then attacking them from behind.

It wasn't until after the turn of the century that Westport gained the reputation as artist's colony and cultural center. While Westport still retains its cultural roots, the town is no longer an artist's colony. Despite the small-town charm, Westport is a thriving business center and home to approximately 15 corporate headquarters and more than 660 retailers.

===Timeline===
{{Prose|date=September 2009}}
* 1637: [[John Mason (c.1600–1672)|John Mason]], [[Roger Ludlow]], Fargo Quentzel, and group of soldiers enter area for first time to battle [[Pequot]] Indians in Great Swamp.
* 1639: Several families led by [[Roger Ludlow]] return to area, purchase land in [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]] and [[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]] from Indians.
* 1640: Several other families move to area from [[New Amsterdam]], {{convert|50|mi|km}} away.
* 1648: Five settlers from Fairfield request Colonial Assembly's permission to settle in Machamux, today's [[Green's Farms]]. They call themselves the "[[Bankside Farmers]]".
* 1703: First schoolhouse built at Green's Farms commons area.
* 1777: British troops land at [[Compo Beach]]; proceed north to burn supplies and ammunition at [[Danbury, Connecticut]]; engaged by American forces at the [[Battle of Ridgefield]].
* 1789: [[George Washington]] visits Marvin Tavern.
* 1807: Newly laid out [[Post Road]] passes through growing port area of [[Saugatuck River]].
* 1835: [[Daniel Nash (reverend)|Daniel Nash]] and group of businessmen petition for incorporation of Westport, which includes parts of Fairfield, Norwalk, Old Saugatuck and [[Weston, Connecticut|Weston]].
* 1842: Railroad arrives.
* 1861-65: Westport becomes biggest [[onion]] supplier to [[U.S. Army]] during [[Civil War]].
* 1882: [[Staples High School]] founded, on Riverside Avenue.
* 1903: First automobile seen in Westport.
* 1908: Westport Public Library opens.
* 1920: [[F. Scott Fitzgerald|F. Scott]] and [[Zelda Fitzgerald]] spend summer in Westport.
* 1935: Local artist paints mural on speakeasy wall, commemorating friends "we'll never forget."
* 1938: Merritt Parkway opens.
* 1949: First Representative Town Meeting (RTM) formed. Over 125 candidates vie for 26 slots.
* 1955: Parker-Harding Plaza created, behind Main Street stores.
* 1958: Connecticut Turnpike opens.
* 1959: New Staples High School, on North Avenue, opens.
* 1960: Town purchases Longshore Club Park.
* 1967: United Illuminating proposes building nuclear power plant on Cockenoe Island. Most Westporters oppose plan, and prevail in court.

===Twenty-first century===
On September 11, 2001, two Westport residents were killed in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|terrorist attacks]] of that day: Jonathan J. Uman, 33, and Bradley H. Vadas, 37. Both were in the [[World Trade Center]].<ref>[[Associated Press]] listing as it appeared in ''The Advocate'' of Stamford on September 12, 2006 ("State residents killed on September 11, 2001"), page A4</ref> The state's 9/11 memorial was put in [[Sherwood Island State Park]] in Westport.

===On the National Register of Historic Places===
* [[Bradley-Wheeler House]] — 25 Avery Pl. (added August 5, 1984), home to the Westport Historical Society.<ref>[http://www.westporthistory.org Westport Historical Socierty]</ref>
* [[Compo-Owenoke Historic District]] — Roughly bounded by Gray's Cr., Compo Rd. S. and Long Island Sound (added May 19, 1991)
* [[Godillot Place]] — 60, 65 Jesup Rd. (added September 29, 1977)
* [[Green Farms School]] — Jct. of Morningside Dr. S. and Boston Post Rd. (added May 19, 1991)
* [[Kings Highway North Historic District]] — Roughly along Kings Hwy. N, from Wilton Rd. to Woodside Ave. (added September 10, 1998)
* [[Mill Cove Historic District]] — Between Compo Mill Cove and Long Island Sound (added May 19, 1991)
* [[National Hall Historic District]] — Riverside Ave., Wilton and Post Rds. (added October 13, 1984)
* [[Saugatuck River Bridge]] — CT 136 (added March 12, 1987)
* [[Saugatuck River Railroad Bridge]] — [[Metro-North Railroad]] Right-of-way at Saugatuck River (added July 12, 1987)
* [[Shambaugh House]] — 12 Old Hill Rd. (added May 9, 1999)
* [[Westport Town Hall]] — 90 Post Rd. E. (added June 18, 1982)

==Education==
===Westport Public Schools===
Total enrollment in Westport Public Schools as of October 1, 2005 was 5,492 students. Each school has its own Web site.

[[Staples High School]], was ranked by ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine in 2005 as 452nd on a list of the best 1,000 high schools in the country<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8759025/site/newsweek/page/5/ Msn.com] Web page listing high schools in Newsweek survey, accessed September 5, 2006</ref> (Grades 9 to 12) with 1,800 students. In the 2008-2009 school year Staples was also ranked the #1 school in Connecticut by Connecticut Magazine.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} In September 2009, Bedford Middle School was awarded the government-honored [[Blue Ribbon Schools Program|Blue Ribbon Award]]. [http://www.westportnow.com/index.php?/v2/comments/24854/]

The district has two middle schools (Grades 6 to 8) – Bedford Middle School and Coleytown Middle School – with a total of 1,321 students.

There are five elementary schools (Kindergarten to Grade 5) with a total of 2,556 students:
* Coleytown Elementary School <ref>[http://ces.westport.k12.ct.us/cesinformation/ Coleytown Elementary School]</ref>
* King's Highway Elementary School <ref>[http://khs.westport.k12.ct.us/khsinformation/ King's Highway Elementary School]</ref>
* Green's Farms Elementary School <ref>[http://blackboard.westport.k12.ct.us/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_22_1 Green's Farms Elementary School]</ref>
* Saugatuck Elementary School <ref>[http://blackboard.westport.k12.ct.us/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_28_1 Saugatuck Elementary School]</ref>
* Long Lots Elementary School <ref>[http://blackboard.westport.k12.ct.us/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_36_1 Long Lots Elementary School]</ref>

Long Lots, Saugatuck, and Greens Farms feed into Bedford Middle School, and Coleytown Elementary and King's Highway feed into Coleytown Middle School.

There are a number of preschools in Westport, including Stepping Stones Pre-school, Greens Farms Nursery School, Saugatuck Nursery School and Earthplace Nursery School.

For the 2006-07 fiscal year, the school district's budget is $82 million.

The school district had a $78.6 million budget for the 2005-06 fiscal year, giving it an average per pupil expenditure of $14,316.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} The average class size in the school system as a whole was 21 students.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

====Former schools====
Former public schools in Westport include Burr Farms Elementary School, which has been torn down, Bedford Elementary School, which is now the site of Westport Town Hall, and Hillspoint Elementary School, which now houses several nursery schools. The original Staples High School building was torn down and replaced by the former Bedford Junior High School, which is now the current Saugatuck Elementary School. The current Bedford Middle School, located adjacent to Staples High School on North Avenue, opened 2001. The current Long Lots Elementary School was originally a junior high school.

===Private education===
* [[Greens Farms Academy]], located in the 1920s Vanderbilt estate overlooking [[Long Island Sound]]. GFA is a K-12 private preparatory school located in the Greens Farms section of town.

* [[Pierrepont School]], located on Sylvan Road, opened in that location in 2002. Pierrepont is a private K-12 school for gifted students.

==Attractions==
[[Image:Mother Bear&Cubs Anna Hyatt Huntington.jpg|thumb|right|''Mother Bear and Cubs,'' at [[Earthplace|Earthplace, Westport, Connecticut]]]]
* [[Earthplace|Earthplace, The Nature Discovery Center]], is [[natural history]] museum, [[nature center]] and [[wildlife sanctuary]] located at 10 Woodside Lane. The organization is dedicated to the promotion of public environmental education, preservation and conservation. Activities include maintaining a 62 acre open space wildlife sanctuary with trails, presenting public nature education programs, a water quality monitoring program, wildlife rehabilitation, an interactive nature discovery area, a nursery school and summer camp.

* [[Bradley-Wheeler House|Wheeler House]] is a [[Victorian era|Victorian]] period [[historic house museum]] operated by the [[Westport Historical Society]]. Located near Town Hall at 25 Avery Place, Wheeler House features a gallery for changing exhibits related to Westport's history and culture. The property includes a seven-sided barn that houses the Museum of Westport History. Open seasonally, exhibits include a model of Westport in the 1860s, a model railroad train, photos and artifacts about the town's industries, agriculture, history and famous residents.

* [[Westport Arts Center]]<ref>[http://www.westportartscenter.org Westport Arts Center]</ref> is a performing and visual arts organization dedicated to providing meaningful arts experiences for area residents of all ages. Its gallery is located at 51 Riverside Avenue.

* The [[Westport Public Library]] features changing displays of art from area artists.

* Comprising 234 acres, [[Sherwood Island State Park]] is located on [[Long Island Sound]] and includes beach access. Compo Beach and Burying Hill Beach are municipal beaches that are open to out-of-town visitors in the summer for a fee.

* The [[Rolnick Observatory]], operated by the Westport Astronomical Society, is open to the public for free on clear Wednesday and Thursday evenings. The observatory is located at 182 Bayberry Avenue, on a former [[Nike (rocket)|Nike missile site]].

===Theater & Culture===
Westport is known for its excellent theatrical opportunities for both the audience and for the performer.
* The [[Westport Country Playhouse]], founded in 1930, is a regional theater known for its excellent theatrical performances. It went through a renovation process that was completed in 2005.
* [http://www.staplesplayers.com Staples Players] is the theatre group of [[Staples High School]]. Founded in 1959, they are known for their stunning musical theatre and theatre performances year round. Recent, notable, productions include [[The Diary of Anne Frank]], winner of the prestigious Moss Hart Award, [[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]], [[Children of Eden]], [[The Mystery of Edwin Drood (musical)|The Mystery of Edwin Drood]], [[Urinetown]], [[Beauty and the Beast]], [[How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying]] and [[Guys and Dolls (musical)|Guys and Dolls]].
* [http://www.musictheatreofct.com Music Theatre of Connecticut] provides instruction to students of varying ages and puts on multiple shows and reviews throughout the year.
* [http://www.westportcommunitytheater.com Westport Community Theater] has been a part of the community of Weston and Westport since 1956 when they were known as the Westport Players and gave their very first show, "The Happy Time", at the original Bedford Elementary School. They stage at least 5 performances a year at Westport Town Hall.
* The [http://www.levittpavilion.com/ Levitt Pavilion] is an outdoor pavilion located next to the [[Westport Public Library]]. Free concerts and performances are offered in the summer in a setting overlooking the [[Saugatuck River]].

===Recreation===
Compo Beach is the town's main municipal beach on [[Long Island Sound]]. The 29 acre park includes bathhouses, a boardwalk and pavilion, playing fields, a playground, a concession stand, a marina and a boat launch area. The 2 acre Burying Hill Beach features a restroom, changing area and picnic tables. Out-of-town visitors can purchase a day pass for either beach.

The 169 acre Longshore Club Park includes the town’s golf course, public swimming pools, tennis courts, a marina, and an outdoor ice rink in the winter. The private [[Longshore Sailing School]] rents sailboats, kayaks and canoes.

Winslow Park is located at the intersection of the [[Post Road]] and North Compo Road. The north part of the park features an off-leash section for walking dogs.

==Famous Places and Events of Westport==
* Westport's Compo Beach was the site of the British invasion of Danbury, also known as [[William Tryon|Tryon's]] Raid.
* Also near Compo Beach is the famous [[Minutemen (militia)|Minuteman]] Statue. One may notice that this statue was built facing away from the beach. This is because it commemorates the way the Minutemen hid and waited until they could attack the large British army from behind.
* The town was made famous by the ''[[I Love Lucy]]'' television show, as it is where the Ricky and Lucy Ricardo (played by [[Desi Arnaz]] and [[Lucille Ball]]) moved after purchasing their new home ("I Love Lucy" writer Bob Weiskopf was from Westport.). It was also the fictional residence (1164 Morning Glory Circle) of Darrin and Samantha Stephens on the television series ''[[Bewitched]]''. ''[[The Twilight Zone]]'' had one episode called ''[[A Stop at Willoughby]]'' where the main character worked in NYC and commuted on the train to his home in Westport - it aired on May 6, 1960 - The episode was written by then Westport resident [[Rod Serling]].
* The film ''[[The Girl Next Door (2004 film)|The Girl Next Door]]'' was vaguely based on Westport - director [[Luke Greenfield]] grew up in town. It was filmed and set in California.
* One of the most popular tracks on [[REO Speedwagon]]'s eponymous debut album, released on Epic Records in 1971, was "157 Riverside Avenue." The title refers to the Westport address in which the band stayed during the recording process.
* In the musical [[RENT]], Benny is married to Alison Grey of Westport, who comes from a wealthy family.
* In the television series [[The West Wing]], [[Bradley Whitford]] plays Josh Lyman the White House Deputy Chief of Staff who comes from a wealthy family from Westport.
* The movie, [[The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit]], with [[Gregory Peck]], based on the book by [[Sloan Wilson]], takes place in part and was filmed in parts of Westport. In particular, shots of the Westport Saugatuck train station can be seen, as well as a sequence towards the end of the movie showing a still recognizable Westport Main Street in the late 1950s.
* The film [[The Swimmer (film)|The Swimmer]] was largely shot in Westport in 1966.
* In the late 1950s, the construction of a [[Nike missile]] base in Westport became the inspiration for the comedic film ''[[Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys! (film)|Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!]]''. The launch site has since been demolished and the radar site is now the location of the [[Rolnick Observatory]], a public astronomical facility. Bedford Middle School now sits atop the demolished Nike missile base.

==Media==
* [http://www.westportnow.com/ WestportNow.com—Westport’s 24/7 News and Information Source] A news Web site (technically a blog) founded by First Selectman [[Gordon Joseloff]] when he was still Moderator of the Representative Town Meeting.
* [http://www.westport-news.com/ The Westport News], a twice-weekly local newspaper run by the Brooks Community Newspapers chain, owned in turn by the same company that publishes the daily [[Connecticut Post]] in Bridgeport.
* [http://www.westportminuteman.com/ The Westport Minuteman], a weekly owned by the [[Journal Register Company]], which also publishes the New Haven Journal Register and about 40 other daily, weekly and monthly publications in Connecticut.
* County Kids, a free monthly newspaper for families, published in Westport by the Journal Register Company (publishers of the Westport Minuteman)
* [http://www.westportmag.com/ Westport Magazine] is a monthly published by [http://www.mofflypub.com/ Moffly Publications]. This magazine also covers the towns of [[Wilton, Connecticut|Wilton]], [[Weston, Connecticut|Weston]], and [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]].
* [http://www.inklingsnews.com/ Inklings] The Staples High School student newspaper, Inklings, has won numerous awards and is considered to be one of the best student newspapers in the country.

==Economy==
At one point [[Business Express Airlines]] had its headquarters in Westport.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BN&p_theme=bn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF95F20504766E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Business Express plans to go Public]." ''[[The Buffalo News]]''. April 4, 1992. Retrieved on May 31, 2009.</ref>

==Notable people past and present==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2009}}
''For a much longer list, see: [[List of people from Westport, Connecticut]]''

Among the many famous actors, singers and other entertainers who have lived in town is [[Paul Newman]] (until his death in 2008).<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/movies/28newman.html | work=The New York Times | title=Paul Newman, a Magnetic Titan of Hollywood, Is Dead at 83 | first=Aljean | last=Harmetz | date=September 28, 2008 | accessdate=April 6, 2010}}</ref>
[[Fala (dog)|Fala]] (1940–1952), President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s dog, was an early Christmas gift from Mrs. Augustus G. Kellogg, a town resident.
Actress [[Gene Tierney]] grew up in Greens Farms. {{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}

==Movies filmed in Westport==
The following films have at least partially been filmed in Westport.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/search/title?endings=on&&locations=Westport,+Connecticut,+USA</ref>
* Tarriance (2005)
* Of Wanderlust (2003)
* This Is My Father (1998, documentary)
* Monaco (1997)
* [[The Stepford Wives (1975 film)|The Stepford Wives]] (1975)
* [[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]] (1972)
* [[The Swimmer (film)|The Swimmer]] (1968) starring Burt Lancaster and based on a short story by John Cheever, was partially filmed in Westport at a house on Old Hill Road.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
* [[Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!]] (1958) {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
* [[The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit]] (1956) - the book on which the movie was based was itself based in Westport, under a fictional town name.
* In Time of Peril (1912)
* The Charity of the Poor (1911) filmed in Saugatuck<ref>[http://imdb.com/List?endings=on&&locations=Saugatuck,+Connecticut,+USA Internet Movie DataBase Web site's page for Saugatuck, Connecticut], accessed on July 2, 2006</ref>

==Prominent companies==
* [[Bridgewater Associates]], a global [[Investment management|investment manager]] is the largest employer in Westport.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} The company has about 800 employees spread between its 1 Glendinning Place headquarters, a nearby building, the [[Nyala Farms Corporate Center]], and a building on the Saugatuck River.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Presidential candidate [[John McCain]] visited Bridgewater Associates on a campaign trip in 2008
* [[Canaan Partners]], a leading early stage venture capital firm focusing on IT and life sciences. Canaan is located on Riverside Avenue, less than {{convert|1|mi|km|sing=on}} from the Westport train station.
* [[dLife]], a multimedia diabetes education (and marketing) company with a weekly television program on [[CNBC]].
* [[Pequot Capital Management]], a [[hedge fund]] with $7 billion under investment, is based in the Nyala Farms office complex on Greens Farms Road. There's a half-court basketball court in the offices.
* [[Playtex|Playtex Products Inc.]] (PYX) – used to have its headquarters at 300 Nyala Farms Road; the company is concentrating on feminine, infant, and skin care products, selling off brands that don't fit those categories; its brands include Playtex tampons, the No. 2 brand in the country behind Procter & Gamble's Tampax; brands acquired since 1994 include Banana Boat, Wet Ones, [[Mr. Bubble]], Ogilvie, Binaca, [[Diaper Genie]] and Baby Magic; Douglas Wheat, the former chairman, owns about 33% of the company through his investment firm [[Haas Wheat & Partners]], another 20 percent is owned by investors ed by merchant banker [[Richard Blum]] (husband of U.S. Senator [[Diane Feinstein]]); 1,250 employees companywide, 200 of them at the Westport headquarters; net sales of $643.8 million in 2005; CEO Neil Defeo (older brother of the Terex CEO Ronald M. DeFeo, whose offices are also in town)
* [[Terex]], a [[Fortune 500]] company that makes equipment for industries including construction, infrastructure, quarrying, recycling, [[surface mining]], shipping, transportation, refining, utility and maintenance, and it offers financial services to assist in the acquisition of Terex equipment; 17,600 employees companywide, 91 in Connecticut; $6.4 billion in 2005 revenues; CEO Ronald M. Defeo (younger brother of the Playtex CEO Neil DeFeo, whose offices are also in town)

==Significant nonprofit institutions==
* [[Save the Children]], the American charity, governed entirely separately from the British charity of the same name, is based in Westport, with about 200 employees working in its headquarters.
* The 107-year-old (as of 2006) ''Hall-Brooke Behavioral Health Services'', formerly Hall- Brooke Hospital, became a wholly owned subsidiary of St. Vincent's Health Services (a Bridgeport hospital) in 1988. The institution has 76 beds in a {{convert|60000|sqft|m2|sing=on}} facility.
* [[Westport Weston Family Y]] <ref>[http://www.westporty.org Westport Weston Family Y]</ref>

==Major Clubs and Service Organizations==
* Westport Sunrise Rotary <ref>[http://www.westportsunriserotary.com Westport Sunrise Rotary]</ref> - Founded in 1988, Westport Sunrise Rotary is a dynamic organization of "Service Above Self" oriented business men and women dedicated to helping others. Past annual events such as The Great Race, Frobidden Westport, and Give our Regards To Broadway have helped raise hundreds of thousands of dollars for local charities and various international projects creating potable water, vocational programs, and promoting literacy around the world. WSR is among the fastest growing Rotary clubs in the state of Connecticut boasting a diverse group of members from charities, government officials, the school superintendent, and leaders from the financial world.
* Westport Young Woman's League <ref>[http://www.wywl.com Westport Young Woman's League]</ref> - since its inception in 1956, the League has donated more than three million dollars to area charities.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} Its main fundraising events are the Creative Arts Festival, held at Staples High School in November, and the Minute Man Race in the spring. The League performs many community service activities.
* Westport Woman's Club <ref>[http://www.westportwomansclub.org Westport Woman's Club]</ref> - founded in 1907, the club is dedicated to the promotion of charitable, cultural, educational and public health services. Its clubhouse, the 1881 Sidney Watts house, is located at 44 Imperial Avenue. The programs the Woman's Club has initiated to the town are numerous.
* League of Women Voters <ref>[http://www.lwvwestportct.org League of Women Voters]</ref> - The League of Women Voters, a nonpartisan political organization, encourages informed and active participation in government, works to increase understanding of major public policy issues, and influences public policy through education and advocacy.

==Sister cities==
Westport currently has four [[Town twinning|sister cities]]:
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Marigny|Marigny, France]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[St. Petersburg, Russia]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Yangzhou|Yangzhou, People's Republic of China]]
* {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Westport, County Mayo]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]

==For further reading==
* Klein, Woody. Westport, Connecticut: The Story of a New England Town's Rise to Prominence. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Connecticut}}
* [http://www.westportct.gov/default.htm/ The Town of Westport official site]
* [http://www.westportlibrary.org/ Westport Public Library]

{{Connecticut}}
{{Fairfield County, Connecticut}}

[[Category:Westport, Connecticut| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Fairfield County, Connecticut]]

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Westport, Connecticut

2010-06-30T19:39:50Z

LKruse: /* Famous Places and Events of Westport */

{{Cleanup-laundry|date=January 2008}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
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|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
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|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0213532
|footnotes =
}}
'''Westport''' is a coastal [[New England town|town]] located on Long Island Sound in [[Fairfield County, Connecticut|Fairfield County]], [[Connecticut]], 47 miles north of [[New York City]] in the [[United States]]. The population was estimated at 26,615 in 2005.<ref name=popest />

Westport is one of the most affluent communities in the United States and is home to the [[Westport Country Playhouse]], a longtime regional theater, the [[Levitt Pavilion]] providing free concerts, an arts council, the [[Westport Public Library]], and a heritage as a former artists' colony.

==Politics==
[[Image:WestportCTTownHall09302007.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Westport Town Hall]] on Myrtle Avenue]]
The town government consists of the three-member Board of Selectmen, a [[Town meeting|Representative Town Meeting]] (RTM), a Board of Finance, a Board of Education, a Planning and Zoning Commission, and many other commissions, boards, and committees.

==Geography and transportation==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], Westport has a total area of 33.3 square miles (86.3 km2).20.0 square miles (51.8 km2) or 60.02% of it is land and 13.3 square miles (34.5 km2) or 39.98% is water.

Much of the eastern side of town is considered unusually flat in comparison to the rest of Connecticut.

Westport is bordered by [[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]] on the west, [[Weston, Connecticut|Weston]] to the north, [[Wilton, Connecticut|Wilton]] to the northwest, [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]] to the east and [[Long Island Sound]] to the south. [[Interstate 95 in Connecticut|Interstate 95]], the [[Merritt Parkway]] and [[U.S. Route 1 in Connecticut|U.S. 1]], as well as the [[Saugatuck River]], run through Westport.

Westport has two train stations, [[Green's Farms (Metro-North station)|Green's Farms]] and [[Westport (Metro-North station)|Westport]] on the [[Metro-North Railroad|Metro-North Railroad's]] [[New Haven Line]], which serves [[Stamford (Metro-North station)|Stamford]] and [[Grand Central Terminal]] in [[New York City]] or [[Union Station (New Haven)|New Haven-Union Station]]. This line is shared with [[Amtrak]] trains as it is part of the [[Northeast Corridor]], but no Amtrak services stop at Green's Farms or Westport. The nearest Amtrak stations are at [[Bridgeport (Metro-North station)|Bridgeport]] (10 miles) and Stamford (12 miles).

Westport station is the more widely used of the two, even among people living geographically closer to Green's Farms mainly because more trains stop there. The wait for a parking sticker at the Westport station is now nearly four years long.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]] of 2000, there were 26,644 people, 9,586 households, and 7,170 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 1,286.7 people per square mile (496.8/km²). There were 10,065 housing units at an average density of 503.0/sq mi (194.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 95.16% White, 1.13% [[African American]], 0.05% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.43% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander]], 0.40% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. 2.34% of the population were [[Hispanic]] or [[Latino]] of any race.

There were 9,586 households out of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.8% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 25.2% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the town the population was spread out with 27.9% under the age of 18, 2.7% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $147,391, and the median income for a family was $176,740. As of the 2000 Census, males had a median income of $100,000 versus $53,269 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $73,664. 2.6% of the population and 1.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 2.7% are under the age of 18 and 2.1% are 65 or older.

Westport was named the fifth top-earning city in the US, with a median family income of $193,540 and median home price of $1,200,000 in July, 2008.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/moneymag/0807/gallery.bplive_topearners.moneymag/5.html CNN]</ref>

==Neighborhoods==
* '''Saugatuck''' – around the Westport railroad station near the southwestern corner of the town – a built-up area with some restaurants, stores and offices.
* '''[[Greens Farms]]''' – around the Greens Farms railroad station near the southeastern corner of town.
* '''Cockenoe Island''' (pronounced "KawKEEnee") – just off the southeastern coast of the town.
* '''Old Hill''' – west of the [[Saugatuck River]] and north of the [[Boston Post Road]], a historic section of town with many homes from the Revolutionary and Victorian eras.
* '''Coleytown''' – Located at the northern edge of town, near the Weston town line. Home to Coleytown fire station, Middle and Elementary school.
* [[Compo (Westport)|Compo]] – Located around the main beach in the town, Compo Beach
[[Image:PostcardChristChurchAndRectoryWestportCT1907.jpg|thumb|right|Christ Church and rectory, from a postcard sent in 1907]]

==Flooding==
A total of 26 percent of town residents live within the 100-year-flood plain, and homes and businesses located near the water can become flooded in extremely intense storms. Many other communities along the Connecticut shoreline have flood-prone areas, but Westport has been cited as an example of a town that has taken more action than others in mitigating the problem.

In one storm on December 11, 1992, when a [[Nor'easter]] struck the state, many cars parked at the Westport railroad station were immersed in water. "Very strong easterly gales of {{convert|55|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} created by the storm caused severe coastal flooding in Westport and several other communities," according to the Association of State Floodplain Managers. "The Compo Beach and Saugatuck Shores areas of Westport were especially hard hit with virtually every building in both areas being inundated." <ref name=WestportFlood>[http://www.floods.org/Publications/mit%20succ%20stories/mssiiict.htm Floods.org]
a page on the Web site of the Association of State Floodplain Managers accessed on July 4, 2006.</ref>

A total of 22 homes were raised higher starting in the mid-1990s with some help from state grants, and the town has taken other flood protection measures, including the installation of 16 combination staff gauges and evacuation signs, as well as the publication of a disaster preparedness brochure. These made Westport "the first community in Connecticut to have an approved Hazard Mitigation Plan" for flooding.<ref name=WestportFlood/>

The town also has enacted tough regulations on home renovation and construction in flood-prone areas. Homeowners or businesses that build additions or renovations to their buildings in flood-prone areas must elevate the structure to one foot above the Base Flood Elevation if their renovations or additions exceed 50 percent of the fair market value of the property in any five-year period.<ref name=WestportFlood/>

Another flood which hit the town on October 20, 1996, resulted in no damage to the original seven elevated homes, although several dozen others, not elevated, were flooded again. Ideas for preventing more flooding, such as construction of a berm near Compo Beach, were shelved in the mid-1990s, as they were considered too expensive. To this day, employees of the town's Guests Services division of the Parks and Rec office place sandbags along Soundview Drive twice a year to prevent any further flooding.

==History==
[[Image:Main Street Westport 1913 Postcard.jpg|thumb|Postcard showing Main Street in 1913]]
[[Image:Post Road in Westport Connecticut 1937 Postcard.jpg|thumb|Postcard showing Post Road in 1937]]
[[Image:Minute Man at Compo Beach 1912.jpg|thumb|Postcard from 1912 showing Minuteman statue, looking towards [http://www.1compobeach.com/history.html historic home](William Scribner ca.1854), still standing]]
[[Image:Trolly and original home at Compo Beach.jpg|thumb|Postcard showing trolley to beach in early 1900's and view with only house in area, today 1 [[Compo Beach]]]]
[[Image:Compo Beach Trolley Westport Connecticut 1920 Postcard.jpg|thumb|Postcard from 1920 showing trolley which ran between Compo Beach and the downtown]]
[[Image:Compo Beach 1912.JPG|thumb|Postcard from 1912 showing swimmers at Compo Beach]]
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
| align="center" colspan="2" | '''Historical population of Westport'''[http://www.sots.ct.gov/RegisterManual/SectionVII/SecVIITOC.htm]
|-
|1840 || 1,803
|-
|1850 || 2,651
|-
|1860 || 3,293
|-
|1870 || 3,361
|-
|1880 || 3,477
|-
|1890 || 3,715
|-
|1900 || 4,017
|-
|1910 || 4,259
|-
|1920 || 5,114
|-
|1930 || 6,073
|-
|1940 || 8,258
|-
|1950 || 11,667
|-
|1960 || 20,955
|-
|1970 || 27,318
|-
|1980 || 25,290
|-
|1990 || 24,410
|-
|2000 || 25,749
|}
Although colonists settled along the Saugatuck River in 1639, Westport was officially incorporated as a town in 1835 with land taken from [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]], [[Weston, Connecticut|Weston]] and [[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]]. For several decades after that, Westport was a prosperous agricultural community, which distinguished itself as the nation's leading onion-growing center. Westport's Compo Beach was the site of a British expeditionary force's landing, in which about 2,000 British soldiers marched to Danbury and razed it, resulting in the [[Battle of Ridgefield]]. They were attacked on the way and attacked upon landing by [[Minutemen]] from Westport and the surrounding areas. A statue of a Minuteman, rifle in hand, is located near Compo Beach. The statue has its back towards the beach to symbolize the Minutemen's strategy of waiting for the British to land and then attacking them from behind.

It wasn't until after the turn of the century that Westport gained the reputation as artist's colony and cultural center. While Westport still retains its cultural roots, the town is no longer an artist's colony. Despite the small-town charm, Westport is a thriving business center and home to approximately 15 corporate headquarters and more than 660 retailers.

===Timeline===
{{Prose|date=September 2009}}
* 1637: [[John Mason (c.1600–1672)|John Mason]], [[Roger Ludlow]], Fargo Quentzel, and group of soldiers enter area for first time to battle [[Pequot]] Indians in Great Swamp.
* 1639: Several families led by [[Roger Ludlow]] return to area, purchase land in [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]] and [[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]] from Indians.
* 1640: Several other families move to area from [[New Amsterdam]], {{convert|50|mi|km}} away.
* 1648: Five settlers from Fairfield request Colonial Assembly's permission to settle in Machamux, today's [[Green's Farms]]. They call themselves the "[[Bankside Farmers]]".
* 1703: First schoolhouse built at Green's Farms commons area.
* 1777: British troops land at [[Compo Beach]]; proceed north to burn supplies and ammunition at [[Danbury, Connecticut]]; engaged by American forces at the [[Battle of Ridgefield]].
* 1789: [[George Washington]] visits Marvin Tavern.
* 1807: Newly laid out [[Post Road]] passes through growing port area of [[Saugatuck River]].
* 1835: [[Daniel Nash (reverend)|Daniel Nash]] and group of businessmen petition for incorporation of Westport, which includes parts of Fairfield, Norwalk, Old Saugatuck and [[Weston, Connecticut|Weston]].
* 1842: Railroad arrives.
* 1861-65: Westport becomes biggest [[onion]] supplier to [[U.S. Army]] during [[Civil War]].
* 1882: [[Staples High School]] founded, on Riverside Avenue.
* 1903: First automobile seen in Westport.
* 1908: Westport Public Library opens.
* 1920: [[F. Scott Fitzgerald|F. Scott]] and [[Zelda Fitzgerald]] spend summer in Westport.
* 1935: Local artist paints mural on speakeasy wall, commemorating friends "we'll never forget."
* 1938: Merritt Parkway opens.
* 1949: First Representative Town Meeting (RTM) formed. Over 125 candidates vie for 26 slots.
* 1955: Parker-Harding Plaza created, behind Main Street stores.
* 1958: Connecticut Turnpike opens.
* 1959: New Staples High School, on North Avenue, opens.
* 1960: Town purchases Longshore Club Park.
* 1967: United Illuminating proposes building nuclear power plant on Cockenoe Island. Most Westporters oppose plan, and prevail in court.

===Twenty-first century===
On September 11, 2001, two Westport residents were killed in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|terrorist attacks]] of that day: Jonathan J. Uman, 33, and Bradley H. Vadas, 37. Both were in the [[World Trade Center]].<ref>[[Associated Press]] listing as it appeared in ''The Advocate'' of Stamford on September 12, 2006 ("State residents killed on September 11, 2001"), page A4</ref> The state's 9/11 memorial was put in [[Sherwood Island State Park]] in Westport.

===On the National Register of Historic Places===
* [[Bradley-Wheeler House]] — 25 Avery Pl. (added August 5, 1984), home to the Westport Historical Society.<ref>[http://www.westporthistory.org Westport Historical Socierty]</ref>
* [[Compo-Owenoke Historic District]] — Roughly bounded by Gray's Cr., Compo Rd. S. and Long Island Sound (added May 19, 1991)
* [[Godillot Place]] — 60, 65 Jesup Rd. (added September 29, 1977)
* [[Green Farms School]] — Jct. of Morningside Dr. S. and Boston Post Rd. (added May 19, 1991)
* [[Kings Highway North Historic District]] — Roughly along Kings Hwy. N, from Wilton Rd. to Woodside Ave. (added September 10, 1998)
* [[Mill Cove Historic District]] — Between Compo Mill Cove and Long Island Sound (added May 19, 1991)
* [[National Hall Historic District]] — Riverside Ave., Wilton and Post Rds. (added October 13, 1984)
* [[Saugatuck River Bridge]] — CT 136 (added March 12, 1987)
* [[Saugatuck River Railroad Bridge]] — [[Metro-North Railroad]] Right-of-way at Saugatuck River (added July 12, 1987)
* [[Shambaugh House]] — 12 Old Hill Rd. (added May 9, 1999)
* [[Westport Town Hall]] — 90 Post Rd. E. (added June 18, 1982)

==Education==
===Westport Public Schools===
Total enrollment in Westport Public Schools as of October 1, 2005 was 5,492 students. Each school has its own Web site.

[[Staples High School]], was ranked by ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine in 2005 as 452nd on a list of the best 1,000 high schools in the country<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8759025/site/newsweek/page/5/ Msn.com] Web page listing high schools in Newsweek survey, accessed September 5, 2006</ref> (Grades 9 to 12) with 1,800 students. In the 2008-2009 school year Staples was also ranked the #1 school in Connecticut by Connecticut Magazine.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} In September 2009, Bedford Middle School was awarded the government-honored [[Blue Ribbon Schools Program|Blue Ribbon Award]]. [http://www.westportnow.com/index.php?/v2/comments/24854/]

The district has two middle schools (Grades 6 to 8) – Bedford Middle School and Coleytown Middle School – with a total of 1,321 students.

There are five elementary schools (Kindergarten to Grade 5) with a total of 2,556 students:
* Coleytown Elementary School <ref>[http://ces.westport.k12.ct.us/cesinformation/ Coleytown Elementary School]</ref>
* King's Highway Elementary School <ref>[http://khs.westport.k12.ct.us/khsinformation/ King's Highway Elementary School]</ref>
* Green's Farms Elementary School <ref>[http://blackboard.westport.k12.ct.us/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_22_1 Green's Farms Elementary School]</ref>
* Saugatuck Elementary School <ref>[http://blackboard.westport.k12.ct.us/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_28_1 Saugatuck Elementary School]</ref>
* Long Lots Elementary School <ref>[http://blackboard.westport.k12.ct.us/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_36_1 Long Lots Elementary School]</ref>

Long Lots, Saugatuck, and Greens Farms feed into Bedford Middle School, and Coleytown Elementary and King's Highway feed into Coleytown Middle School.

There are a number of preschools in Westport, including Stepping Stones Pre-school, Greens Farms Nursery School, Saugatuck Nursery School and Earthplace Nursery School.

For the 2006-07 fiscal year, the school district's budget is $82 million.

The school district had a $78.6 million budget for the 2005-06 fiscal year, giving it an average per pupil expenditure of $14,316.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} The average class size in the school system as a whole was 21 students.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

====Former schools====
Former public schools in Westport include Burr Farms Elementary School, which has been torn down, Bedford Elementary School, which is now the site of Westport Town Hall, and Hillspoint Elementary School, which now houses several nursery schools. The original Staples High School building was torn down and replaced by the former Bedford Junior High School, which is now the current Saugatuck Elementary School. The current Bedford Middle School, located adjacent to Staples High School on North Avenue, opened 2001. The current Long Lots Elementary School was originally a junior high school.

===Private education===
* [[Greens Farms Academy]], located in the 1920s Vanderbilt estate overlooking [[Long Island Sound]]. GFA is a K-12 private preparatory school located in the Greens Farms section of town.

* [[Pierrepont School]], located on Sylvan Road, opened in that location in 2002. Pierrepont is a private K-12 school for gifted students.

==Attractions==
[[Image:Mother Bear&Cubs Anna Hyatt Huntington.jpg|thumb|right|''Mother Bear and Cubs,'' at [[Earthplace|Earthplace, Westport, Connecticut]]]]
* [[Earthplace|Earthplace, The Nature Discovery Center]], is [[natural history]] museum, [[nature center]] and [[wildlife sanctuary]] located at 10 Woodside Lane. The organization is dedicated to the promotion of public environmental education, preservation and conservation. Activities include maintaining a 62 acre open space wildlife sanctuary with trails, presenting public nature education programs, a water quality monitoring program, wildlife rehabilitation, an interactive nature discovery area, a nursery school and summer camp.

* [[Bradley-Wheeler House|Wheeler House]] is a [[Victorian era|Victorian]] period [[historic house museum]] operated by the [[Westport Historical Society]]. Located near Town Hall at 25 Avery Place, Wheeler House features a gallery for changing exhibits related to Westport's history and culture. The property includes a seven-sided barn that houses the Museum of Westport History. Open seasonally, exhibits include a model of Westport in the 1860s, a model railroad train, photos and artifacts about the town's industries, agriculture, history and famous residents.

* [[Westport Arts Center]]<ref>[http://www.westportartscenter.org Westport Arts Center]</ref> is a performing and visual arts organization dedicated to providing meaningful arts experiences for area residents of all ages. Its gallery is located at 51 Riverside Avenue.

* The [[Westport Public Library]] features changing displays of art from area artists.

* Comprising 234 acres, [[Sherwood Island State Park]] is located on [[Long Island Sound]] and includes beach access. Compo Beach and Burying Hill Beach are municipal beaches that are open to out-of-town visitors in the summer for a fee.

* The [[Rolnick Observatory]], operated by the Westport Astronomical Society, is open to the public for free on clear Wednesday and Thursday evenings. The observatory is located at 182 Bayberry Avenue, on a former [[Nike (rocket)|Nike missile site]].

===Theater & Culture===
Westport is known for its excellent theatrical opportunities for both the audience and for the performer.
* The [[Westport Country Playhouse]], founded in 1930, is a regional theater known for its excellent theatrical performances. It went through a renovation process that was completed in 2005.
* [http://www.staplesplayers.com Staples Players] is the theatre group of [[Staples High School]]. Founded in 1959, they are known for their stunning musical theatre and theatre performances year round. Recent, notable, productions include [[The Diary of Anne Frank]], winner of the prestigious Moss Hart Award, [[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]], [[Children of Eden]], [[The Mystery of Edwin Drood (musical)|The Mystery of Edwin Drood]], [[Urinetown]], [[Beauty and the Beast]], [[How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying]] and [[Guys and Dolls (musical)|Guys and Dolls]].
* [http://www.musictheatreofct.com Music Theatre of Connecticut] provides instruction to students of varying ages and puts on multiple shows and reviews throughout the year.
* [http://www.westportcommunitytheater.com Westport Community Theater] has been a part of the community of Weston and Westport since 1956 when they were known as the Westport Players and gave their very first show, "The Happy Time", at the original Bedford Elementary School. They stage at least 5 performances a year at Westport Town Hall.
* The [http://www.levittpavilion.com/ Levitt Pavilion] is an outdoor pavilion located next to the [[Westport Public Library]]. Free concerts and performances are offered in the summer in a setting overlooking the [[Saugatuck River]].

===Recreation===
Compo Beach is the town's main municipal beach on [[Long Island Sound]]. The 29 acre park includes bathhouses, a boardwalk and pavilion, playing fields, a playground, a concession stand, a marina and a boat launch area. The 2 acre Burying Hill Beach features a restroom, changing area and picnic tables. Out-of-town visitors can purchase a day pass for either beach.

The 169 acre Longshore Club Park includes the town’s golf course, public swimming pools, tennis courts, a marina, and an outdoor ice rink in the winter. The private [[Longshore Sailing School]] rents sailboats, kayaks and canoes.

Winslow Park is located at the intersection of the [[Post Road]] and North Compo Road. The north part of the park features an off-leash section for walking dogs.

==Famous Places and Events of Westport==
* Westport's Compo Beach was the site of the British invasion of Danbury, also known as [[William Tryon|Tryon's]] Raid.
* Also near Compo Beach is the famous [[Minutemen (militia)|Minuteman]] Statue. One may notice that this statue was built facing away from the beach. This is because it commemorates the way the Minutemen hid and waited until they could attack the large British army from behind.
* The town was made famous by the ''[[I Love Lucy]]'' television show, as it is where the Ricky and Lucy Ricardo (played by [[Desi Arnaz]] and [[Lucille Ball]]) moved after purchasing their new home ("I Love Lucy writer Bob Weiskopf was from Westport.). It was also the fictional residence (1164 Morning Glory Circle) of Darrin and Samantha Stephens on the television series ''[[Bewitched]]''. ''[[The Twilight Zone]]'' had one episode called ''[[A Stop at Willoughby]]'' where the main character worked in NYC and commuted on the train to his home in Westport - it aired on May 6, 1960 - The episode was written by then Westport resident [[Rod Serling]].
* The film ''[[The Girl Next Door (2004 film)|The Girl Next Door]]'' was vaguely based on Westport - director [[Luke Greenfield]] grew up in town. It was filmed and set in California.
* One of the most popular tracks on [[REO Speedwagon]]'s eponymous debut album, released on Epic Records in 1971, was "157 Riverside Avenue." The title refers to the Westport address in which the band stayed during the recording process.
* In the musical [[RENT]], Benny is married to Alison Grey of Westport, who comes from a wealthy family.
* In the television series [[The West Wing]], [[Bradley Whitford]] plays Josh Lyman the White House Deputy Chief of Staff who comes from a wealthy family from Westport.
* The movie, [[The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit]], with [[Gregory Peck]], based on the book by [[Sloan Wilson]], takes place in part and was filmed in parts of Westport. In particular, shots of the Westport Saugatuck train station can be seen, as well as a sequence towards the end of the movie showing a still recognizable Westport Main Street in the late 1950s.
* The film [[The Swimmer (film)|The Swimmer]] was largely shot in Westport in 1966.
* In the late 1950s, the construction of a [[Nike missile]] base in Westport became the inspiration for the comedic film ''[[Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys! (film)|Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!]]''. The launch site has since been demolished and the radar site is now the location of the [[Rolnick Observatory]], a public astronomical facility. Bedford Middle School now sits atop the demolished Nike missile base.

==Media==
* [http://www.westportnow.com/ WestportNow.com—Westport’s 24/7 News and Information Source] A news Web site (technically a blog) founded by First Selectman [[Gordon Joseloff]] when he was still Moderator of the Representative Town Meeting.
* [http://www.westport-news.com/ The Westport News], a twice-weekly local newspaper run by the Brooks Community Newspapers chain, owned in turn by the same company that publishes the daily [[Connecticut Post]] in Bridgeport.
* [http://www.westportminuteman.com/ The Westport Minuteman], a weekly owned by the [[Journal Register Company]], which also publishes the New Haven Journal Register and about 40 other daily, weekly and monthly publications in Connecticut.
* County Kids, a free monthly newspaper for families, published in Westport by the Journal Register Company (publishers of the Westport Minuteman)
* [http://www.westportmag.com/ Westport Magazine] is a monthly published by [http://www.mofflypub.com/ Moffly Publications]. This magazine also covers the towns of [[Wilton, Connecticut|Wilton]], [[Weston, Connecticut|Weston]], and [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]].
* [http://www.inklingsnews.com/ Inklings] The Staples High School student newspaper, Inklings, has won numerous awards and is considered to be one of the best student newspapers in the country.

==Economy==
At one point [[Business Express Airlines]] had its headquarters in Westport.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BN&p_theme=bn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF95F20504766E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Business Express plans to go Public]." ''[[The Buffalo News]]''. April 4, 1992. Retrieved on May 31, 2009.</ref>

==Notable people past and present==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2009}}
''For a much longer list, see: [[List of people from Westport, Connecticut]]''

Among the many famous actors, singers and other entertainers who have lived in town is [[Paul Newman]] (until his death in 2008).<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/movies/28newman.html | work=The New York Times | title=Paul Newman, a Magnetic Titan of Hollywood, Is Dead at 83 | first=Aljean | last=Harmetz | date=September 28, 2008 | accessdate=April 6, 2010}}</ref>
[[Fala (dog)|Fala]] (1940–1952), President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s dog, was an early Christmas gift from Mrs. Augustus G. Kellogg, a town resident.
Actress [[Gene Tierney]] grew up in Greens Farms. {{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}

==Movies filmed in Westport==
The following films have at least partially been filmed in Westport.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/search/title?endings=on&&locations=Westport,+Connecticut,+USA</ref>
* Tarriance (2005)
* Of Wanderlust (2003)
* This Is My Father (1998, documentary)
* Monaco (1997)
* [[The Stepford Wives (1975 film)|The Stepford Wives]] (1975)
* [[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]] (1972)
* [[The Swimmer (film)|The Swimmer]] (1968) starring Burt Lancaster and based on a short story by John Cheever, was partially filmed in Westport at a house on Old Hill Road.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
* [[Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!]] (1958) {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
* [[The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit]] (1956) - the book on which the movie was based was itself based in Westport, under a fictional town name.
* In Time of Peril (1912)
* The Charity of the Poor (1911) filmed in Saugatuck<ref>[http://imdb.com/List?endings=on&&locations=Saugatuck,+Connecticut,+USA Internet Movie DataBase Web site's page for Saugatuck, Connecticut], accessed on July 2, 2006</ref>

==Prominent companies==
* [[Bridgewater Associates]], a global [[Investment management|investment manager]] is the largest employer in Westport.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} The company has about 800 employees spread between its 1 Glendinning Place headquarters, a nearby building, the [[Nyala Farms Corporate Center]], and a building on the Saugatuck River.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Presidential candidate [[John McCain]] visited Bridgewater Associates on a campaign trip in 2008
* [[Canaan Partners]], a leading early stage venture capital firm focusing on IT and life sciences. Canaan is located on Riverside Avenue, less than {{convert|1|mi|km|sing=on}} from the Westport train station.
* [[dLife]], a multimedia diabetes education (and marketing) company with a weekly television program on [[CNBC]].
* [[Pequot Capital Management]], a [[hedge fund]] with $7 billion under investment, is based in the Nyala Farms office complex on Greens Farms Road. There's a half-court basketball court in the offices.
* [[Playtex|Playtex Products Inc.]] (PYX) – used to have its headquarters at 300 Nyala Farms Road; the company is concentrating on feminine, infant, and skin care products, selling off brands that don't fit those categories; its brands include Playtex tampons, the No. 2 brand in the country behind Procter & Gamble's Tampax; brands acquired since 1994 include Banana Boat, Wet Ones, [[Mr. Bubble]], Ogilvie, Binaca, [[Diaper Genie]] and Baby Magic; Douglas Wheat, the former chairman, owns about 33% of the company through his investment firm [[Haas Wheat & Partners]], another 20 percent is owned by investors ed by merchant banker [[Richard Blum]] (husband of U.S. Senator [[Diane Feinstein]]); 1,250 employees companywide, 200 of them at the Westport headquarters; net sales of $643.8 million in 2005; CEO Neil Defeo (older brother of the Terex CEO Ronald M. DeFeo, whose offices are also in town)
* [[Terex]], a [[Fortune 500]] company that makes equipment for industries including construction, infrastructure, quarrying, recycling, [[surface mining]], shipping, transportation, refining, utility and maintenance, and it offers financial services to assist in the acquisition of Terex equipment; 17,600 employees companywide, 91 in Connecticut; $6.4 billion in 2005 revenues; CEO Ronald M. Defeo (younger brother of the Playtex CEO Neil DeFeo, whose offices are also in town)

==Significant nonprofit institutions==
* [[Save the Children]], the American charity, governed entirely separately from the British charity of the same name, is based in Westport, with about 200 employees working in its headquarters.
* The 107-year-old (as of 2006) ''Hall-Brooke Behavioral Health Services'', formerly Hall- Brooke Hospital, became a wholly owned subsidiary of St. Vincent's Health Services (a Bridgeport hospital) in 1988. The institution has 76 beds in a {{convert|60000|sqft|m2|sing=on}} facility.
* [[Westport Weston Family Y]] <ref>[http://www.westporty.org Westport Weston Family Y]</ref>

==Major Clubs and Service Organizations==
* Westport Sunrise Rotary <ref>[http://www.westportsunriserotary.com Westport Sunrise Rotary]</ref> - Founded in 1988, Westport Sunrise Rotary is a dynamic organization of "Service Above Self" oriented business men and women dedicated to helping others. Past annual events such as The Great Race, Frobidden Westport, and Give our Regards To Broadway have helped raise hundreds of thousands of dollars for local charities and various international projects creating potable water, vocational programs, and promoting literacy around the world. WSR is among the fastest growing Rotary clubs in the state of Connecticut boasting a diverse group of members from charities, government officials, the school superintendent, and leaders from the financial world.
* Westport Young Woman's League <ref>[http://www.wywl.com Westport Young Woman's League]</ref> - since its inception in 1956, the League has donated more than three million dollars to area charities.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} Its main fundraising events are the Creative Arts Festival, held at Staples High School in November, and the Minute Man Race in the spring. The League performs many community service activities.
* Westport Woman's Club <ref>[http://www.westportwomansclub.org Westport Woman's Club]</ref> - founded in 1907, the club is dedicated to the promotion of charitable, cultural, educational and public health services. Its clubhouse, the 1881 Sidney Watts house, is located at 44 Imperial Avenue. The programs the Woman's Club has initiated to the town are numerous.
* League of Women Voters <ref>[http://www.lwvwestportct.org League of Women Voters]</ref> - The League of Women Voters, a nonpartisan political organization, encourages informed and active participation in government, works to increase understanding of major public policy issues, and influences public policy through education and advocacy.

==Sister cities==
Westport currently has four [[Town twinning|sister cities]]:
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Marigny|Marigny, France]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[St. Petersburg, Russia]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Yangzhou|Yangzhou, People's Republic of China]]
* {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Westport, County Mayo]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]

==For further reading==
* Klein, Woody. Westport, Connecticut: The Story of a New England Town's Rise to Prominence. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Connecticut}}
* [http://www.westportct.gov/default.htm/ The Town of Westport official site]
* [http://www.westportlibrary.org/ Westport Public Library]

{{Connecticut}}
{{Fairfield County, Connecticut}}

[[Category:Westport, Connecticut| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Fairfield County, Connecticut]]

[[de:Westport (Connecticut)]]
[[fr:Westport (Connecticut)]]
[[it:Westport (Connecticut)]]
[[ht:Westport, Connecticut]]
[[nl:Westport (Connecticut)]]
[[no:Westport (Connecticut)]]
[[pt:Westport (Connecticut)]]
[[simple:Westport, Connecticut]]
[[sv:Westport, Connecticut]]
[[vo:Westport (Connecticut)]]

Gila River Indian Community

2010-03-22T20:54:20Z

LKruse:

[[Image:Maricopa County Incorporated and Planning areas GRIC highlighted.svg|thumb|Location of Gila River Indian Community in southern [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]] and northern [[Pinal County, Arizona|Pinal County]], [[Arizona]].]]

The '''Gila River Indian Community''' is an [[Indian reservation]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Arizona]], lying adjacent to the south side of the city of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], within the [[Phoenix Metropolitan Area]] in [[Pinal County, Arizona|Pinal]] and [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]] Counties. It was established in 1859, and formally established by Congress in 1939. The Community is home for members of both the [[Pima|Akimel O’odham (Pima)]] and the [[Maricopa|Pee-Posh (Maricopa)]] tribes.

The reservation has a land area of 583.749 sq mi (1,511.902 km²) and a [[2000 United States Census|2000 Census]] population of 11,257. It is made up of seven districts<ref>http://www.gilariver.org/index.php/about-tribe/6-districts/117-gila-river-districts</ref> along the [[Gila River]] and its largest communities are [[Sacaton, Arizona|Sacaton]], [[Komatke, Arizona|Komatke]], [[Santan, Arizona|Santan]], and [[Blackwater, Arizona|Blackwater]]. Tribal administrative offices and departments are located in Sacaton. The Community operates its own telecom company, electric utility, industrial park and healthcare clinic, and publishes a monthly newspaper. The Gila River Indian Community Governor is William R. Rhodes (2007).

The reservation was the birthplace of and the home of the time of death of [[Ira Hayes]], depicted in the photograph ''[[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]]'' in 1945.

[[Jay Morago]], who served as the first [[Governor]] of the Gila River Indian Community from 1954 until 1960, and helped to draft the reservation's 1960 [[constitution]], died on May 14, 2008.<ref name=azr> {{cite news |first=Megan |last=Boehnke|title=Gila River's first governor dies at 90
|url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0520gilagovernor0520.html |work= [[The Arizona Republic]] |publisher= |date=2008-05-20 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref><ref name=cgvn> {{cite news |first=|last=|title=Jay Morago Jr. Obituary
|url=http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=19698570&BRD=1817&PAG=461&dept_id=68563&rfi=6 |work= [[Casa Grande Dispatach]] |publisher= |date=2008-05-17 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref>

[[Image:Sacaton.jpg|thumb|right|House with Bow Roof, Sacaton vicinity, Pinal County, AZ. Photo from [[Historic American Buildings Survey]], 1938]]

==Attractions==
The Gila River Indian Community, facilitates an average of four million potential customers in the Phoenix metro area, owns and/or operates three casinos, a resort hotel, a spa, an equestrian center, two golf courses, an arts & crafts center, two tribal museums, an NHRA certified race track, a race-car driving school, and a racing-boat course.

==Currently inhabited communities==
{{Div col}}
*[[Bapchule, Arizona|Bapchule]] (''Pihpchul'')
*[[Blackwater, Arizona|Blackwater]] (''Chukma Shuhthagi'')
*[[Casa Blanca, Arizona|Casa Blanca]]
*[[Coop, Arizona|Coop]] (''Chichino'')
*[[Gila Crossing, Arizona|Gila Crossing]] (''Kuiva'')
*[[Goodyear, Arizona|Goodyear]] (''Valin Thak'')
*[[Komatke, Arizona|Komatke]] (''Komadk'')
*[[Maricopa Colony, Arizona|Maricopa Colony]] (''Mali-kohba'')
*[[Sacate, Arizona|Sacate]]
*[[Sacaton, Arizona|Sacaton]] (''Ge'e Kih'')
*[[Sacaton Flats, Arizona|Sacaton Flats]] (''Hahshani Kehk'')
*[[Santan, Arizona|Santan]]/Santa Ana (''Santan'')
*[[Stotonic, Arizona|Stotonic]] (''S-totonigk'')
*[[Sweetwater, Arizona|Sweetwater]] (''S-i'ovi Shuhthagi'')
*[[Vahki, Arizona|Vahki]] (''Va'akih'')
{{Div col end}}

==Famous People==

Ira Hayes, one of the flag-raisers at Iwo Jima, was born, and lived most of his life on the reservation.

==See also==
* [[Gila River Indian Community Emergency Medical Services]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CHECK_SEARCH_RESULTS=N&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_P001&-tree_id=4001&-all_geo_types=N&-redoLog=true&-transpose=N&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=label&-geo_id=25000US1310&-search_results=25000US1310&-format=&-fully_or_partially=N&-_lang=en&-show_geoid=Y Gila River Reservation, Arizona] United States Census Bureau

==External links==
*[http://www.gric.nsn.us/ Gila River Indian Community Website]
*[http://www.gilarivertourism.com/tourist_attractions.htm Gila River Indian Community Tourist Attractions]

{{coord|33|09|16|N|111|55|36|W|display=title}}

[[Category:American Indian reservations in Arizona]]
[[Category:Geography of Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Geography of Pinal County, Arizona]]

[[da:Gila River-reservatet]]
[[de:Gila-River-Reservat]]
[[fi:Gilajoen intiaanireservaatti]]

Heckle and Jeckle

2010-03-16T21:29:30Z

LKruse:

{{Infobox character
| colour = #DEDEE2
| name = Heckle and Jeckle
| series = Terrytoons
| image = [[Image:Heckle_and_Jeckle.png|250px]]
| caption =
| first = ''The Talking Magpies''
| last =
| creator = [[Paul Terry (cartoonist)|Paul Terry]]
| lbl1 = Voiced by
| data1 = [[Dayton Allen]] [[Sid Raymond]] Roy Halee [[Ned Sparks]] [[Frank Welker]]
| species = Magpie
| gender = Male
| episode =
| portrayer =
| nicknames =
| imdb_id =
| noinfo = noinfo
}}
'''''Heckle and Jeckle''''' are [[cartoon]] [[character]]s created by [[Paul Terry (cartoonist)|Paul Terry]], and released by his own studio, [[Terrytoons]] for [[20th Century Fox]]. The characters are a pair of identical [[magpie]]s who calmly outwitted their foes in the manner of [[Bugs Bunny]], while maintaining a mischievous streak reminiscent of [[Woody Woodpecker]]. However, in a number (perhaps most) of their cartoons (''Moose On The Loose'', ''Free Enterprise'', ''The Power of Thought'', ''Hula Hula land'') their foes win in the end. Their names were inspired by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s famous novella ''[[Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]]''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

==Who's Who?==
One magpie spoke with an English accent, while the other spoke with a New York dialect. Heckle often refers to Jeckle simply as 'chum' or 'pal', indicating a close friendship between them. Although there seemed to be a great deal of uncertainty as to which was which, in the short ''Bulldozing The Bulls'', they clearly refer to each other by name, with the Brooklyn accent belonging to Heckle and the English accent belonging to Jeckle. In the later short ''Stunt Men'', Jeckle, in an English accent, calls Heckle by name again. Furthermore, in the cartoon ''Rival Romeos'', the magpies, after being simultaneously smitten by the same female, run home to get dressed. They are shown to occupy two sides of the same tree, and each character's home is marked with a sign—Heckle is clearly designated as the Brooklyn magpie with his jaunty hat, and Jeckle dons an English-looking bowtie and [[monocle]]. While they usually referred to each other by such names as ''Old Featherhead'', these episodes clearly give the names to the accents. Both characters were voiced at different times by [[Dayton Allen]], [[Sid Raymond]], [[Roy Halee (actor)|Roy Halee]], [[Ned Sparks]] and [[Frank Welker]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0220902/|title="The Heckle and Jeckle Show"|accessdate=2006-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/11/obit.raymond.ap/index.html
| title = Cartoon voice, actor Sid Raymond dead
| accessdate = 2006-12-15
| date = 2006-12-11
| publisher = [[CNN]] / [[Associated Press|AP]]
}}</ref> In 1979's ''[[The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle]]'', the birds introduced themselves by name in the opening credits; Heckle had the Brooklyn accent, and Jeckle the English one.

==Characteristics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2009}}
Heckle is slightly more cynical than Jeckle. Both of them treat their mutual enemies with threats and rudeness, but Heckle will usually make his intentions clear from the outset, while Jeckle will (at first) treat enemies politely in order to lull them into a false sense of security before unleashing magpie mayhem. In the short ''Blind Date'', Heckle is able to forcibly disguise the unwilling Jeckle as a girl, indicating that Heckle is physically stronger than Jeckle. In ''The Power of Thought'', it is Jeckle who realizes the unlimited possibilities of being a cartoon character, although Heckle is quick enough to go along when this is pointed out to him.

The first ''Heckle and Jeckle'' cartoon premiered in 1946, the last in 1966. Their premiere short was entitled ''The Talking Magpies'', which cast the duo as a husband and wife looking for a new home.

New Heckle and Jeckle productions ceased in 1966. They then reappeared 1979 in their own segment of [[Filmation]]'s ''The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle''.

==Comic books==
Heckle and Jeckle had their own [[comic book]] title for several years.
*[[St. John Publications]], #1–24 (1951–55)
*[[Pines Comics]], #25–34 (1956–59)

==Popular culture==
*Heckle and Jeckle made an unexplained appearance in Homer's vision of his funeral in ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace]]".
*Heckle and Jeckle make a cameo appearance along with the crows from ''[[Dumbo]]'' in ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'' as some of the members of [[Jessica Rabbit]]'s backup band during her performance at the "Ink n' Paint" club.
*Heckle and Jeckle appear in the ancillary cast in [[Ralph Bakshi]]'s 1987 [[Mighty Mouse]] cartoon ''Mighty's Wedlock Whimsy''.
*In "[[Mr. Monk and the Candidate]]", the first episode of the USA detective series ''[[Monk (TV series)|Monk]]'', Monk and Sharona have codenames Heckle and Jeckle on a stakeout. In "[[Mr. Monk Goes to the Ballgame#Season 2: 2003–2004|Mr. Monk Goes to the Ballgame]]", the famous baseball player refers to his bodyguards as "Heckle and Jeckle".
*A Heckle and Jeckle comic is seen in [[Justin Green (cartoonist)|Justin Green's]] comic ''[[Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary]]''.
*The song "Big Pink Heart" by [[Nothing Painted Blue]] has the repeated line, "Heckle and Jeckle had the right idea".
*In the film [[Alphaville (film) | Alphaville]] by [[Jean-Luc Godard]], a pair of characters are named Professors Eckel and Jeckel.
*In the episode of The Golden Girls "The Heart Attack," Sophia refers to Rose and Blanche as Heckle and Jeckle.
*In the last scene of ''[[Kill Bill#Volume 2|Kill Bill Vol2]]'', Beatrix's daughter B.B. is watching "The Talking Magpies" in the hotel room.
*In Coffee and Cigarettes, by Jim Jarmusch, Joie and Cinque Lee are called Heckle and Jeckle by Steve Buscemi
"Heckle and Jeckle" is frequently mentioned on "Laverne and Shirley" because it is Lenny and Squiggy's favorite show.
==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.archive.org/details/the_talking_magpies The Talking Magpies cartoon @ the Internet Archive]

[[Category:Animated characters]]
[[Category:Fictional passerine birds]]
[[Category:Terrytoons]]
[[Category:1946 introductions]]
[[Category:Fictional duos]]
[[Category:NBC network shows]]
[[Category:Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters]]

[[it:Heckle & Jeckle]]
[[ja:ヘッケルとジャッケル]]
[[pt:Heckle and Jeckle]]

Bosco Chocolate Syrup

2010-03-12T04:48:13Z

LKruse:

'''Bosco Chocolate Syrup''' is a brand of [[chocolate syrup]] first produced in 1928. The company which produces it is based in [[New Jersey]], and it is sold throughout the United States, Western Europe, Asia and the Middle East.

==Production process==
Bulk materials are added via automatic measuring devices into stainless steel cooking vats. Minor ingredients and flavorings are blended into the batch separately, through a custom blender device, following product handling and quality assurance codes.

While in the vats, Bosco is pasteurized for product uniformity and then cooled for bottling. Computers measure and monitor the product temperatures.
Malt extract is added, which combined with Bosco cocoa powder yields the distinctive Bosco taste.

Bosco was once packaged in glass jars, but is now sold in plastic squeeze bottles.

==Uses==

In addition to common uses of chocolate syrup (over ice cream, mixed in milk) Bosco’s consistency lends itself to being a [[toast]] spread—saturating it but not soaking through.

==Non Culinary Uses==
[[Image:Boscosyrup.jpg|right|thumb|Bosco Chocolate Syrup drizzled on [[Karl Hardman]] for a bloody special effect in ''[[Night of the Living Dead]]'' (1968).]]
Make-up artist Jack Barron{{Not in source|date=March 2009}} famously used Bosco Chocolate Syrup as [[Theatrical blood|fake blood]] in the shower scene in [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s [[black and white]] masterpiece ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960).<ref>[[Seckel, Al]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1402705778&id=t5IgWas4rJwC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=hitchcock+bosco&sig=pSr2R1ZZlHC010YbLeOBjWfvYvM Masters of Deception: Escher, Dali & the Artists of Optical Illusion]''. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 200. ISBN 1402705778. Retrieved May 23, 2006.</ref> This same technique was used in other black and white horror films, including ''Night of the Living Dead'' (1968).

==Television==

On the American television show "Laverne and Shirley" Lenny and Squiggy eat Bosco Choclate Syrup with any kind of food. The girls have to buy it for them frequently because they go through it so quickly.

[[Vik Muniz]], a modern artist, is famous for recreating well-known works of art, such as ''[[The Last Supper]]'' by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] entirely in Bosco Chocolate Syrup.<ref>Goldberg, Vicki. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406EED61639F936A1575AC0A96E958260# It's a Leonardo? It's a Corot? Well, No, It's Chocolate Syrup"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 25 September 1998.</ref> A Bosco portrait by Muniz sold for $110,000 in 2007.<ref>[http://www.neimanmarcus.com/store/sitelets/christmasbook/fantasy.jhtml?cid=OCBF8_NMO2791&cmCat=christmas&icid=NMCB His & Hers Double Portrait in Chocolate]</ref> <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2007-10-03-holiday-shopping_N.htm "Just in time for the holidays, a $110,000 syrupy portrait"], ''[[USA Today]]'', 2007.</ref>

In the [[Seinfeld]] episode "[[The Secret Code (Seinfeld)|The Secret Code]]", [[George Costanza]] reveals his ATM PIN "Bosco" to [[Jacopo Peterman|J. Peterman's]] mother on her deathbed, who in turn repeats the word as she dies.

==See also==
* [[Fox's U-bet chocolate syrup]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.boscoworld.com/}}

[[Category:Companies based in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Confectionery companies of the United States]]

[[id:Bosco Chocolate Syrup]]
[[pt:Bosco Chocolate Syrup]]
[[tl:Bosco Chocolate Syrup]]

Daisy, Oklahoma

2010-02-08T19:55:00Z

LKruse:

'''Daisy''' is a small [[unincorporated area|unincorporated community]] in [[Atoka County, Oklahoma|Atoka County]], [[Oklahoma]], [[United States]], along [[Oklahoma State Highway 43|State Highway 43]]. Located in the northeastern part of the county, Daisy was once a thriving community with a general store, school and other institutions. The post office was opened April 5, 1906. It is said to have been named for Daisy Beck, a local girl.

The most famous person from Daisy is Clarence Carnes, who had eighteen was the youngest inmate ever sent to Alcatraz. He is buried on the Indian land not far from Daisy.

==Further reading==
*Shirk, George H.; ''Oklahoma Place Names''; University of Oklahoma Press; Norman, Oklahoma; 1987: ISBN 0-8061-2028-2 .

==External links==
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|34.5359314|-95.7397033}}

{{Atoka County, Oklahoma}}
{{NRHP in Atoka County, Oklahoma}}

[[Category:Atoka County, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma]]

{{Oklahoma-geo-stub}}

[[vo:Daisy (Oklahoma)]]

Devon Murray

2010-01-07T17:46:56Z

LKruse:

Halle (Saale)

2009-10-24T00:51:14Z

LKruse:

{{Infobox German location
|image_photo = Hallemarktroterturm.jpg
|image_caption = Market Place with Red Tower
|Wappen = Wappen Halle (Saale).svg
|lat_deg = 51 |lat_min = 29 | lat_sec=0
|lon_deg = 11 |lon_min = 58 | lon_sec=0
|Lageplan =
|Name = Halle or Halle [[Saale|(Saale)]]
|Bundesland = Saxony-Anhalt
|Art = City
|Landkreis = Kreisfreie Stadt
|Höhe = 87
|Fläche = 135.01
|Einwohner = 234295
|Stand = 2007-12-31
|PLZ = 06108-06132
|Vorwahl = 0049345
|Kfz = HAL
|Website = [http://www.halle.de/ www.halle.de]
|Bürgermeister = Dagmar Szabados
|Partei = SPD
}}
[[Image:Halleuniplatz.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg]].]]
[[Image:Halle an der Saale Haendelhaus.jpg|thumb|250px||Händel-Haus - birthplace of composer [[George Frideric Handel]].]]
[[Image:Wasserturm-Nord Halle.jpg|Northern water tower.|thumb|250px]]
[[Image:Halle (Saale) Roter Turm - Blick vom Graseweg.JPG|Roter Turm - erected between 1418 and 1506.|thumb|250px]]
'''Halle''' is the largest city in the [[Germany|German]] [[States of Germany|State]] of [[Saxony-Anhalt]]. It is also called '''Halle an der [[Saale]]''' (literally '''Halle on the Saale river''', and in some historic references simply '''Saale''' after the river) in order to distinguish it from [[Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia|Halle]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]. The current official name of the city is '''Halle (Saale)'''.

It is situated in the southern part of the state, along the river [[Saale]] which drains the surrounding plains and the greater part of the neighboring [[Free State of Thuringia]] located just to its south, and the Thuringian basin, northwards from the [[Thuringian Forest]]. [[Leipzig]], one of the other major cities of eastern Germany, is only 40 km away.

== History ==
Halle's early history is connected with harvesting of salt. In fact the name ''Halle'' may be derived from a Pre-Germanic word for [[salt]]. The name of the river [[Saale]] also contains the [[Germanic language|Germanic]] root for salt and salt-harvesting has taken place in Halle at least since the time of the [[Bronze Age]].

The town was first mentioned in 806. It became a part of the [[Archbishopric of Magdeburg]] in the 10th century and remained so until 1680, when [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] annexed it together with [[Magdeburg]] as the [[Duchy of Magdeburg]]. In 1815 it became part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[Province of Saxony]].

After [[World War II]] Halle served as the capital of the short-lived administrative region of Saxony-Anhalt, this was until 1952 when the [[East Germany|East German]] government abolished its "Länder" (States). As a part of East Germany (until 1990), it functioned as the capital of the administrative district ("Bezirk") of Halle. When Saxony-Anhalt was re-established as a ''Bundesland'', Magdeburg became the capital.

== Main sights ==
* ''Giebichenstein'' Castle, first mentioned in 961, is north of the city centre on a hill above the Saale river.
* ''Moritzburg'', a newer palace, was built in 1503. It was the residence of the archbishops of Magdeburg, was destroyed in the [[Thirty Years' War]], and was then a ruin for centuries; rebuilt in 1904. Today it is an Art Gallery.
* The Cathedral (Der Dom), a steepleless building, was originally a church within a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] monastery (1271).
* ''[[Halle-Neustadt]]'', most of it built in the 1960s, is situated in the west of Halle. The complex is an example of GDR socialist housing development, as well as an example of successful growth.

== Industrial heritage ==
Salt, also known as ''White Gold'', was extracted from four "Borns" (well-like structures). The four Borns/brine named Gutjahrwell, Meteritzwell, German Borne and Hackeborn, are located around the Hallmarket (or "Under Market"), now a market square with a fountain, just across from the TV station, [[MDR]]. The brine was highly concentrated and boiled in ''Koten'', simple structured houses made from reed and clay. Salters, who wore a unique uniform with eighteen silver buttons, were known as ''[[Halloren]]'', and this name was later used for the chocolates in the shape of these buttons.

The [[Halloren Chocolate Factory|Halloren-Werke]], the oldest chocolate factory in [[Germany]], was founded in 1804. Old documents are on display and a chocolate room can be visited at Delitzscher Street 70. The original "Halloren-Kugeln" are sold in a box of eighteen little [[pralines]].

Within [[East Germany]], Halle's chemical industry, now mainly shut down, was of great importance. The two main companies were [[Buna]] and [[Leuna]], and [[Halle-Neustadt]] (Halle Newtown) was built in the 1960s to accommodate the employees of these two factories.

== Science and culture ==
The [[University of Halle]] was founded here in 1694. It is now combined with the [[University of Wittenberg]] and is called the ''[[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg]]''. The medical school there was founded by [[Friedrich Hoffmann]]. The university's [[botanical garden]], the [[Botanische Garten der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg]], dates to 1698.

The famous [[Baroque]] composer [[George Friderich Handel]] was born in Halle in 1685, where he spent the first 17 years of his life. The house where he lived is now a museum and houses an exhibition about his life. To celebrate the composer, Halle stages an annual [[Halle Handel Festival|Handel festival]] every June.

The [[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]] is one of the oldest and most respective scientific societies in [[Germany]].

Halle accommodates Germany's oldest [[Evangelic Bible college]], known as [[MarienBibliothek]], with 27,000 titles.

In the past Halle was a centre of German [[Pietism]] and played an important role in establishing the [[Lutheran]] church in North America, when [[Henry Muhlenberg]] and others were sent as missionaries to [[Pennsylvania]] in the mid 18th century. Henry Muhlenberg's son, [[Frederick Muhlenberg]], who was the first [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]], was a graduate of Halle University.

The Silver Treasure of the ''[[Halloren]]'' is displayed occasionally at the [[Technical Museum Saline]]. It is a unique collection of silver and gold goblets dating back to 1266. The ancient craft of "[[Schausieden]]" ( boiling of the brine) can be observed there too.

The [[Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte]] houses the [[Nebra sky disk]], a significant (though unproven) Bronze-age find with astrological significance.

[[Halle Zoo]] contributes to the [[EAZA]] breeding programme, in particular for the [[Angolan Lion]] and the [[Malaysian Tiger]].
Halle is also known for its thriving [[coypu]] (or nutria) population, which is native to [[South America]].


== Transport history ==
[[Ludwig Wucherer]] made Halle an important railways hub in central Germany. In 1840 he opened the line Magdeburg-Köthen-Halle, and the Halle-Leipzig, a connection between [[Madgeburg]] and [[Dresden]], was completed. In 1841–1860, other lines to Erfurt, Kassel and Berlin followed.

Halle’s trams have been running since 1891. See also [[Halle (Saale) Hauptbahnhof]], the main railway station.

== Notable residents ==
*[[Baroque]] composer [[Georg Friedrich Händel]] was born in Halle on February 23, 1685, and stayed 17 years.
* [[Georg Cantor]] worked as a professor at the university of Halle.
* [[Dorothea Christiane Erxleben]] of [[Quedlinburg]] (1715–1762) made her [[Doctor of Medicine]] in 1754 at the Medical Department of Martin Luther University (MLU).
* [[August Hermann Francke]] (1663–1727), Lutheran Pietist theologian at the University of Halle and founder of the internationally renowned Halle Orphan House complex .
* Ludwig Wucherer (1790–1861) was elected Councillor.
* [[Georg Listing]] (1987- ) bassist from the well known, [[Magdeburg]] based band, [[Tokio Hotel]]
* [[George Müller]] (1805–1898), coordinator of orphanages in [[Bristol]], England
* [[Lyonel Feininger]] Painter who created several famous images in Halle, including [[Der Dom in Halle]]
* [[Reinhard Heydrich]], one of the leading Nazis in [[World War II]], was born in the town. He was seen as the successor to Hitler. Heydrich was assassinated by Czech partisans in [[Prague]] in 1942.
* [[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]], a former Vice Chancellor and longest serving Foreign Minister of Germany, was born in Reideburg, which belongs to Halle today.
* [[Huguenots]] — French Protestants, around 700 people made Halle to their home after fleeing prosecution in France.
* [[Fabian von Schlabrendorff]] (1907–1980) Lawyer, officer, judge and member of the German resistance.
* [[Classical music|Classical]] composer [[Daniel Gottlob Türk]] was born in Halle in 1750, and was a professor at the University of Halle.
* [[Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher]] was university preacher and professor of theology to the University of Halle, where he remained until 1807.
* Oswald Boelcke(Bölcke), World War I German Flying Ace, was born in 1891 outside of Halle.
==Twinnings==
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Oulu]], [[Finland]], since 1968
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Coimbra]], [[Portugal]], since 1974
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Linz]], [[Austria]], since 1975
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Grenoble]], [[France]], since 1976
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Karlsruhe]], Germany, since 1987
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Hildesheim]], Germany, since 1992
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ufa]], [[Russian Federation]], since 1997

== External links ==
{{Commons|Halle}}
* [http://www.halle.de/ Official website]
* [http://www.international.uni-halle.de/ Martin-Luther-University] Halle-Wittenberg
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,695837-1,00.html "A New Germany Rises"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', [[September 12]], [[2004]]
* [http://www.halle-ist-schoen.de/index_1_en.html Site about Halle with many photos and descriptions in English]
* [http://www.okayone.de/halle/ Origins & Places of Interest] {{de icon}}
* [http://public-transport.net/bim/Halle.htm Tramway in Halle] {{en icon}} {{de icon}}

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Germany districts saxony-anhalt}}
{{Bezirke}}

[[Category:Halle, Saxony-Anhalt| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Saxony-Anhalt]]

[[ar:هاله (سكسونيا-أنهالت)]]
[[an:Halle (Saxonia-Anhalt)]]
[[zh-min-nan:Halle (Saale)]]
[[bg:Хале (Германия)]]
[[ca:Halle (Saxònia-Anhalt)]]
[[cs:Halle]]
[[da:Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt)]]
[[de:Halle (Saale)]]
[[dsb:Dobrebora]]
[[et:Halle]]
[[es:Halle (Sajonia-Anhalt)]]
[[eo:Halle (Saale)]]
[[fr:Halle (Saxe-Anhalt)]]
[[id:Halle (Saale)]]
[[it:Halle (Saale)]]
[[he:האלה]]
[[ka:ჰალე (ზაალე)]]
[[kk:Галле (Саксония-Анхальт, Германия)]]
[[la:Salinae Saxonicae]]
[[lb:Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt)]]
[[lt:Halė]]
[[hu:Halle an der Saale]]
[[nl:Halle (Saale)]]
[[ja:ハレ]]
[[no:Halle (Saale)]]
[[nn:Halle an der Saale]]
[[nds:Halle]]
[[pl:Halle (Saale)]]
[[pt:Halle an der Saale]]
[[ro:Halle (Saale)]]
[[ru:Галле (Саксония-Анхальт)]]
[[sq:Hale (Sale)]]
[[simple:Halle, Saxony-Anhalt]]
[[sk:Halle (Saale)]]
[[sl:Halle, Saška-Anhalt]]
[[sr:Хале]]
[[fi:Halle]]
[[sv:Halle an der Saale]]
[[vi:Halle (Saale)]]
[[vo:Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt)]]
[[zh:哈雷 (德国)]]

Halle (Saale)

2009-10-24T00:48:32Z

LKruse:

{{Infobox German location
|image_photo = Hallemarktroterturm.jpg
|image_caption = Market Place with Red Tower
|Wappen = Wappen Halle (Saale).svg
|lat_deg = 51 |lat_min = 29 | lat_sec=0
|lon_deg = 11 |lon_min = 58 | lon_sec=0
|Lageplan =
|Name = Halle or Halle [[Saale|(Saale)]]
|Bundesland = Saxony-Anhalt
|Art = City
|Landkreis = Kreisfreie Stadt
|Höhe = 87
|Fläche = 135.01
|Einwohner = 234295
|Stand = 2007-12-31
|PLZ = 06108-06132
|Vorwahl = 0049345
|Kfz = HAL
|Website = [http://www.halle.de/ www.halle.de]
|Bürgermeister = Dagmar Szabados
|Partei = SPD
}}
[[Image:Halleuniplatz.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg]].]]
[[Image:Halle an der Saale Haendelhaus.jpg|thumb|250px||Händel-Haus - birthplace of composer [[George Frideric Handel]].]]
[[Image:Wasserturm-Nord Halle.jpg|Northern water tower.|thumb|250px]]
[[Image:Halle (Saale) Roter Turm - Blick vom Graseweg.JPG|Roter Turm - erected between 1418 and 1506.|thumb|250px]]
'''Halle''' is the largest city in the [[Germany|German]] [[States of Germany|State]] of [[Saxony-Anhalt]]. It is also called '''Halle an der [[Saale]]''' (literally '''Halle on the Saale river''', and in some historic references simply '''Saale''' after the river) in order to distinguish it from [[Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia|Halle]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]. The current official name of the city is '''Halle (Saale)'''.

It is situated in the southern part of the state, along the river [[Saale]] which drains the surrounding plains and the greater part of the neighboring [[Free State of Thuringia]] located just to its south, and the Thuringian basin, northwards from the [[Thuringian Forest]]. [[Leipzig]], one of the other major cities of eastern Germany, is only 40 km away.

== History ==
Halle's early history is connected with harvesting of salt. In fact the name ''Halle'' may be derived from a Pre-Germanic word for [[salt]]. The name of the river [[Saale]] also contains the [[Germanic language|Germanic]] root for salt and salt-harvesting has taken place in Halle at least since the time of the [[Bronze Age]].

The town was first mentioned in 806. It became a part of the [[Archbishopric of Magdeburg]] in the 10th century and remained so until 1680, when [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] annexed it together with [[Magdeburg]] as the [[Duchy of Magdeburg]]. In 1815 it became part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[Province of Saxony]].

After [[World War II]] Halle served as the capital of the short-lived administrative region of Saxony-Anhalt, this was until 1952 when the [[East Germany|East German]] government abolished its "Länder" (States). As a part of East Germany (until 1990), it functioned as the capital of the administrative district ("Bezirk") of Halle. When Saxony-Anhalt was re-established as a ''Bundesland'', Magdeburg became the capital.

== Main sights ==
* ''Giebichenstein'' Castle, first mentioned in 961, is north of the city centre on a hill above the Saale river.
* ''Moritzburg'', a newer palace, was built in 1503. It was the residence of the archbishops of Magdeburg, was destroyed in the [[Thirty Years' War]], and was then a ruin for centuries; rebuilt in 1904. Today it is an Art Gallery.
* The Cathedral (Der Dom), a steepleless building, was originally a church within a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] monastery (1271).
* ''[[Halle-Neustadt]]'', most of it built in the 1960s, is situated in the west of Halle. The complex is an example of GDR socialist housing development, as well as an example of successful growth.

== Industrial heritage ==
Salt, also known as ''White Gold'', was extracted from four "Borns" (well-like structures). The four Borns/brine named Gutjahrwell, Meteritzwell, German Borne and Hackeborn, are located around the Hallmarket (or "Under Market"), now a market square with a fountain, just across from the TV station, [[MDR]]. The brine was highly concentrated and boiled in ''Koten'', simple structured houses made from reed and clay. Salters, who wore a unique uniform with eighteen silver buttons, were known as ''[[Halloren]]'', and this name was later used for the chocolates in the shape of these buttons.

The [[Halloren Chocolate Factory|Halloren-Werke]], the oldest chocolate factory in [[Germany]], was founded in 1804. Old documents are on display and a chocolate room can be visited at Delitzscher Street 70. The original "Halloren-Kugeln" are sold in a box of eighteen little [[pralines]].

Within [[East Germany]], Halle's chemical industry, now mainly shut down, was of great importance. The two main companies were [[Buna]] and [[Leuna]], and [[Halle-Neustadt]] (Halle Newtown) was built in the 1960s to accommodate the employees of these two factories.

== Science and culture ==
The [[University of Halle]] was founded here in 1694. It is now combined with the [[University of Wittenberg]] and is called the ''[[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg]]''. The medical school there was founded by [[Friedrich Hoffmann]]. The university's [[botanical garden]], the [[Botanische Garten der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg]], dates to 1698.

The famous [[Baroque]] composer [[George Friderich Handel]] was born in Halle in 1685, where he spent the first 17 years of his life. The house where he lived is now a museum and houses an exhibition about his life. To celebrate the composer, Halle stages an annual [[Halle Handel Festival|Handel festival]] every June.

The [[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]] is one of the oldest and most respective scientific societies in [[Germany]].

Halle accommodates Germany's oldest [[Evangelic Bible college]], known as [[MarienBibliothek]], with 27,000 titles.

In the past Halle was a centre of German [[Pietism]] and played an important role in establishing the [[Lutheran]] church in North America, when [[Henry Muhlenberg]] and others were sent as missionaries to [[Pennsylvania]] in the mid 18th century. Henry Muhlenberg's son, [[Frederick Muhlenberg]], who was the first [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]], was a graduate of Halle University.

The Silver Treasure of the ''[[Halloren]]'' is displayed occasionally at the [[Technical Museum Saline]]. It is a unique collection of silver and gold goblets dating back to 1266. The ancient craft of "[[Schausieden]]" ( boiling of the brine) can be observed there too.

The [[Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte]] houses the [[Nebra sky disk]], a significant (though unproven) Bronze-age find with astrological significance.

[[Halle Zoo]] contributes to the [[EAZA]] breeding programme, in particular for the [[Angolan Lion]] and the [[Malaysian Tiger]].
Halle is also known for its thriving [[coypu]] (or nutria) population, which is native to [[South America]].


== Transport history ==
[[Ludwig Wucherer]] made Halle an important railways hub in central Germany. In 1840 he opened the line Magdeburg-Köthen-Halle, and the Halle-Leipzig, a connection between [[Madgeburg]] and [[Dresden]], was completed. In 1841–1860, other lines to Erfurt, Kassel and Berlin followed.

Halle’s trams have been running since 1891. See also [[Halle (Saale) Hauptbahnhof]], the main railway station.

== Notable residents ==
*[[Baroque]] composer [[Georg Friedrich Händel]] was born in Halle on February 23, 1685, and stayed 17 years.
* [[Georg Cantor]] worked as a professor at the university of Halle.
* [[Dorothea Christiane Erxleben]] of [[Quedlinburg]] (1715–1762) made her [[Doctor of Medicine]] in 1754 at the Medical Department of Martin Luther University (MLU).
* [[August Hermann Francke]] (1663–1727), Lutheran Pietist theologian at the University of Halle and founder of the internationally renowned Halle Orphan House complex .
* Ludwig Wucherer (1790–1861) was elected Councillor.
* [[Georg Listing]] (1987- ) bassist from the well known, [[Magdeburg]] based band, [[Tokio Hotel]]
* [[George Müller]] (1805–1898), coordinator of orphanages in [[Bristol]], England
* [[Lyonel Feininger]] Painter who created several famous images in Halle, including [[Der Dom in Halle]]
* [[Reinhard Heydrich]], one of the leading Nazis in [[World War II]], was born in the town. He was seen as the successor to Hitler. Heydrich was assassinated by Czech partisans in [[Prague]] in 1942.
* [[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]], a former Vice Chancellor and longest serving Foreign Minister of Germany, was born in Reideburg, which belongs to Halle today.
* [[Huguenots]] — French Protestants, around 700 people made Halle to their home after fleeing prosecution in France.
* [[Fabian von Schlabrendorff]] (1907–1980) Lawyer, officer, judge and member of the German resistance.
* [[Classical music|Classical]] composer [[Daniel Gottlob Türk]] was born in Halle in 1750, and was a professor at the University of Halle.
* [[Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher]] was university preacher and professor of theology to the University of Halle, where he remained until 1807.
* [[Oswald Boelcke(Bölcke), World War I German Flying Ace, was born in 1891 outside of Halle.
==Twinnings==
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Oulu]], [[Finland]], since 1968
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Coimbra]], [[Portugal]], since 1974
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Linz]], [[Austria]], since 1975
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Grenoble]], [[France]], since 1976
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Karlsruhe]], Germany, since 1987
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Hildesheim]], Germany, since 1992
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ufa]], [[Russian Federation]], since 1997

== External links ==
{{Commons|Halle}}
* [http://www.halle.de/ Official website]
* [http://www.international.uni-halle.de/ Martin-Luther-University] Halle-Wittenberg
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,695837-1,00.html "A New Germany Rises"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', [[September 12]], [[2004]]
* [http://www.halle-ist-schoen.de/index_1_en.html Site about Halle with many photos and descriptions in English]
* [http://www.okayone.de/halle/ Origins & Places of Interest] {{de icon}}
* [http://public-transport.net/bim/Halle.htm Tramway in Halle] {{en icon}} {{de icon}}

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Germany districts saxony-anhalt}}
{{Bezirke}}

[[Category:Halle, Saxony-Anhalt| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Saxony-Anhalt]]

[[ar:هاله (سكسونيا-أنهالت)]]
[[an:Halle (Saxonia-Anhalt)]]
[[zh-min-nan:Halle (Saale)]]
[[bg:Хале (Германия)]]
[[ca:Halle (Saxònia-Anhalt)]]
[[cs:Halle]]
[[da:Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt)]]
[[de:Halle (Saale)]]
[[dsb:Dobrebora]]
[[et:Halle]]
[[es:Halle (Sajonia-Anhalt)]]
[[eo:Halle (Saale)]]
[[fr:Halle (Saxe-Anhalt)]]
[[id:Halle (Saale)]]
[[it:Halle (Saale)]]
[[he:האלה]]
[[ka:ჰალე (ზაალე)]]
[[kk:Галле (Саксония-Анхальт, Германия)]]
[[la:Salinae Saxonicae]]
[[lb:Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt)]]
[[lt:Halė]]
[[hu:Halle an der Saale]]
[[nl:Halle (Saale)]]
[[ja:ハレ]]
[[no:Halle (Saale)]]
[[nn:Halle an der Saale]]
[[nds:Halle]]
[[pl:Halle (Saale)]]
[[pt:Halle an der Saale]]
[[ro:Halle (Saale)]]
[[ru:Галле (Саксония-Анхальт)]]
[[sq:Hale (Sale)]]
[[simple:Halle, Saxony-Anhalt]]
[[sk:Halle (Saale)]]
[[sl:Halle, Saška-Anhalt]]
[[sr:Хале]]
[[fi:Halle]]
[[sv:Halle an der Saale]]
[[vi:Halle (Saale)]]
[[vo:Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt)]]
[[zh:哈雷 (德国)]]

Renwick, Iowa

2009-10-24T00:38:30Z

LKruse:

{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Renwick, Iowa
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map = Wright_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Renwick_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location of Renwick, Iowa
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{USA}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Iowa}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Iowa|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Humboldt County, Iowa|Humboldt]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 2.6
|area_land_km2 = 2.6
|area_water_km2 = 0.0
|area_total_sq_mi = 1.0
|area_land_sq_mi = 1.0
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.0


|population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2000|2000]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 306
|population_density_km2 = 119.1
|population_density_sq_mi = 308.4


|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset = -6
|timezone_DST = CDT
|utc_offset_DST = -5
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 352
|elevation_ft = 1155
|latd = 42 |latm = 49 |lats = 42 |latNS = N
|longd = 93 |longm = 58 |longs = 42 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 50577
|area_code = [[Area code 515|515]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 19-66450
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0460588
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Renwick''' is a city in [[Humboldt County, Iowa|Humboldt County]], [[Iowa]], in the [[United States]]. As of the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]], the city population was 306.

==Geography==
Renwick is located at {{coord|42|49|42|N|93|58|42|W|city}} (42.828341, -93.978284){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 1.0 [[square mile]]s (2.6 [[km²]]), all of it land.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 306 people, 135 households, and 76 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 308.4 people per square mile (119.3/km²). There were 150 housing units at an average density of 151.2/sq mi (58.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.35% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.33% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], and 0.33% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.33% of the population.

There were 135 households out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 2.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the city the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 102.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,333, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $27,344 versus $18,333 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $18,609. About 5.8% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 10.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 10.2% of those sixty five or over.

==Community==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2008}}

Renwick is the former home city of the Boone Valley school system. Donkey Daze is Renwick's town festival held every year during the first Saturday in June and features a four court volleyball tournament. Team from around North Central Iowa have participated in past years. Renwick is also the home to the Bobcat Football Challenge, a weekly contest held through the fall and winter months during college and professional football season.

==Famous People==
Silent and Early Talkie Cameraman Archie Stout was born in Renwick.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|42.828341|-93.978284}}

{{Humboldt County, Iowa}}

[[Category:Humboldt County, Iowa]]
[[Category:Cities in Iowa]]

[[io:Renwick, Iowa]]
[[ht:Renwick, Iowa]]
[[nl:Renwick]]
[[pt:Renwick]]
[[simple:Renwick, Iowa]]
[[vo:Renwick]]

October 28

2009-10-21T01:20:24Z

LKruse: /* Births */

{{pp-move-indef}}{{OctoberCalendar|float=right}}
{{ThisDateInRecentYears|Month=October|Day=28}}
{{Day}}

==Events==
* [[306]] – [[Maxentius]] is proclaimed [[Roman Emperor]].
* [[312]] – [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]]: [[Constantine I]] defeats [[Maxentius]], becoming the sole Roman Emperor.
*[[1061]] – [[Agnes de Poitou|Empress Agnes]], acting as Regent for her son, brings about the election of Bishop [[Cadalus]], the [[antipope]] [[Honorius II]]
*[[1516]] – [[Battle of Yaunis Khan]]: [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Turkish forces]] under the [[Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha]] defeat the [[Mameluk]]s near [[Gaza]].
*[[1531]] – [[Battle of Amba Sel]]: Imam [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi]] again defeats the army of [[Lebna Dengel]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]]. The southern part of Ethiopia falls under Imam Ahmad's control.
*[[1538]] – The first [[university]] in the [[New World]], the [[Autonomous University of Santo Domingo|Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino]], is established.
*[[1628]] – The [[Siege of La Rochelle]], which had been lasted for 14 months, ends with the surrender of the [[Huguenot]]s.
*[[1636]] – A vote of the [[Great and General Court]] of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] establishes the first [[college]] in what would become the [[United States]], today known as [[Harvard University]].
*[[1664]] – The [[Duke of York]] and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot, later to be known as the [[Royal Marines]], is established.
*[[1775]] – [[American Revolutionary War]]: A British proclamation forbids residents from leaving [[Boston]].
*[[1776]] – American Revolutionary War: [[Battle of White Plains]] – [[British Army]] forces arrive at [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]], attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the [[Continental Army|Americans]].
*[[1834]] – The [[Battle of Pinjarra]] occurs in the [[Swan River Colony]] in present-day [[Pinjarra]], [[Western Australia]]. Between 14 and 40 Aborigines are killed by British colonists.
*[[1848]] – The first railroad in [[Spain]] – between [[Barcelona]] and [[Mataró]] – is opened.
*[[1864]] – [[American Civil War]]: Second Battle of Fair Oaks ends – [[Union Army|Union]] forces under General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] withdraw from [[Fair Oaks, Virginia]], after failing to breach the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] defenses around [[Richmond, Virginia]].
*[[1886]] – In [[New York Harbor]], President [[Grover Cleveland]] dedicates the [[Statue of Liberty]].
*[[1891]] – The [[1891 Mino-Owari Earthquake|Mino-Owari Earthquake]], the largest earthquake in [[Japan]]'s history, strikes [[Gifu Prefecture]].
*[[1893]] – [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky's]] [[Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 6 in B Minor, ''Pathétique'']], receives its premiere performance in [[St. Petersburg]], only nine days before the composer's death.
*[[1918]] – [[World War I]]: [[Czechoslovakia]] is granted independence from [[Austria-Hungary]] marking the beginning of independent Czechoslovak state, after 300 years.
* 1918 – New Polish government in Western [[Galicia (Central Europe)]] is established.
*[[1919]] – The [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] passes the [[Volstead Act]] over President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s veto, paving the way for [[Prohibition]] to begin the following [[January]].
*[[1922]] – [[March on Rome]]: [[Italy|Italian]] [[fascist]]s led by [[Benito Mussolini]] march on [[Rome]] and take over the Italian government.
*[[1929]] – [[Black Monday]], a day in the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]], which also saw major stock market upheaval.
*[[1936]] – US President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] rededicates the [[Statue of Liberty]] on its 50th anniversary.
*[[1940]] – [[World War II]]: Greece rejects Italy's ultimatum. [[Italy]] [[Greco-Italian War|invades]] [[Greece]] through [[Albania]], marking Greece's entry into World War II. It is celebrated in Greece as [[Ohi Day]].
*[[1942]] – The [[Alaska Highway]] (Alcan Highway) is completed through [[Canada]] to [[Fairbanks, Alaska]].
*[[1948]] – [[Switzerland|Swiss]] chemist [[Paul Hermann Müller|Paul Müller]] is awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for his discovery of the insecticidal properties of [[DDT]].
*[[1954]] – The modern [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] is re-founded as a [[Federation|federal]] [[monarchy]].
*[[1962]] – [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]: [[Soviet Union]] leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] announces that he had ordered the removal of [[Soviet]] missile bases in [[Cuba]].
*[[1964]] – [[Vietnam War]]: U.S. officials deny any involvement in bombing [[North Vietnam]].
*[[1965]] – [[Nostra Aetate]], the "Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions" of the [[Second Vatican Council]], is promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI]]; it absolves the Jews of the alleged killing of [[Jesus]], reversing [[Innocent III]]'s 760 year-old declaration.
*[[1970]] – [[Gary Gabelich]] sets a land speed record in a rocket-powered automobile called the [[Blue Flame (car)|Blue Flame]], fueled with natural gas.
*[[1971]] – [[United Kingdom|Britain]] launches its first (and as of 2007, only) [[satellite]], [[Prospero X-3|Prospero]], into [[low Earth orbit]] atop a [[Black Arrow]] [[carrier rocket]].
*[[1982]] – [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE) wins elections, leading to first Socialist government in [[Spain]] after death of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]. [[Felipe Gonzalez]] becomes Prime Minister-elect.
*[[1985]] – [[Sandinista]] [[Daniel Ortega]] becomes president of [[Nicaragua]] and makes peace overtures to the United States; American policy continues to support the [[Contras]] in their revolt against the Nicaraguan government.
*[[1986]] – The centenary of the dedication of the [[Statue of Liberty]] is celebrated in [[New York Harbor]].
*[[1998]] – An [[Air China]] jetliner is hijacked by disgruntled pilot Yuan Bin and flown to [[Taiwan]].
*[[2005]] – [[Plame affair]]: [[Lewis Libby]], Vice-president [[Dick Cheney]]'s chief of staff, is indicted in the [[Valerie Plame]] case. Libby resigns later that day.
*[[2006]] – Funeral service takes place for those executed at [[Bykivnia]] forest, outside [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. 817 Ukrainian civilians (out of some 100,000) executed by [[Bolshevik]]s at [[Bykivnia]] in 1930s – early 1940s are reburied.
*[[2007]] – [[Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner]] becomes the first woman elected President of [[Argentina]].

==Births==
*[[1510]] – [[Francis Borgia]], Spanish duke and Jesuit priest (d. 1572)
*[[1585]] – [[Cornelius Jansen]], Dutch bishop (d. 1638)
*[[1667]] – [[Maria Anna of Neuburg]], second wife of Charles II of Spain (d. 1740)
*[[1691]] – [[Peder Tordenskjold]], Norwegian naval hero (d. 1720)
*[[1697]] – [[Canaletto]], Italian artist (d. 1768)
*[[1703]] – [[Antoine Deparcieux]], French mathematician (d. 1768)
*[[1718]] – [[Ignacije Szentmartony]], Croatian Jesuit missionary (d. 1793)
*[[1767]] – [[Marie Sophie of Hesse-Kassel]] (or Hesse-Cassel), queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1852)
*[[1793]] – [[Eliphalet Remington]], American firearms manufacturer (d. 1861)
*[[1804]] – [[Pierre François Verhulst]], Belgian mathematician (d. 1849)
*[[1818]] – [[Ivan Turgenev]], Russian writer (d. 1883)
*[[1837]] – [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], Japan's last [[shogun]] (d. 1913)
*[[1839]] – [[Edward P. Allen]], United States congressman from [[Michigan]] (d. 1909)
*[[1845]] – [[Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski]], Polish physicist (d. 1888)
*[[1846]] – [[Georges Auguste Escoffier]], French chef (d. 1935)
*[[1854]] – [[Jean-Marie Guyau]], French philosopher and poet (d. 1888)
*[[1864]] – [[Adolfo Camarillo]], prominent land owner, horse breeder, and rancher (d. 1958)
*[[1875]] – [[Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor]], American geographer and editor (d. 1966)
*[[1877]] – [[Joe Adams (baseball)|Joe Adams]], American baseball player (d. 1952)
*[[1879]] – [[Channing H. Cox]], 49th [[Governor of Massachusetts]] (d. 1968)
*[[1881]] – [[Bruno Söderström]], Swedish athlete (d. 1969)
* 1881 – [[Vin Coutie]], Australian footballer
*[[1884]] – [[William Douglas Cook]], founder of [[Eastwoodhill Arboretum]] and [[Pukeiti]], ([[New Zealand]]) (d. 1967)
*[[1885]] – [[Velimir Khlebnikov]], Russian poet (d. 1922)
*[[1889]] – [[Juliette Béliveau]], Quebec comedian (d. 1975)
*[[1891]] – [[Ormer Locklear]], American movie stunt pilot (d. 1920)
*[[1892]] – [[Dink Johnson]], American musician (d. 1954)
*[[1896]] – [[Howard Hanson]], American composer (d. 1981)
*[[1897]] – [[Edith Head]], American costume designer (d. 1981)
*[[1901]] – [[Eileen Shanahan (Irish poet)|Eileen Shanahan]], Irish Poet (d. 1979)
*[[1902]] – [[Elsa Lanchester]], British-born actress (d. 1986)
*[[1903]] – [[Evelyn Waugh]], English writer (d. 1966)
*[[1907]] – [[John Harold Hewitt]], Northern Irish poet (d. 1987)
*[[1908]] – [[Arturo Frondizi]], President of [[Argentina]] (d. 1995)
*[[1909]] – [[Francis Bacon (painter)|Francis Bacon]], Anglo-Irish painter (d. 1992)
*[[1912]] – [[Richard Doll]], English epidemiologist (d. 2005)
*[[1914]] – [[Glenn Robert Davis]], U.S. Congressman (d. 1988)
* 1914 – [[Jonas Salk]], American biologist and physician (d. 1995)
* 1914 – [[Richard Laurence Millington Synge]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel laureate]] (d. 1994)
*[[1917]] – [[Jack Soo]], American actor (d. 1979)
*[[1922]] – [[Gershon Kingsley]], German composer
* 1922 – [[Butch van Breda Kolff]], American basketball coach (d. 2007)
* 1922 – [[Simon Muzenda]], Zimbabwe politician (d. 2003)
*[[1924]] – [[Antonio Creus]], Spanish racecar driver (d. 1996)
*[[1925]] – [[Ian Hamilton Finlay]], Scottish poet, writer, artist and gardener (d. 2006)
*[[1926]] – [[Bowie Kuhn]], American Commissioner of Baseball (d. 2007)
*[[1927]] – [[Cleo Laine|Dame Cleo Laine]], British singer
*[[1928]] – [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], Romanian general
* 1928 – [[Iry LeJeune]], Cajun musician (d. 1955)
*[[1929]] – [[Joan Plowright]], British actress
* 1929 – [[Marcel Bozzuffi]], French actor (d. 1988)
* 1929 – [[John Hollander]], American poet
*[[1930]] – [[Bernie Ecclestone]], English [[auto racing|motorsports]] [[impresario]] ([[F1]])
*[[1932]] – [[Suzy Parker]], American actress (d. 2003)
* 1932 – [[Spyros Kyprianou]], a [[President of Cyprus]]
*[[1933]] – [[Garrincha]], Brazilian footballer (d. 1983)
*[[1935]] – [[Alan Clarke]], British film director
*[[1936]] – [[Charlie Daniels]], American musician
* 1936 – [[Carl Davis]], American-born musical conductor and composer
*[[1937]] – [[Lenny Wilkens]], American basketball player and coach
*[[1938]] – [[Dave Budd]], American basketball player
* 1938 – [[David Dimbleby]], English television commentator
* 1938 – [[Anne Perry]], English-born novelist
*[[1939]] – [[Jane Alexander]], American actress
* 1939 – [[Miroslav Cerar]], Yugoslav gymnast
*[[1940]] – [[Susan Harris]], American television writer and producer
*[[1941]] – [[John Hallam]], Irish actor (d. 2006)
* 1941 – [[Hank Marvin]], English guitarist
* 1941 – [[Curtis Lee]], American singer
*[[1942]] – [[Kees Verkerk]], Dutch speed skater
*[[1943]] – [[Conny Froboess]], German singer
* 1943 – [[Charo López]], Spanish actress
*[[1944]] – [[Dennis Franz]], American actor
* 1944 – [[Anton Schlecker]], German billionaire
* 1944 – [[Coluche]], French comedian and actor (d. 1986)
*[[1945]] – [[Elton Dean]], English musician ([[Soft Machine]]) (d. 2006)
* 1945 – [[Wayne Fontana]], British singer ([[The Mindbenders]])
*[[1946]] – [[Wim Jansen]], Dutch footballer and coach
* 1946 – [[John Hewson]], Australian politician
*[[1948]] – [[Telma Hopkins]], American singer and actress ([[Tony Orlando and Dawn]])
*[[1949]] – [[Bruce Jenner]], American athlete
* 1949 – [[Tracy Reed (American actress)|Tracy Reed]], American actress
*[[1950]] – [[Sihem Bensedrine]], Tunisian human rights activist
* 1950 – [[Ludo Delcroix]], Belgian cyclist
*[[1952]] – [[Annie Potts]], American actress
*[[1953]] – [[Pierre Boivin]], Canadian businessman and hockey executive
*[[1955]] – [[Bill Gates]], American software executive
*[[1956]] – [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], [[President of Iran]]
* 1956 – [[Dave Wyndorf]], American singer ([[Monster Magnet]])
* 1957 – [[Stephen Paul David Morris|Stephen Morris]], British musician ([[Joy Division]] and [[New Order]])
*[[1960]] – [[Landon Curt Noll]], [[Astronomer]], [[Cryptographer]] and [[Mathematician]]: youngest to hold the world record for the [[largest known prime]] 3 times
*[[1958]] – [[William Reid (musician)|William Reid]], Scottish musician ([[The Jesus and Mary Chain]])
*[[1962]] – [[Daphne Zuniga]], American actress
* 1962 – [[Scotty Nguyen]], professional poker player
* 1962 – [[Erik Thorstvedt]], Norwegian footballer
*[[1963]] – [[Lauren Holly]], American actress
* 1963 – [[James Miller (parachutist)|James Miller]], the "Fan Man" (d. 2002)
* 1963 – [[Eros Ramazzotti]], Italian singer
*[[1965]] – [[Jami Gertz]], American actress
*[[1966]] – [[Steve Atwater]], American football player
* 1966 – [[Andy Richter]], American comedian and actor
* 1966 – [[Aris Spiliotopoulos]], Greek politician
*[[1967]] – [[Julia Roberts]], American actress
* 1967 – [[John Romero]], American video game designer
* 1967 – [[Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein]]
* 1967 – [[Kevin Macdonald (director)|Kevin Macdonald]], Scottish film director
*[[1968]] – [[Marc Lièvremont]], French rugby union footballer and coach
*[[1969]] – [[Ben Harper]], American musician
* 1969 – [[Javier Grillo-Marxuach]], Puerto Rican screenwriter and producer
*[[1972]] – [[Terrell Davis]], American football player
* 1972 – [[Brad Paisley]], American musician
*[[1973]] – [[Montel Vontavious Porter|Alvin Burke, Jr.]], American professional wrestler
*[[1974]] – [[Joaquin Phoenix]], Puerto Rican actor
* 1974 – [[Vicente Moreno Peris|Vicente Moreno]], Spanish footballer
* 1974 – [[Braden Looper]], American baseball player
* 1974 – [[Dejan Stefanović]], Serbian footballer
* 1974 – [[Dayanara Torres]], Puerto Rican actress and beauty queen
*[[1976]] – [[Karl Tremblay]], Canadian singer ([[Les Cowboys Fringants]])
* 1976 – [[Keiron Cunningham]], Welsh rugby league player
*[[1978]] – [[Marta Etura]], Spanish actress
* 1978 – [[Justin Guarini]], American singer
*[[1979]] – [[Aki Hakala]], Finnish drummer ([[The Rasmus]])
* 1979 – [[Martin Škoula]], Czech ice hockey player
*[[1980]] – [[Alan Smith (footballer born 1980)|Alan Smith]], English footballer
* 1980 – [[Christy Hemme]], American professional wrestler
* 1980 – [[Kanzi]], American literate [[bonobo]]
* 1980 – [[Dimitri Liakopoulos]], Greek actor
*[[1981]] – [[Milan Baroš]], Czech footballer
* 1981 – [[Solomon Andargachew]], Ethiopian footballer
* 1981 – [[Nate McLouth]], American baseball player
* 1981 – [[Nick Montgomery]], English footballer
*[[1982]] – [[Jeremy Bonderman]], American baseball player
* 1982 – [[Mai Kuraki]], Japanese singer
* 1982 – [[Anthony Lerew]], American baseball player
*[[1983]] – [[Jarrett Jack]], American basketball player
*[[1984]] – [[Obafemi Martins]], Nigerian footballer
* 1984 – [[Amanda Paige]], American model
* 1984 – [[Jefferson Farfán]], Peruvian footballer
* 1988 – [[Devon Murray]], Irish singer, actor(Harry Potter movies)


==Deaths==
* [[312]] – [[Maxentius]], Roman emperor (b. c.278)
*[[1225]] – [[Jien]], Japanese poet and historian (b. 1155)
*[[1312]] – [[Elisabeth of Tirol]], German queen (b. 1262)
*[[1412]] – [[Margaret I of Denmark]], wife of [[Haakon VI of Norway]] (b. 1353)
*[[1485]] – [[Rodolphus Agricola]], Dutch humanist (b. 1443)
*[[1520]] – [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]], Frisian pirate and freedom fighter (b. 1480)
*[[1568]] – [[Ashikaga Yoshihide]], Japanese shogun (b. 1539)
*[[1627]] – [[Jahangir]], Mughal Emperor of India (b. 1569)
*[[1639]] – [[Stefano Landi]], Italian composer (b. 1587)
*[[1646]] – [[William Dobson]], English painter (b. 1610)
*[[1661]] – [[Agustín Moreto y Cavana]], Spanish playwright (b. 1518)
*[[1676]] – [[Jean Desmarets]], French writer (b. 1595)
*[[1703]] – [[John Wallis]], English mathematician (b. 1616)
*[[1704]] – [[John Locke]], English philosopher (b. 1632)
*[[1708]] – [[Prince George of Denmark]], Consort of Queen [[Anne of England]] (b. 1653)
*[[1716]] – [[Stephen Fox]], British politician (b. 1627)
*[[1740]] – Empress [[Anna of Russia]] (b. 1693)
*[[1754]] – [[Friedrich von Hagedorn]], German poet (b. 1708)
*[[1755]] – [[Joseph Bodin de Boismortier]], French composer (b. 1689)
*[[1763]] – [[Heinrich, count von Brühl]], German statesman (b. 1700)
*[[1768]] – [[Michel Blavet]], French flutist (b. 1700)
*[[1792]] – [[Paul Möhring]], German physician and scientist (b. 1710)
* 1792 – [[John Smeaton]], British civil engineer (b. 1724)
*[[1800]] – [[Artemas Ward]], American politician and soldier (b. 1727)
*[[1806]] – [[Charlotte Turner Smith]], British poet and novelist (b. 1749)
*[[1818]] – [[Abigail Adams]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. 1744)
*[[1841]] – [[Johan August Arfwedson]], Swedish chemist (b. 1792)
*[[1857]] – [[Louis Eugène Cavaignac]], French soldier and politician (b. 1802)
*[[1877]] – [[Robert Swinhoe]], British naturalist (b. 1835)
*[[1879]] – [[Marie Roch Louis Reybaud]], French writer (b. 1799)
*[[1899]] – [[Ottmar Mergenthaler]], German-born inventor (tuberculosis) (b. 1854)
*[[1900]] – [[Max Müller]], German-born orientalist (b. 1823)
*[[1914]] – [[Richard Heuberger]], Austrian composer, music critic and teacher (b. 1850)
*[[1916]] – [[Cleveland Abbe]], American meteorologist (b. 1838)
* 1916 – [[Oswald Boelcke]], German pilot (b. 1891)
*[[1917]] – [[Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg]] (b. 1831)
*[[1918]] – [[Ulisse Dini]], Italian mathematician (b. 1845)
*[[1929]] – [[Bernhard von Bülow]], [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. 1849)
*[[1939]] – [[Alice Brady]], American actress (b. 1892)
*[[1952]] – [[Billy Hughes]], seventh [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. 1862)
*[[1957]] – [[Ernst Gräfenberg]], German physician and scientist (b. 1881)
*[[1959]] – [[Camilo Cienfuegos]], Cuban revolutionary (b. 1932)
*[[1965]] – [[Earl Bostic]], American saxophonist (b. 1913)
*[[1969]] – [[Constance Dowling]], American actress (b. 1920)
*[[1973]] – [[Taha Hussein]], Egyptian writer (b. 1889)
* 1973 – [[Sergio Tofano]], Italian actor (b. 1883)
*[[1975]] – [[Georges Carpentier]], French boxer (b. 1894)
* 1975 – [[Oliver Nelson]], American jazz composer and arranger (b. 1932)
*[[1986]] – [[John Braine]], British novelist (b. 1922)
*[[1987]] – [[André Masson]], French artist (b. 1896)
*[[1997]] – [[Paul Jarrico]], American screenwriter (b. 1915)
*[[1998]] – [[Ted Hughes]], British poet (b. 1930)
*[[2000]] – [[Lída Baarová]], Czech actress (b. 1914)
* 2000 – [[Andujar Cedeno]], Dominican baseball player for the Houston Astros (b. 1969)
* 2000 – [[Carlos Guastavino]], Argentine composer (b. 1912)
*[[2001]] – [[Gerard Hengeveld]], Dutch composer (b. 1910)
*[[2002]] – [[Margaret Booth]], American film editor (b. 1898)
* 2002 – [[Erling Persson]], Swedish entrepreneur (b. 1917)
*[[2004]] – [[Jimmy McLarnin]], Northern Irish-born boxer (b. 1907)
*[[2005]] – [[Eugene K. Bird]], German prison director (b. 1926)
* 2005 – [[Bob Broeg]], American sports writer (b. 1918)
* 2005 – [[Raymond Hains]], French artist (b. 1926)
* 2005 – [[Tony Jackson (basketball player)|Tony Jackson]], American basketball player (b. 1942)
* 2005 – [[Fernando Quejas]], Cape Verdean singer and musician (b. 1922)
* 2005 – [[Richard Smalley]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. 1943)
* 2005 – [[Ljuba Tadić]], Serbian actor (b. 1929)
*[[2006]] – [[Red Auerbach]], American basketball coach and executive (b. 1917)
* 2006 – [[Trevor Berbick]], Jamaican boxer (b. 1955)
* 2006 – [[Marijohn Wilkin]], American songwriter (b. 1920)
*[[2007]] – [[Porter Wagoner]], American country singer (b. 1927)


==Holidays and observances==
*[[Public holidays in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] – [[Independence Day]] (from [[Austria-Hungary]], 1918)
*[[Slovakia]] – [[Remembrance days in Slovakia|Day of the Establishment of an Independent Czecho-Slovak State]] (independence from [[Austria-Hungary]], 1918)
*[[Greece]] – [[Ohi Day|Ohi (No) Day]] (marking the refusal of Greece to submit to [[Italy]] and the [[Axis Powers]], 1940)
*[[Gifu Prefecture]], [[Japan]] – [[1891 Mino-Owari earthquake|Prefectural Earthquake Disaster Prevention Day]]
*[[October 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)]]
*[[Christian]] [[feast day]]s
**[[Lord of Miracles]] – Peruvian catholic festivity
**[[Abdias of Babylon]]
**[[Abgar V of Edessa]]
**[[St. Eadsin]]
** St. [[Fidelis of Como]]
**[[Saint Faro]]
**[[Saint Godwin]]
**[[Saint Job of Pochayiv]]
**[[Saint Jude]] (a.k.a Saint Thaddaeus or "of James")
**[[St. Simon]] the Zealot (erroneously a.k.a. "the Canaanite")

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/28 BBC: On This Day]
* {{NYT On this day|month=10|day=28}}
* [http://www1.sympatico.ca/cgi-bin/on_this_day?mth=Oct&day=28 On This Day in Canada]
----
{{months}}

[[Category:Days of the year]]
[[Category:October]]

[[af:28 Oktober]]
[[ar:28 أكتوبر]]
[[an:28 d'otubre]]
[[frp:28 octobro]]
[[ast:28 d'ochobre]]
[[az:28 oktyabr]]
[[bn:অক্টোবর ২৮]]
[[zh-min-nan:10 goe̍h 28 ji̍t]]
[[be:28 кастрычніка]]
[[be-x-old:28 кастрычніка]]
[[bcl:Oktobre 28]]
[[bs:28. oktobar]]
[[br:28 Here]]
[[bg:28 октомври]]
[[ca:28 d'octubre]]
[[cv:Юпа, 28]]
[[ceb:Oktubre 28]]
[[cs:28. říjen]]
[[co:28 uttrovi]]
[[cy:28 Hydref]]
[[da:28. oktober]]
[[de:28. Oktober]]
[[et:28. oktoober]]
[[el:28 Οκτωβρίου]]
[[myv:Ожоковонь 28 чи]]
[[es:28 de octubre]]
[[eo:28-a de oktobro]]
[[eu:Urriaren 28]]
[[fa:۲۸ اکتبر]]
[[hif:28 October]]
[[fo:28. oktober]]
[[fr:28 octobre]]
[[fy:28 oktober]]
[[fur:28 di Otubar]]
[[ga:28 Deireadh Fómhair]]
[[gv:28 Jerrey Fouyir]]
[[gd:28 an Damhair]]
[[gl:28 de outubro]]
[[gan:10月28號]]
[[ko:10월 28일]]
[[hy:Հոկտեմբերի 28]]
[[hr:28. listopada]]
[[io:28 di oktobro]]
[[bpy:অক্টোবর ২৮]]
[[id:28 Oktober]]
[[ia:28 de octobre]]
[[is:28. október]]
[[it:28 ottobre]]
[[he:28 באוקטובר]]
[[jv:28 Oktober]]
[[kn:ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೮]]
[[pam:Octubri 28]]
[[ka:28 ოქტომბერი]]
[[csb:28 rujana]]
[[kk:Қазанның 28]]
[[sw:28 Oktoba]]
[[ht:28 oktòb]]
[[ku:28'ê kewçêrê]]
[[la:28 Octobris]]
[[lv:28. oktobris]]
[[lb:28. Oktober]]
[[lt:Spalio 28]]
[[lmo:28 10]]
[[hu:Október 28.]]
[[mk:28 октомври]]
[[ml:ഒക്ടോബര്‍ 28]]
[[mr:ऑक्टोबर २८]]
[[arz:28 اكتوبر]]
[[ms:28 Oktober]]
[[nah:Tlamahtlācti 28]]
[[nl:28 oktober]]
[[nds-nl:28 oktober]]
[[new:अक्टोबर २८]]
[[ja:10月28日]]
[[nap:28 'e ottovre]]
[[no:28. oktober]]
[[nn:28. oktober]]
[[nrm:28 Octobre]]
[[nov:28 de oktobre]]
[[oc:28 d'octobre]]
[[mhr:28 Шыжа]]
[[uz:28-oktabr]]
[[pag:October 28]]
[[nds:28. Oktober]]
[[pl:28 października]]
[[pt:28 de outubro]]
[[ksh:28. Oktoober]]
[[ro:28 octombrie]]
[[ru:28 октября]]
[[sah:Алтынньы 28]]
[[se:Golggotmánu 28.]]
[[sco:28 October]]
[[sq:28 Tetor]]
[[scn:28 di uttùviru]]
[[simple:October 28]]
[[sk:28. október]]
[[sl:28. oktober]]
[[sr:28. октобар]]
[[sh:28.10.]]
[[su:28 Oktober]]
[[fi:28. lokakuuta]]
[[sv:28 oktober]]
[[tl:Oktubre 28]]
[[ta:அக்டோபர் 28]]
[[tt:28. Öktäber]]
[[te:అక్టోబర్ 28]]
[[th:28 ตุลาคม]]
[[tg:28 октябр]]
[[tr:28 Ekim]]
[[tk:28 oktýabr]]
[[uk:28 жовтня]]
[[vec:28 de otobre]]
[[vi:28 tháng 10]]
[[vo:Tobul 28]]
[[fiu-vro:28. rehekuu päiv]]
[[wa:28 d' octôbe]]
[[vls:28 oktober]]
[[war:Oktubre 28]]
[[yo:28 October]]
[[zh-yue:10月28號]]
[[bat-smg:Spalė 28]]
[[zh:10月28日]]

Devon Murray

2009-10-05T03:08:34Z

LKruse: He is a cigarette smoker.

{{Infobox actor
| name = Devon Murray
| image = Replace this image male.svg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname = Devon Michael Murray
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1988|10|28|df=y}}
| birthplace = [[Maynooth]], [[County Kildare]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| othername =
| website = http://www.devonmurray.net
| academyawards =
| emmyawards =
| spouse =
}}
'''Devon Michael Murray''' (born 28 October 1988) is an Irish [[actor]] known for playing [[Seamus Finnigan]] in the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' films. Before ''Harry Potter'', Murray had played Christy in ''This is My Father'', Malachy in ''[[Angela's Ashes]]'', and Geoffrey in ''Yesterday's Children''.

Murray was born in [[County Kildare, Ireland]], the only child of Michael and Fidelma Murray. After singing his way to success in talent competitions nationwide, Devon joined the Billie Barry stage school. Later he transferred to The National Performing Arts stage school and went from strength to strength as his abilities developed and matured. Murray's acting career began in the film ''This Is My Father'' which opened the door to opportunities on the big screen. ''Angela’s Ashes'' closely followed by ''Yesterday’s Children'' increased Murray’s worldwide recognition, paving the way to his role of [[Seamus Finnigan]] in the ''Harry Potter'' film series.

Murray is an accomplished horseback-rider and has competed in a number of tournaments throughout Ireland. For this he has won several medals. Murray relaxes doing horseback-riding, skateboarding, quad biking and spending time out with friends. He also enjoys dance, rap and Irish music such as Christy Moore.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Murray is [[Roman Catholic]].<ref>[http://www.devonmurray.net/faq.php Devon Murray Official Website]</ref>

It was revealed by [[Daniel Radcliffe]] on a special feature of the ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' DVD that Murray had the record for breaking the most number of prop wands during the course of any single film -- ten in total.

He has been confirmed to reprise his role as Seamus Finnigan for the two parts of ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (films)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]''.<ref>[http://www.snitchseeker.com/harry-potter-news/devon-murray-reprise-seamus-finnigan-role-deathly-hallows-64464/ Devon Murray to reprise role in hp7]</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 1993 || ''This is My Father'' || Christy
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Angela's Ashes (film)|Angela's Ashes]]'' || Middle Malachy
|-
| 2000 || ''Yesterday's Children'' || Young Geoffrey Sutton
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' || [[Dumbledore's_Army#Seamus_Finnigan|Seamus Finnigan]]
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' || Seamus Finnigan
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' || Seamus Finnigan
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' || Seamus Finnigan
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' || Seamus Finnigan
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Gone Fishin']] (short film)'' || Young Bill
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)|Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince]]'' || Seamus Finnigan
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (film)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part I]]'' || Seamus Finnigan
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (film)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part II]]'' || Seamus Finnigan
|}

Murray also appeared on [[The Podge and Rodge Show]] on 11 November 2008

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{imdb name | id=0614912| name=Devon Murray}}
*[http://www.devonmurray.net DevonMurray.net]
*[http://www.bebo.com/Profile.jsp?MemberId=4801072270 Devon Murray's Bebo page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Devon}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Irish film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]



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