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Edirne

2013-01-29T21:21:16Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying hu:Edirne to hu:Edirne (település)

{{Redirect|Adrianopolis}}
{{Redirect6|Adrianople|the Battle of Adrianople|Battle of Adrianople|the Treaty of Adrianople|Treaty of Adrianople}}

{{Infobox settlement 
|settlement_type = Town
|coordinates_region = TR
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{TUR}}
|timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset=+2
|map_caption =Location of Edirne within Turkey.
|timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST=+3

|official_name=Edirne
|image_skyline =Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG
| image_caption = [[Selimiye Mosque (Edirne)|Selimiye Mosque]], commissioned by [[Selim II]] and designed by [[Mimar Sinan]] in 1575.
|image_blank_emblem =EdirneLogo.svg
| blank_emblem_type = Emblem of the city
| subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Turkey|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Marmara Region|Marmara]]
|subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
| subdivision_name2 = Edirne
| leader_party = [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|CHP]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Hamdi Sedefçi
| population_urban =138,793
|population_footnotes=
|population_as_of = 2010
|blank_info = 22|blank_name=[[Turkish car number plates|Licence plate]]|
|latd=41 |latm=40 |lats= |latNS=N|longd=26 |longm=34 |longs= |longEW=E
|pushpin_map=Turkey
}}

'''Edirne''' ({{IPA-tr|eˈdiɾne}}) is a city in [[Eastern Thrace]], the northwestern part of [[Turkey]], close to the borders with [[Greece]] and [[Bulgaria]]. Edirne served as the capital city of the [[Ottoman Empire]] from 1365 to 1453, before [[Constantinople]] ([[Istanbul]]) became the empire's new capital. At present, Edirne is the capital of the [[Edirne Province]] in [[East Thrace|Turkish Thrace]]. The city's estimated population in 2010 was 138,793, up from 119,298 in 2000. It has [[consulate]]s of Bulgaria, [[Germany]] (Honorary), Greece, [[Romania]] (Honorary) and [[Slovakia]] (Honorary). Its sister cities are [[Haskovo]] and [[Yambol]] in [[Bulgaria]] and [[Alexandroupolis]] in [[Greece]]. There is a Jewish community.<ref>Avotaynu: the international review of Jewish genealogy, Volume 14, G. Mokotoff, 1998, [http://books.google.com/books?id=77RtAAAAMAAJ&q=Information+comes+from+the+Jewish+communities+of+Antakya+Bodrum+Bursa+Canakkale+Corlu+Edirne+Finike+Gelibolu+Iskendorun+Istanbul+Izmir+Kilis+Kirklarelli+Manisa+and+Tire+plus+a+few+scattered+stones+from+other+Gazi-Antep&dq=Information+comes+from+the+Jewish+communities+of+Antakya+Bodrum+Bursa+Canakkale+Corlu+Edirne+Finike+Gelibolu+Iskendorun+Istanbul+Izmir+Kilis+Kirklarelli+Manisa+and+Tire+plus+a+few+scattered+stones+from+other+Gazi-Antep&hl=en&ei=fbSJTo7lNe7zmAWQyegX&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA p. 40.]</ref>

==Etymology==
The city was founded as ''[[Hadrianopolis]]'' ({{lang|grc|Aδριανούπολις}}), named for the Roman Emperor [[Hadrian]]. This name is still used in the [[Modern Greek]] ({{lang|el|Αδριανούπολη}}). The [[English language|English]] name '''Adrianople''', by which the city was known until the Turkish Postal Service Law of 1930, has fallen into disuse. {{lang-tr|Edirne}}, {{lang-bg|Одрин (''Odrin'', [’odrin])}}, {{lang-sq|Edrêne}}, {{lang-mk|Eдрене (''Edrene'')}} and {{lang-sr|Једрене / Jedrene}} are adapted forms of the name ''Hadrianopolis'' or of its Turkish version; see also its [[Names of European cities in different languages: E–H#E|other names]].

==History==
The area around Edirne has been the site of [[Battle of Adrianople (disambiguation)|no fewer than 16 major battles or sieges]], from the days of the [[ancient Greeks]]. Military historian [[John Keegan]] identifies it as "the most contested spot on the globe" and attributes this to its geographical location.

[[File:Kasri Adalet Edirne 7363.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Kasr-ı Adalet (Tower of Justice)]]

According to Greek mythology, [[Orestes]], son of king [[Agamemnon]], built this city as '''Orestias''', at the confluence of the [[Tundzha|Tonsus]] (Toundja) and the [[Arda River (Maritsa)|Ardiscus]] (Arda) with the [[Hebrus]] (Maritza). The city was (re)founded eponymously by the [[Roman Emperor]] Hadrian on the site of a previous [[List of ancient Thracian cities|Thracian settlement]] known as '''Uskadama, Uskudama''' or '''Uskodama''' or '''Uscudama''' . It was the capital of the [[Bessi]].<ref>The History of Rome, Volume 4 by Theodor Mommsen , 2009, page 53: "... defeated the Bessi in their mountains, took their capital Uscudama (Adrianople), and compelled them to submit to the Roman supremacy</ref> or of the [[Odrysians]]. Hadrian developed it, adorned it with monuments, changed its name to Hadrianopolis, and made it the capital of the [[Roman province]] of Haemimont, or Thrace. [[Licinius]] was defeated there by [[Constantine I]] in 323, and [[Valens]] was killed by the [[Goths]] in 378 during the [[Battle of Adrianople]] (378). In 813 the city was seized by [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Krum of Bulgaria]] who moved its inhabitants to the [[Bulgarian lands across the Danube|Bulgarian lands towards the north of the Danube]].

During the existence of the [[Latin Empire]] of Constantinople, the Crusaders were decisively defeated by the [[Bulgaria]]n Emperor [[Kaloyan]] in the [[battle of Adrianople (1205)]]. Later [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas|Theodore Komnenos]], [[Despot of Epirus]], took possession of it in 1227, and three years later was defeated at [[battle of Klokotnitsa|Klokotnitsa]] by [[Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria|Asen]], Emperor of the Bulgarians.

[[File:Decorative inscription in Ulu Mosque Edirne.jpg|thumb|150px|Symbolic inscription consisting of two "waw" letters on the walls of the Eski Cami (''Old Mosque'', also known as Ulu Cami, meaning ''Grand Mosque'') built between 1403 and 1414.<ref>[http://www.edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/eskicami.html Edirne: Eski Cami - Ulu Cami]</ref>]]

The date of the capture of the town by the Turks is discussed, the various years proposed by historians ranging from 1361 to 1371. From the reign of Ottoman Sultan [[Murad I]] to 1453, Edirne served as the capital city of the [[Ottoman Empire]], until the Ottoman [[Fall of Constantinople|conquest of Constantinople]] ([[Istanbul]]) which became the empire's new capital.

Under Ottoman rule Adrianople was the principal city of a vilayet (province) of the same name, both of which were later renamed as Edirne. Sultan [[Mehmed II]], the conqueror of [[Constantinople]], was born in Adrianople. It was here that he fell under the influence of some [[Hurufi]]s known as [[Certain accursed ones of no significance]], who were burnt as [[heretics]] by Mahmut Paşa.<ref>''The Bektashi Order of Dervishes'' by John Kingsley Birge, 1982 (p 60 - 62)</ref>

Sultan Mehmed IV left the palace in Constantinople and died in Edirne in 1693.

[[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], lived in Edirne from 1863 to 1868. He was exiled there by the Ottoman Empire before being banished further to the Ottoman penal colony in [[Acre, Israel|Akka]]. He referred to Edirne in his writings as the "Land of Mystery".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-80.html |title=Bahá'í Reference Library - The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Page 196 |publisher=Reference.bahai.org |date=2010-12-31 |accessdate=2011-07-30}}</ref>

[[File:Edirne 7349 Nevit.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Ottoman [[külliye]] and [[hospital]] built by [[Bayezid II]]]]

Edirne was a sanjak centre during the Ottoman period and was bound to, successively, the [[Rumelia Province, Ottoman Empire|Rumeli Eyalet]] and [[Silistra Province, Ottoman Empire|Silistre Eyalet]] before becoming a province centre at the beginning of the 19th century. Edirne Province comprised the sanjaks of Edirne, [[Tekirdağ|Tekfurdağı]], [[Gelibolu]], [[Filibe]] and [[Sliven|İslimye]] before 1878.

[[File:Edirne trakya university.jpg|thumb|right|The Entrance to the Railway Station bordering the [[Trakya University]] campus in Edirne]]
The subdivisions of the Edirne Province before 1878 were:<ref>[http://acikarsiv.ankara.edu.tr/fulltext/3066.pdf Organizational structure and subdivisions of the Edirne Province in 1876]{{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref>

* ''Sanjak of Edirne:'' Kazas of Edirne, [[Didymoteichon|Dimetoka]], [[Kırklareli|Kırkkilise]], [[Ormenio|Maa Çimren]] [[Svilengrad|Cisr-i Mustafa Paşa]], [[Uzunköprü|Cisr-i Ergene]], [[Babaeski|Babay-ı Atik]], [[Pınarhisar|Beykar Hisar]], Maa Hatunili-[[Elhovo|Kızılağaç]], [[Havsa]], [[Feres, Evros|Ferecik]].

* ''Sanjak of İslimye:'' Kazas of İslimye, [[Pomorie|Ahyolu]], [[Nesebar|Misivri]], [[Burgas|Burgaz]], [[Aytos|Aydos]], [[Karnobat|Karinabad]], [[Yambol|Yanbolu]] and [[Nova Zagora|Zağra-i Cedit]].

* ''Sanjak of Gelibolu:'' Kazas of Gelibolu, [[Komotini|Gümülcine]], [[Şarköy]], [[Enez]], Evreşe and [[Keşan]]. Gümülcine was a kaza of the Filibe sanjak at the beginning of the 19th century.

* ''Sanjak of Filibe:'' Kazas of Filibe, Pazarcık, [[Stara Zagora|Zagra-i Atik]], [[Haskovo|Hasköy]], [[Kazanlak|Kazanlı]], Çırpan, [[Smolyan|Ahiçelebi]], [[Momchilgrad|Sultanyeri]].

* ''Sanjak of Tekfurdağı:'' Kazas of Tekfurdağı, [[Vize]], [[Çorlu]], [[Lüleburgaz]], [[Malkara]], Midye, [[Hayrabolu]].

The subdivisions of the Edirne Province between 1878-1912 were:<ref>[http://alex.eled.duth.gr/Istoria/thrace_english/Thracee7_7.htm Thrace from the Congress Of Berlin till the Balkan Wars (1878-1912)]</ref>

* ''Sanjak of Edirne:'' Kazas of Edirne, Havsa, [[Didymoteichon|Dimetoka]], [[Svilengrad|Mustafapaşa]], [[Ivaylovgrad|Ortaköy]], [[Uzunköprü|Cisr-i Ergene]] and [[Kurdzhali|Kırcaali]].

* ''Sanjak of Kırkkilise:'' Kazas of Kırkkilise, [[Ahtopol|Ahtabolu]], [[Vize]], [[Kıyıköy|Midye]], [[Lüleburgaz]], [[Babaeski]] and [[Malko Turnovo|Tırnovacık]].

* ''Sanjak of Tekfurdağı:'' Kazas of Tekfurdağı, [[Çorlu]], [[Malkara]] and [[Hayrabolu]].

* ''Sanjak of Gelibolu:'' Kazas of Gelibolu, [[Eceabat|Eceovası]] (its center was Maydos and renamed as Eceabat in 1923), Mürefte, [[Şarköy]] and [[Keşan]].

* ''Sanjak of [[Alexandroupoli|Dedeağaç]]:'' Kazas of Dedeağaç, Enez and [[Soufli|Sofulu]].

* ''Sanjak of [[Komotini|Gümülcine]]:'' Kazas of Gümülcine, [[Xanthi|İskeçe]], [[Smolyan|Ahiçelebi]], [[Zlatograd|Darıdere]], [[Ardino|Eğridere]] and [[Momchilgrad|Sultanyeri]].

Edirne was briefly occupied by imperial Russian troops in 1829, during the [[Greek War of Independence]]; and in 1878, during the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878]]. The city suffered greatly in 1905 from a conflagration. In 1905 it had about 80,000 inhabitants, of whom 30,000 were Muslims (Turks and some Albanians, [[Roma (Romani subgroup)|Roma]] and Circassians); 22,000 Greeks; 10,000 Bulgarians; 4,000 Armenians; 12,000 Jews; and 2,000 more citizens of non-classifiable ethnic/religious backgrounds. Edirne was a vital fortress defending Ottoman [[Constantinople]] and [[Eastern Thrace]] during the [[Balkan Wars]] of 1912–13. It was briefly occupied by the Bulgarians in 1913, following the [[battle of Adrianople (1913)|Battle of Odrin]]; and by the Greeks between the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] in 1920 and the end of the [[Turkish War of Independence]] in 1922.

According to the 2007 census, [[Edirne Province]] had a population of 382,222 inhabitants. The city is a thriving center of commerce for woven textiles, silks, carpets and agricultural products.

{{Clear}}

==Ecclesiastical history==
[[File:Salimiye Masjid.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Selimiye Mosque]]]]
Adrianople was made the seat of a Greek metropolitan and of a Gregorian Armenian bishop, Adrianople is also the centre of a Bulgarian diocese, but not recognized and deprived of a bishop. The city also had some Protestants. The Latin Catholics, foreigners for the most part, and not numerous, were dependent of the vicariate-apostolic of Constantinople. At Adrianople itself were the parish of St. Anthony of Padua (Minors Conventual) and a school for girls conducted by the [[Sisters of Charity]] of [[Zagreb|Agram]]. In the suburb of [[Karaağaç]] were a church ([[Minor Conventuals]]), a school for boys (Assumptionists) and a school for girls (Oblates of the Assumption). Each of its mission stations, at [[Tekirdağ]] and [[Alexandroupoli]], had a school (Minor Conventuals), and there was one at [[Gallipoli]] (the Assumptionists).

Around 1850, from the standpoint of the Oriental Catholics, Adrianople was the residence of a Bulgarian [[vicar-apostolic]] for the 4,600 Uniats of the Ottoman vilayet (province) of Thrace and after 1878 - of the [[principality of Bulgaria]]. They had 18 parishes or missions, 6 of which were in the principality, with 20 churches or chapels, 31 priests, of whom 6 were Assumptionists and 6 were Resurrectionists; 11 schools with 670 pupils. In Adrianople itself were only a very few United Bulgarians, with an Episcopal church of St. Elias, and the churches of St. Demetrius and Sts. Cyril and Methodius. The last is served by the [[Resurrectionist Order|Resurrectionists]], who have also a college of 90 pupils. In the suburb of Karaağaç, the [[Assumptionists]] have a parish and a seminary with 50 pupils. Besides the Uniate Bulgarians, the above statistics included the Greek Catholic missions of Malgara (now Malkara) and Daoudili (now Davuteli village in Malkara), with 4 priests and 200 faithful, because from the civil point of view belonged to the [[Bulgarian Exarchate|Bulgarian Vicariate]].

Later however, the Roman Catholic diocese was discontinued, and exists only in name as a [[titular see|titular metropolitan archbishopric]], under the full name ''Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto'' to distinguish it from several other titular sees named Hadrianopolis.

==Climate==
Edirne has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: Cfa). with long, hot summers and cold and occasionally snowy winters.

{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Edirne
|Jan record high C= 20.5
|Feb record high C= 23.2
|Mar record high C= 28.0
|Apr record high C= 29.8
|May record high C= 35.3
|Jun record high C= 42.6
|Jul record high C= 44.1
|Aug record high C= 40.7
|Sep record high C= 37.8
|Oct record high C= 35.8
|Nov record high C= 28.0
|Dec record high C= 22.8
|Jan high C= 6.7
|Feb high C= 9.4
|Mar high C= 13.5
|Apr high C= 19.3
|May high C= 24.7
|Jun high C= 29.3
|Jul high C= 31.7
|Aug high C= 31.6
|Sep high C= 27.1
|Oct high C= 20.5
|Nov high C= 13.6
|Dec high C= 8.1
|Jan low C= -0.5
|Feb low C= 0.3
|Mar low C= 2.9
|Apr low C= 7.1
|May low C= 11.4
|Jun low C= 15.4
|Jul low C= 17.3
|Aug low C= 17.1
|Sep low C= 13.3
|Oct low C= 9.1
|Nov low C= 4.7
|Dec low C= 1.1
|Jan record low C= -19.0
|Feb record low C= -19.0
|Mar record low C= -12.0
|Apr record low C= -4.1
|May record low C= 0.7
|Jun record low C= 6.0
|Jul record low C= 9.3
|Aug record low C= 9.4
|Sep record low C= 4.2
|Oct record low C= -3.7
|Nov record low C= -6.6
|Dec record low C= -13.4
|Jan precipitation mm = 53.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 48.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 50.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 45.3
|May precipitation mm = 53.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 39.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 34.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 26.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 38.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 52.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 69.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 63.8
|Jan rain days= 11.5
|Feb rain days= 8.1
|Mar rain days= 9.3
|Apr rain days= 10.3
|May rain days= 10.0
|Jun rain days= 8.0
|Jul rain days= 5.5
|Aug rain days= 4.8
|Sep rain days= 4.9
|Oct rain days= 7.1
|Nov rain days= 10.4
|Dec rain days= 12.9
|Jan sun= 74.4
|Feb sun= 103.6
|Mar sun= 142.6
|Apr sun= 192.0
|May sun= 263.5
|Jun sun= 294.0
|Jul sun= 328.6
|Aug sun= 310.0
|Sep sun= 234.0
|Oct sun= 161.2
|Nov sun= 99.0
|Dec sun= 68.2
|source 1= Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=EDIRNE |title=İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü |publisher=Dmi.gov.tr |date= |accessdate=2011-07-30}}</ref>
|date= February 2011
}}

==Culture, sites and partnership with Europe==

[[File:Edirne belediyesi.JPG|thumb|the Edirne Municipality building]]

Situated near the Greek (7 km) and Bulgarian (20 km) borders, this city is famed for its many mosques, domes and minarets. Adrianople contains the ruins of the ancient palace of the Ottoman Sultans and the [[Selimiye Mosque (Edirne)|Selimiye Mosque]], one of the most important monuments in this ancient province; built in 1575 and designed by Turkey's greatest master architect, [[Mimar Sinan]], it has the highest [[minaret]]s in Turkey, at 70.9 meters and a cupola three or four feet higher than that of Hagia Sophia Mosque in Istanbul. Carrying the name of the then reigning the Ottoman Sultan [[Selim II]], this mosque represents Turkish marble handicrafts and it is covered with valuable tiles and fine paintings.

Another notable building is the [[Trakya University]]'s [[Bayezid II Külliye Health Museum]], an important monument with its complex construction comprising many facilities used in those times.

Besides the mosques, there are different sites to be visited in Edirne, all reflecting its rich past. The most prominent place being the Edirne Palace, which was the "Palace of the Empire" built during the reign of [[Murad II]]. There are caravansaries, like the Rustem Pasha and Ekmekcioglu Ahmet Pasha caravansaries, which were designed to host travelers, in the 16th century.

A cultural partnership with [[Lörrach]] in [[Germany]] has been started in 2006. The goal is to exchange pupils and students to improve their cultural skills and understanding.

==Festivals==
[[File:Yagli gures1.jpg|thumb|Oil-wrestling at Kırkpınar]]

Edirne is home to the traditional [[oil-wrestling]] tournament called [[Kırkpınar]]. Held every year in June, it is said{{by whom|date=January 2012}} to be the oldest active sport organization after the [[Olympic Games]] that were refounded only after centuries of inactivity.

Another international festival in Edirne is [[Kakava#Kakava in Turkey|Kakava]], a celebration of [[Romani people]] held on May 5 each year.

==Economy==
Edirne's economy largely depends on agriculture. 73% of the working population work in agriculture, fishing, forests, hunting. There are lots of things that are cultivated here. Its lowlands are productive. The field crop cultivation has developed so much here. Corn, sugarbeet and sunflower are the first. Melon, watermelon and viniculture are advanced. For the last decade, the agricultural products have doubled. Corn, rice, sunflower, sugarbeet, tomato, eggplant, melon, watermelon, grape are cultivated so much.

The through highway with an important role in global transport that connects Europe to Middle East and Anatolian to Istanbul passes through Edirne.

Also, the existence of many historical and natural touristic places and events lead the fact that tourism has become a leading component of the economic growth of the city in recent years.

Industry has also been developing. Agriculture-based industries (agro-industries) are especially important for the city's economy.

{{Expand section|date=June 2007}}

==Education==
[[File:TrakyaUNI6.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Trakya University]] Congress Center]]

* [[Trakya University]] linked with [[Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University Loerrach|Loerrach University]] through the [[Erasmus programme]] of the [[EU]]
* [http://erasmus.trakya.edu.tr./about_university.html Website Trakya University Edirne]
* [http://www.ba-loerrach.de/index.php?id=2&L=3 University of Cooperative Education Loerrach]

===High Schools===
* [[Beykent Educational Institutions]]
* 80th Year of Republic Anatolian High School (80. Yıl Cumhuriyet Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne Anatolian Technical High School (Edirne Anadolu Teknik Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne High School (Anatolian High School) (Edirne Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne Yildirim Anatolian High School (Edirne Anadolu Lisesi - Yıldırım Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne Anatolian Teacher Training High School (Edirne Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne Suleyman Demirel Science & Maths High School (Edirne Fen Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne İlhami Ertem High School(Edirne İlhami Ertem Lİsesi in Turkish)
* Edirne Milli Piyango Trade Profession High School( Edirne Milli Piyango Ticaret Meslek Lisesi)
* Edirne Beykent High School of Science (Özel Edirne Beykent Fen Lisesi)
* Edirne Beykent High School of Anatolian (Özel Edirne Beykent Anadolu Lisesi)
* Edirne Industrial Vocational High School (Edirne Endüstri Meslek Lisesi in Turkish)

==Twin cities==

* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Yambol]], [[Bulgaria]]
* {{flagicon|Republic of Kosovo}} [[Prizren]], [[Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo]]{{efn|name=status}}
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Alexandroupolis]], [[Greece]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Edirne_mosque_outside.jpg
Image:Salimiye's beauty and grandeur.jpg
Image:Stained glass in Selimiye Mosque.jpg
Image:Interior_of_Old_Mosque_in_Edirne.jpg
Image:Edirne_tower.jpg
Image:Adalet_Tower_in_Edirne,_Turkey.jpg
Image:Edirne_7341_Nevit.JPG
Image:Edirne_7342_Nevit.JPG
Image:Edirne_sultan%27s_bridge.jpg
Image:Edirne_Graveyard_7345_Nevit.JPG
File:Sts._Constantine_and_Helen_Church_(Edirne),_Front.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Adrianople (disambiguation)|List of battles of Adrianople]]

== Notes and references ==

'''Notes:'''
{{notes
| notes =

{{efn
| name = status
| {{Kosovo-note}}
}}

}}

'''References:''' {{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Adrianople (city)|Edirne}}
{{Commons|Edirne}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [http://www.turkey.st/edirne/ About Edirne]
* [http://www.e-turkey.net/v/edirne_city/ Photographs and information about Edirne, Turkey guide]
* [http://www.edirne.web.tr Edirne Web Portal]
* [http://www.edirneliyiz.biz Edirne Directory]
* [http://www.gcatholic.com/dioceses/data/titH.htm#t0062 GigaCatholic]
* [http://www.turkeyforecast.com/weather/edirne/ Edirne Weather Forecast Information]
* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/edirne_turkey Over 600 pictures of the town and monuments]
* [http://travel.webshots.com/album/578210292gVJFVa Photos of Edirne in Webshots]
* [http://travel.webshots.com/album/578206512HssljQ Edirne Synagogue or the ruins of it]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/eden/themes-destinations/countries/turkey/edirne/index_en.htm Awarded "EDEN - European Destinations of Excellence" non traditional tourist destination 2008]

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Edirne}}

{{Coord|41|40|N|26|34|E|type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Edirne| ]]
[[Category:Jewish communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Roman legions' camps in the Balkans]]
[[Category:Titular sees in Europe]]

[[af:Edirne]]
[[als:Edirne]]
[[ar:أدرنة]]
[[an:Andrianoplin]]
[[az:Ədirnə]]
[[be:Горад Эдзірне]]
[[be-x-old:Эдзірнэ]]
[[bg:Одрин]]
[[bs:Edirne]]
[[br:Edirne]]
[[ca:Edirne]]
[[cs:Edirne]]
[[cy:Edirne]]
[[da:Edirne (by)]]
[[de:Edirne]]
[[et:Edirne]]
[[el:Αδριανούπολη]]
[[es:Edirne]]
[[eo:Edirne]]
[[eu:Edirne]]
[[fa:ادرنه]]
[[fr:Édirne]]
[[gag:Edirnä]]
[[gl:Edirne]]
[[ko:에디르네]]
[[hy:Ադրիանուպոլիս]]
[[hr:Drinopolje]]
[[id:Edirne]]
[[os:Эдирне]]
[[it:Edirne]]
[[he:אדירנה]]
[[ka:ედირნე (ქალაქი)]]
[[kk:Эдирне]]
[[rw:Edirne]]
[[sw:Edirne]]
[[mrj:Эдирне]]
[[lad:Edirne]]
[[la:Hadrianopolis]]
[[lv:Edirne]]
[[lt:Edirnė]]
[[hu:Edirne (település)]]
[[mk:Едрене]]
[[ms:Edirne]]
[[my:အီဒါးနီမြို့]]
[[nl:Edirne (stad)]]
[[ja:エディルネ]]
[[no:Edirne]]
[[nn:Edirne]]
[[oc:Andrinòple]]
[[pnb:ادرنہ]]
[[pl:Edirne]]
[[pt:Edirne]]
[[ro:Edirne]]
[[ru:Эдирне]]
[[scn:Edirne]]
[[sk:Edirne]]
[[sl:Edirne]]
[[sr:Једрене]]
[[sh:Jedrene]]
[[fi:Edirne]]
[[sv:Edirne]]
[[th:เอดีร์เน]]
[[tr:Edirne]]
[[udm:Эдирне]]
[[uk:Едірне]]
[[ur:ادرنہ]]
[[vi:Edirne]]
[[war:Edirne]]
[[zh:埃迪爾內]]

Edinho Baiano

2013-01-29T21:18:43Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding pt:Edinho Baiano

{{Infobox football biography
|name=Edinho Baiano
|image=
|fullname=Édson Manoel do Nascimento
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1967|7|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Caruaru]], [[Brazil]]
|death_date=
|height={{height|m=1.80}}
|position=[[Defender (football)|Defender]] (retired)
|currentclub=
|clubnumber=
|youthyears1=
|youthclubs1=
| years1 = 1988-1990 | years2 = 1991 | years3 = 1992-1993 | years4 = 1994-1997 | years5 = 1998 | years6 = 1999 | years7 = 2000 | years8 = 2001-2003 | years9 = 2004 | years10 = 2004 | years11 =2005
| clubs1 = [[EC Vitória|Vitória]] | clubs2 = [[Joinville EC|Joinville]] | clubs3 = [[SE Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] | clubs4 = [[Paraná Clube|Paraná]] | clubs5 = [[Clube Atlético Paranaense|Atlético Paranaense]] | clubs6 = [[EC Vitória|Vitória]] | clubs7 = [[Kyoto Sanga F.C.|Kyoto Purple Sanga]] | clubs8 = [[Coritiba FC|Coritiba]] | clubs9 = [[Avaí FC|Avaí]] | clubs10 = [[Londrina EC|Londrina]] | clubs11 =[[AA Portuguesa Santista|Portuguesa Santista]]
|caps1= | goals1 = | caps2 = | goals2 = | caps3 = | goals3 = | caps4 = | goals4 = | caps5 = | goals5 = | caps6 = | goals6 = | caps7 = | goals7 = | caps8 = | goals8 = | caps9 = | goals9 = | caps10 = | goals10 = | caps11 = | goals11 =
|nationalyears1=
|nationalteam1=
|manageryears1=
|managerclubs1=
}}
'''Edinho Baiano''' (born 27 July 1967) is a former [[Brazil]]ian [[Association football|footballer]].

==Club statistics==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=3 | Club performance
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
! Season
! Club
! League
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
|-
! colspan=3 |Japan
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | [[Emperor's Cup]]
! colspan=2 | [[J. League Cup]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|2000||[[Kyoto Sanga F.C.|Kyoto Purple Sanga]]||[[J. League Division 1|J. League 1]]||24||0||1||0||6||1||31||1
|-
!rowspan=1| Country !!colspan=2| Japan
!24||0||1||0||6||1||31||1
|-
!colspan=3|Total
!24||0||1||0||6||1||31||1
|}

==References==
*[http://sports.geocities.jp/kyotosangadc/edinho.htm]
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Baiano, Edinho
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Brazilian footballer and manager
| DATE OF BIRTH = 27 July 1967
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Caruaru]], [[Brazil]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baiano, Edinho}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Brazilian footballers]]

{{brazil-footy-defender-1960s-stub}}

[[hif:Edinho Baiano]]
[[fr:Edinho Baiano]]
[[nl:Edinho Baiano]]
[[ja:エジーニョ・バイアーノ]]
[[pt:Edinho Baiano]]
[[simple:Edinho Baiano]]

Edgton

2013-01-29T21:09:23Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding cy:Edgton

{{infobox UK place
| official_name = Edgton
| latitude = 52.46688
| longitude = -2.90384
| os_grid_reference = SO3869485822
| country = England
| region = West Midlands
| constituency_westminster = [[South Shropshire (UK Parliament constituency)|South Shropshire]]
| shire_district = [[South Shropshire]]
| shire_county = [[Shropshire]]
}}
[[File:Half-timbered houses in Edgton - geograph.org.uk - 652585.jpg|thumb|Half-timbered houses in Edgton.]]
'''Edgton''' is a small village and [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Shropshire]], [[England]].<ref name="VoB unit history" /> It is also an ecclesiastical parish and a chapelry.<ref name="VoB unit history">{{cite web|title=Unit History|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10353439&c_id=10001043|work=Vision of Britain}}</ref> In recent years, Edgton was combined with the parish of Lydbury North.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Shropshire Parish profiles, 2001 census|url=http://www.shropshire.gov.uk/factsfigures.nsf/viewAttachments/SGAK-8QNEEN/$file/2001PROFILESSPAR.htm|work=Shropshire council|accessdate=17 March 2012}}</ref> It lies in a rather remote and very rural area, south of the [[River Onny]].<ref name="Edgton Village web" /> The nearest [[market town]]s are [[Bishop's Castle]], [[Craven Arms]], [[Clun]] and [[Church Stretton]], while the village of [[Lydbury North]] lies a few miles to the west.<ref name="VoB unit history" /> It is located 4 miles West of Craven Arms and is positioned on the stagecoach route from London to Bishop's Castle.<ref name="Edgton Village web">{{cite web|title=Edgton Village|url=http://www.edgton.com/|accessdate=1 March 2012}}</ref>

==The Village==
The village of Edgton contains 3 farms and approximately 20 dwellings.<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> It has very few services as the school (built in 1872), the shop and the village public house were all closed down.<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> The school is currently used as a pottery.<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> The village is fairly compact as it is centred around the 3 farms and the church.<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> Edgton is home to St Michael’s church which was established in the early 13th century.<ref name="St Michael's Church" /> It was rebuilt in 1985-6 and is now a grade II listed building.<ref name="St Michael's Church">{{cite web|title=Church of St Michael|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-257629-church-of-st-michael-edgton|work=British Listed Buildings|accessdate=1 March 2012}}</ref> Before the church was renovated it had fallen into a state of disrepair. Reverend Jones spent £250 of his own money on the repairs and £50 was contributed from the Ecclesiastical Commission.<ref name="edgton conservation report">{{cite web|title=Edgton Conservation Area|url=http://www.edgton.com/images/stories/downloads/18edgton-dec-1993.pdf|work=South Shropshire District Council|accessdate=1 March 2012}}</ref> It is a small and intimate church, containing traditional carved box pews and a recently renovated [[chamber organ]].<ref name="St Michael's Church of England">{{cite web|title=St Michael's Church of England|url=http://www.achurchnearyou.com/edgton-st-michael/|work=The Church of England|accessdate=1 March 2012}}</ref> Instead of a [[Parish councils in England|parish council]] it has a [[parish meeting]];<ref>[http://www.shropshire.gov.uk/communityworking.nsf/viewAttachments/FHAL-7X2EMM/$file/local-joint-committee-19-map.jpg Shropshire Council] Map of Local Joint Committee 19</ref> this is due to the very small population of the parish. Edgton is believed to mean a “settlement on a hill with an edge or brow”.<ref name="edgton conservation report" />
[[File:St. Michael's church, Edgton, Shropshire - geograph.org.uk - 652584.jpg|thumb|St Michael's Church and the Pottery in Edgton]]

==History==
Edgton was part of Clun registration district, Clun and Bishops Castle registration district, Lydbury registration sub-district and Purslow hundred ancient district.<ref name="VoB unit history" /> Edgton used to belong to the ancient monastery of Wenlock Priory.<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> The Reverend Humphrey Sandford bought Edgton in 1812 for £235, so this is when it became a state parish.<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> At the edge of the village there is the Saxon church, which in the past allowed travellers to rest at night without disturbing the residents.<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> There is a road which runs nearby the village at Edgton Cross, which has a 19th century milestone showing that London is 154 miles away and that Bishop’s Castle is 5 miles away.<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> There are many milestones along this road, which suggests that it was an important access route in the past.<ref name="edgton conservation report" />

==Conservation Area==
On the 16th December 1993, the central part of Edgton was designated a [[conservation area]].<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> Edgton is located within the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> The area is made up of a large amount of woodland and arable and pasture land.<ref name="edgton conservation report" /> The natural features of the village such as the mature trees, hedges, stone walls and historic boundaries are very important and need to be preserved.<ref name="edgton conservation report" />

The following buildings and landmarks are regarded as monuments in the Edgton Conservation Area:<ref name="edgton conservation report" />
*The Church of St Michael
*The Sundial 2m south west of Church of St Michael
*The pedestal tomb 6m south west of Church of St Michael
*Manor Farmhouse
*Church Farmhouse (former malt house)
*The Barn 5m south east of church Farmhouse
*The Cowhouse 10m south west of Church Farmhouse
*The House on the Green (a 1 storey cottage)
*Edgton Farmhouse
*Villa Farmhouse
*Lower House Farmhouse and attached cowhouse

Almost all of these places are [[Grade II listed]] to help to protect them.<ref name="edgton conservation report" />

==Occupational Structure==
[[File:1831 occupational data Edgton.jpg|thumb|none|A pie chart showing occupational data|400px]]
This pie chart shows the occupational structure of Edgton in 1831. It clearly shows that over half of the population at this time worked as agricultural labourers.<ref name="VOB historical statistics industry">{{cite web|title=Historical Statistics - Industry|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_IND&data_cube=N_OCC_PAR1831&u_id=10353439&c_id=10001043&add=Y|work=Vision of Britain|accessdate=14 March 2012}}</ref> 24% of the population worked in retail and handicrafts.<ref name="VOB historical statistics industry" /> 15% of the population worked as farmers and the other 7% worked in labour.<ref name="VOB historical statistics industry" /> There were no Professionals or Capitalists in the parish at this time.<ref name="VOB historical statistics industry" />

==Demographics==
[[File:Edgton population change graph.jpg|thumb|none|A bar chart showing the population change in Edgton|600px]]
This graph shows that in 1801, Edgton had a population of 188.<ref name="Population stats VoB">{{cite web|title=Historical Statistics - Population|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10353439&c_id=10001043&add=N|work=Vision of Britain|accessdate=17 March 2012}}</ref> This gradually increased each year until 1831, when the population reached its highest with 232 people.<ref name="Population stats VoB" /> The population then begins to decrease, however, there is an increase in people from 1851 to 1881 from 191 people to 223 people.<ref name="Population stats VoB" /> There is a large decrease in the population between 1891 and 1901.<ref name="Population stats VoB" /> The population drops from 185 to 134, which is a loss of 51 people.<ref name="Population stats VoB" /> From 1911, the population of Edgton continues to decrease until there are only 86 people in 1961.<ref name="Population stats VoB" /> Overall, the population has decreased significantly from 1801 to 1961.<ref name="Population stats VoB" /> This indicates that many people wanted to move away from the rural village.<ref name="Population stats VoB" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category inline|Edgton}}

{{shropshire}}

[[Category:Civil parishes in Shropshire]]
[[Category:Villages in Shropshire]]

[[cy:Edgton]]
[[pl:Edgton]]

Eddystone Rocks

2013-01-29T20:46:13Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding hu:Eddystone világítótorony

{{otheruses|Eddystone Rock, Falklands Islands|Eddystone}}
[[File:Eddystonelighthouse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Eddystone, with current lighthouse and stub of previous tower]]
The '''Eddystone''', or the '''Eddystone Rocks''', are a seaswept group of rocks situated some 9 statute miles (14 kilometres) south west of [[Rame Head]] in [[Cornwall]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]. Formerly a treacherous hazard in the approaches to the [[English Channel]] and the port city of [[Plymouth]], the rocks have played host to four iterations of the [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], and are still home to the current [[lighthouse]] and the stub of its immediate predecessor.<ref name=osinfo>{{cite web | title = Get A Map | url = http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=g&gazString=SX3830333632 | publisher = [[Ordnance Survey]] | accessdate = September 6, 2006 }} View at 1:50000 scale.</ref><ref name=thinfo>{{cite web | title = Eddystone Lighthouse | url = http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/interactive/gallery/eddystone.html | publisher = [[Trinity House]] | accessdate = September 6, 2006 }}</ref>

Although the nearest point on the mainland to the Eddystone is in Cornwall, the rocks fall within the city limits of Plymouth, and hence within the county of [[Devon]].<ref name="osinfo"/>

There have been four lighthouses on the Eddystone Rocks. Winstanley (two versions; the second however just replaced the top of the structure), Rudyard, Smeaton and finally the Douglass Lighthouse which is the present one. When the Douglass Lighthouse was completed the people of Plymouth, grateful for the countless lives which had been saved since the introduction of the lighthouses, paid for the dismantling and reassembly of the Smeaton Lighthouse from the red rocks of Eddystone to Plymouth Hoe where it is a popular tourist attraction today.

A traditional sea-shanty "The Eddystone Light" chronicles a fictional encounter between the lighthouse keeper and a mermaid, and has been recorded by [[The Seekers]], [[the Weavers]], and [[Peter Paul and Mary]]

==Geology==
Eddystone rock is something of an anomaly in the geology of the [[Cornubian batholith|South West region]]; it is composed of [[Garnet|garnetiferous]] [[gneiss]]ic rock which is part of considerable underwater outcrop of [[mica]]-[[schist]]s and [[granite|granitoid]] gneisses which have not been found elsewhere in [[South West England]]. Isotopic ages suggest that the last period of deformation was during the end of the Devonian, but their highly metamorphosed state indicates they likely have an older ancestry, a relic of earlier [[orogeny|tectonic activity]], probably of [[Precambrian]] age.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dewey, Henry, et al.|title=British Regional Geology, South-West England|year=1975|publisher=British Geological Survey|isbn=0-11-880713-7}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{coord|50|10.80|N|04|15.90|W|region:GB_type:isle|display=title}}

[[Category:Islands of Devon]]
[[Category:Islands of the English Channel]]
[[Category:Underwater diving sites in the United Kingdom]]

{{Devon-geo-stub}}

[[hu:Eddystone világítótorony]]
[[nn:Eddystone Rocks]]
[[sv:Eddystone]]

Economic restructuring

2013-01-29T19:54:47Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding ja:産業構造の転換

'''Economic [[restructuring]]''' refers to the phenomenon of Western [[urban areas]] shifting from a [[manufacturing]] to a [[service sector]] economic base. This transformation has affected demographics including [[income]] distribution, [[employment]], and [[social hierarchy]]; institutional arrangements including the growth of the [[corporate]] complex, specialized producer services, capital mobility, [[informal economy]], nonstandard work, and public outlays; as well as geographic spacing including the rise of [[world cities]], [[spatial mismatch]], and metropolitan growth differentials.<ref>Sassen 1990, Noyelle & Stanback 1984, Logan & Swanstrom 1990, Musterd & Ostendorf 1998, Kalleberg 2000 and Katz 1997</ref>

==Demographic impact==
As cities experience a loss of manufacturing jobs and growth of services, sociologist [[Saskia Sassen]] affirms that a widening of the social hierarchy occurs where high-level, high-income, salaried professional jobs expands in the service industries alongside a greater incidence of low-wage, low-skilled jobs, usually filled by immigrants and minorities.<ref name="Sassen 1990">Sassen 1990</ref> A "missing middle" eventually develops in the wage structure.<ref name="Musterd & Ostendorf 1998">Musterd & Ostendorf 1998</ref> Several effects of this [[social polarization]] include the increasing concentration of the poor, blacks, and Hispanics in large U.S. cities and distinct social forms such as the [[underclass]], [[informal economy]], and entrepreneurial immigrant communities.<ref name="Sassen 1990"/> In addition, the declining manufacturing sector leaves behind strained blue-collared workers who endure chronic [[unemployment]], economic insecurity, and [[stagnation]] due to the global economy's [[capital flight]].<ref name="Logan & Swanstrom 1990">Logan & Swanstrom 1990</ref> Wages and unionization rates for manufacturing jobs also decline. One other qualitative dimension involves the [[feminization]] of the job supply as more and more women enter the labor force usually in the service sector.<ref name="Sassen economic restructuring">{{cite|author= Sassen, Saskia|title=Economic Restructuring and the American City|publisher=Annual Review of Sociology|year=1990}}</ref>

Both costs and benefits are associated with economic restructuring. Greater efficiency, job creation, [[gentrification]], and enhanced national competitiveness are associated with [[social exclusion]] and inclusion.<ref name="Logan & Swanstrom 1990"/> The low-skilled, low-income population faces the loss of opportunities, full participation in society, lack of access in labor market and school, weak position in housing markets, limited political participation, and restricted social-cultural integration. Conversely, high-skilled, high-income professionals enjoy social inclusion with modern amenities, conveniences, social participation, and full access to public resources.<ref name="Musterd & Ostendorf 1998"/>

Furthermore, sociologist [[William Julius Wilson]] argues that the [[deindustrialization]] of manufacturing employment have exacerbated joblessness in the poor black community correlating with a rise in single-mother households, high premature mortality rates, and increasing [[incarceration]] rates among black males. With privileged African Americans gaining professional [[upward mobility]] through [[affirmative action]] and [[equal opportunity]] sanctions in [[education]] and [[employment]], the less-skilled, less-educated African Americans fall behind. This creates a growing economic class division within the black community accentuated by global economic restructuring without government response to the disadvantaged. Furthermore, Wilson asserts that as the black [[middle class]] leave the predominantly black [[inner city]] neighborhoods, informal employment information networks are eroded. This isolates poor, inner city residents from the labor market compouding the concentration of poverty, welfare dependency, rise of unemployment, and physical isolation in these areas.<ref name="Wilson Declining Race">{{cite|author= Wilson, William J.|title=The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1980}}</ref><ref name="Wilson Truly Disadvantaged">{{cite|author= Wilson, William J.|title=The Truly Disadvantaged: the Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1987}}</ref>

City youth are also affected such as in New York City. The declines in education, health care, and social services and the dearth of jobs for those with limited education and training along with the decay of public environments for outdoor play and recreation have all contributed to fewer autonomous outdoor play or "hanging out" places for young people. This in turn affects their gross motor development, cultural build-up, and identity construction. Children become prisoners of home relying on television and other outlets for companionship. Contemporary urban environments restricts the opportunities for children to forge and negotiate peer culture or acquire necessary social skills. Overall, their ecologies have eroded in recent years brought about by global restructuring.<ref name="Katz City Youth">{{cite|author= Katz, indi|title=Disintegrating Developments: Global Economic Restructuring and the Eroding of Ecologies of Youth|publisher=Routledge|year=1997}}</ref>

==Institutional arrangements==
When the [[1973 oil crisis]] affected the world capitalist economy, economic restructuring was used to remedy the situation by geographically redistributing production, consumption, and residences.
City economies across the globe moved from goods-producing to service-producing outlets.
Breakthroughs in transportation and communications made industrial capital much more mobile. Soon, a quaternary or producer services emerged as a fourth basic [[economic sector]] where routine low-wage service employment moved to low-cost sites and advanced corporate services centralized in cities.<ref name="Logan & Swanstrom 1990"/> These technological upheavals brought about changes in institutional arrangements with the prominence of large corporations, allied business and financial services, nonprofit and public sector enterprises. [[Global cities]] such as New York and London become centers for international finance and headquarters for [[multinational corporations]] offering cross currency exchange services as well as buildup of foreign banking and trading. Other cities become regional headquarter centers of low-wage manufacturing. In all these urban areas the corporate complex grows offering banking, insurance, advertising, legal council, and other service functions. Economic restructuring allows markets to expand in size and capacity from regional to national to international scopes.<ref name="Noyelle City Transformation">{{cite|author= Noyelle, Thierry J. and Stanback, Thomas M., Jr.|title=The Economic Transformation of American Cities|publisher=Rowman & Allanheld Publishers|year=1984}}</ref>

Altogether, these institutional arrangements buttressed by improved technology reflect the interconnectedness and internationalization of firms and economic processes. Consequently, capital, goods, and people rapidly flow across borders.<ref name="Musterd & Ostendorf 1998"/> Where the mode of regulation began with [[Fordism]] and [[Taylorization]] in the [[industrial age]] then to [[mass consumption]] of [[Keynesian economics]] policies, it evolves to differentiated and specialized consumption through international competition.<ref name="Logan & Swanstrom 1990"/> Additionally, in the labor market, nonstandard work arrangements develop in the form of part-time work, temporary agency and contract company employment, short-term employment, [[contingent work]], and independent contracting. Global economic changes and technological improvements in communications and information systems encouraged competitive organizations to specialize in production easily and assemble temporary workers quickly for specific projects. Thus, the norm of standard, steady employment unravels beginning in the mid-1970s.<ref name="Musterd Urban Segregation">{{cite|author= Musterd, Sako and Ostendorf, Wim|title=Urban Segregation and the Welfare State: Inequality and Exclusion in Western Cities|publisher=Routledge|year=1998}}</ref><ref name="Kalleberg Nonstandard Work">{{cite|author= Kalleberg, Arne L.|title=Nonstandard Employment Relations: Part-time, Temporary, and Contract Work|publisher=Annual Review of Sociology|year=2000}}</ref>

Another shift in institutional arrangement involves public resources. As economic restructuring encourages high-technology service and knowledge-based economies, massive public de-investment results. Across many parts of the U.S. and the industrialized Western nations, steep declines in public outlays occur in housing, schools, social welfare, education, job training, job creation, child care, recreation, and open space. To remedy these cutbacks, [[privatization]] is installed as a suitable measure. Though it leads to some improvements in service production, privatization leads to less public accountability and greater unevenness in the distribution of resources.<ref>Katz 1997</ref> With this reform in privatizing public services, [[neoliberalism]] has become the ideological platform of economic restructuring. Free market economic theory has dismantled Keynesian and collectivists’ strategies and promoted the [[Reaganomics|Reagan]] and [[Thatcherism|Thatcher]] politics of the 1980s. Soon free trade, flexible labor, and capital flight are used from [[Washington D.C.]] to London to Moscow.<ref>Peck & Tickell 2002</ref> Moreover, economic restructuring requires [[decentralization]] as states hand down power to local governments. Where the federal government focuses on mainly warfare-welfare concerns, local governments focus on productivity. Urban policy reflects this market-oriented shift from once supporting government functions to now endorsing businesses.<ref name="Peck Neoliberalism">{{cite|author= Peck, Jamie and Tickell, Adam|title=The Urbanization of Neoliberalism: Theoretical Debates Neoliberalizing Space|publisher=Antipode|year=2002}}</ref><ref name="Logan City Limits">{{cite|author= Logan, John R. and Swanstrom, Todd|title=Beyond City Limits: Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1990}}</ref>

==Geographic impact==
Urban landscapes especially in the U.S. have significantly altered in response to economic restructuring. Cities such as Baltimore, Detroit, St. Louis and others face population losses which result in thousands of abandoned homes, unused buildings, and vacant lots, contributing to [[urban decay]]. Such transformations frustrate [[urban planning]] and revitalization, fostering deviance in the forms of drug-related activity and vagrancy.<ref>Cohen 2001</ref> Older, compact, industrial U.S. cities have been rendered obsolete. Urban spaces become playgrounds for the urban gentry, wastelands for low-paid service workers, and denizens for the [[underground economy]]. In some areas, [[gentrification]] projects have caused displacement of poverty-stricken residents.<ref name="Logan & Swanstrom 1990"/> [[Sunbelt]] cities such as [[Miami]] and [[Atlanta]] rise to become key business centers while Snowbelt cities such as [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] and Youngstown decline.<ref name="Noyelle & Stanback 1984">Noyelle & Stanback 1984</ref> Even housing markets respond to economic restructuring with decaying housing stocks, escalating housing prices, depleting tax base, changes in financing, and reduction in federal support for housing. Soon, spatial divisions among wealthy and poor households exacerbate.<ref name="Sassen 1990"/> Moreover, with the movement of blue-collared employment from central cities, geographically entrenched housing discrimination, and suburban land use policy, African American youths in inner cities become victims of [[spatial mismatch]], where their residences provide only weak and negative employment growth and they usually lack access to intrametropolitan mobility.<ref>Raphael 1998</ref> High-order services, an expanding sector in the industrialized world, become spatially concentrated in a relative small number of large metropolitan areas, particularly in suburban office agglomerations.<ref name="Cohen Abandoned Houses">{{cite|author= Cohen, James R.|title=Abandoned Housing: Exploring Lessons from Baltimore|publisher=Housing Policy Debate|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="Raphael Spatial Mismatch">{{cite|author= Raphael, Steven|title=The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis and Black Youth Joblessness|publisher=Journal of Urban Economics|year=1998}}</ref><ref name="Coffey Intrametropolitan">{{cite|author= Coffey, William J.; Drolet, Rejean and Polese, Mario|title=The Intrametropolitan Location of High Order Services|publisher=Papers in Regional Science|year=1996}}</ref>

==Meaning==
In cultural terms, economic restructuring has been associated with [[postmodernity]] as its counterpart concerning flexible accumulation. Additionally, the term carries with it three core themes: historical, radical rupture into post-industrial economic order; priority of economic forces over social/political forces; and structure over agency where the process is independent of human will, as it takes place according to economic logic (Logan & Swanstrom 1990). In addition, economic restructuring demonstrates the increasing complex and human-capital intensive modern society in Western nations.<ref name="Noyelle & Stanback 1984"/>

==See also==
* [[Manufacturing]]
* [[Service sector]]
* [[Global city]]
* [[Spatial mismatch]]
* [[Informal economy]]
* [[Capital flight]]
* [[Gentrification]]
* [[Social exclusion]]
* [[Upward mobility]]
* [[Suburbanization]]
* [[Social hierarchy]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Economic Restructuring}}
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Demography]]
[[Category:Geography]]

[[et:Majanduse restruktureerimine]]
[[ja:産業構造の転換]]

Eaton-under-Heywood

2013-01-29T19:01:22Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding cy:Eaton-under-Heywood

{{Coord|52.506|-2.74|region:GB_type:city|display=title}}
[[File:Eaton under Heywood 2012.JPG|thumb|right|Eaton with [[Wenlock Edge]] behind.]]
'''Eaton-under-Heywood''' is a [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Shropshire]], [[England]].

It is named after the small village of '''Eaton''', which lies under [[Wenlock Edge]] and the woods along it. The village is also known as Eaton-under-Heywood (to distinguish it from the other places called Eaton) and the parish/village is sometimes spelt as '''Eaton-under-Haywood'''.

A path, which is a [[public right of way]], leads straight up the Edge from the village. It is called [[Jacob's Ladder]]. There is also a [[bridleway]] up the Edge from Eaton.

The village of [[Ticklerton]] and the hamlets of [[Birtley, Shropshire|Birtley]], [[Harton, Shropshire|Harton]], [[Hatton, Shropshire|Hatton]], [[Soudley, Shropshire|Soudley]] and [[Wolverton, Shropshire|Wolverton]] are in the parish. The nearest town is [[Church Stretton]].

The historic [[parish church]] here is St Edith's.

A little over a mile to the south are the earthwork remains of '''Middlehope Castle''', a motte and bailey which was probably left unfinished.

==See also==
*[[St Edith's Church, Eaton-under-Heywood]]
*[[Simon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood]]

{{shropshire}}
{{Shropshire-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Civil parishes in Shropshire]]
[[Category:Villages in Shropshire]]

[[cy:Eaton-under-Heywood]]
[[pl:Eaton-under-Heywood]]

Eaton Constantine

2013-01-29T19:01:13Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding cy:Eaton Constantine

{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
{{Coord|52.652|-2.597|display=title|region:GB_scale:10000}}

[[File:Eaton Constantine with The Wrekin nearby. - geograph.org.uk - 711868.jpg|thumb|240px|Eaton Constantine, with The Wrekin in the distance.]]

'''Eaton Constantine''' is a small village in the [[England|English]] county of [[Shropshire]]. It is located just off the B4380 road, between [[Atcham]] and [[Buildwas]], near [[The Wrekin]] hill.

The theologian [[Richard Baxter]] (1615–1691) lived here in his boyhood. His childhood home, now called Baxter's House (a private residence), is a 16th-century timber-framed house in the centre of the village.

Near Eaton Constantine are the remains of a Roman vexillation fortress and three marching camps near a bend in the [[River Severn]]. The fortress lies in open farmland on a low south-eastward projecting spur between Ranslet House and Eye Farm. It was defended by a triple-ditch system measuring about 920 x 1,050 feet (c.280 x 320m) within the defences, which enclosed an area of just under 22¼ acres (c.9ha). This substantial defensive system indicates that this was no ordinary marching encampment, and its size would have been sufficient to house a substantial force of around 2,500 Roman legionaries and auxiliary soldiers. The fortress was probably occupied by a contingent of Legio XIV Gemina, together with a couple of auxiliary cavalry units.

The place-name 'Eaton Constantine' does not refer to the Roman military presence; 'Eaton' means 'island town or settlement', and the land was held by Thomas de [[Cotentin peninsula|Cotentin]] (in [[Normandy]]) in 1242.<ref>Eilert Ekwall, ''Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names''</ref>

<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category inline|Eaton Constantine}}

[[Category:Villages in Shropshire]]
[[Category:Shrewsbury and Atcham]]

{{Shropshire-geo-stub}}

[[cy:Eaton Constantine]]
[[pl:Eaton Constantine]]

Easthope

2013-01-29T18:53:35Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding cy:Easthope

{{coord|52.554|-2.642|region:GB_type:city|display=title}}
[[File:Looking from St Peter, Easthope back to the village - geograph.org.uk - 1447531.jpg|thumb|240px|Looking from St Peter, Easthope towards the village.]]
'''Easthope''' is a small village and small [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Shropshire]], [[England]].

[[Wenlock Edge]] passes through the parish, to the northwest of the village, along which is '''Easthope Wood'''. A hamlet with the same name (or spelled '''Easthopewood''') is on the other side of the Edge, within the parish.

Easthope gives its name to Easthope Road in the nearby town of [[Church Stretton]], as a result of local property developer [[Ralph Benson|Ralph Beaumont Benson]] (1862-1911), who lived at '''Lutwyche Hall''' near the village. He was also responsible for the naming of Essex Road (after his wife), Beaumont Road and Lutwyche Road, all in Church Stretton.<ref>Crowe and Raynor (2011) ''Church Stretton through the ages'' p 149</ref> He was the father of [[Stella Benson]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Civil parishes in Shropshire]]
[[Category:Villages in Shropshire]]
{{shropshire}}
{{Shropshire-geo-stub}}

[[cy:Easthope]]
[[pl:Easthope]]

Eastern Visayas State University

2013-01-29T18:50:14Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying tl:Unibersidad ng Estado Silangang Kabisayaan to tl:Pamantasang Estatal ng Silangang Kabisayaan

{{ref improve|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox University
|name = Eastern Visayas State University
|native_name = Estadong Unibersidad ng Sinilangang Bisayas
|image_name = EVSU-school.JPG
|image_size = 200px
|caption =
|latin_name =
|motto =
|mottoeng =
|established = 1907
|closed = soon
|type = [[State university and college (Philippines)|State university]]
|affiliation =
|endowment =
|officer_in_charge =
|chairman =
|chancellor =
|president = Catalino B. Beltran, Ph.D.
|vice-president = Dominator O. Aguiree Jr., Dm-Hrm, Manuel L. Pacaña Ed.D, MA. Socorro C. Gicain, Ph.D
|superintendent =
|provost =
|vice_chancellor =
|rector =
|principal = Estrella Feliciano (Secondary Laboratory School)
|dean =
|directors =
|head_label =
|head =
|faculty =
|staff =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|other =
|city = [[Tacloban]]
|state =
|province = [[Leyte]]
|country = [[Philippines]]
|coor =
|campus = Urban
|former_names = Leyte Provincial School (1907); Leyte Trade School (1915); National Provincial Trade School (1953); Leyte Regional School of Arts and Trades (1961); Leyte Institute of Technology
|free_label =
|free =
|sports =
|colors = Maroon
|colours =
|nickname = EVSU/LIT
|mascot = Hawk
|athletics =
|affiliations =
|website = {{URL|www.evsu.edu.ph}}
|logo = [[Image:EVSU.jpg|120px]]
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Eastern Visayas State University''' is a public university in the Philippines and the oldest higher education institution in [[Eastern Visayas]]. It is mandated to provide advanced education, higher technological, professional instruction and training in trade, fishery, agriculture, forestry, science, education, commerce, architecture, engineering, and related courses. It is also mandated to undertake research and extension services, and provide progressive leadership in its area of specialization.<ref>Philippine Republic Act 09311 Section 2</ref> Its main campus is in [[Tacloban]].<ref>Philippine Republic Act 09311 Section 1</ref>

==Vision==
A world class state university imbued with positive values in the professional and advanced technological fields for human development and progress.

==Mission==
Competent leaders providing quality education and professional training in selected areas of specialization through instruction, research, extension services and production.

==History==
The Eastern Visayas State University had its beginnings in 1907, as part of the provincial school. It became a separate entity in 1915, was renamed the Leyte Trade School, and was funded by the provincial government. In 1953, after 38 years, it was renamed the National Provincial Trade School by virtue of R.A. 406 and funded jointly by the National and Provincial Government to cover a wider curriculum. In 1961, the [[Philippine Congress|Congress of the Philippines]] passed Republic Act No. 1561, converting the school into the Leyte Regional School of Arts and Trades, authorizing it to become a training institution for vocational and industrial education in Eastern Visayas.

On June 19, 1965, Republic Act 4572 was enacted by [[Philippine Congress|Congress of the Philippines]] which converted the school further into a chartered college, renaming it the Leyte Institute of Technology. It took effect beginning in the school year 1965.

Starting in 1999, the institute has grown to establish a satellite campus in Ormoc City. Pursuant to Board Resolutions No. 59, series of 1999, two CHED supervised institutions (CSIs) in Leyte, namely the Leyte College of Arts and Trades and the Burauen Polytechnic College were integrated to the Leyte Institute of Technology. The LIT Dulag Campus started in SY 2000-2001. The Carigara School of Fisheries was added, the second phase of CSIs institution to SUCs.

On August 7, 2004, Republic Act No. 9311 was passed converting the Leyte Institute of Technology, into Eastern Visayas State University.

==Past and Present Administrators of the Eastern Visayas State University==

=== Leyte Trade school ===
*1. Mr. Jesse W. Ratcliffe
The First Principal
(1915-1916)
*2. Mr. Francisco P. Apilado
(1946-1954)
*3. Mr. Santiago Cinco
(1954-1960)
=== Leyte Regional School of Arts and Trades ===
*1. Mr. Gregorio P. Espinosa
The First Superintendent
(1957-1958)
*2. Mr. Ezequiel dela Cruz
(1958-1960)
*3. Mr. Teodulo G. Gabor
(1960-1964)
*4. Mr. Gil Tenefrancia
(1964-1965)

=== Leyte Institute of Technology ===
*1. Mr. Gil Tenefrancia
(1965-1983)
The First President and
The First Administrator to serve for a long year(18 years)
*2. Prof. Santiago S. Simpas
(1984-1990)
*3. Dr. Gregorio T. dela Rosa
(1990-2002)
*4. Dr. Bonifacio S. Villanueva
(2002-2004)
=== Eastern Visayas State University ===
*1. Dr. Bonifacio S. Villanueva
The First University President
(2004-2007)
*2. Catalino B. Beltran
(2007-2012)

*3. Dr. Dominador O. Aguirre, Jr.
(2012 and up to present)

==Colleges, Departments and External Campuses==

The Eastern Visayas State University is composed of seven colleges and five external campuses. These are the following:
===Colleges and its Departments===
* GRADUATE SCHOOL
* COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (CoT)
* Department of the Hotel and Restaurant Technology
* Department of Industrial Technology
* Department of Maritime Education
* COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES (CAAD)
* Department of Architecture
* Department of Interior Design
* COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES (CAS)
* Department of Languages and Literature
* Department of Economics and Social Sciences
* Department of Physical Sciences, Chemistry and Environmental Science
* Department of Mathematics and Statistics
* Department of Physical Education
* COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP (CoBE)
* Department of Business and Entrepreneurship
* Department of Accountancy
* COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (CoE)
* Department of Industrial Engineering
* Department of Geodetic Engineering
* Department of Civil Engineering
* Department of Mechanical Engineering
* Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering
* Department of Information Technology
* Information Technology Training and Development Center (ITTDC)
* COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (CoEd)
* Department of Related and Professional Education
* Department of Teacher Education and Shop Cources
* Secondary Laboratory School (SLS)

===University Departments and Other Offices===
* STUDENT SERVICES DEPARTMENT
* Office of Student Affairs
* Student Publications Office
* Office of Guidance Services
* DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS AND SPORTS DEVELOPMENT

===External Campuses===
* Eastern Visayas State University Burauen Campus
* Eastern Visayas State University Carigara Campus
* Eastern Visayas State University Dulag Campus
* Eastern Visayas State University Ormoc City Campus
* Eastern Visayas State University Tanauan Campus

==Campus Directors and Deans==
The seven colleges and five external campuses are supervised and administered by a College Dean and a Campus Director.
* Director Rosita E. Nical, PhD - EVSU Tanauan Campus
* Director Lilian D. Estorninos, DM - EVSU Ormoc City Campus
* Director Ma. Socorro C. Gicain, PhD - EVSU Dulag Campus
* Director Ma. Soccoro F. Mazo, PhD - EVSU Carigara Campus
* Director Felixberto E. Avestruz, DM - EVSU Burauen Campus
* Dean Dominador O. Aguirre, Jr., DM - Graduate School
* Dean Ma. Cristina I. Caintic, MFSA, CAR-PhD - Technology
* Dean Evangeline Z. Hidalgo, PhD - Arts and Sciences
* Dean Danilo B. Pulma, DM - Engineering
* Dean Felixberto E. Avestruz, DM - Business and Entrepreneurship
* Dean Rosario E. Garcia, PhD - Education
* Dean Andres M. Abusman, MM - Architecture and Allied Disciplines

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

{{coord missing|Eastern Visayas}}

[[Category:State universities and colleges in the Philippines]]
[[Category:State universities and colleges in Eastern Visayas]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1907]]
[[Category:Higher education in the Philippines]]

[[tl:Pamantasang Estatal ng Silangang Kabisayaan]]

Regional State Administrative Agency for Eastern Finland

2013-01-29T18:43:24Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding da:Østfinlands regionsforvaltning, vec:Finlandia Oriental (division ministrativa)

{{Subdivisions_of_Finland}}

The '''Eastern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency''' is composed of the same structure as the former [[Eastern Finland|Province of Eastern Finland]] in [[Finland]]. It is divided into three [[Regions of Finland|regions]], 14 [[Districts of Finland|districts]] and 65 [[Municipalities of Finland|municipalities]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avi.fi/fi/Sivut/etusivu.aspx |title=Tervetuloa aluehallintoviraston verkkosivuille! |publisher=State Provincial Office |language=Finnish |accessdate=June 9, 2012}}</ref>.

==Regions==
{|
|-
| [[Image:Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg|40px|North Karelia]] || [[North Karelia]] (''Pohjois-Karjala/Norra Karelen'')
|-
| [[Image:Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg|40px|North Savonia]] || [[Northern Savonia]] (''Pohjois-Savo/Norra Savolax'')
|-
| [[Image:Etelä-Savo.vaakuna.svg|40px|South Savonia]] || [[Southern Savonia]] (''Etelä-Savo/Södra Savolax'')
|-
|}

==[[Image:Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg|40px|North Karelia]] North Karelia==
{{Main|North Karelia}}

*Outokumpu District
**[[Outokumpu, Finland|Outokumpu]]
**[[Polvijärvi]]

*Joensuu District
**[[Eno, Finland|Eno]]
**[[Joensuu]]
**[[Kiihtelysvaara]]
**[[Kontiolahti]]
**[[Liperi]]
**[[Pyhäselkä]]

*Ilomantsi District
**[[Ilomantsi]] (''Ilomants'')
**[[Tuupovaara]]

*Middle Karelia
**[[Kesälahti]]
**[[Kitee]]
**[[Rääkkylä]]
**[[Tohmajärvi]]
**[[Värtsilä]]

*Pielisen Karelia
**[[Juuka]]
**[[Lieksa]]
**[[Nurmes]]
**[[Valtimo]]

==[[Image:Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg|40px|North Savonia]] Northern Savonia==
{{Main|Northern Savonia}}

*Upper Savonia
**[[Iisalmi]]
**[[Keitele]]
**[[Kiuruvesi]]
**[[Lapinlahti]]
**[[Pielavesi]]
**[[Sonkajärvi]]
**[[Varpaisjärvi]]
**[[Vieremä]]

*Kuopio District
**[[Karttula]]
**[[Kuopio]]
**[[Maaninka]]
**[[Siilinjärvi]]
**[[Vehmersalmi]]

*North-Eastern Savonia
**[[Juankoski]]
**[[Kaavi]]
**[[Nilsiä]]
**[[Rautavaara]]
**[[Tuusniemi]]

*Varkaus District
**[[Kangaslampi]]
**[[Leppävirta]]
**[[Varkaus]]

*Inner Savonia
**[[Rautalampi]]
**[[Suonenjoki]]
**[[Tervo]]
**[[Vesanto]]

==[[Image:Etelä-Savo.vaakuna.svg|40px|South Savonia]] Southern Savonia==
{{Main|Southern Savonia}}

*Mikkeli District
**[[Hirvensalmi]]
**[[Kangasniemi]]
**[[Mikkeli]] (''St. Michel'')
**[[Mäntyharju]]
**[[Pertunmaa]]
**[[Ristiina]]

*Juva District
**[[Joroinen]]
**[[Juva]]
**[[Puumala]]
**[[Rantasalmi]]
**[[Sulkava]]

*Savonlinna District
**[[Enonkoski]]
**[[Heinävesi]]
**[[Kerimäki]]
**[[Punkaharju]]
**[[Savonlinna]] (''Nyslott'')
**[[Savonranta]]

*Pieksämäki District
**[[Pieksämäki]]

==See also==
*[[Municipalities of North Karelia]]
*[[Municipalities of Northern Savonia]]
*[[Municipalities of Southern Savonia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eastern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency}}
[[Category:Eastern Finland]]

[[da:Østfinlands regionsforvaltning]]
[[fi:Itä-Suomen aluehallintovirasto]]
[[vec:Finlandia Oriental (division ministrativa)]]

Early Middle Ages

2013-01-29T16:59:49Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying pt:Alta Idade Média to pt:Idade Média#Alta Idade Média

{|align=right style="width: 350px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
|-
!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%;" align="center" |Early Middle Ages
|-
|
[[Image:Europe 814.svg|thumb|center|500px|
Charlemagne's empire at his death included modern Catalonia, France, western Germany, the Low Countries and northern Italy.
----

|}
]]

The '''Early Middle Ages''' was the period of [[history of Europe|European history]] lasting from the 5th century to the 10th century. The Early [[Middle Ages]] followed the [[decline of the Roman Empire|decline]] of the [[Western Roman Empire]] and preceded the [[High Middle Ages]] (c. 1001–1300). The period saw a continuation of trends begun during late [[classical antiquity]], including [[population decline]], especially in urban centres, a decline of trade, and [[Migration Period|increased immigration]]. The period has been labelled the "[[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]", a characterization highlighting the relative scarcity of literary and cultural output from this time, especially in [[Western Europe]]. However, the Eastern Roman Empire, or [[Byzantine Empire]], continued to survive, and in the 7th century the [[Islam]]ic [[caliphate]]s conquered swaths of formerly Roman territory.

Many of these trends were reversed later in the period. In 800 the title of [[emperor]] was revived in Western Europe by [[Charlemagne]], whose [[Carolingian Empire]] greatly affected later European social structure and history. Europe experienced a return to systematic agriculture in the form of the [[feudal system]], which introduced such innovations as [[Crop rotation|three-field planting]] and the heavy plow. [[Migration Period|Barbarian]] migration stabilized in much of [[Europe]], though the north was greatly affected by the [[Viking expansion]].

{{TOC limit|limit=4}}

==Periodization==
{{main|Periodization}}

The term "Early Middle Ages" is one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, the others being the High Middle Ages and the [[Late Middle Ages]]. [[Leonardo Bruni]] was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his ''History of the Florentine People'' (1442). [[Flavio Biondo]] used a similar framework in ''Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire'' (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian [[Christoph Cellarius]] published ''Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period'' (1683).

==History==
{{Human history}}

===Collapse of Rome===
;372 – 410
{{Main|Decline of the Western Roman Empire}}
[[Image:Hunnen.jpg|thumb|200px|left| ''Die Hunnen im Kampf mit den Alanen'', (''The Huns in battle with the Alans'' by [[Johann Nepomuk Geiger]], (1873)
----
The Alans, an [[Iranian people]] who lived north and east of the [[Black Sea]], were Europe's first line of defence against the Asiatic Huns. They were dislocated and settled throughout the Roman Empire]]

Starting in the 2nd century, various indicators of Roman civilization began to decline, including urbanization, seaborne commerce, and population. Only 40 percent as many Mediterranean shipwrecks have been found for the 3rd century as for the first.<ref>Hopkins, Keith ''Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 BC - AD 400)''</ref> During the period from 150 to 400 the population of the [[Roman Empire]] is estimated to have fallen from 65 million to 50 million, a decline of more than 20 percent. Some have connected this to the [[:File:2000 Year Temperature Comparison.png|Dark Ages Cold Period]] (300–700), when there was a decrease in global temperatures which impaired agricultural yields.<ref name="beberglund">{{cite journal |last=Berglund |first=B. E. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |month= |title=Human impact and climate changes—synchronous events and a causal link? |journal=Quaternary International |volume=105 |issue= |pages=7–12 |doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00144-1 |url=http://www.geol.lu.se/personal/bnb/pdf-papers/human_impact.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate= }}</ref><ref>Curry, Andrew, "[http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/01/fall-of-rome-recorded-in-trees.html?ref=hp Fall of Rome Recorded in Trees]", ''ScienceNOW'', 13 January 2011.</ref>

Early in the 3rd century the [[Germanic peoples]] migrated south from [[Scandinavia]] and reached the [[Black Sea]], creating formidable confederations which opposed the local [[Sarmatians]]. In [[Romania]] and the steppes north of the Black Sea, the [[Goths]], a Germanic people, created at least two kingdoms: [[Thervings|Therving]]; and [[Greuthungs|Greuthung]].<ref>Heather, Peter, 1998, ''The Goths'', pp. 51-93</ref>

The arrival of the [[Huns]] in 372–375 ended the history of these kingdoms. The Huns were a confederation of central Asian tribes who founded an empire with a Turkic-speaking aristocracy. They had mastered the difficult art of shooting composite [[Recurve bow|recurve]] [[bow (weapon)|bows]] from horseback. The Goths sought refuge in Roman territory (376) agreeing to enter the Empire as unarmed settlers. However many bribed the Danube border guards into allowing them to bring their weapons.

The discipline and organization of a Roman legion made it a superb fighting unit. The Romans preferred infantry to cavalry because infantry could be trained to retain the formation in combat, while cavalry tended to scatter when faced with opposition. While a barbarian army could be raised and inspired by the promise of plunder, the legions required a central government and taxation to pay for salaries, constant training, equipment, and food. The decline in agricultural and economic activity reduced the empire's taxable income and thus its ability to maintain a professional army to defend from external threats.

 
{|align=right style="margin: 0 1em 0 1em;"
|-
!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%" align="center" colspan="2" |The Barbarians' Invasion
|-
|
[[Image:Invasions of the Roman Empire 1.png|thumb|300px|center|The Germanic migrations of the 5th century were triggered by the destruction of the Gothic kingdoms by the [[Huns]] in 372–375. The city of Rome was captured and looted by the [[Visigoths]] in 410 followed by the [[Vandals]] in 455
----
{|align=centerstyle="margin: 1em 0 1em 0;"
|
'''Germanic tribes'''
----
{{color box|#fefe00}} [[Angles]], [[Saxons]] 
{{color box|#e7772d}} [[Franks]] 
{{color box|#c30952}} [[Goths]] 
{{color box|#ba01fc}} [[Visigoths]] 
{{color box|#ff53e7}} [[Ostrogoths]] 
{{color box|#01aa45}} [[Huns]] 
{{color box|#0c0fd0}} [[Vandals]] 
|
  '''Roman Empire'''
----
{{color box|#f7d6ab}} [[Western Roman Empire|Western Empire]] 
{{color box|#d0c09f}} [[Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern Empire]]
|}
]]
|}
In the [[Gothic War (376–382)]], the Goths revolted and confronted the main Roman army in the [[Battle of Adrianople]] (378). By this time, the Roman army was mainly barbarians and soldiers recruited for a single campaign. The general decline in discipline also led to the use of smaller shields and lighter weaponry.<ref name="Eisenberg">Eisenberg, Robert, "[http://www.mcgill.ca/files/classics/2009-10-10.pdf The Battle of Adrianople: A Reappraisal]", p. 112.</ref> Not wanting to share the glory, Eastern Emperor [[Valens]] ordered an attack on the [[Thervings|Therving]] infantry under [[Fritigern]] without waiting for Western Emperor [[Gratian]], who was on the way with reinforcements. While the Romans were fully engaged, the Greuthung cavalry arrived. Only one-third of the Roman army managed to escape. It was the most shattering defeat that the Romans had suffered since [[Battle of Cannae|Cannae]], according to the Roman military writer [[Ammianus Marcellinus]]. The core army of the eastern empire was destroyed, Valens was killed, and the Goths were freed to lay waste the Balkans, including the armories along the Danube. As [[Edward Gibbon]] comments, "The Romans, who so coolly and so concisely mention the acts of ''justice'' which were exercised by the legions, reserve their compassion and their eloquence for their own sufferings, when the provinces were invaded and desolated by the arms of the successful Barbarians."<ref>Gibbon, Edward, ''A History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', 1776.</ref>

The empire lacked the resources, and perhaps the will, to reconstruct the professional mobile army that had been destroyed at Adrianople, so it was forced to rely on barbarian armies to fight for it. The [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was able to buy off the Goths with tribute. The [[Western Roman Empire]] was less fortunate. [[Stilicho]], the western empire's half-Vandal military commander, stripped the [[Rhine]] frontier of troops to fend off invasions of Italy by the Visigoths in 402–03 and by other Goths in 406–07.

Fleeing before the advance of the [[Huns]], the [[Vandals]], [[Suebi]], and [[Alans]] launched an attack across the frozen Rhine near [[Mainz]]; on 31 December, 406, the frontier gave way and these tribes surged into [[Gaul]]. They were soon followed by the [[Burgundians]] and by bands of the [[Alamanni]]. In the fit of anti-barbarian hysteria which followed, Emperor [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] had Stilicho summarily beheaded (408). Stilicho submitted his neck, "with a firmness not unworthy of the last of the Roman generals," wrote Gibbon. Honorius was left with only worthless courtiers to advise him. In 410, the Visigoths led by [[Alaric I]] captured the city of Rome and for three days there were fire and slaughter as bodies filled the streets, palaces were stripped of their valuables, and those thought to have hidden wealth were interrogated and tortured. As newly converted Christians, the Goths respected church property. But those who found sanctuary in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] and in other churches were the fortunate few.

===Migration Period===
;400 – 700
{{Main|Migration Period|Germanic monarchy}}

{|align=right style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
|-
!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%" align="center" colspan="2" | Migration Period
|-
|<gallery>
Image:RavennaMausoleum.jpg|The [[Mausoleum of Theodoric]] in [[Ravenna]] is the only extant example of [[Ostrogoth]]ic architecture.
Image:Visigoth Kingdom.jpg|Around 500, the [[Visigoths]] ruled large parts of what is now France, Spain, Andorra and Portugal.
</gallery>
|}
The Goths and Vandals were only the first of many waves of invaders that flooded Western Europe. Some lived only for war and pillage and disdained Roman ways. Other peoples had been in prolonged contact with the Roman civilization, and were, to a certain, degree, romanized. "A poor Roman plays the Goth, a rich Goth the Roman" said King [[Theodoric the Great|Theodoric]] of the Ostrogoths.<ref>''[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Excerpta_Valesiana/2*.html Excerpta Valesiana]''</ref>

The subjects of the Roman empire were Catholics, civilized subjects of a long-established bureaucratic empire. The Germanic peoples knew little of cities, money, or writing. They were recent converts to [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity and were thus heretics to the churchmen of the empire.

During the migrations, or ''[[Völkerwanderung]]'' (wandering of the peoples), the earlier settled population was left intact or only partially displaced. Whereas the peoples of France, Italy, and Spain continued to speak the dialects of Latin that today constitute the [[Romance languages]], the language of the smaller Roman-era population of what is now England disappeared with barely a trace in the territories settled by the Anglo-Saxons, although the Brittanic kingdoms of the west remained [[British language (Celtic)|Brythonic]] speakers. The new peoples greatly altered established society, including law, culture, religion, and patterns of property ownership.

The ''[[pax Romana]]'' had provided safe conditions for trade and manufacture, and a unified cultural and educational milieu of far-ranging connections. As this was lost, it was replaced by the rule of local potentates, sometimes members of the established Romanized ruling elite, sometimes new lords of alien culture. In [[Aquitania]], [[Gallia Narbonensis]], southern Italy and Sicily, [[Baetica]] or southern Spain, and the Iberian Mediterranean coast, Roman culture lasted until the 6th or 7th centuries.

Everywhere, the gradual break-down of economic and social linkages and infrastructure resulted in increasingly localized outlooks. This breakdown was often fast and dramatic as it became unsafe to travel or carry goods over any distance; there was a consequent collapse in trade and manufacture for export. Major industries that depended on trade, such as large-scale pottery manufacture, vanished almost overnight in places like Britain. [[Tintagel]] in [[Cornwall]], as well as several other centres, managed to obtain supplies of Mediterranean luxury goods well into the 6th century, but then lost their trading links. Administrative, educational and military infrastructure quickly vanished, and the loss of the established ''[[cursus honorum]]'' led to the collapse of the schools and to a rise of illiteracy even among the leadership. The careers of [[Cassiodorus]] (died c. 585) at the beginning of this period and of [[Alcuin of York]] (died 804) at its close were founded alike on their valued literacy.

For the formerly Roman area, there was another 20 percent decline in population between 400 and 600, or a one-third decline for 150-600.<ref>McEvedy 1992, op. cit.</ref> In the 8th century, the volume of trade reached its lowest level since the Bronze Age. The very small number of [[shipwreck]]s found that dated from the 8th century supports this (which represents less than 2 percent of the number of shipwrecks dated from the 1st century). There were also reforestation and a retreat of agriculture that centred around 500. This phenomenon coincided with a period of rapid cooling, according to tree ring data.<ref name="beberglund" /> The Romans had practised two-field agriculture, with a crop grown in one field and the other left fallow and ploughed under to eliminate weeds. With the gradual break-up of the institutions of the empire, owners were unable to stop their [[slave]]s from running away and the plantation system broke down. Systematic agriculture largely disappeared and yields declined to subsistence level.

For almost a thousand years, [[Rome]] was the most politically important, richest and largest city in Europe.<ref>[http://www.unrv.com/empire/roman-population.php Roman Empire Population]</ref> Around AD 100, it had a population of about 450,000.<ref>Storey, Glenn R., "[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20586744.html The population of ancient Rome]", ''Antiquity'', December 1, 1997.</ref> Its population declined to a mere 20,000 during the Early Middle Ages, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation.

[[Smallpox]] did not definitively enter [[Western Europe]] until about 581 when Bishop Gregory of Tours provided an eyewitness account that describes the characteristic findings of smallpox.<ref>{{cite book | author = Hopkins DR | title = The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history | edition = | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-226-35168-8 }} Originally published as ''Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History'' (1983), ISBN 0-226-35177-7</ref> Waves of [[List of epidemics|epidemics]] wiped out large rural populations.<ref>[http://www.livescience.com/history/080623-hs-smallpox.html How Smallpox Changed the World], By Heather Whipps, LiveScience, June 23, 2008</ref> Most of the details about the epidemics are lost, probably due to the scarcity of surviving written records.

It is estimated that the [[Plague of Justinian]] killed as many as 100 million people across the world.<ref>"[http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/1996/plague.htm Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague]", News Release, National Institutes of Health, July 18, 1996. [http://dpalm.med.uth.tmc.edu/courses/BT2003/BTstudents2003_files%5CPlague2003.htm The History of the Bubonic Plague].</ref> Some historians such as Josiah C. Russell (1958) have suggested a total European population loss of 50 to 60 percent between 541 and 700.<ref>[http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/bioter/anempiresepidemic.html An Empire's Epidemic].</ref> After 750, major epidemic diseases did not appear again in Europe until the [[Black Death]] of the 14th century.

===Byzantine Empire===
{{Main|Byzantine Empire}}
[[Image:Theodora mosaik ravenna.jpg|thumb|left|center|[[Theodora (6th century)|Theodora]], [[Justinian I|Justinian]]'s wife, and her retinue<ref>6th century mosaic from the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] in [[Ravenna]].</ref>]]
{|align=right style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
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[[Image:Justinien 527-565.svg|thumb|center|300px|'''[[Byzantium under the Justinian dynasty]]''' 
Under Emperor [[Justinian]] (r. 527-65), the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] were able to reestablish Roman rule in Italy and most of North Africa
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{{color box|#f6b65f}} Justinian's conquests 
{{color box|#f7865e}} [[Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern Empire]]
]]
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|<gallery>
Image:Walls of Constantinople.JPG|Restored [[Walls of Constantinople]]
Image:Porphyrogenetus.jpg|''Christ crowning [[Constantine VII]]'' ivory plaque, ca. 945
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The death of [[Theodosius I]] in 395 was followed by the division of the empire between his two sons. The [[Western Roman Empire]] disintegrated into a mosaic of warring Germanic kingdoms in the 5th century, making the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] in Constantinople the legal successor to the classical Roman Empire. After [[Medieval Greek|Greek]] replaced [[Latin language|Latin]] as the official language of the Empire, historians refer to the empire as "Byzantine." Westerners would gradually begin to refer to it as "Greek" rather than "Roman." The inhabitants, however, always called themselves ''Romaioi'', or Romans.

The Eastern Roman Empire aimed at retaining control of the trade routes between Europe and the Orient, which made the Empire the richest polity in Europe. Making use of their sophisticated warfare and superior diplomacy, the Byzantines managed to fend off assaults by the migrating barbarians. Their dreams of subduing the Western potentates briefly materialized during the reign of [[Justinian I]] in 527–565. Not only did Justinian restore some western territories to the Roman Empire, but he also codified [[Roman law]] (with his codification remaining in force in many areas of Europe until the 19th century) and built the largest and the most technically advanced edifice of the Early Middle Ages, the [[Hagia Sophia]]. A [[pandemic]], the [[Plague of Justinian]], however, marred Justinian's reign, infecting the Emperor, killing perhaps 40% of the people in Constantinople, and contributing to Europe's early medieval population decline.

Justinian's successors [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]] and [[Heraclius]] had to confront invasions of the [[Eurasian Avars|Avar]] and [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] tribes. After the devastations by the Slavs and the Avars, large areas of the [[Balkans]] became depopulated. In 626 Constantinople, by far the largest city of early medieval Europe, withstood a combined siege by Avars and Persians. Within several decades, Heraclius completed a holy war against the Persians by taking their capital and having a [[Sassanid]] monarch assassinated. Yet Heraclius lived to see his spectacular success undone by the [[Muslim conquests]] of [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]], three [[Palaestina#Byzantine (Eastern Roman) rule (330–640 AD)|Palaestina provinces]], [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]], and [[North Africa during Antiquity#Vandals and Byzantines|North Africa]] which was considerably facilitated by religious disunity and the proliferation of heretical movements (notably [[Monophysitism]] and [[Nestorianism]]) in the areas converted to Islam.

Although Heraclius's successors managed to salvage [[Constantinople]] from two [[Sieges of Constantinople|Arab sieges]] (in 674–77 and 717), the empire of the 8th and early 9th century was rocked by the great [[Iconoclastic Controversy]], punctuated by dynastic struggles between various factions at court. The [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] and [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] tribes profited from these disorders and invaded [[Illyria]], [[Thrace]] and even [[Greece]] (which they called [[Morea]]). After the decisive victory at [[battle of Ongala|Ongala]] in 680 the armies of the Bulgars and Slavs advanced to the south of the Balkan mountains, defeating again the Byzantines who were then forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty which acknowledged the establishment of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] on the borders of the Empire.

To counter these threats, a new system of administration was introduced. The regional civil and military administration were combined in the hands of a general, or strategos. A [[Thema|theme]], which formerly denoted a subdivision of the Byzantine army, came to refer to a region governed by a strategos. The reform led to the emergence of great landed families which controlled the regional military and often pressed their claims to the throne (see [[Bardas Phokas the Elder|Bardas Phocas]] and [[Bardas Sklerus]] for characteristic examples).

By the early 8th century, notwithstanding the shrinking territory of the empire, Constantinople remained the largest and the wealthiest city of the entire world, comparable only to Sassanid [[Ctesiphon]], and later [[Abassid]] [[Baghdad]]. The population of the imperial capital fluctuated between 300,000 and 400,000 as the emperors undertook measures to restrain its growth. The only other large Christian cities were Rome (50,000) and [[Salonika]] (30,000).<ref>City populations from [http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD ''Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census''] (1987, Edwin Mellon Press) by Tertius Chandler</ref> Even before the 8th century was out, the Farmer's Law signalled the resurrection of agricultural technologies in the Roman Empire. As the 2006 [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] noted, "the technological base of Byzantine society was more advanced than that of contemporary western Europe: iron tools could be found in the villages; water mills dotted the landscape; and field-sown beans provided a diet rich in protein".<ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9239</ref>

The ascension of the [[Macedonian dynasty]] in 867 marked the end of the period of political and religious turmoil and introduced a new golden age of the empire. While the talented generals such as [[Nikephoros Phokas the Elder|Nicephorus Phocas]] expanded the frontiers, the Macedonian emperors (such as [[Leo the Wise]] and [[Constantine VII]]) presided over the cultural flowering in Constantinople, known as the Macedonian Renaissance. The enlightened Macedonian rulers scorned the rulers of Western Europe as illiterate barbarians and maintained a nominal claim to rule over the West. Although this fiction had been exploded with the coronation of [[Charlemagne]] in Rome (800), the Byzantine rulers did not treat their Western counterparts as equals. Generally, they had little interest in the political and economical developments in the barbarian (from their point of view) West.

Against this economic background, the culture and the imperial traditions of the Eastern Roman Empire attracted its northern neighbours — Slavs, Bulgars, and Khazars — to [[Constantinople]], in search of either pillage or enlightenment. The movement of the Germanic tribes to the south triggered the great migration of the [[Slavs]], who occupied the vacated territories. In the 7th century, they moved westward to the [[Elbe]], southward to the [[Danube]] and eastward to the [[Dnieper]]. By the 9th century, the Slavs had expanded into sparsely inhabited territories to the south and east from these natural frontiers, peacefully assimilating the indigenous [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] and [[Finno-Ugric people|Finno-Ugric]] populations.

===Rise of Islam===
;632–750
{{Main|Umayyad conquest of Hispania|History of Islam in southern Italy}}
[[File:Europe around 650.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Europe around 650]]

From the 7th century Byzantine history was greatly affected by the rise of Islam and the [[Caliphates]]. Muslim [[Arabs]] first invaded historically Roman territory under [[Abū Bakr]], first Caliph of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], who entered [[Roman Syria]] and [[Roman Mesopotamia]]. Under [[Umar]], the second Caliph, the Muslims decisively conquered Syria and Mesopotamia, as well as [[Roman Palestine]], [[Roman Egypt]], and parts of [[Asia Minor]] and [[Africa Province|Roman North Africa]]. This trend continued under Umar's successors and under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], which conquered the rest of Mediterranean North Africa and most of the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Iberian Peninsula]]. Over the next centuries Muslim forces were able to take further European territory, including [[Cyprus in the Middle Ages|Cyprus]], [[Malta]], [[Emirate of Crete|Crete]], and [[history of Islam in southern Italy|Sicily and parts of southern Italy]].<ref>Kennedy, Hugh (1995). "The Muslims in Europe". In McKitterick, Rosamund, ''The New Cambridge Medieval History: c.500-c.700'', pp. 249–272. Cambridge University Press. 052136292X.</ref>

The Muslim conquest of Hispania began when the [[Moors]] (mostly [[Berber people|Berbers]] with some [[Arab]]s) invaded the [[Christian]] [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] kingdom of [[Iberian peninsula|Iberia]] in the year 711, under their Berber leader [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]]. They landed at [[Gibraltar]] on 30 April and worked their way northward. Tariq's forces were joined the next year by those of his superior, [[Musa ibn Nusair]]. During the eight-year campaign most of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] was brought under [[Muslim]] rule — save for small areas in the northwest ([[Asturias]]) and largely [[Basque people|Basque]] regions in the [[Pyrenees]]. This territory, under the Arab name [[Al-Andalus]], became part of the expanding [[Umayyad]] empire.

The unsuccessful [[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|second siege of Constantinople]] (717) weakened the [[Umayyad|Umayyad dynasty]] and reduced their prestige. After their success in overrunning Iberia, the conquerors moved northeast across the Pyrenees, but were defeated by the [[Frankish Empire|Frank]]ish leader [[Charles Martel]] at the [[Battle of Tours|Battle of Poitiers]] in 732. The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by the '[[Abbāsids]] and most of the Umayyad clan massacred.

A surviving Umayyad prince, [[Abd-ar-rahman I]], escaped to Spain and founded a new Umayyad dynasty in the [[Caliph of Cordoba|Emirate of Cordoba]] in 756. Charles Martel's son [[Pippin the Short]] retook [[Narbonne]], and his grandson Charlemagne established the [[Marca Hispanica]] across the Pyrenees in part of what today is [[Catalonia]], reconquering [[Girona]] in 785 and [[Barcelona]] in 801. The Umayyads in Spain proclaimed themselves caliphs in 929.

===Resurgence of the Latin West===
;700–850

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Western Europe began to improve ca. 700.
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|<gallery>
|align=center
Image:Trésor de Gourdon 02.JPG|A [[paten]] from the [[Treasure of Gourdon]]
Image:Sutton.hoo.jpg|An Anglo-Saxon parade helmet from [[Sutton Hoo]] (7th century AD).
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Conditions in Western Europe began to improve after 700 as Europe experienced an agricultural boom that would continue until at least 1100.<ref>Berglund, ibid.</ref> A study of limestone deposited in the Mediterranean seabed concludes that there was a substantial increase in solar radiation received between 600 and 900.<ref>Cini Castagnoli, G.C., Bonino, G., Taricco, C. and Bernasconi, S.M. 2002. [http://www.co2science.org/scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/articles/V6/N21/C2.jsp "Solar radiation variability in the last 1400 years recorded in the carbon isotope ratio of a Mediterranean sea core"], ''Advances in Space Research'' 29: 1989-1994.</ref> The first signs of Europe's recovery on the battlefield were the defence of [[Constantinople]] in 717 and the victory of the Franks over the Arabs at the [[Battle of Tours|Battle of Poitiers]] in 732.

Between the 5th and 8th centuries, political and social infrastructure developed across the lands of the former empire, based upon powerful regional noble families, and the newly established kingdoms of the [[Ostrogoths]] in Italy, [[Visigoths]] in Spain and [[Portugal]], [[Franks]] and [[Burgundians]] in [[Gaul]] and western Germany. These lands remained Christian, and their [[Arianism|Arian]] conquerors were converted (Visigoths and Lombards) or conquered (Ostrogoths and Vandals). The Franks converted directly from paganism to Catholic Christianity under [[Clovis I]].

The interaction between the culture of the newcomers, their warband loyalties, the remnants of classical culture, and Christian influences, produced a new model for society, based in part on [[feudalism|feudal obligations]]. The centralized administrative systems of the Romans did not withstand the changes, and the institutional support for chattel slavery largely disappeared. The [[Anglo-Saxons]] in England also started to convert from [[Anglo-Saxon polytheism|heathenism]] with the arrival of Christian missionaries around the year 600.

====Italy====
{{Main|Lombards|King of Italy|Medieval Corsica}}
The [[Lombards]], who first entered Italy in 568 under [[Alboin]], carved out a state in the north, with its capital at [[Pavia]]. At first, they were unable to conquer the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], the ''[[Lazio|Ducatus Romanus]]'', and [[Calabria]] and [[Apulia]]. The next two hundred years were occupied in trying to conquer these territories from the Byzantine Empire.

The Lombard state was truly barbarian in custom compared with the earlier Germanic states of Western Europe. It was highly decentralized at first, with the territorial dukes having practical sovereignty in their duchies, especially in the southern duchies of [[Duchy of Spoleto|Spoleto]] and [[Duchy of Benevento|Benevento]]. For a decade following the death of [[Cleph]] in 575, the Lombards did not even elect a king; this period is called the [[Rule of the Dukes]]. The first written legal code was composed in poor Latin in 643: the ''[[Edictum Rothari]]''. It was primarily the codification of the oral legal tradition of the people.

The Lombard state was well-organized and stabilized by the end of the long reign of [[Liutprand, King of the Lombards|Liutprand]] (717–744), but its collapse was sudden. Unsupported by the dukes, King [[Desiderius]] was defeated and forced to surrender his kingdom to Charlemagne in 774. The Lombard kingdom ended and a period of Frankish rule was initiated. The Frankish king [[Pepin the Short]] had, by the [[Donation of Pepin]], given the pope the "[[Papal States]]" and the territory north of that swath of papally-governed land was ruled primarily by Lombard and Frankish vassals of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] until the rise of the city-states in the 11th and 12th centuries.

In the south, a period of anarchy began. The duchy of Benevento maintained its sovereignty in the face of the pretensions of both the Western and Eastern Empires. In the 9th century, the [[Muslims]] conquered [[Sicily]] and began settling in the peninsula. The coastal cities on the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] departed from Byzantine allegiance. Various states owing various nominal allegiances fought constantly over territory until events came to a head in the early 11th century with the coming of the [[Normans]], who conquered the whole of the south by the end of the century.

====British Isles====
{{Main|History of Anglo-Saxon England|History of Wales|History of Cornwall|History of Brittany}}

In the mid-5th century, mercenary tribes from modern Germany, Holland, and Denmark began to raid the declining [[Sub-Roman]] Province of Britannia. Traditionally, two Jutish chieftains named [[Hengest]] and [[Horsa]] were promised land by the powerful British king [[Vortigern]] in exchange for routing the warlike [[Pict]] tribe. According to the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'', after they defeated the Picts, "They sent to Angeln and called on them to send more forces, and to tell people about the worthlessness of the Britons and the merits of their land." This marked the beginning of decades of invasion and conquest of southern and central Britain by such Germanic peoples as the [[Jutes]], [[Angles]], and [[Saxons]]. However the [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] populations of [[Wales]], [[Dumnonia]], and [[Hen Ogledd]] were able to hold back the incursions and maintain their independent language and traditions, as recounted in the world famous legends of [[King Arthur]] dating from the 6th century.

The Anglo-Saxons eventually established several kingdoms of differing longevity and significance. King [[Alfred the Great]] (871–899) of [[Wessex]] led Anglo-Saxon resistance to the invading Danish forces. The unification of England was completed in 926 when [[Northumbria]] was annexed by King [[Athelstan of England|Athelstan]], a grandson of Alfred, and the [[Cornwall|Cornish]] border was set in 936.

It is claimed that fifty percent of England's original Celtic inhabitants were killed off;<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2076470.stm "English and Welsh are races apart"] BBC.</ref> however, it is just as plausible, and historically justifiable, that most emigrated to the continent to found the independent [[Kingdom of Brittany]], which maintained close cultural ties with [[Devon]], [[Cornwall]], and [[Wales]] into the later medieval period. Another explanation is that eastern Britain was never Celtic-speaking in the first place and rather spoke a variety of Germanic languages.

====Frankish Empire====
{{Main|Frankish Empire|Carolingian Empire|Carolingian Renaissance}}

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[[Charlemagne]] and Pope [[Adrian I]].]]
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[[Image:Sacre de Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|center|
''Coronation of Charlemagne'', Grandes Chroniques de France, Jean Fouquet, Tours, ca 1455-1460 (Second Book of Charlemagne)
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On 25 December of the year 800, St. Peter's in Rome, [[Charlemagne]] was crowned emperor by [[Pope Leo III]].
]]
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The [[Merovingians]] established themselves in the power vacuum of the former Roman provinces in Gaul, and [[Chlodwig I]] following his victory over the [[Alemanni]] at the [[Battle of Tolbiac]] (496) converted to Christianity, laying the foundation of the [[Frankish Empire]], the dominant state of medieval Western Christendom.

Starting with the [[Frankish realms]] at the beginning of the 9th century, [[Charlemagne]] united much of modern day France, western Germany and northern Italy into the [[Carolingian Empire]]. Scholarship and Classical learning flourished under Charlemagne leading to what 20th century historians called the "[[Carolingian Renaissance]]".

The 840s saw renewed disorder, with the break-up of the Frankish Empire and the beginning of a new cycle of barbarian raids, at first by the [[Vikings]] and later by the [[Magyars]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20091027151814/http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html The Maygars of Hungary]</ref>

====Feudalism====
{{Main|Feudalism|Manoralism}}
Around 800 there was a return to systematic agriculture in the form of the [[Open field system|open field]], or strip, system. A [[Manorialism|manor]] would have several fields, each subdivided into {{convert|1|acre|m2|adj=on}} strips of land. This was considered to be the amount of land an ox could plough before taking a rest, according to one theory. Another possibility is that the holdings were originally rectangular and were split into strips because of the way land was inherited.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} In the idealized form of the system, each family got thirty such strips of land. The three-field system of [[crop rotation]] was first developed in the 9th century: wheat or rye was planted in one field, the second field had a nitrogen-fixing crop (barley, oats, peas, or beans), and the third was fallow.<ref>"[http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1318.htm No. 1318: Three-Field Rotation]"</ref>

Compared to the earlier two-field system, a three-field system allows for significantly more land to be put under cultivation. Even more important, the system allows for two harvests a year, reducing the risk that a single crop failure will lead to famine. Three-field agriculture creates a surplus of oats that can be used to feed horses.<ref>This surplus would allow the replacement of the ox by the horse after the introduction of the padded [[horse collar]] in the 12th century.</ref> Because the system required a major rearrangement of real estate and of the social order, it took until the 11th century before it came into general use. The heavy wheeled plough was introduced in the late 10th century. It required greater animal power and promoted the use of teams of oxen. Illuminated manuscripts depict two-wheeled ploughs with both a mouldboard, or curved metal ploughshare, and a coulter, a vertical blade in front of the ploughshare. The Romans had used light, wheel-less ploughs with flat iron shares that often proved unequal to the heavy soils of northern Europe.

The return to systemic agriculture coincided with the introduction of a new social system called [[feudalism]]. This system featured a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations. Each man was bound to serve his superior in return for the latter's protection. This made for confusion of territorial sovereignty since allegiances were subject to change over time and were sometimes mutually contradictory. Feudalism allowed the state to provide a degree of public safety despite the continued absence of bureaucracy and written records. Even land ownership disputes were decided based solely on oral testimony. Territoriality was reduced to a network of personal allegiances.

===Viking Age===
;793–1066
{{Main|Viking Age}}

[[Image:Viking Expansion.svg|thumb|right|300px|
Scandinavian settlements and raiding territory
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{{color box|#800000}} 8th century homeland 
{{color box|#fe0000}} 9th century expansion 
{{color box|#ff7f00}} 10th century expansion 
{{color box|#eded00}} 11th century expansion 
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{{color box|#00ff01}} [[Viking expansion|Viking raiding]] regions]]

The Viking Age spans the period between AD 793 and 1066 in [[Scandinavia]] and [[Great Britain|Britain]], following the [[Germanic Iron Age]] (and the [[Vendel Age]] in Sweden). During this period, the [[Vikings]], Scandinavian warriors and traders, raided and explored most parts of Europe, south-western Asia, northern Africa and [[L'Anse aux Meadows|north-eastern North America]].

With the means of travel (longships and open water), their desire for goods led Scandinavian traders to explore and develop extensive trading partnerships in new territories. Some of the most important trading ports during the period include both existing and ancient cities such as [[Aarhus]], [[Ribe]], [[Hedeby]], [[Vineta]], [[Truso]], [[Kaupang]], [[Birka]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Jorvik|York]], [[Dublin]] and [[Staraya Ladoga|Aldeigjuborg]].

Viking raiding expeditions were separate from and coexisted with regular trading expeditions. A people with the tradition of raiding their neighbours when their honour had been impugned might easily fall to raiding foreign peoples who impugned their honour. Apart from exploring Europe by way of its oceans and rivers with the aid of their advanced navigational skills and extending their trading routes across vast parts of the continent, they also engaged in warfare and looted and enslaved numerous Christian communities of Medieval Europe for centuries, contributing to the development of feudal systems in Europe.

===Eastern Europe===
; 600–1000

==== Kievan Rus' ====
{{Main|Kievan Rus'}}

Before the rise of the Kievan Rus, the eastern frontier of Europe had been dominated by the [[Khazars]], a Turkic people who had gained independence from the [[Turkic Khaganate]] by the 7th century. Khazaria was a multiethnic commercial state which derived its well-being from control of river trade between Europe and the Orient. The Khazars also exacted tribute from the [[Alani]], [[Magyars]], various [[Slavs|Slavic]] tribes, the [[Crimean Goths|Goths]] and Greeks of [[Crimea]]. Through a network of Jewish itinerant merchants, or [[Radhanites]], they were in contact with the trade emporiums of India and Spain.

{|align=right style="width: 222px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
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!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%;" align="center" | [[Magyar tribes]]
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[[File:Kalandozasok.jpg|thumb|center|
Magyar campaigns in the 10th century.
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{{color box|#eca0a2}} Magyar region
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Most European nations were praying for mercy: "Sagittis hungarorum libera nos Domine" - "Lord save us from the arrows of Hungarians"]]
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{|align=left style="width: 222px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
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!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%;" align="center" |Persecution of Rus'
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[[Image:Persecution of Russ by the Byzantine army John Skylitzes.jpg|thumb|left|200px|
[[Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Svyatoslav]]'s warriors pursued by [[Komnenian Byzantine army|Byzantine fighters]]. (Miniature from [[John Skylitzes]])
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A Rus' attack, instigated by the Byzantines, led to the collapse of the Bulgarian state and the occupation of much of the country by the Rus'. An ensuing direct military confrontation between the Rus' and Byzantium ended with a Byzantine victory. The Rus' withdrew and eastern Bulgaria was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire.
]]
|}
Once they found themselves confronted by [[Muslim conquests|Arab expansionism]], the Khazars pragmatically allied themselves with Constantinople and clashed with the [[Caliphate]]. Despite initial setbacks, they managed to recover [[Derbent]] and eventually penetrated as far south as [[Caucasian Iberia]], [[Caucasian Albania]] and [[Armenia]]. In doing so, they effectively blocked the northward expansion of [[Islam]] into [[Eastern Europe]] several decades before [[Charles Martel]] achieved the same in Western Europe.<ref>Islam eventually penetrated into Eastern Europe in the 920s when [[Volga Bulgaria]] exploited the decline of Khazar power in the region to adopt Islam from the [[Baghdad]] missionaries. The state religion of Khazaria, [[Judaism]], disappeared as a political force with the fall of Khazaria, while Islam of Volga Bulgaria has survived in the region up to the present.</ref>

In the 7th century, the northern littoral of the [[Black Sea]] was hit with a fresh wave of [[nomad]]ic attacks, led by the [[Bulgars]], who established a powerful khanate of [[Great Bulgaria]] under the leadership of [[Kubrat]]. The Khazars managed to oust the Bulgars from Southern Ukraine into the middle reaches of the [[Volga]] ([[Volga Bulgaria]]) and into the lower reaches of the [[Danube]] (Danube Bulgaria, or the [[First Bulgarian Empire]]). The Danube Bulgars were quickly Slavicized and, despite constant campaigning against Constantinople, selected the Eastern Roman form of Christianity. Through the efforts of two local missionaries, [[Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius]], the Bulgarian alphabet came into being in Bulgaria's capital Preslav and a vernacular dialect, now known as Old Bulgarian or [[Old Church Slavonic]], was established as a language of books and liturgy.

To the north from the Byzantine periphery, the first attested [[Slavs|Slavic]] polity was [[Great Moravia]], which emerged under the aegis of the Frankish Empire in the early 9th century. Moravia was a stage for confrontation between the Christian missionaries from Constantinople and from Rome. Although the [[West Slavs]] eventually acknowledged the Roman ecclesiastical authority, the clergy of Constantinople succeeded in converting into the Eastern Christinity faith one of the largest state of contemporary Europe, [[Kievan Rus]], towards 990. Led by a [[Varangian]] dynasty, the Kievan Rus controlled the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|routes connecting Northern Europe to Byzantium]] and the Orient. Great Moravia was ultimately overrun by the [[Magyars]], who invaded the [[Pannonian Basin]] around 896.

Both before and after the Christianization, the Rus staged predatory raids against Constantinople, some of which resulted in the trade treaties which benefitted both sides. The importance of Russo-Byzantine relations is highlighted by the fact that [[Vladimir I of Kiev]] was the only foreigner who married a Byzantine princess of the Macedonian dynasty, a singular honour which many rulers of Western Europe sought in vain. The military campaigns of Vladimir's father, [[Svyatoslav I]], had crushed the statehood of the Khazars as well as inflicted a wound to the First Bulgarian Empire.

====Bulgarian Empire====
{{Main|Bulgarian Empire}}
[[Image:St. Theodor.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Ceramic icon of [[Theodore the Studite|St Theodore]] from around 900, found in Preslav]]
In 681 the [[Bulgars]] founded a powerful state which played a major role in Europe and specifically in [[South Eastern Europe]] until its fall under Ottoman rule in 1423. In 718 the Bulgars decisively defeated the Arabs near [[Constantinople]], and their ruler [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Tervel]] became known as "The Saviour of Europe".<ref>[http://www.programata.bg/?p=62&c=1&id=51493&l=2 Exposition, Dedicated to Khan Tervel]</ref><ref>[http://calendar.dir.bg/inner.php?d=16&month=2&year=2009&cid=&sid=&eid=51734 НИМ представя изложбата "Кан Тервел - спасителят на Европа"]</ref><ref>[http://www.speedylook.com/Bulgaria.html Bulgaria at Sleedh Look encyclopedia]</ref><ref>[http://www.bulgarite.info/node/5 Кан Тервел - спасителят на Византия и ЕВРОПА]</ref> Bulgaria effectively stopped the barbarian tribes ([[Pechenegs]], [[Khazars]]) from migrating further to the west and in 806 destroyed the [[Eurasian Avars|Avar]] Khanate. Under [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I]] (893–927), the state was the largest in Europe, threatening the existence of [[Byzantium]].

After the adoption of [[Christianity]] in 864, Bulgaria became the cultural and spiritual centre of the [[Eastern Orthodox]] [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] world. The Bulgarian alphabet, in [[Cyrillic script]], was invented by the Bulgarian scholar [[Clement of Ohrid]] in 885. Literature, art and architecture were thriving with the establishment of the [[Preslav Literary School|Preslav]] and [[Ohrid Literary School]]s, and the Preslav Ceramics School. In 927 the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] was the first European national Church to gain independence with its own Patriarch.

==Transmission of learning==
With the end of the Western Roman Empire and urban centres in decline, literacy and learning decreased in the West. Education became the preserve of monasteries and cathedrals. A "Renaissance" of classical education would appear in Carolingian Empire in the 8th century. In the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium), learning (in the sense of formal education involving literature) was maintained at a higher level than in the West. Further to the east, Islam invaded and conquered many of the Eastern Patriarchates, and there were some advances in science, philosophy, and other intellectual endeavors in a "golden age" of learning.

===Classical education===
The classical education system, which would persist for hundreds of years, emphasized grammar, Latin, Greek, and rhetoric. Pupils read and reread classic works and wrote essays imitating their style. By the 4th century, this education system was Christianized. In ''De Doctrina Christiana'' (started 396, completed 426), [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] explained how classical education fits into the Christian worldview. Christianity was a religion of the book, so Christians must be literate. [[Tertullian]] was more sceptical of the value of classical learning, asking "What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem?"<ref>{{cite web|title=De praescriptione haereticorum, VII|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.iii.vii.html}}</ref> But even he did not object to Christian enrollment in classical schools. Plato's Academy and other remaining classical schools were closed by the emperor Justinian in AD 529 and non-Christian philosophy was partially banned. [[Charles Freeman (historian)|Charles Freeman]] argues that "The imposition of orthodoxy went hand in hand with a stifling of any form of independent reasoning. By the 5th century, not only has rational thought been suppressed, but there has been a substitution for it of 'mystery, magic, and authority'".<ref>Charles Freeman, ''The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason'', (Knopf, 2003), xviii-xix. However, much of what Freeman says throughout this book is dated and no longer tenable, given the last few decades of scholarship on the subject (see, e.g., Ronald L. Numbers (ed.) ''Galileo goes to Jail: and other Myths about Science and Religion''(Harvard University Press, 2009).</ref> From that date some education was required and enforced to conform with sanctioned church doctrine, except in private and hidden circumstances.

{|align=right style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
|-
!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%" align="center" colspan="2" | [[Christian monasticism]]
|-
|[[Image:Silos-Claustro.jpg|thumb|center|
[[Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos]]
----
In the Early Middle Ages, cultural life was concentrated at [[monastery|monasteries]].
]]
|}

===Decline in the West===
De-urbanization reduced the scope of education and by the 6th century teaching and learning moved to monastic and cathedral schools, with the centre of education being the study of biblical texts<ref>Pierre Riché, ''Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century'', (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Pr., 1976), pp. 100-129.</ref> Education of the laity survived modestly in Italy, Spain, and the southern part of Gaul, where Roman influences were most long-lasting. However, in the 7th century, learning began to emerge in Ireland and the Celtic lands, where Latin was a foreign language and Latin texts were eagerly studied and taught.<ref>Pierre Riché, ''Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century'', (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Pr., 1976), pp. 307-323).</ref>

===Science===
{{Main|History of science in the Middle Ages}}

In the ancient world, Greek was the primary language of science. Advanced scientific research and teaching was mainly carried on in the [[Hellenistic]] side of the Roman empire, and in Greek. Late Roman attempts to translate Greek writings into Latin had limited success.<ref>[[William Stahl]], ''Roman Science'', (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr.) 1962, see esp. pp. 120-133.</ref> As the knowledge of Greek declined, the Latin West found itself cut off from some of its Greek philosophical and scientific roots. For a time, Latin-speakers who wanted to learn about science had access to only a couple of books by [[Boethius]] (c. 470–524) that summarized Greek handbooks by [[Nicomachus of Gerasa]]. [[Saint Isidore of Seville]] produced a Latin encyclopedia in 630. Private libraries would have existed, and monasteries would also keep various kinds of texts.

Most of the leading scholars that we know of in the early centuries were [[clergy]]men for whom the study of [[nature]] was a small part of their interest. The study of nature was pursued more for practical reasons than as an abstract inquiry: the need to care for the sick led to the study of medicine and of ancient texts on drugs,<ref>Linda E. Voigts, "Anglo-Saxon Plant Remedies and the Anglo-Saxons," ''Isis'', 70(1979):250-268; reprinted in M. H. Shank, ed., ''The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages'', (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000).</ref> the need for monks to determine the proper time to pray led them to study the motion of the stars,<ref>Stephen C. McCluskey, "Gregory of Tours, Monastic Timekeeping, and Early Christian Attitudes to Astronomy," ''Isis'', 81(1990):9-22; reprinted in M. H. Shank, ed., ''The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages'', (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000).</ref> the need to compute the date of Easter led them to study and teach rudimentary mathematics and the motions of the Sun and Moon.<ref>Stephen C. McCluskey, ''Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe,'' (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1998), pp. 149-57.</ref> Modern readers may find it disconcerting that sometimes the same works discuss both the technical details of natural phenomena and their symbolic significance.<ref>Faith Wallis, "'Number Mystique' in Early Medieval Computus Texts," pp. 179-99 in T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans, eds. ''Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study'', (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005).</ref>

===Carolingian Renaissance===
Around 800, there was renewed interest in [[Classical Antiquity]] as part of the [[Carolingian Renaissance]]. [[Charlemagne|Charles the Great]] carried out a reform in [[education]]. The English monk [[Alcuin|Alcuin of York]] elaborated a project of scholarly development aimed at resuscitating classical knowledge by establishing programmes of study based upon the seven [[liberal arts]]: the ''trivium'', or literary education ([[grammar]], [[rhetoric]] and [[dialectic]]) and the ''quadrivium'', or scientific education ([[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], [[astronomy]] and [[music]]). From the year 787 on, [[decree]]s began to circulate recommending, in the whole empire, the restoration of old schools and the founding of new ones.

Institutionally, these new schools were either under the responsibility of a [[monastery]] ([[monastic school]]s), a [[cathedral]] or a [[noble court]]. The real significance of these measures would only be felt centuries later. The teaching of dialectic (a discipline that corresponds to today's [[logic]]) was responsible for the rebirth of the interest in speculative inquiry; from this interest would follow the rise of the [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]] tradition of [[Christian philosophy]]. In the 12th and 13th century, many of those schools founded under the auspices of Charles the Great, especially [[cathedral school]]s, would become [[Medieval university|universities]].

===Byzantium's golden age===

{|align=right style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
|-
!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%" align="center" colspan="2" |[[Byzantium under the Macedonians|Macedonian's Byzantium]]
|-
|[[Image:Paris psaulter gr139 fol1v.jpg|thumb|center|
Miniature from the [[Paris Psalter]]
----
[[Byzantium under the Macedonians|Byzantium in the 10th century]] experienced a wide-scale cultural revival.
]]
|}
Byzantium's great intellectual achievement was the [[Corpus Juris Civilis]] ("Body of Civil Law"), a massive compilation of [[Roman law]] made under [[Justinian]] (r. 528-65). The work includes a section called the ''[[Pandects|Digesta]]'' which abstracts the principles of Roman law in such a way that they can be applied to any situation. The level of literacy was considerably higher in the Byzantine Empire than in the Latin West. Elementary education was much more widely available, sometimes even in the countryside. Secondary schools still taught the ''[[Iliad]]'' and other classics.

As for higher education, the [[Neoplatonic Academy]] in [[Athens]] was closed in 526 due to its paganism. There was also a school in Alexandria which remained open until the Arab conquest (640). The [[University of Constantinople]], originally founded by Emperor [[Theodosius II]] (425), seems to have dissolved around this time. It was refounded by Emperor [[Michael III]] in 849. Higher education in this period focused on rhetoric, although [[Aristotle]]'s logic was covered in simple outline. Under the Macedonian dynasty (867–1025), Byzantium enjoyed a golden age and a revival of classical learning. There was little original research, but many lexicons, anthologies, encyclopaedias, and commentaries.

===Islamic learning===
In the course of the 11th century, Islam's scientific knowledge began to reach Western Europe. The works of [[Euclid]] and [[Archimedes]], lost in the West, were translated from Arabic to Latin in Spain. The modern [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]], including a notation for zero, were developed by Hindu mathematicians in the 5th and 6th centuries. Muslim mathematicians learned of it in the 7th century and added a notation for decimal fractions in the 9th and 10th centuries. Around 1000, Gerbert of Aurillac (later [[Pope Sylvester II]]) made an abacus with counters engraved with Hindu-Arabic numbers. A treatise by [[Al-Khwārizmī]] on how to perform calculations with these numerals was translated into Latin in Spain in the 12th century.

==Christianity West and East==

{|align=right style="width: 200px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
|-
!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%;" align="center" | [[Medieval Christians]]
|-
|[[Image:Sacr Gelasianum 131v 132.jpg|thumb|175px|center|
[[Sacramentarium Gelasianum]].
----
Frontispiece of Incipit from the Vatican manuscript]]
|-
|
<gallery>
File:St Boniface - Baptising-Martyrdom - Sacramentary of Fulda - 11Century.jpg|[[St Boniface]] - Baptism and Martyrdom.
</gallery>
|}
From the [[early Christians]], early medieval Christians inherited a church united by major creeds, a stable Biblical canon, and a well-developed philosophical tradition. The [[history of medieval Christianity]] traces Christianity during the Middle Ages - the period after the fall of the Roman Empire until the Protestant Reformation, considered the start of the modern era.

During the early Middle Ages, the divide between Eastern and Western Christianity widened, paving the way for the [[East-West Schism]] in the 11th century. In the West, the power of the [[Bishop of Rome]] expanded. In 607, [[Boniface III]] became the first Bishop of Rome to use the title [[Pope]]. Pope [[Gregory the Great]] used his office as a temporal power, expanded Rome's missionary efforts to the British Isles, and laid the foundations for the expansion of monastic orders. Roman church traditions and practices gradually replaced local variants, including [[Celtic Christianity]] in Great Britain and Ireland. In the East, the conquests of Islam reduced the power of the Greek-speaking [[patriarchates]]. Various barbarian tribes went from raiding and pillaging the island to settling and invading. They were entirely pagan, having never been part of the Empire, and although they experienced Christian influence from the surrounding peoples, such as those who were converted by the mission of [[St. Augustine]] sent by [[Pope Gregory the Great]].

{{further2|[[Christianity in the 6th century]]|[[Christianity in the 7th century]]|[[Christianity in the 8th century]]}}

===Christianization of the West===
{{Main|Christianization}}

The [[Catholic Church]], the only centralized institution to survive the [[fall of the Roman Empire|fall of the Western Roman Empire]] intact, was the sole unifying cultural influence in the West, selectively preserving some Latin learning, maintaining the art of writing, and preserving a centralized administration through its network of [[bishop]]s ordained in succession. The Early Middle Ages are characterized by the urban control of bishops and the territorial control exercised by dukes and counts. The rise of [[medieval commune|urban communes]] marked the beginning of the [[High Middle Ages]].

The [[Germanic Christianity|Christianization of Germanic tribes]] began in the 4th century with the Goths, and continued throughout the Early Middle Ages, in the 6th to 7th centuries led by the [[Hiberno-Scottish mission]], replaced in the 8th to 9th centuries by the [[Anglo-Saxon mission]], with Anglo-Saxons like [[Alcuin]] playing an important role in the [[Carolingian renaissance]]. [[Saint Boniface]], the Apostle of the Germans, propagated Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He helped shape Western Christianity, and many of the dioceses he proposed remain until today. After his martyrdom, he was quickly hailed as a saint. By AD 1000, even [[Iceland]] became Christian, leaving only more remote parts of Europe ([[Scandinavia]], the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] and [[Finno-Ugric people|Finno-Ugric]] lands) to be Christianized during the High Middle Ages.

==Holy Roman Empire==
;10th century
{{Main|Holy Roman Empire}}

{|align=right style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
|-
!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%" align="center" colspan="2" |The Holy Roman Empire
|-
|[[Image:HRR 10Jh.jpg|thumb|center|
HRE in era from Emperor [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] to [[Konrad II]] included present-day: Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovenia, northern half of Italy, Switzerland, (south)eastern France, Belgium and the Netherlands
----
'''Imperial region''' 
{{color box|#ca3f44}} Borders (Solid); [[Otto I]] (927) 
{{color box|#ca3f44}} Borders (Dots); [[Konrad II]] (1032) 
{{color box|#9ea6d5}} [[Kingdom of Germany|Theodisc kingdom]] (Solid) 
{{color box|#9ea6d5}} [[Saxon Eastern March]] (Slashed) 
{{color box|#b4b3b1}} [[Kingdom of Italy (medieval)|Kingdom of Italy]] 
{{color box|#d4b179}} [[Kingdom of Burgundy]] / [[Duchy of Bohemia]] 
----
'''Other regions''' 
{{color box|#aea4a3}} [[Byzantium]] 
{{color box|#a56abe}} [[Papal States]] 
{{color box|#beacaa}} [[Republic of Venice]] 
{{color box|#92b861}} [[Saracens]] / [[Moors]] / [[Arabs]] 
{{color box|#bdb989}} Not Specified]]
|}

Listless and often ill, Carolingian Emperor [[Charles the Fat]] provoked an uprising led by his nephew [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] which resulted in the division of the empire into the kingdoms of France, Germany, and (northern) Italy (887). Taking advantage of the weakness of the German government, the Magyars had established themselves in the [[Alföld]], or Hungarian grasslands, and began raiding across Germany, Italy, and even France. The German nobles elected [[Henry the Fowler]], duke of Saxony, their king at a Reichstag, or national assembly, in Fritzlar in 919. Henry's power was only marginally greater than that of the other leaders of the stem duchies, which were the feudal expression of the former German tribes.

Henry's son King [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] (r. 936–973) was able to defeat a revolt of the dukes supported by French King [[Louis IV of France|Louis IV]] (939). In 951, Otto marched into Italy and married the widowed Queen [[Adelaide of Italy|Adelaide]], named himself king of the Lombards, and received homage from [[Berengar of Ivrea]], king of Italy (r. 950-52). Otto named his relatives the new leaders of the stem duchies, but this approach didn't completely solve the problem of disloyalty. His son Liudolf, duke of Swabia, revolted and welcomed the Magyars into Germany (953). At [[Lechfeld]], near Augsburg in Bavaria, Otto caught up the Magyars while they were enjoying a razzia and achieved a signal victory (955). After this, the Magyars ceased to be a nation that lived on plunder and their leaders created a Christian kingdom called Hungary (1000). Otto, his prestige greatly enhanced, marched into Italy again and was crowned emperor (''imperator augustus'') by [[Pope John XII]] in Rome (962).

[[File:Otto I begegnet Papst Johannes XII.jpg|thumb|left|159px|

[[Otto I]] meets [[Pope John XII]]]]

===Founding of the Holy Roman Empire===
Historians count this event as the founding of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], although the term was not used until much later. The Ottonian state is also considered the first ''Reich,'' or German Empire. Otto used the imperial title without attaching it to any territory. He and later emperors thought of themselves as part of a continuous line of emperors that begins with [[Charlemagne]]. (Several of these "emperors" were simply local Italian magnates who bullied the pope into crowning them.) Otto deposed John XII for conspiring with Berengar against him and named [[Pope Leo VIII]] to replace him (963). Berengar was captured and taken to Germany. John was able to reverse the deposition after Otto left, but died in the arms of his mistress soon afterwards.

Besides founding the German Empire, Otto's achievements include the creation of the "Ottonian church system," in which the clergy (the only literate section of the population) assumed the duties of an imperial civil service. He raised the papacy out of the muck of Rome's local gangster politics, assured that the position was competently filled, and gave it a dignity that allowed it to assume leadership of an international church.

==Europe in AD 1000==
;AD 1000
[[Image:Gokstadskipet1.jpg|thumb|right| '''The [[Gokstad ship]]''' 
Viking Ship Museum 
Oslo, Norway
----
A 9th-century Viking [[longship]] excavated in 1882.]]
{{Main|1000}}
Speculation that the world would end in the year 1000 was confined to a few uneasy French monks.<ref>Cantor, 1993 ''Europe in 1050'' p 235.</ref> Ordinary clerks used [[regnal year]]s, i.e. the 4th year of the reign of Robert II (the Pious) of France. The use of the modern "anno domini" system of dating was confined to the [[Venerable Bede]] and other chroniclers of universal history.

Europe remained a backwater compared to the Islamic world, with its vast network of caravan trade, or China, at this time the world's most populous empire under the [[Song Dynasty]]. Constantinople had a population of about 300,000, but Rome had a mere 35,000 and Paris 20,000.<ref>http://www.irows.ucr.edu/research/citemp/estcit/estcit.htm</ref><ref>http://sumbur.n-t.org/sg/ua/ddk.htm</ref> In contrast, Islam had over a dozen major cities stretching from [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], Spain, at this time the world's largest city with 450,000 inhabitants, to central Asia. The [[Vikings]] had a trade network in northern Europe, including a [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|route connecting the Baltic to Constantinople]] through Russia, as did the [[Radhanites]]. But it was a modest affair compared to the caravan routes that connected the great Muslim cities of Cordoba, Alexandria, [[Cairo]], Baghdad, [[Basra]], and [[Mecca]].

With nearly the entire nation freshly ravaged by the Vikings, England was in a desperate state. The long-suffering English later responded with a massacre of Danish settlers in 1002, leading to a round of reprisals and finally to Danish rule (1013), though England regained independence shortly after. But Christianization made rapid progress and proved itself the long-term solution to the problem of barbarian raiding. The territories of Scandinavia were soon to be fully Christianized Kingdoms: [[Denmark]] in the 10th century, [[Norway]] in the 11th, and [[Sweden]], the country with the least raiding activity, in the 12th. [[Kievan Rus]], recently converted to Orthodox Christianity, flourished as the largest state in Europe. [[Iceland]] and [[Hungary]] were both declared Christian about AD 1000.

[[Image:St Michaels Church Hildesheim.jpg|thumb|left|'''[[Ottonian architecture]]''' 
[[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]], 1010s
----
Ottonian architecture draws its inspiration from Carolingian and Byzantine architecture.
]]
In Europe, a formalized institution of marriage was established.<ref>The proscribed degree of the degree of [[consanguinity]] varied, but the custom made marriages annullable by application to the Pope.</ref><ref>The Cincinnati lancet-clinic, Volume 89. [http://books.google.com/books?id=MqZXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA478 Pg 478]</ref> North of Italy, where masonry construction was never extinguished, stone construction was replacing timber in important structures. Deforestation of the densely wooded continent was under way. The 10th century marked a return of urban life, with the Italian cities doubling in population. [[London]], abandoned for many centuries, was again England's main economic centre by 1000. By 1000, [[Bruges]] and [[Ghent]] held regular trade fairs behind castle walls, a tentative return of economic life to western Europe.

In the culture of Europe, several features surfaced soon after 1000 that mark the end of the Early Middle Ages: the rise of the [[medieval commune]]s, the reawakening of city life, and the appearance of the [[bourgeoisie|burgher class]], the founding of the first [[Medieval university|universities]], the rediscovery of [[Roman law]], and the beginnings of vernacular literature.

In 1000, the papacy was firmly under the control of German Emperor [[Otto III]], or "emperor of the world" as he styled himself. But later church reforms enhanced its independence and prestige: the [[Abbey of Cluny|Cluniac movement]], the building of the first great Transalpine stone cathedrals and the collation of the mass of accumulated [[decretal]]s into a formulated [[canon law]].

==Middle East==
{{main| Muslim history}}

===Rise of Islam===
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:75
PlotArea = width:720 height:50 left:65 bottom:20
AlignBars = justify

Colors =
id:time value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) #
id:period value:rgb(1,0.7,0.5) #
id:span value:rgb(0.9,0.8,0.5) #
id:age value:rgb(0.95,0.85,0.5) #
id:era value:rgb(1,0.85,0.5) #
id:eon value:rgb(1,0.85,0.7) #
id:filler value:gray(0.8) # background bar
id:black value:black

Period = from:622 till:666
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:622
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:622

PlotData =
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line, black) width:10 shift:(0,-3)

from: 622 till: 632 color:era text:[[Muhammad]]
from: 632 till: 634 color:age text:[[Abu Bakr]]
from: 634 till: 644 color:era text:[[Umar ibn al-Khattab]]
from: 644 till: 656 color:age text:[[Uthman ibn Affan]]
from: 656 till: 661 color:era text:[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
from: 661 till: 666 color:age text:[[Muawiyah I]]
</timeline>
:::''Consult particular article for details''

{|align=right style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
|-
|[[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|center|The Islamic Prophet Muhammad<ref>17th-century Ottoman copy of an early 14th-century (Ilkhanate period) manuscript of Northwestern Iran or northern Iraq (the "Edinburgh codex). Illustration of Abū Rayhan al-Biruni 's al-Athar al-Baqiyah (الآثار الباقيةة, "The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries"</ref> preaching.]]
|-
!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%" align="center" colspan="2" |Rise of Islam
|-
|
[[File:Arabische Rijk.jpg|thumb|center|
Arab expansion in the 7th century. 
{{color box|#87f987}} ''Area I'' : Abu Bakr 
{{color box|#45d245}} ''Area II'' : Omar 
{{color box|#22bc20}} ''Area III'' : Uthman III 
{{color box|#098c0a}} ''Area IV'' : Ali]]
|-
!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%" align="center" colspan="2" | [[Al-Andalus]]
|-
|
[[Image:Mezquita3.jpg|thumb|center|The 10th-century [[Mezquita|Grand Mosque of Cordoba]] 
([[Andalusia|Andalusian city]], [[Córdoba, Spain]])
----
The site of the Grand Mosque was originally a pagan temple, then a Visigothic Christian church, before the Umayyad Moors at first converted the building into a mosque and then built a new mosque on the site.
]]
|}
The rise of Islam begins around the time [[Muhammad]] and his followers took flight, the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]], to the city of Medina. Muhammad spent his last ten years in a [[Military career of Muhammad|series of battles to conquer the Arabian region]]. From 622 to 632, Muhammad as the leader of a Muslim community in Medina was engaged in a state of war with the Meccans. In the proceeding decades, the area of [[Basra]] was conquered by the Muslims. During the reign of [[Umar]], the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later the area was settled and a mosque was erected. Upon the conquest of [[Midian|Madyan]], it was settled by Muslims. However, soon the environment was considered harsh and resettlement of settlers went to [[Kufa]]. During Umar's rule, he defeated the rebellion of several Arab tribes in a successful campaign, unifying the entire Arabian peninsula and giving it stability. Under [[Uthman]]'s leadership, the empire expanded into [[Fars Province|Fars]] in 650, some areas of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s. In this time, the Islamic empire extended over the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire. The [[First Fitna]], or the First Islamic Civil War, lasted for the entirety of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]'s reign. After the recorded peace treaty between with [[Hassan ibn Ali]] and the suppression of early [[Kharijites]]' disturbances, [[Muawiyah I]] accedes to the position of Caliph.

===Islamic expansion===
{{Main|Umayyad Caliphate}}
[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|left|200px|The Islamic expansion of the 7th and 8th centuries
|-
!style="color: #black; background-color: #f8eaba; font-size: 100%;" align="center" | '''[[Muslim conquests|Muslim Expansions in 7th & 8th Centuries]]'''
{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad's conquests, 622–632}}
{{legend|#ef9070|Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661}}
{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]]
The [[Muslim conquests]] of the [[Byzantine–Arab Wars|Eastern Roman Empire and Arab wars]] occurred between 634 and 750. Starting in 633, Muslims [[Islamic conquest of Iraq|conquered Iraq]]. The [[Muslim conquest of Syria]] would begin in 634 and would be complete by 638. The [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]] started in 639. Before the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Muslim invasion of Egypt]] began, the Eastern Roman Empire had already lost the [[Levant]] and its Arab ally, the [[Ghassanids|Ghassanid Kingdom]], to the Muslims. The Muslims would bring Alexandria under control and fall of Egypt would be complete by 642. Between 647 and 709, [[Umayyad conquest of North Africa|Muslims swept across North Africa]] and establish their authority over that region.

The [[Transoxiana]] region was conquered by [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]] between 706 and 715 and loosely held by the Umayyads from 715 to 738. This conquest was consolidated by [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]] between 738 and 740. It was under the Umayyads from 740-748; and under the Abbasids after 748. [[Sindh]], attacked in 664, would be subjugated by 712. Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad. The Umayyad conquest of [[Hispania]] ([[Visigothic Spain]]) would begin in 711 and end by 718. The Moors, under [[Al-Samh ibn Malik]], sweeping up the Iberian peninsula, by 719 overran [[Septimania]] and the area would fall under their full control in 720. With the [[Islamic conquest of Persia]], the Muslim subjugation of the [[Caucasus]] would take place between 711 and 750. The end of the sudden Islamic Caliphate expansion ended around this time. The final Islamic dominion eroded the areas of the Iron Age Roman Empire in the Middle East and controlled strategic areas of the Mediterranean.

At the end of the 8th century, the former Western Roman Empire was decentralized and overwhelmingly rural. The [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Islamic conquest and rule of Sicily and Malta]] was a process which started in the 9th century. Islamic rule over Sicily was effective from 902, and the complete rule of the island lasted from 965 until 1061. The Islamic presence on the Italian Peninsula was ephemeral and limited mostly to semi-permanent soldier camps.

===Caliphs and empire===
{{main|Abbasid Caliphate}}

The [[Abbasid Caliphate]], ruled by the [[Abbasid dynasty]] of caliphs, was the third of the Islamic caliphates. Under the Abbasids, the [[Islamic Golden Age]] philosophers, scientists and engineers of the Islamic world contributed enormously to technology, both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding their own inventions and innovations. Scientific and intellectual achievements blossomed in the period.

The Abbasids built their capital in Baghdad after replacing the Umayyad caliphs from all but the Iberian peninsula. The influence held by Muslim merchants over African-Arabian and Arabian-Asian trade routes was tremendous. As a result, Islamic civilization grew and expanded on the basis of its merchant economy, in contrast to their Christian, Indian and Chinese peers who built societies from an agricultural landholding nobility.

The Abbasids flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. Within 150 years of gaining control of Persia, the caliphs were forced to cede power to local dynastic emirs who only nominally acknowledged their authority. After the Abbasids lost their military dominance, the [[Samanids]] (or Samanid Empire) rose up in Central Asia. The Sunni Islam empire was a Tajik state and had a Zoroastrian theocratic nobility. It was the next native Persian dynasty after the collapse of the Sassanid Persian empire caused by the Arab conquest.

===European timelines===
{{Further|Timeline of the Middle Ages}}

====Beginning years====
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from:400 till:430 text:[[Saint Augustine|Augustine]]
from:466 till:511 text:[[Clovis I]]
from:527 till:565 text:[[Justinian I]]
from:570 till:632 text:[[Muhammad]]
bar:  color:era
from:433 till:493 text:[[Odoacer]]
from:540 till:604 text:[[Pope Gregory I|Gregory I]]
bar:Events color:age
from:496 till:496 text:[[Battle of Tolbiac|Tolbiac]]
from:602 till:629 text:[[Roman-Persian War]]
from:535 till:552 text:[[Gothic War (535–552)|Gothic War]]
from:674 till:678 text:[[Siege of Constantinople (674)|Constantinople Siege]]
</timeline>
;Dates
{{Col-begin|width=90%}}
{{Col-2}}
* 410 — [[Visigoths]] under [[Alaric I]] sack Rome
* 430 — Death of [[Saint Augustine]]
* 476 — [[Odoacer]] deposes [[Romulus Augustus]]
* 496 — [[Battle of Tolbiac]], [[Clovis I]] converts to Catholicism
* 507 — [[Battle of Vouillé]]
* 527–565 — [[Justinian I]]
* 535–552 — [[Gothic War (535–552)|Gothic Wars]]
* 541–542 — [[Plague of Justinian]] in [[Constantinople]]
* 547 — death of [[Benedict of Nursia]]
* c. 570 — birth of [[Muhammad]]
* 590–604 [[Pope Gregory I]]
* 597 — death of [[Columba]]
{{Col-2}}
* 602–629 — Last great [[Roman-Persian Wars#Climax|Roman-Persian War]]
* 615 — death of [[Columbanus]]
* 626 — [[Siege of Constantinople (626)|Joint Persian-Avar-Slav Siege of Constantinople]]
* 627 — Byzantine Emperor [[Heraclius]] invites the [[Serbs]] to settle in the [[Balkans]]
* 632 — death of [[Muhammad]]
* 636 — death of [[Isidore of Seville]]
* 674–678 — [[Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]
* 681 — [[First Bulgarian Empire]] established
{{Col-end}}

===Ending years===
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bar:People color:era
from:714 till:721 text:[[Ardo]]
from:768 till:814 text:[[Charlemagne]]
from:871 till:899 text:[[Alfred the Great]]
from:912 till:973 text:[[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]]
bar:Events color:age
from:711 till:718 text:[[Al-Andalus]]
bar:&ensp; color:age
from:732 till:732 text:[[Battle of Tours|Poitiers]]
</timeline>
;Dates
{{Col-begin|width=90%}}
{{Col-2}}
* 7th century — [[Khazar]] empire established
* 711–718 — [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania]]
* 717 — [[Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]
* 721 — death of [[Ardo]], last king of the [[Visigoths]]
* 730 — [[Iconoclasm (Byzantine)|Byzantine Iconoclasm]]
* 732 — [[Battle of Tours|Battle of Poitiers]]
* 735 — death of [[Bede]], British historian
* 746 — [[Blood court at Cannstatt]]
* 751 — [[Pepin the Short]] founds the [[Carolingian dynasty]]
* 754 — death of [[Saint Boniface]]
* 768–814 — [[Charlemagne]]
* 778 — [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass]]
* 782 — [[Bloody Verdict of Verden]]
* 793 — first [[Viking]] raids
{{Col-2}}
* 796–804 — [[Alcuin]] initiates the [[Carolingian Renaissance]]
* 815 — [[Iconoclasm (Byzantine)|Byzantine Iconoclasm]]
* 843 — [[Treaty of Verdun]]
* 862 — [[Rurikid Dynasty]] established
* 871–899 — [[Alfred the Great]]
* 872–930 — [[Harald I of Norway]]
* 882 — [[Kievan Rus']] established
* 911 — [[Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte]] ([[Normandy]])
* 955 — [[Battle of Lechfeld]]
* 962 — [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]]
* 969 — [[Kievan Rus']] subjugates [[Khazars]]
* 987–996 — [[Hugh Capet]]
* 988 — [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']]
* 991 — [[Battle of Maldon]]
{{Col-end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Middle Ages|History}}
;Medieval culture: [[Medieval demography]], [[English Medieval fashion]], [[Early Medieval literature]], [[Early medieval European dress]], [[Universal history]]
;[[Sassanid Empire]]: [[Indo-Sassanid]] (Early Medieval Persia and India)
;Other: [[Turkic expansion]]

==Further reading==
*''Cambridge Economic History of Europe'', vol. I 1966. Michael M. Postan, et al., editors.
*[[Norman Cantor|Norman F. Cantor]], ''The Medieval World 300 to 1300''
*Marcia L. Colish, 1997. ''Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition: 400-1400.'' (Haven, CT: Yale University Press)
*[[Georges Duby]], 1974. ''The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century'' (New York: Cornell University Press) Howard B. Clark, translator.
*Georges Duby, editor, 1988. ''A History of Private Life II: Revelations of the Medieval World'' (Harvard University Press)
*[[Heinrich Fichtenau]], (1957) 1978. ''The Carolingian Empire'' (University of Toronto) Peter Munz, translator.
*[[Charles Freeman (historian)|Charles Freeman]], 2003. ''[[The Closing of the Western Mind|The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason]]'' (London: William Heinemann)
*[[Richard Hodges (archaeologist)|Richard Hodges]], 1982. ''Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600-1000'' (New York: St Martin's Press)
*[[David Knowles (scholar)|David Knowles]], (1962) 1988. ''The Evolution of Medieval Thought''
*[[Richard Krautheimer]], 1980. ''Rome: Profile of a City 312-1308'' (Princeton University Press)
*[[Robin Lane Fox]], 1986. ''Pagans and Christians'' (New York: Knopf)
*[[David C. Lindberg]], 1992. ''The Beginnings of Western Science: 600 BC-1450 AD'' (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press)
*John Marenbon (1983) 1988.''Early Medieval Philosophy (480-1150): An Introduction'' (London: Routledge)
*Rosamond McKittrick, 1983 ''The Frankish Church Under the Carolingians'' (London: Longmans, Green)
*Karl Frederick Morrison, 1969. ''Tradition and Authority in the Western Church, 300-1140'' (Princeton University Press)
*Pierre Riché, (1978) 1988. ''Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne''
*[[Richard Southern]], 1953. ''The Making of the Middle Ages'' (Yale University Press)
* [http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/Late+Antiquity+to+Early+Medieval Early Medieval History] page, [http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/ Clio History Journal], Dickson College, Australian Capital Territory.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=XvQXAAAAMAAJ Glimpses of the dark ages]: Or, Sketches of the social condition of Europe, from the fifth to the twelfth century. (1846). New-York: Leavitt, Trow & company

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/41994 Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century]'' from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
:{{commons category|Early Middle Ages}}

{{Middle Ages}}
{{History of Europe}}

[[Category:Early Middle Ages| ]]

{{Link GA|zh}}
{{Link GA|de}}
{{Link FA|de}}

[[ar:عصور وسطى مبكرة]]
[[an:Alta Edat Meya]]
[[bg:Ранно Средновековие]]
[[ca:Alta edat mitjana]]
[[cs:Raný středověk]]
[[cy:Oesoedd Canol Cynnar]]
[[da:Tidlig middelalder]]
[[de:Frühmittelalter]]
[[et:Varakeskaeg]]
[[es:Alta Edad Media]]
[[eo:Alta Mezepoko]]
[[eu:Goi Erdi Aroa]]
[[fr:Haut Moyen Âge]]
[[fy:Iere Midsieuwen]]
[[fur:Alte etât di mieç]]
[[ko:중세 초기]]
[[is:Ármiðaldir]]
[[it:Alto Medioevo]]
[[he:ראשית ימי הביניים]]
[[lt:Ankstyvieji viduramžiai]]
[[mk:Ран среден век]]
[[nl:Vroege middeleeuwen]]
[[ja:中世前期]]
[[no:Tidlig middelalder]]
[[nn:Tidleg mellomalder]]
[[pl:Wczesne średniowiecze]]
[[pt:Idade Média#Alta Idade Média]]
[[ro:Evul Mediu Timpuriu]]
[[ru:Раннее Средневековье]]
[[simple:Early Middle Ages]]
[[sk:Včasný stredovek]]
[[th:ต้นสมัยกลาง]]
[[uk:Раннє Середньовіччя]]
[[vi:Tiền kỳ Trung cổ]]
[[zh:中世纪前期]]

Eagle Broadcasting Corporation

2013-01-29T16:36:38Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding tl:Eagle Broadcasting Corporation

{{Update|date=November 2010}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network|
network_name = ''Eagle Broadcasting Corporation''|
network_logo = |
country = [[Philippines]] |
network_type = [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast]] [[television network|television]] and [[radio network]]|
available = National |
key_people = [[Eduardo V. Manalo]] (Chairman) Art de Guzman (President/CEO)|
launch_date = April 26, 1968 (radio broadcasts) July 27, 1999 (television broadcasts)|
founder = |
past_names = |
website = http://www.eaglebroadcasting.net/|
}}

'''Eagle Broadcasting Corporation''' is a Philippine [[television network|television]] and [[radio network]]. Its head office and studios are located at the EBC Building, Central Ave., Brgy. New Era, [[Quezon City]]. The network named after the national bird ''[[Philippine Eagle]]''.

==History==
In April 26, 1968, Eagle Broadcasting Corporation launched [[DZEC|DZEC 1062]], an AM Radio Station news, public service & religious broadcasting. It is similar to DZRH because it sometimes mentions its frequency & it has relay stations in Lucena, Dagupan, Cebu & Davao. In 1987, it launched [[DWDM-FM|DWDM 95.5]], an FM Radio Station which played oldies music. It has ceased transmission since the beginning of 2007 apparently to upgrade its transmitter facilities. Around May 2007 it briefly returned in the airwaves on a lower bandwidth and limited broadcast hours, only on daytime. It lasted until June. It returned to the airwaves in April 2011 and launched as Pinas FM 95.5 a month later.

On April 23, 2000, Eagle Broadcasting Corporation launched a multimedia exhibit dubbed ''"Destination: PLANET 25"'', for a station previously owned by ACWS-United Broadcasting Network under the name UltraVision 25 and later acquired by EBC and renamed NET 25. Capable of 120 kilowatts of transmitter power (for a total of 7,896 kilowatts ERP), NET 25 boasts of the Philippines' first trilon TV tower that rises to 907 feet above sea level. A state-of-the-art [[JAMPRO 48-panel antenna]] and two 60 kW [[Acrodyne]] transmitters complete the tower package. NET 25 also has studios and editing suites for in-house and post-productions. Now Net-25 airs nationwide on three free TV stations in Manila, Cebu, and Davao as well as cable affiliates.

It was recently relaunched last August 7, 2011. As part of the relaunch, it also launched the Eagle Bayan Careavan.

==Television stations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Branding
! Callsign
! Ch. #
! Power (kW)
! Station Type
! class="unsortable"|Coverage (Transmitter site)
|-
| Net 25 Manila & Batangas
| [[DZEC-TV]]
| TV-25
| 120 kW (7896 kW ERP)
| Originating
| [[Metro Manila]] [[Batangas]]
|-
| Net 25 Baguio (Channel-46)
| DWDM-TV
| TV-46
| 1 kW
| Relay
| [[Baguio City|Baguio]]
|-
| Net 25 Cebu (Channel-49)
| [[DYFX-TV]]
| TV-49
| 10 kW
| Relay
| [[Cebu City|Cebu]]
|-
| Net 25 Davao (Channel-39)
| [[DXED-TV]]
| TV-39
| 10 kW
| Relay
| [[Davao City|Davao]]
|}

==Radio stations==
===FM Stations (Pinas FM)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Branding
! Callsign
! Frequency
! Power
! Location
|-
| Pinas FM 95.5
| [[DWDM-FM]]
| 95.5 MHz
| 25 Kw
| [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| Pinas FM 97.9 Dagupan
| [[DZDM]]
| 97.9 MHz
| 10 Kw
| [[Dagupan]]
|-
| Pinas FM 102.7 Davao
| [[DXDM]]
| 102.7 MHz
| 10 Kw
| [[Davao]]
|}

===AM Stations (Radyo Agila)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Branding
! Callsign
! Frequency
! Location
|-
| DZEC Radyo Agila 1062
| [[DZEC-AM]]
| 1062 kHz
| [[Metro Manila]]
|-
| DZEL Radyo Agila Lucena
| [[DZEL|DZEL-AM]]
| 1260 kHz
| [[Lucena, Philippines|Lucena]]
|-
| DWIN Radyo Agila Dagupan
| [[DWIN|DWIN-AM]]
| 1080 kHz
| [[Dagupan]]
|-
| DYFX Radyo Agila Cebu
| [[DYFX|DYFX-AM]]
| 1332 kHz
| [[Cebu]]
|-
| DXED Radyo Agila Davao
| [[DXED-AM]]
| 1224 kHz
| [[Davao]]
|}

==External links==
*[http://www.eaglebroadcasting.net/ EBC Website (No longer maintained)]
*[http://www.net25.tv Net 25 Website (Official Website)]

{{Media and entertainment companies of the Philippines}}
{{Radio in the Philippines}}
{{Television in the Philippines}}

[[Category:1968 establishments]]
[[Category:Philippine television networks]]
[[Category:Metro Manila television]]
[[Category:Radio stations in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1999]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1968]]
[[Category:Iglesia ni Cristo]]

[[ceb:Eagle Broadcasting Corporation]]
[[tl:Eagle Broadcasting Corporation]]

E. H. Shepard

2013-01-29T15:49:00Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying it:Ernest Howard Shepard to it:E. H. Shepard

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix =
|name =Ernest Howard Shepard
|honorific_suffix =
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_date ={{Birth date|1879|12|10|df=yes}}
|death_date ={{Death date and age|1976|03|24|1879|12|10|df=yes}}
|birth_place =[[St John's Wood]], [[London]]
|death_place =
|placeofburial =
|placeofburial_label =
|placeofburial_coordinates = 
|nickname =
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|allegiance =
|branch =
|serviceyears =
|rank =
|servicenumber =
|unit =
|commands =
|battles =[[World War I]]
|battles_label =
|awards =[[Military Cross]]
|relations =
|laterwork =[[Artist]] and book [[illustrator]]
|signature =
|website = 
}}
'''Ernest Howard Shepard''' (10 December 1879 – 24 March 1976) was an [[England|English]] [[artist]] and book [[illustrator]]. He was known especially for his [[Anthropomorphism|human-like animals]] in illustrations for ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'' by [[Kenneth Grahame]] and ''[[Winnie-the-Pooh]]'' by [[A. A. Milne]].

== Career ==
[[Image:WinnieThePooh.JPG|thumb|Cover of ''[[Winnie-the-Pooh]]'']]
[[File:EH Shepard's House, Lodsworth. - geograph.org.uk - 203097.jpg|thumb|E H Shepard's house at [[Lodsworth]], marked with a blue plaque]]
Shepard was born in [[St John's Wood]], [[London]]. Having shown some promise in drawing at [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]], Shepard enrolled in Heatherleys School of Fine Art in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chandler
| first = Arthur R.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = E.H. Shepard, The Man Who Drew Pooh
| publisher = Jaydem Books
| year = 2000
| location = Winkinswood Farm, West Sussex, UK
| pages = 27–31
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 1-903368-02-2}}</ref> Having spent a productive year there, Shepard won a scholarship to the [[Royal Academy Schools]]
<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chandler
| first = Arthur R.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = E.H. Shepard, The Man Who Drew Pooh
| publisher = Jaydem Books
| year = 2000
| location = Winkinswood Farm, West Sussex, UK
| pages = 33
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 1-903368-02-2}}</ref> where he would meet Florence Eleanor Chaplin who would become his first wife.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chandler
| first = Arthur R.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = E.H. Shepard, The Man Who Drew Pooh
| publisher = Jaydem Books
| year = 2000
| location = Winkinswood Farm, West Sussex, UK
| pages = 37
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 1-903368-02-2}}</ref> By 1906 Shepard had become a successful illustrator, having produced work for illustrated editions of [[Aesop's Fables]], ''[[David Copperfield (novel)|David Copperfield]]'', and ''[[Tom Brown's Schooldays]]'', as well as an illustration for ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]''.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chandler
| first = Arthur R.
| title = E.H. Shepard, The Man Who Drew Pooh
| publisher = Jaydem Books
| year = 2000
| location = Winkinswood Farm, West Sussex, UK
| pages = 51
| isbn = 1-903368-02-2}}</ref>

In 1915, Shepard received a commission in the [[Royal Artillery]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chandler
| first = Arthur R.
| title = E.H. Shepard, The Man Who Drew Pooh
| publisher = Jaydem Books
| year = 2000
| location = Winkinswood Farm, West Sussex, UK
| pages = 59
| isbn = 1-903368-02-2}}</ref> By 1916 Shepard started working for the Intelligence Department sketching the combat area within the view of his battery position.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chandler
| first = Arthur R.
| title = E.H. Shepard, The Man Who Drew Pooh
| publisher = Jaydem Books
| year = 2000
| location = Winkinswood Farm, West Sussex, UK
| pages = 69
| isbn = 1-903368-02-2}}</ref> In 1918 he was awarded the [[Military Cross]] for his service in [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chandler
| first = Arthur R.
| title = E.H. Shepard, The Man Who Drew Pooh
| publisher = Jaydem Books
| year = 2000
| location = Winkinswood Farm, West Sussex, UK
| pages = 71
| isbn = 1-903368-02-2}}</ref>

Throughout the war he had been contributing to ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]''. He was hired as a regular staff cartoonist in 1921 and became lead cartoonist in 1945 but was removed from this post by [[Malcolm Muggeridge]], who became editor in 1953.<ref>[http://www.just-pooh.com/shepard.html E.H. Shepard | Winnie the Pooh]</ref>

Shepard was recommended to Milne by another ''Punch'' staffer, [[E. V. Lucas]] in 1923. Initially, Milne thought Shepard's style was not what he wanted, but used him to illustrate his book of poems ''[[When We Were Very Young]]''. Happy with the results, Milne insisted Shepard illustrate ''[[Winnie-the-Pooh]]''. Realising his illustrator's contribution to the book's success, Milne arranged for Shepard to receive a share of his royalties. Milne also inscribed a copy of ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' with the following personal verse:<ref>[http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/winnie-the-pooh/features/eh-shepard-the-man-who-drew-pooh-in-progress Icons: The Man Who Drew Pooh]</ref>

<blockquote>When I am gone, 
Let Shepard decorate my tomb, 
And put (if there is room) 
Two pictures on the stone: 
Piglet from page a hundred and eleven, 
And Pooh and Piglet walking (157)… 
And Peter, thinking that they are my own, 
Will welcome me to Heaven.</blockquote>

Eventually, Shepard grew to resent "that silly old bear" and felt that these illustrations overshadowed his other work.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4772370.stm The Man Who Hated Pooh]</ref>

Shepard modelled Pooh not on the toy owned by [[Christopher Robin Milne|Christopher Robin]], Milne's son, but on "Growler", a stuffed bear owned by his own son. (Growler no longer exists, having been given to his granddaughter Minnie Hunt and subsequently destroyed by a neighbour's dog.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chandler
| first = Arthur R.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = E.H. Shepard, The Man Who Drew Pooh
| publisher = Jaydem Books
| year = 2000
| location = Winkinswood Farm, West Sussex, UK
| pages = 92
| isbn = 1-903368-02-2}}</ref>) His Pooh work is so famous that 300 of his preliminary sketches were exhibited at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in 1969, when he was 90 years old.{{cn|date=September 2012}}

An E.H. Shepard painting of Winnie the Pooh is the only known oil painting of the famous teddy bear. It was purchased at an auction for $285,000 in London late in 2000.{{cn|date=September 2012}} The painting is displayed at the Pavilion Gallery in [[Assiniboine Park]], [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]].{{cn|date=September 2012}}

Shepard wrote two autobiographies: ''Drawn from Memory'' (1957) and ''Drawn From Life'' (1962).{{cn|date=September 2012}}

In 1972, Shepard gave his personal collection of papers and illustrations to the [[University of Surrey]]. These now form the E.H. Shepard Archive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/portal/page?_pageid=734,319143&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=The E.H. Shepard Archive at the University of Surrey}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[Image:E H Shepard's grave.JPG|thumb|E H Shepard's grave at [[Lodsworth]] church]]
Shepard lived at [[Lodsworth]] in [[West Sussex]]. He had two children, [[Graham Shepard|Graham]] (born 1907) and [[Mary Shepard|Mary]] (born 1909),<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.library.pitt.edu/libraries/is/enroom/illustrators/shepard.htm |title=Resource Guide - Ernest Howard Shepard |accessdate=23 May 2008 |coauthors=Millie Arnet, Michelle Frisque, Beth Kean, Elizabeth T. Mahoney |work=The Elizabeth Nesbitt Room Illustrators Project |publisher=University of Pittsburgh ULS}}</ref> who each also became illustrators.

== Works illustrated ==
* 1924 - ''[[When We Were Very Young]]''<ref name="chandlerbio">{{cite book
| last = Chandler
| first = Arthur R.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = E.H. Shepard, The Man Who Drew Pooh
| publisher = Jaydem Books
| year = 2000
| location = Winkinswood Farm, West Sussex, UK
| pages = 172–174
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 1-903368-02-2}}</ref>
* 1925 - ''Playtime and Company'', ''Holly Tree''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1926 - ''[[Winnie-the-Pooh (book)|Winnie The Pooh]]'', ''Everybody's Pepys''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1927 - ''Jeremy'', ''Little One's Log'', ''Let's Pretend'', ''[[Now We Are Six]]'', ''Fun and Fantasy''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1928 - ''[[The House at Pooh Corner]]'', ''The Golden Age''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1930 - ''Everybody's Boswell'', ''Dream Days''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1931 - ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'', ''Christmas Poems'', ''Bevis'', ''[[Mother Goose]]''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1932 - ''Sycamore Square''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1933 - ''Everybody's Lamb'', ''The Cricket in the Cage''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1934 - ''Victoria Regina''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1935 - ''Perfume from Provence''
* 1936 - ''The Modern Struwwelpeter''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1937 - ''Golden Sovereign'', ''Chaeddar Gorge'', ''As the Bee Sucks'', ''Extra Perfume from Provence''
* 1939 - ''[[The Reluctant Dragon]]''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1941 - ''Gracious Majesty''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1948 - ''Golden Age'', ''Dream Days'', ''Bertie's Escapade''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1949 - ''York''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1950 - ''Drover's Tale''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1951 - ''Enter David Garrick''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1953 - ''Silver Curlew''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1954 - ''Cuckoo Clock'', ''Susan, Bill and the Wolf-dog''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1955 - ''Glass Slipper'', ''Operation Wild Goose'', ''Crystal Mountain'', ''Frogmorton'', ''The Brownies''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1955 - [[Muriel Wace|''Mary in the Country'']]
* 1956 - ''The Islanders'', ''The Pancake''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1956 - ''Royal Reflections''
* 1957 - ''Drawn from Memory'', ''Briar Rose''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1958 - ''Old Greek Fairy Tales''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1959 - ''[[Tom Brown's School Days]]''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1960 - ''Noble Company''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1961 - ''Drawn from Life'', ''Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1965 - ''Ben and Brock''<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1969 - ''The Wind in the Willows'' (colour re-illustration), ''The Pooh Cookbook'' (cover)<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1970 - ''Winnie the Pooh'' (colour re-illustration), ''The House at Pooh Corner'' (colour re-illustration)<ref name='chandlerbio'/>
* 1971 - ''The Pooh Party Book'' (cover)<ref name='chandlerbio'/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.classicpooh.net/akre2.htm Biography of E. H. Shepard] at classicpooh.net
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4772370.stm "The man who hated Pooh"], Tim Benson, [[BBC News]], 6 March 2006.
* »The Man who drew Pooh«: ''[http://www.achimthepooh.de/pages/frameset_2_pu_2.html Obituary for Ernest Howard Shepard]

{{Winnie-the-Pooh}}

{{Authority control |PND= 129456187|LCCN=n/81/139437 |VIAF= 76322866|SELIBR= |GKD= |SWD= }}

{{Persondata
|NAME =Shepard, E. H.
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION =
|DATE OF BIRTH =10 December 1879
|PLACE OF BIRTH =
|DATE OF DEATH =24 March 1976
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shepard, E. H.}}

[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:English Anglicans]]
[[Category:English artists]]
[[Category:English illustrators]]
[[Category:Winnie-the-Pooh]]
[[Category:Punch (magazine) cartoonists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:People from St John's Wood]]
[[Category:Artists from London]]

[[cy:E. H. Shepard]]
[[da:Ernest Howard Shepard]]
[[de:Ernest Shepard]]
[[fr:Ernest Howard Shepard]]
[[it:E. H. Shepard]]
[[he:ארנסט שפארד]]
[[lb:Ernest H. Shepard]]
[[nl:Ernest Shepard]]
[[ja:E・H・シェパード]]
[[no:Ernest Howard Shepard]]
[[pl:E.H. Shepard]]
[[pt:E. H. Shepard]]
[[ru:Шепард, Эрнест]]
[[fi:E. H. Shepard]]
[[sv:Ernest H. Shepard]]

Dōmei Tsushin

2013-01-29T15:37:13Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding fr:Agence de presse Dōmei

[[File:Shisei Kaikan (2006.05.04) 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The headquarters of Domei Tsushinsha, in [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Tokyo]].]]
{{nihongo|'''Dōmei News Agency'''|同盟通信社| Dōmei Tsūshinsha| extra=literal translation Federated News Agency}} was the official [[news agency]] of the [[Empire of Japan]].

==History and development==
Dōmei was the end result of years of efforts by Japanese journalists and business leaders to create a national [[news agency]] in Japan that could compete with (and if necessary counter) [[Reuters]] and other internationally-recognized news agencies on a global basis.

After the [[Manchurian Incident]] of 1931, president [[Yukichi Iwanaga]] (岩永裕吉 ''Iwanaga Yūkichi'') of the [[Nihon Shimbun Rengosha]] (日本新聞聯合社 Associated Press, or “Rengo”) proposed the merger of his news agency with the [[Dentsu|Nihon Dempo Tsushinsha]] (日本電報通信社 Japan Telegraphic News Agency, or “Dentsu”). Despite government backing for the move, the merger was resisted by Dentsu president [[Hoshio Mitsunaga]] ([[:ja:光永星郎|光永星郎]] ''Mitsunaga Hoshio''), who was reluctant to give up control of his company’s lucrative [[advertising]] business, and by concerns that a merger would threaten his advertising customer base – the provincial newspapers who competed against Rengo. As a compromise, Mitsunaga agreed to split Dentsu, and separate the news agency from the advertising agency. The news agency was reorganized in a merger with Rengo on 28 December 1935 to form the Dōmei Tsūshinsha.

During [[World War II]], Dōmei News Agency came under the control of the [[Ministry of Communications (Japan)]], a pre-war [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] level ministry in the Japanese government. Domei maintained a network of offices outside Japan, dispatching reporters to all allied and neutral countries, and was also involved in film and radio work. It also collected news and information from various sources to pass on to the government and military, and produced various works of [[propaganda]] aimed at foreign countries.

Dōmei issued news to the public that was [[Censorship in the Empire of Japan|censored]] along government-approved lines, and broadcast news in Japanese and in major European languages through an extensive network of [[radio station]]s in east Asia, [[Manchukuo]] and in Japanese-occupied [[China]]. It was later authorized by the Japanese military to develop a news network and radio stations in Japanese-occupied [[Singapore]] and [[British Malaya|Malaya]].

A number of documented incidents from the period around the outbreak of the [[Pacific War]] show that on a personal level Dōmei's staff had good relationships with foreign journalists.

Under the [[Allied occupation of Japan]] Dōmei was disbanded, and its functions divided split between [[Kyodo News]] (共同通信社) and [[Jiji Press]] (時事通信社) in 1945 following the end of World War II.

==References==
*{{cite book
| last = Huffman
| first = James
| year = 2006
| title = Modern Japan, An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Nationalism
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-8153-2525-8
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Domei Tsushin}}
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Empire of Japan]]
[[Category:Japanese media]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of Japan]]

[[fr:Agence de presse Dōmei]]
[[ja:同盟通信社]]
[[zh:同盟通信社]]

Dushanbe

2013-01-29T13:43:56Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying eu:Dushanbe to eu:Duxanbe

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Dushanbe
|nativename = {{lang|tg|Душанбe}}
|image_skyline = Dushanbe panorama 07.jpg
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption = View across the city
|image_seal = Coat of Arms of Dushanbe.png
|map_caption = Location of Dushanbe in Tajikistan
|pushpin_map = Tajikistan
|pushpin_mapsize = 300
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_region = TJ
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{Flag|Tajikistan}}
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = [[Mahmadsaid Ubaydulloyev]]
|previous_names = Дюшамбе (1924—1929), Сталинабад (1929—1960)
|area_magnitude = 1 E9
|area_total_km2 = 124.6
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2008
|population_footnotes =
<ref>''Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January, State Statistical Committee, Dushanbe, 2008 {{ru icon}}</ref>
|population_total = 679,400
|population_metro =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_sq_mi= auto
|timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
|utc_offset = +5
|timezone_DST = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
|utc_offset_DST = +5
|time_shift = none
|latd=38 |latm=32 |lats=12 |latNS=N
|longd=68 |longm=46 |longs=48 |longEW=E
|elevation_m = 706
|website = [http://www.dushanbe.tj/ www.dushanbe.tj]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Dushanbe''' ({{lang-tg|Душанбе}}, {{lang|tg-latn|''Dushanbe''}}, '''Dyushambe''' until 1929; '''Stalinabad''', {{lang-tg|Сталинобод}} until 1961), population 679,400 people (2008 est.), is the capital and largest city of [[Tajikistan]]. Dushanbe means "Monday" in [[Tajik language|Tajik]],<ref>D. Saimaddinov, S. D. Kholmatova, and S. Karimov, ''Tajik-Russian Dictionary'', Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature, Scientific Center for Persian-Tajik Culture, Dushanbe, 2006.</ref> and the name reflects the fact that the city grew on the site of a village that originally was a popular Monday [[marketplace]].

==History==
Situated at the confluence of two rivers, [[Varzob River|Varzob]] and [[Kofarnihon River|Kofarnihon]], Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. Although archaeological remnants dating to the 5th century BC have been discovered in the area, there is little to suggest that Dushanbe was more than a small village until the early 20th century. In 1920, the last [[Emirate of Bukhara|Emir of Bukhara]] briefly took refuge in Dushanbe (then called Dyushambe) after being overthrown by the [[Bolshevik]] revolution. He fled to Afghanistan after the [[Red Army]] conquered the area the next year.

[[File:Somoni monument.JPG|thumb|left|200px||Monument of Amir [[Ismail Samani]].]]

Dushanbe, which means "Monday" in [[Persian language|Persian, (فارسی)]], developed on the site of a Monday marketplace village, Dyushambe-Bozor,<ref>[http://www.diclib.com/cgi-bin/d1.cgi?l=ru&base=geo_rus&page=showid&id=1919 Dushanbe in ''Dictionary of Geographic Names''] {{ru icon}}</ref> and its former name Dyushambe was a [[Russified]] version of the word meaning "Monday" in [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref>[[Francis Joseph Steingass]], [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/ ''A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary''], on-line edition</ref> (''du-shanbe'' from ''du'' two + ''shanbe'' Saturday, lit. "second day after Saturday"). Following the Red Army victory in Central Asia the village was upgraded to town in 1925 and made the capital of the newly created [[Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] (Tajik ASSR). After the transformation of Tajik ASSR to [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]] (Tajik SSR) in 1929, Dyushambe was renamed Stalinabad, after [[Joseph Stalin]]. As part of [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s [[de-Stalinization]] initiative, the city was renamed Dushanbe in 1961.

The Soviets transformed the area into a centre for cotton and silk production, and relocated tens of thousands of people to the city from around the Soviet Union. The population also increased with thousands of ethnic Tajiks migrating to Tajikistan following the transfer of [[Bukhara]] and [[Samarkand]] to the [[Uzbek SSR]]. A peaceful and relatively prosperous city under Soviet rule, Dushanbe was home to a university and the [[Tajik Academy of Sciences]]. Severe rioting occurred in February 1990, after it was rumored that [[Government of the Soviet Union|Moscow]] planned to relocate tens of thousands of Armenian refugees to Tajikistan. The [[Dushanbe riots]] were primarily fueled by concerns about housing shortages for the Tajik population, but they coincided with a wave of nationalist unrest that swept Transcaucasia and other Central Asian states during the twilight of [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]]'s era.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D8103EF930A25751C0A966958260 Ethnic rioting in Dushanbe], New York Times, 13 February 1990. Retrieved 18 October 2008</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Dushanbe, Tajikistan.JPG|thumb|Astronaut View of Dushanbe]]
The population of Dushanbe is about 679,400 and is made up of ethnic Tajiks (c. 83.4%), Uzbeks (9.1%), Russians (5.1%), and other (2.4%).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Population of Dushanbe
! Year !! Population
|-
! 1926
| 6,000
|-
! 1936
| 83,000
|-
! 1956
| 227,000
|-
! 1971
| 388,000
|-
! 1991
| 582,000
|-
! 2002
| 579,000
|-
! 2006
| 661,000
|}

==Districts==
[[File:Dushanbe districts.png|thumb|300px|Districts of Dushanbe]]

Dushanbe is divided into the following districts:

<ol>
<li> [[Avicenna]] ({{lang-tg|Абӯалӣ ибни Сино}}, {{lang|tg-latn|''Abūalī ibni Sino''}})
<li> [[Ferdowsi]] ({{lang-tg|Фирдавсӣ}}, {{lang|tg-latn|''Firdavsī''}})
<li> [[Ismail Samani]] ({{lang-tg|Исмоили Сомонӣ}}, {{lang|tg-latn|''Ismoili Somonī''}})
<li> [[Mansur I|Shah Mansur]] ({{lang-tg|Шоҳмансур}}, {{lang|tg-latn|''Shohmansur''}})
</ol>

{{Clear}}

==Climate==
Dushanbe features a borderline dry-summer [[continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Dsa)<ref name="Koeppen">[/media/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Asia_Koppen_Map.png Updated Asian map of the Köppen climate classification system]</ref> and [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Csa).<ref name="Koeppen"/> The summers are hot and dry and the winters are chilly, but not very cold. The climate is damper than other Central Asian capitals, with an average annual rainfall over {{convert|500|mm|in|0}} as moist air is funnelled by the surrounding valley during the winter and spring, but is still highly continental and has the hot, dry summers typical of the region. Winters are not as cold as further north owing to the shielding of the city by mountain from extremely cold air from [[Siberia]].

{{Weather box
|location = Dushanbe
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 21.1
|Feb record high C = 22.8
|Mar record high C = 27.8
|Apr record high C = 32.2
|May record high C = 37.8
|Jun record high C = 40.0
|Jul record high C = 42.2
|Aug record high C = 40.0
|Sep record high C = 37.2
|Oct record high C = 32.8
|Nov record high C = 25.0
|Dec record high C = 20.0
|year record high C = 42.2
|Jan high C = 9.4
|Feb high C = 10.6
|Mar high C = 15.6
|Apr high C = 20.6
|May high C = 26.1
|Jun high C = 32.8
|Jul high C = 35.6
|Aug high C = 34.4
|Sep high C = 30.0
|Oct high C = 23.3
|Nov high C = 15.6
|Dec high C = 10.6
|year high C = 22.1
|Jan low C = −0.6
|Feb low C = 1.7
|Mar low C = 5.6
|Apr low C = 9.4
|May low C = 13.3
|Jun low C = 17.8
|Jul low C = 19.4
|Aug low C = 17.2
|Sep low C = 12.8
|Oct low C = 7.8
|Nov low C = 3.3
|Dec low C = 0.6
|year low C = 9.0
|Jan record low C = −17.8
|Feb record low C = −13.9
|Mar record low C = −10.0
|Apr record low C = 0.0
|May record low C = 6.1
|Jun record low C = 11.1
|Jul record low C = 13.9
|Aug record low C = 10.0
|Sep record low C = 3.9
|Oct record low C = −2.2
|Nov record low C = −6.1
|Dec record low C = −10.0
|year record low C = −17.8
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm = 66.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 75.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 107.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 105.0
|May precipitation mm = 66.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 5.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 3.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 3.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 30.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 44.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 59.8
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan precipitation days = 8.5
|Feb precipitation days = 9.1
|Mar precipitation days = 13.4
|Apr precipitation days = 9.8
|May precipitation days = 7.8
|Jun precipitation days = 1.5
|Jul precipitation days = 0.7
|Aug precipitation days = 0.1
|Sep precipitation days = 0.8
|Oct precipitation days = 3.7
|Nov precipitation days = 5.3
|Dec precipitation days = 8.1
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan sun = 120.9
|Feb sun = 121.5
|Mar sun = 155.0
|Apr sun = 198.0
|May sun = 282.1
|Jun sun = 336.0
|Jul sun = 353.4
|Aug sun = 337.9
|Sep sun = 288.0
|Oct sun = 223.2
|Nov sun = 165.0
|Dec sun = 117.8
|year sun = 2698.8
|source 1 = Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial<ref name = Sistema >
{{cite web
|url = http://www.ucm.es/info/cif/station/ta-dusha.htm
|title = TAJIKISTAN - DUSHANBE
|publisher = Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas
|accessdate = 10 November 2011
}}</ref> Hong Kong Observatory <ref name = HKO >
{{cite web
|url = http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/dushanbe_e.htm
|title = Climatological Normals of Dushanbe
|publisher = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]
|accessdate = 10 June 2010
}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==Economy==
{{Refimprove section|date=December 2010}}
[[File:Dushanbe Theater.jpg|thumb|250px|Puppet theatre]]
Coal, lead, and [[arsenic]] are mined nearby in the cities of [[Nurak|Nurek]] and [[Kulob]] allowing for the industrialization of Dushanbe. The [[Nurek Dam]], the world's highest as of 2008, generates 95% of Tajikistan's electricity, and another dam, the [[Roghun Dam]], is planned on the [[Vakhsh River]]. A leading cotton textile center, Dushanbe also produces silk, machinery, electrical appliances, clothing, leather goods, tractor parts, and foodstuffs. The city of Dushanbe is now home to a number of modern telecommunications, aeronautic and other business corporations adding vitality to its economy. Tourism and [[ecotourism]] to the Dushanbe region is a component of the city's service industry, which includes shopping centers, cafes, restaurants, and hotels. Museums and theatres add a cultural element to the economy.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

[[Tajik Air]] has its head office on the grounds of [[Dushanbe Airport]] in Dushanbe.<ref>"Directory: World Airlines." ''[[Flight International]]''. 30 March-5 April 2004. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200321.html?search=%22Tajik%20Air%22 78]. "Titov Street 31/2, Dushanbe Airport, Dushanbe, 734006, Tajikistan."</ref> [[Somon Air]] has its head office in Dushanbe.<ref>"[http://www.somonair.com/en/page.php?pageid=65 Contacts]." [[Somon Air]]. Retrieved on 4 December 2010. "Contacts: 40, Titova Str. Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 734012." [http://www.somonair.com/page.php?pageid=6 Address in Tajik]: "734012, Таджикистан, Душанбе, ул. Титова, 40"</ref>

== Main sights ==
[[File:Social Hall of the Synagogue of Dushanbe.jpg|thumb|The former [[Dushanbe Synagogue]].]]
[[File:Dushanbe government.jpg|thumb|Dushanbe government building.]]
*[[Dushanbe Airport]]
*[[Tajikistan National Museum]] (Tajik Unified Museum)
*[[Vahdat Palace]]
*[[Dushanbe Flagpole]]—The tallest flagpole in the world
*[[Dushanbe Zoo]]
*[[Dushanbe Botanical Garden|Botanical Garden]]
*[[Dushanbe Opera]]
*[[Dushanbe Circus]]
*[[Gurminj Museum|Gurminj Museum of Musical Instruments]] (Gurminj Museum)
*[[Dushanbe Synagogue]] (destroyed in summer 2008)

Take a look also on some good pictures of the Dushanbe: [http://player.vimeo.com/video/51372590 Dushanbe - TimeLapse]

==Education==
[[File:Donishgohi Davlatii Millii Tojikiston .JPG|thumb|[[Tajik State National University]].]]
Many of the most important universities and institutes are based in Dushanbe:
*[[Tajik State National University]]
*[[Tajikistan Humanitarian International University]]
*[[Agricultural University of Tajikistan]]
*[[Tajik State Medical University]]
*[[Tajik State Pedagogical University]]
*[[Tajik State University of Commerce]]
*[[Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics]]
*[[Russian-Tajik Slavonic University]]
*[[Tajikistan University of Technology]]
*[[Tajikistan-Russian Modern University]]
*[[Technical University of Tajikistan]]

Dushanbe posesses a school for the families working for both the international and local business communities, foreign families, including the diplomatic corps and various multi-national government-funded organizations.
*[[Dushanbe International School]]

==Transport==
The city is served by [[Dushanbe Airport]] and the [[Trolleybuses in Dushanbe|Dushanbe trolleybus system]].
[[File:Eu 733 Locomotive.JPG|thumb|Eu 733 [[0-10-0]] in a Park near the main railway station.]]

==Sister cities==
[[File:Dushanbe Vahdat Palace.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Palace of Unity|The Palace of Unity (Vahdat Palace)]].]]

Dushanbe has 13 [[Twin towns and sister cities|twin cities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visittajikistan.tj/en/regions/dushanbe.php|title=Regions: Dushanbe & Surroundings|work=Official Website of the Tourism Authority of Tajikistan|publisher=Committee of Youth Affairs, Sports and Tourism|accessdate=20 November 2012}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], Turkey
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Lusaka]], Zambia
* {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Sana'a]], Yemen
* {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Monastir, Tunisia|Monastir]], Tunisia
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Klagenfurt]], Austria
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lahore]], Pakistan
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]], US
* {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Mazari Sharif]], Afghanistan
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Reutlingen]], Germany
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia
* {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Shiraz]], Iran
* {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], Belarus
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Ürümqi]], China
* {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran

==See also==
{{Portal|Tajikistan}}
*[[Symphonic Orchestra of Dushanbe]]
*[[School for Deaf and Mute (Dushanbe)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Translation/Ref|ru|Душанбе|oldid=16991956}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Dushanbe}}
* [http://www.menu.tj/en Menu.tj - Web portal about Dushanbe]
* [http://www.ashkdahlen.com/index.php?id=166 Pictures of Dushanbe]
* [http://www.dushanbepics.blogspot.com Dushanbe pictures through eyes of westerner]
* [http://www.tajik-gateway.org/index.phtml?lang=en&id=893 Tajik Web Gateway]
* [http://www.tajik-gateway.org/images/country/dusgerb_t.jpg Dushanbe City Coat of Arms]
* [http://www.boulder-dushanbe.org/ Boulder-Dushanbe Sister Cities]
* [http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/steam/asiawest.htm#Tajikistan Steam Locomotive in a Dushanbe Park near the main railway station]
* [http://www.airport.tj/ www.airport.tj] – Dushanbe International Airport official website (Russian)
* [http://www.dushanbeairport.com/ www.dushanbeairport.com] – Dushanbe International Airport unofficial website (English)

{{List of Asian capitals by region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}

[[Category:Dushanbe| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Capitals in Asia]]
[[Category:Cities in Central Asia]]

{{Link GA|uk}}

[[ace:Dushanbe]]
[[af:Doesjanbe]]
[[am:ዱሻንቤ]]
[[ar:دوشنبه]]
[[az:Düşənbə]]
[[bn:দুশান্‌বে]]
[[zh-min-nan:Dushanbe]]
[[be:Горад Душанбэ]]
[[be-x-old:Душанбэ]]
[[bg:Душанбе]]
[[bo:དུ་ཤང་པེ།]]
[[bs:Dušanbe]]
[[br:Douchanbe]]
[[ca:Duixanbe]]
[[cs:Dušanbe]]
[[cy:Dushanbe]]
[[da:Dusjanbe]]
[[de:Duschanbe]]
[[et:Dušanbe]]
[[el:Ντουσαμπέ]]
[[es:Dusambé]]
[[eo:Duŝanbeo]]
[[eu:Duxanbe]]
[[fa:دوشنبه (تاجیکستان)]]
[[hif:Dushanbe]]
[[fr:Douchanbé]]
[[fy:Doesjanbe]]
[[ga:Dushanbe]]
[[gag:Duşanbe]]
[[gd:Dushanbe]]
[[gl:Dushanbe]]
[[ko:두샨베]]
[[hy:Դուշանբե]]
[[hi:दुशान्बे]]
[[hsb:Dušanbe]]
[[hr:Dušanbe]]
[[io:Dushanbe]]
[[id:Dushanbe]]
[[ie:Dushanbe]]
[[os:Душанбе]]
[[is:Dúshanbe]]
[[it:Dušanbe]]
[[he:דושנבה]]
[[kn:ದುಶಾಂಬೆ]]
[[ka:დუშანბე]]
[[kk:Душанбе]]
[[sw:Dushanbe]]
[[kv:Душанбе]]
[[ht:Douchanbe]]
[[ku:Duşenbe]]
[[ky:Душанбе]]
[[lad:Dushanbe]]
[[lv:Dušanbe]]
[[lb:Duschanbe]]
[[lt:Dušanbė]]
[[lmo:Dušanbe]]
[[hu:Dusanbe]]
[[mk:Душанбе]]
[[ml:ദുഷാൻബെ]]
[[mr:दुशांबे]]
[[mn:Душанбе]]
[[nl:Doesjanbe]]
[[ja:ドゥシャンベ]]
[[no:Dusjanbe]]
[[nn:Dusjanbe]]
[[nov:Dushanbe]]
[[oc:Doshambe]]
[[mhr:Душанбе]]
[[uz:Dushanbe]]
[[pap:Dusjanbe]]
[[ps:دوشنبه]]
[[pms:Dušanbe]]
[[pl:Duszanbe]]
[[pt:Duchambe]]
[[ro:Dușanbe]]
[[ru:Душанбе]]
[[sah:Душанбе]]
[[sco:Dushanbe]]
[[sq:Dushanbe]]
[[simple:Dushanbe]]
[[sk:Dušanbe]]
[[ckb:دوشەنبە]]
[[sr:Душанбе]]
[[sh:Dušanbe]]
[[fi:Dušanbe]]
[[sv:Dusjanbe]]
[[tl:Dusambe]]
[[ta:துசான்பே]]
[[tt:Дүшәнбе]]
[[th:ดูชานเบ]]
[[tg:Душанбе]]
[[tr:Duşanbe]]
[[udm:Душанбе]]
[[uk:Душанбе]]
[[ur:دوشنبہ]]
[[ug:Düshenbe]]
[[vi:Dushanbe]]
[[war:Dushanbe]]
[[yi:דושאנבע]]
[[yo:Dushanbe]]
[[zh:杜尚别]]

Dunnsheath

2013-01-29T13:10:56Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding cy:Dunnsheath

'''Dunnsheath''' is a [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] in [[Shropshire]], [[England]]. It is sometimes spelt as "Dunn's Heath".<ref>"Shropshire Place Names", A Poulton-Smith, 2009, p 79</ref>

It is situated on the B5067, [[Shrewsbury]] to [[Baschurch]] road, in the [[civil parish|parish]] of [[Pimhill]]. Just to the north is the small village of [[Leaton]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category inline|Dunnsheath}}

{{coord|52.753|-2.779|type:landmark_scale:2500|display=title}}
{{Shropshire-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Shropshire]]

[[cy:Dunnsheath]]
[[pl:Dunnsheath]]

Duncan, British Columbia

2013-01-29T12:51:01Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sr:Данкан (Британска Колумбија)

{{Infobox settlement

|official_name = City of Duncan
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = City
|motto = City of [[totem poles|Totems]]

|image_skyline = Duncan City Hall - British Columbia.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = City Hall
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
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|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|city_logo =
|citylogo_size =
|image_map = Duncan, British Columbia Location.png
|mapsize = 220px
|map_caption = Location of Duncan in [[British Columbia]]
|image_map1 =
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|coordinates_region = CA-BC
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{CAN}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{BC}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of Canada#British Columbia|Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Vancouver Island]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Regional districts of British Columbia|Regional district]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Cowichan Valley Regional District, British Columbia|Cowichan Valley]]
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = Governing body
|leader_name = Duncan City Council
|leader_title1 = Mayor
|leader_name1 = Phil Kent
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|established_title2 = Incorporated
|established_date2 = 1912
|established_title3 = 
|established_date3 =

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 2.07
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
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|area_blank1_title =
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|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 4,932
|population_density_km2 = 2381.7
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban = 43,252
|population_density_urban_km2 = 115.7
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title =
|population_blank1 =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
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|timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]]
|utc_offset = −8
|timezone_DST = PDT
|utc_offset_DST = −7
|latd= 48|latm= 46|lats= 43|latNS=N
|longd= 123|longm= 42|longs= 28|longEW=W
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m = 20
|elevation_ft =

|postal_code_type = [[Canadian Postal code]]
|postal_code = [[List of V Postal Codes of Canada|V]]9L
|area_code = [[Area code 250|250]] & [[Area code 778|778]]
|blank_name = [[List of British Columbia provincial highways|Highways]]
|blank_info = [[British Columbia Highway 1|1]]
|blank1_name = Waterways
|blank1_info = [[Cowichan River]]
|website = [http://www.city.duncan.bc.ca City of Duncan]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Duncan''' (pop. 4,932) is a city on southern [[Vancouver Island]] in [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]].

==History==
The community is named after William Chalmers Duncan<ref>{{BCGNIS|15595|Duncan}}</ref> (born 1836 in [[Sarnia]], [[Ontario]]). He arrived in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] in May 1862, then in August of that year he was one of the party of a hundred settlers which Governor Douglas took to Cowichan Bay. After going off on several gold rushes, Duncan settled close to the present city of Duncan. He married in 1876, and his son [[Kenneth Forrest Duncan|Kenneth]] became the first mayor of Duncan. A street bears his name today.

Duncan's farm was named Alderlea, and this was the first name of the adjacent settlement. In August 1886, the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway was opened. No stop had been scheduled at Alderlea for the inaugural train bearing Sir John A. Macdonald and Robert Dunsmuir. However, at Duncan's Crossing, the level crossing nearest Alderlea, a crowd of 2,000 had assembled around a decorated arch and the train came to an unplanned halt, quite literally putting it on the map.

In the early 1900s, Duncan's [[Chinatown]] was the social centre for the Cowichan Valley's Chinese population. Chinatown was concentrated in a single block in the southwestern corner of Duncan. At its largest point, Duncan's Chinatown included six Chinese families and 30 merchants supplying loggers, millworkers and cannery and mine workers. The city tore the buildings down in 1969 to build a new law courts complex. Some materials from the original buildings were used at Whippletree Junction.<ref>[http://www.camptocommunity.ca/english/communities/where_china.html From Camp to Community - Where They Came From - China]</ref>

In the 1980s, Duncan was linked to the 1985 bombings at Narita Airport in Japan and aboard [[Air India Flight 182]], Canada's largest murder case. Resident Inderjit Singh Reyat purchased bomb parts and a radio used to conceal a bomb at Duncan stores. Less than two weeks prior to the bombings, Reyat and suspected Air India mastermind [[Talwinder Singh Parmar]] were observed testing explosives in the woods outside of Duncan by the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] (CSIS).<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2007/05/24/airindia24.html Sikh probe took wrong turn after Duncan blast: former CSIS agent], CBC News, May 24, 2007</ref>

==Location==
The railway continues to cross Duncan as does the [[British Columbia Highway 1|Trans-Canada Highway]]. The city is about 50 kilometres from both [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] to the south and [[Nanaimo]] to the north. Although the City of Duncan has a population of just under 5000, it serves the [[Cowichan Valley]] which has a population of approximately 80,000, many of whom live in North Cowichan contiguous with Duncan. Therefore giving Duncan a much larger "greater" population than that contained within the strict city limits. People in areas of North Cowichan bordering on Duncan usually use "Duncan" as their mailing city. Duncan is the seat of the [[Cowichan Valley Regional District, British Columbia|Cowichan Valley Regional District]]. The name "Cowichan" is an anglicization of [[Halkomelem]] Quw'utsun', which means "the warm land".

==Tourist attractions==
Duncan's tourism slogan is "The City of [[Totem]]s". The city has 80 [[totem pole]]s around the entire town, which were erected in the late 1980s.

Duncan has a large [[First Nations]] community and is the traditional home of the [[Cowichan Tribes]], who are the largest band among the [[Coast Salish]] people. The Coast Salish men and women of the Cowichan Tribes are makers of the world famous [[Cowichan Sweaters]].

Duncan is home to the [[BC Forest Discovery Centre]]. Before the [[U.S.-Canada softwood lumber dispute]], Duncan and the whole Cowichan Valley were a thriving [[lumber]] centre in British Columbia.

Duncan has the world's largest [[ice hockey]] stick, officially recognised by Guinness World Records on July 14, 2008,<ref>[http://www.vancouverisland.com/attractions/?id=58 World's Largest Hockey Stick & Puck, Duncan, British Columbia]</ref> which is on display on the side of the local (formerly known) arena- the Cowichan Community Centre. The centre is now called The 'Island Savings Centre', (in 2008 Island Savings entered into a 10 year/one million dollar naming rights agreement with the CVRD).<ref>[http://www.vancouverisland.com/attractions/?id=58 World's Largest Hockey Stick & Puck], Tourism Vancouver, Retrieved July 3, 2007</ref> The stick was made specifically for [[Expo 86]] in [[Vancouver]], and purchased by Duncan at the end of the event.

Duncan Garage Heritage Building (see photo below), beside the Phoenix Station Motor Inn in Duncan, construction started in 1912, by Robert McClay, for Norman Corefield, owner/operator of the Duncan Garage. It was completed early 1913, and appeared in Canadian Motorist Magazine (May 1913 issue) as; " The most complete and up-to-date fireproof garage on Vancouver Island". In 2002, Brant Weninger spearheaded "The Duncan Garage Restoration Project" and completely restored the Duncan Garage, creating which is now a community gathering place and focal point in Duncan. It was designated a heritage building in 2002 and added to Duncan's heritage building inventory. Other milestones for the Duncan Garage; In 1911 Norman Corefield drove the first car over the Malahat Hwy. opening up vehicle traffic to Duncan. The Duncan Garage set a provincial record for the longest operating business in one location(65 years).

==Climate==

{{Weather box
|location = Duncan
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 15.0
|Feb record high C = 19.4
|Mar record high C = 21.1
|Apr record high C = 25.6
|May record high C = 33.5
|Jun record high C = 36.0
|Jul record high C = 38.2
|Aug record high C = 37.5
|Sep record high C = 34.5
|Oct record high C = 28.4
|Nov record high C = 18.9
|Dec record high C = 17.0
|Jan high C = 6.1
|Feb high C = 8.0
|Mar high C = 10.6
|Apr high C = 13.9
|May high C = 17.4
|Jun high C = 20.3
|Jul high C = 23.3
|Aug high C = 23.6
|Sep high C = 20.3
|Oct high C = 14.8
|Nov high C = 8.8
|Dec high C = 6.3
|year high C = 14.5
|Jan mean C= 2.6
|Feb mean C= 4.1
|Mar mean C= 5.9
|Apr mean C= 8.5
|May mean C= 11.9
|Jun mean C= 14.7
|Jul mean C= 17.0
|Aug mean C= 17.1
|Sep mean C= 13.8
|Oct mean C= 9.3
|Nov mean C= 5.0
|Dec mean C= 2.9
|year mean C= 9.4
|Jan low C = -1.1
|Feb low C = 0.1
|Mar low C = 1.2
|Apr low C = 3.0
|May low C = 6.2
|Jun low C = 9.1
|Jul low C = 10.7
|Aug low C = 10.5
|Sep low C = 7.2
|Oct low C = 3.8
|Nov low C = 1.2
|Dec low C = -0.5
|year low C = 4.3
|Jan record low C = -21.1
|Feb record low C = -15.5
|Mar record low C = -12.0
|Apr record low C = -3.9
|May record low C = -2.2
|Jun record low C = 1.7
|Jul record low C = 3.3
|Aug record low C = 2.2
|Sep record low C = -3.0
|Oct record low C = -6.7
|Nov record low C = -17.0
|Dec record low C = -21.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 145.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 130.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 101.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 54.0
|May precipitation mm = 44.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 37.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 20.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 25.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 46.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 80.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 168.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 185.5
|year precipitation mm = 1039.2
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name= "climate">[[Environment Canada]]—[http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=45&lang=e&dCode=0&province=BC&provBut=Search&month1=0&month2=12 Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000], accessed 5 July 2012</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==Education==
[[Vancouver Island University]] (formerly Malaspina University-College) has a regional campus in Duncan that offers programs and courses in university transfer, access, trades and applied technology, health and human services, and career and academic preparation. The campus also has a Continuing Education department that offers certificate programs, personal and professional development courses, and online courses. A new {{convert|55000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} campus opened for classes in June 2011.

Duncan has one public secondary school, [[Cowichan Secondary School]], as well as several elementary and middle schools. It also has one private secondary university preparatory school, [[Queen Margaret's School]], established in 1921 which has a co-ed junior school included. There is also an independent Catholic school, Queen of Angels which continues up to Grade 9. The city is also home to Duncan Christian School. Sunrise Waldorf School and Island Oak Waldorf School serve the Cowichan Valley's Waldorf population. The head offices for [[School District 79 Cowichan Valley]] are also located in Duncan.

In 2007 the city of Duncan deemed copyright privileges of the totem poles in the city. The use of the totems images in any form require the City of Duncan's approval.
<ref>The Globe and Mail</ref>

==Sports==

Duncan is the home city of the [[British Columbia Hockey League]]'s [[Cowichan Valley Capitals]], who play in the [[Island Savings Centre]].

==Transportation==
Public transit is provided in conjunction between [[BC Transit]] and the [[Cowichan Valley Regional Transit System]].

==Notable residents==
''See also [[:Category:People from Duncan, British Columbia]]
* [[Greg Adams (ice hockey b. 1960)|Greg Adams]] former [[NHL]] player.
* [[Robin Bawa]] former [[NHL]] player
* [[Doug Bodger]] former [[NHL]] player.
* [[Geoff Courtnall]] former [[NHL]] player.
* [[Russ Courtnall]] former [[NHL]] player.
* [[Matt Ellison]] former [[NHL]] player.
* [[Matt Evans (rugby player)|Matt Evans]] Canadian international [[Rugby union]] player
* [[Mitch Guindon]] former drummer for rock band [[Nickelback]]
* [[Mike Sweeney (soccer)|Mike Sweeney]] former soccer player (played for Canada at the [[1986 World Cup]]).
* [[Al Wilson (Canadian football)|Al Wilson]] former [[Canadian Football League|CFL]] player.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:DuncanBCEnt.jpg|Silver Bridge
Image:DuncanBCStation.jpg|The Train Station
Image:DuncanBCInn.jpg|The Phoenix Motor Inn
Image:DuncanBCGarage.jpg|Duncan Garage
Image:DuncanBCTotem.jpg|Totem Pole
Image:DuncanBCStone.jpg|Special Stone...
Image:DuncanBCFH.jpg|Fire Hall
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.city.duncan.bc.ca/index.htm City of Duncan]
*[http://www.downtownduncan.ca/ Duncan Downtown official website]

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Duncan
| North = [[North Cowichan]] completely surrounds [[Halalt 2, British Columbia|Halalt]]
| Northeast =
| East = [[Squaw-hay-one 11, British Columbia|Squaw-hay-one]], [[Tsussie 6, British Columbia|Tsussie 6]], [[Capital F, British Columbia|Capital F]]
| Southeast =
| South = [[Cowichan 1, British Columbia|Cowichan 1]]
| Southwest =
| West = [[Cowichan Valley E, British Columbia|Cowichan Valley E]]
| Northwest =
| image = Flag of British Columbia.svg
}}

{{VancouverIslandCommunities}}
{{Subdivisions of British Columbia|city=yes}}
{{Coord|48|46|43.3|N|123|42|28.3|W|scale:60000|display=title}}

[[Category:Duncan, British Columbia| ]]
[[Category:Populated places on the British Columbia Coast]]
[[Category:Historical Chinatowns in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Logging communities]]

[[cy:Duncan, British Columbia]]
[[de:Duncan (British Columbia)]]
[[fr:Duncan (Colombie-Britannique)]]
[[pl:Duncan (Kanada)]]
[[pt:Duncan (Colúmbia Britânica)]]
[[sr:Данкан (Британска Колумбија)]]
[[fi:Duncan (Kanada)]]
[[vo:Duncan (British Columbia)]]

Duma language

2013-01-29T12:37:15Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding de, pl, pms, sw

{{Infobox language
|name=Duma
|nativename=
|ethnicity=
|states=[[Gabon]]
|region=
|speakers=9,840
|date=2000
|ref=e16
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam3=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]
|fam4=[[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]]
|fam5=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone B|Zone B]])
|fam6=[[Nzebi languages]] (B.50)
|iso3=dma
}}

'''Duma''' is a [[Bantu language]] spoken in [[Gabon]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Languages of Gabon}}

[[Category:Nzebi languages]]

{{Bantu-lang-stub}}
{{Gabon-stub}}

[[de:Duma (Sprache)]]
[[fr:Douma (langue)]]
[[sw:Kiduma]]
[[pms:Lenga Duma]]
[[pl:Język duma]]

Dumanlı

2013-01-29T12:36:10Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding el:Σάντα

{{coord|40|40|49|N|39|47|3|E|display=title}}

'''Dumanlı''' ({{lang-el|Σάντα}} - ''Santa'') was a mid-size town in [[Gümüşhane Province]] close to its border with [[Trabzon Province]], today it is just a village in [[Gümüşhane]].
It consist of seven villages<ref>[[Özhan Öztürk]]. Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2005. Istanbul pp.1009-10011</ref>:
* Piştofandon: 400 houses, St. Kyriake, St. Panteleimon, St. Christophoros churches, a primary school and fountain of Christoforos. Etymology pishtof "gun" + anton toponomical suffix in Greek
* Zurnaciandon: 120 houses, St. Georgios, St. Constantine, St. Kyriake churches and a primary school. Etymology Zurnaci "zurna -a reed instrument-player" + anton
* Çakalandon: 53 houses, Zoodohu Pigis and St. Georgios churches and a primary school. Etymology Çakal "jackal" + anton
* Ishanandon: 150 houses. St. Kyriake, St. Georgios churches. 2 primary school (one of them only for girls). Etymology İşhan "Prince in Armenian" + anton
* Cozlorandon: 60 houses. St. Apostles Petros and Pavlos churches and a primary school
* Pinetandon: 30 houses. Profet Elias and St. Georgios churches and a primary school
* Terzandon: 200 houses. St. Theodoros and Metamorfosis churches. Etymology Terzi "Tailor in Turkish" + anton

Inhabitants of Dumanlı mostly Christians (51%) or [[Crypto-Christians]] (49%).<ref>BRYER, A. (1988), People and Settlement in [[Anatolia]] and [[Caucasus]] 800-1900. Variorum Reprintis. London</ref> After 1857 with Hatt-ı Hümayun they changed their statue to Christian instead of Crypto-Christians. Most of the Greek pontians were forced to leave their houses and find other place to live during 1877-78 [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]. Most of the citizens of Santa moved to the [[Republic of Georgia]], [[Armenia]] and southern part of [[Russia]]. Their primary language is [[Pontic Greek]] and lived in the region up until the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]].

During the [[World War I]] the Greeks of Santa did try to organize armed resistance against [[Turkish army]]. Pontian guerrilla bands had appeared in the mountains of Santa as early as 1916 with leadership [[Euklidis Kourtidis]] and successfully resisted against Turkish attack in 6 September 1921. After [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]], they settled in [[Greek Macedonia|Macedonia]] and [[Western Thrace|Thrace]]. The town of [[Nea Santa]] was founded by them in the [[Kilkis (regional unit)|Kilkis regional unit]] in [[Central Macedonia]].

==Notes==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

==See also==
*[[Gümüşhane]]
*[[Trabzon]]
*[[Pontic Greeks]]
[[Category:Pontus]]
[[Category:Districts of Trabzon Province]]

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Dragon's Dogma

2013-01-29T09:29:57Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding ja:Dragon's Dogma

{{Infobox video game
|image = [[File:DragonsDogma.jpg|250px]]
|caption = North American cover art
|developer = [[Capcom]]
|publisher = Capcom
|director = Hideaki Itsuno<ref name="official site"/>
|producer = [[Hiroyuki Kobayashi (producer)|Hiroyuki Kobayashi]]<ref name="official site"/>
|artist = Daigo Ikeno
|designer = Kento Kinoshita Makoto Ikehara<ref name="siliconera_dogma"/>
|writer = Haruo Murata Makoto Ikehara<ref name="siliconera_dogma"/>
|composer = Tadayoshi Makino
|engine = [[MT Framework]]<ref name="official site"/>
|platforms = [[PlayStation 3]] [[Xbox 360]]
|released = {{vgrelease|NA=May 22, 2012|JP=May 24, 2012|EU=May 25, 2012<ref name="capcomeuropeblog" />}}
|genre = [[Action role-playing game|Action role-playing]],<ref name="psblog">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-11-01-dragons-dogma-preview|title=Dragon's Dogma preview|first=Lewis|last=Denby |date=January 21, 2012 |work= |publisher=Eurogamer |accessdate=January 21, 2012}}</ref> [[open world]],<ref name="Dragon's Dogma Article"/> [[hack and slash]]<ref name="eurog_dogma"/>
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
|ratings = {{vgratings|CERO=D|ESRB=M|PEGI=18|BBFC=12|ACB=MA15+|OFLCZ=M}}
|media = [[Optical disc]]
}}

{{Nihongo|'''''Dragon's Dogma'''''|ドラゴンズドグマ|Doragonzu Doguma|lead=yes}} is an [[action role-playing game|action role-playing]] game developed and published by [[Capcom]] for the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Xbox 360]]. The game features an [[open world]] [[fantasy]] setting, in addition to [[hack and slash]]<ref name="eurog_dogma"/> and [[survival horror]]<ref name="gi_dogma"/> elements, and was released in North America on May 22, 2012, May 25, 2012 in Europe,<ref name="capcomeuropeblog">{{cite web |url=http://www.capcom-europe.com/blog/2012/01/dragons-dogma-release-date-plus-get-your-hands-on-the-re6-demo-early/ |title=Dragon's Dogma release date plus get your hands on the Resident Evil demo early |author=Capcom |date=January 31, 2012 |work= |publisher=Capcom |accessdate=January 31, 2012}}</ref> and May 24, 2012 in Japan.<ref name="official site">{{cite web |url=http://www.capcom.co.jp/DD/index.html |title=CAPCOM：ドラゴンズドグマ（Dragon's Dogma）公式サイト |author=Capcom |date=April 12, 2011 |work= |publisher=Capcom |accessdate=April 12, 2011}}</ref> The game was developed by staff members that worked on previous Capcom franchises such as ''[[Resident Evil]]'', ''[[Devil May Cry]]'',<ref name="strauss_dogma">{{cite web|last=Strauss|first=Ben|title=Resident Evil 4 Creators Working On Dragon's Dogma|url=http://www.industrygamers.com/news/capcom-announces-dragons-dogma/|publisher=IndustryGamers|accessdate=15 April 2012|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> and ''[[Breath of Fire]]''.<ref name="siliconera_dogma"/> Following the game's successful launch, Capcom is planning to develop a sequel.<ref name="oxm_sequel">{{cite web|last=Evans-Thirlwell|first=Edwin|title=Dragon's Dogma 2 on the way, original ships one million worldwide|url=http://www.oxm.co.uk/43122/dragons-dogma-2-on-the-way-original-ships-one-million-worldwide/|work=[[Official Xbox Magazine]]|accessdate=21 July 2012|date=25 June 2012}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
The player is able to select between various types of the vocations: Fighter, Warrior, Mystic Knight, Strider, Ranger, Assassin, Mage, Sorcerer, and Magic Archer.<ref name="official site"/> Gender choice and appearance settings are also available.<ref name="andriareveal">{{cite web |url=http://www.andriasang.com/e/blog/2011/04/13/dragons_dogma/ |title=Dragon's Dogma Revealed |first=Anoop |last=Gantayat |date=April 13, 2011 |work= |publisher=andriasang |accessdate=April 13, 2011}}</ref> The [[Character class|class system]], or vocation, makes a difference to the gameplay and [[Tactical role-playing game|tactical options]] available to the player, ranging from Fighters relying on [[hack and slash]] combat (with a move-set similar to Capcom's ''[[Devil May Cry]]'') to Striders' skill at climbing on large enemies (like in ''[[Shadow of the Colossus]]'').<ref name="cook_dogma">{{cite web|last=Cook|first=Dave|title=Dragon’s Dogma: 7 Reasons Why It’s The Dark Souls Of 2012|url=http://www.nowgamer.com/features/1246721/dragons_dogma_7_reasons_why_its_the_dark_souls_of_2012.html|publisher=NowGamer|accessdate=16 April 2012|author=Dave Cook|authorlink=Dave Cook|date=Feb 15, 2012}}</ref>

One of the game's main innovations is the "pawn" system.<ref name="cook_dogma"/> While the player's party is exploring the world, the three party members who accompany the main character are controlled by [[artificial intelligence]], but the player can issue orders to them like "Go", "Help" and "Come". One of the party members is a [[non-playable character]] (NPC) and belongs to the main character's world. The other two party members are NPCs borrowed from other players by [[Massively multiplayer online role-playing game|connecting online]], but the game will not require an internet connection. However, the player can only borrow the NPCs from other players, not their main character.<ref name="andriadetails">{{cite web |url=http://www.andriasang.com/e/blog/2011/04/13/dragons_dogma_details/ |title=A Few Bits About Dragon's Dogma |author=Anoop Gantayat |date=April 13, 2011 |work= |publisher=andriasang |accessdate=April 13, 2011}}</ref> The party members, referred to as pawns,<ref name="cook_dogma"/> can talk, seek the main character's help, and provide information about enemies.<ref name="andriareveal" /> The player must work on strengthening the main character and the party members.<ref name="andriadetails" /> The pawns are vocal, yelling out useful hints and strategies, which are often vitally important to surviving tough boss encounters and dungeons, which is seen as an evolution of the message-leaving system in ''[[Dark Souls]]''.<ref name="cvg_dogma">{{cite web|last=Kelly|first=Andy|title=Dragon's Dogma: Is it really the 'Japanese Skyrim'? Not exactly... Hands-on: Capcom's hardcore role-player carves a unique path|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/344053/previews/dragons-dogma-is-it-really-the-japanese-skyrim-not-exactly/|work=[[Computer and Video Games]]|accessdate=17 April 2012|date=17 April 2012}}</ref> The pawn system also features [[social networking]] features.<ref name="cook_dogma"/>

The game features a "grab" action, where the main character can grab or cling to enemies, objects, or NPCs. The player can use this feature for more advanced attacks. For example, the main character can either grab on to a [[griffin]]'s legs and attack it directly, or climb up to reach its head for a more lethal blow.<ref name="andriareveal" /> "In a lot of action games, with big enemies the tendency is just to have you hacking away at the shins. You don't get the full effect of fighting a giant boss," Hideaki Itsuno, the director of ''Dragon's Dogma'', said. "With this game you can climb all over it. If it has a body part, you can attack it." The ability to climb enemies has drawn comparisons to ''Shadow of the Colossus''.<ref name="Dragon's Dogma Article">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-04-12-dragons-dogma-article?page=2 |title=Dragon's Dogma Hands On |first=Wesley |last=Yin-Poole |date=April 12, 2011 |work= |publisher=Eurogamer |accessdate=April 13, 2011}}</ref>

The game's large open-world environments have drawn comparisons to Capcom's own ''[[Monster Hunter]]'' series as well as ''[[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion]]''.<ref name="Dragon's Dogma Article"/> In addition to the large open world, ''Dragon's Dogma'' will also feature a large city environment with over 200 [[Non-player character|NPCs]] who will move about according to their own time schedules. The player will be able to communicate with the residents in full voice.<ref name="andriareveal" /> The game features a [[persistent world]] with a day-night cycle; this affects the gameplay during the night, when the game takes on a more [[survival horror]] feel reminiscent of Capcom's ''[[Resident Evil]]'' series.<ref name="gi_dogma">{{cite web|title=Dragon's Dogma: Why Bother? I'll Tell You|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/blogs/members/b/jealousofcrows_blog/archive/2012/03/21/dragon-39-s-dogma-why-bother-i-39-ll-tell-you.aspx|work=[[Game Informer]]|accessdate=15 April 2012|date=March 21, 2012}}</ref> In addition, the game's art style and character movements have been compared to ''Dark Souls'',<ref name="gi_dogma"/> the hack-and-slash combat elements have been compared to ''Devil May Cry''<ref name="eurog_dogma">{{cite web|last=Yin-Poole|first=Wesley|title=Capcom outlines difference between Dragon's Dogma and Skyrim|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-11-03-capcom-outlines-difference-between-dragons-dogma-and-skyrim|publisher=[[Eurogamer]]|accessdate=15 April 2012|date=3 November 2011}}</ref> and ''Dark Souls'',<ref name="cvg_dogma"/> some of the fantasy elements have been compared to ''[[Breath of Fire]]'',<ref name="siliconera_dogma"/> and the combat and party systems have been compared to ''Monster Hunter''.<ref name="Dragon's Dogma Article"/>

The game is designed to be playable even by those who are not too skilled at action games. These types of players can recruit strong NPCs and let them do the fighting during combat as they watch over the battlefield.<ref name="andriadetails" /> Players have access to 40 to 50 hours of main quest play and up to an additional 70 hours or more of side quests.<ref name="andriareveal" />

===Multiplayer===
Although ''Dragon's Dogma'' does not feature a direct multiplayer mode, the developers have revealed that players can compete online with asynchronous encounters called "Events" via Xbox Live or the PlayStation Network. One such event includes the 'Ur-Dragon' in which the effect of each party's attacks will be combined until the Ur-Dragon finally falls. Players that deal the fatal blow will receive the maximum reward, but regardless all players can still obtain both common and rare items dropped by the Ur-Dragon when they inflict damage.

==Plot==
The game begins with an unknown knight proceeding through a deep canyon, and eventually a temple, and after fighting a [[Chimera (mythology)|Chimera]], goes into a set of doors leading to an unknown beast. The game then passes through a number of years until the next appearance of the Dragon, a sign of the end of days.

During its raid on the fishing village of Cassardis, a dragon approaches the hero of the story, telling them that he or she - depending on the choice of the player - is the "chosen one", and proceeding to tear out their heart. Due to having their heart taken, the hero is revived as an "Arisen", and is destined to find and kill the dragon that stole their heart. The Arisen proceeds to an encampment along the way to the capital, Gran Soren. During their stay at the encampment, a hydra attacks. The Arisen cuts off one of its heads, and proceeds to the capital with the head to be presented as a gift to the duke of Gran Soren. After reaching Gran Soren, and investigating a hole known as the Everfall, he works for the Wyrm Hunt, where the Arisen proceeds to do various tasks, including uncovering a cult known as Salvation, who want the dragon, known as Grigori, to destroy the world.

After working for the duke, the Arisen is tasked with stopping the leader of Salvation, Elysion, who is attacking a castle. After reaching the top of the castle and defeating the attackers, Grigori arrives and kills Elysion, and it is revealed that Grigori has captured the Arisen's love interest.

The Arisen arrives at the Tainted Mountain to fight Grigori, and is presented with a choice, to sacrifice his beloved, or to face the dragon. The Arisen fights the dragon, and stabs it in the heart. The Arisen recovers their heart, and goes back to Cassardis with his beloved. After a few days of peace, the Arisen treks back to Gran Soren. Along the way, several details are revealed. The sky has been blotted out and replaced with greenish gray clouds that rain ash, and all normal monsters have been replaced with much stronger versions. After the Arisen reaches Gran Soren, it is revealed that half of it has collapsed, leaving a gaping hole. The Arisen goes to meet the duke, and is surprised to see that the duke has turned into a frail old man. It is revealed that the duke made a deal with Grigori to make himself immortal, but without Grigori, the deal is now forfeited. The duke attacks, blaming the Arisen for his condition, but he is swiftly beaten. Guards arrive, and the duke accuses the Arisen of placing a curse on him and of making a deal with Grigori. The Arisen is then hunted by the guards. Faced with death, the Arisen dives into the hole.

The hole is actually The Everfall, a center for the strongest monsters in the world and a nexus that connects all worlds together. There Arisen meets a pawn named Quince, who tasks the Arisen with collecting 20 Wakestones to unlock a portal. After unlocking the portal, the Arisen enters the portal and finds the Seneschal, the mastermind behind the workings of the entire world. The Seneschal is a mysterious being, covered in a glowing light and having two voices, one a woman, and another a man. After a short fight, the Seneschal is revealed to have been the knight at the beginning of the game, having defied Grigori after entering the temple, and chose to fight him, and succeeded.

The Arisen and his pawn fight the Seneshal, known as Savan, and his pawn. In return for defeating the Seneschal, he/she takes Savan's place, becoming a new fount of will to the world. Before dying, Savan reveals information about being the Seneschal, and tells the Arisen, that he is not the only Arisen currently, as there are multiple universes with their own respective pawns, and as a result, he is only the Seneshal of this universe. Though it is a bitter reward, as the Arisen cannot be seen by anyone in the world once they return from their throne. Using the Godsbane, a sword granted to him by Grigori and Savan, the Arisen stabs themself in the heart. The body of the Arisen and the main pawn are sent hurtling back to the world. The pawn wakes up on the beach, and it is revealed by the change in his/her voice that the pawn's form has changed into that of the Arisen. The pawn is then greeted by the Arisen's love interest, and they walk along the beach to Cassardis.

By starting a new game plus after this, it is revealed that generations have passed since the death of Grigori and Savan, and the attack on Cassardis happens again, in which the events of before are repeated. The difference between the attacks in the current generation is that The Arisen (who may or may not maintain their appearance from the original play through) has the skills and equipment from the original, and the cycle of the Arisen repeats themselves again.

==Development==
The game was developed by [[Capcom]] staff members that had previously worked on series such as ''[[Resident Evil]]'', ''[[Devil May Cry]]'',<ref name="strauss_dogma"/> and ''[[Breath of Fire]]''.<ref name="siliconera_dogma">{{cite web|title=Dragon’s Dogma Interview Part 2: RPGs And The Role Of The Breath Of Fire Designer|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2011/09/05/dragons-dogma-interview-part-2-roleplaying-and-the-role-of-the-breath-of-fire-designer/|publisher=Siliconera|accessdate=17 April 2012|author=Spencer|date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> These include director Hideaki Itsuno,<ref name="strauss_dogma"/> who previously directed games such as ''[[Devil May Cry 2]]'', ''[[Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening|3]]'' and ''[[Devil May Cry 4|4]]'';<ref name="videogamer_itsuno">{{cite web|title=Dragon's Dogma: How Hideaki Itsuno is taking on Skyrim and the world|url=http://www.videogamer.com/xbox360/dragons_dogma/features/article/dragons_dogma_how_hideaki_itsuno_is_taking_on_skyrim_and_the_world.html|publisher=[[VideoGamer.com]]|accessdate=16 April 2012|date=2012-03-20}}</ref> producer [[Hiroyuki Kobayashi (producer)|Hiroyuki Kobayashi]],<ref name="gi_dogma"/> who previously produced games such as ''[[Resident Evil 4]]'' and ''[[Killer7]]'';<ref>{{cite web|last=Kemps|first=Heidi|title=Hiroyuki Kobayashi on Resident Evil 4 & Killer 7|url=http://uk.cube.gamespy.com/gamecube/resident-evil-4/551775p1.html|publisher=[[GameSpy]]|accessdate=17 April 2012|date=September 27, 2004}}</ref> and ''Breath of Fire'' designer Makoto Ikehara, who worked on creating the fantasy [[game world]] and script elements during the early stages of production.<ref name="siliconera_dogma"/>

During the press conference at Capcom's Captivate event in 2011, director Hideaki Itsuno said that ''Dragon's Dogma'' is a game he had been dreaming about making since his school days. He was able to realize it now due to advancing technology, and has been directing a staff of around 150 people at Capcom Japan for the past two years development time (three years including conceptual phases).<ref name="andriareveal" /> As of April 2011, the game's development status was at 50%.<ref name="andriadetails" />

Itsuno stated that his team has "made ''Dragon's Dogma'' and come up to this point through our experience of action games. We're trying to make a new genre: We're using our action heritage and putting that into an action RPG."<ref name="videogamer_itsuno"/> In addition to Capcom's previous works (such as ''Breath of Fire'',<ref name="videogamer_itsuno"/> ''Resident Evil'', ''Devil May Cry'', and ''[[Monster Hunter]]''), Itsuno also cited the influence of other [[History of Eastern role-playing video games|Eastern RPGs]] such as ''[[Dragon Quest]]'' and [[History of Western role-playing video games|Western RPGs]] such as ''[[Fable (video game series)|Fable]]'' and ''[[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion|Oblivion]]''.<ref name="videogamer_itsuno"/> Itsuno later explained that they have "seen a great deal of open-world action RPGs over the years," but that "there's never been one that really put everything together in the action parts. We figured that if there hasn't been a game made by people who understand how action works, then we ought to do it ourselves. We wanted a game where the player is thrown into the world and needs to figure out how to stay alive via nothing but his own controller." However, it will also be possible for characters to take a less action-oriented approach, with Itsuno stating that they are "making this game such that you can beat the monsters even if you build up EXP, collect good companions and/or pawns, and sit back and watch the battle unfold," and elaborating that while it is an action game, "that's not all that it is. You can fully configure your party and put as much thought as you like into battle, which is something we're doing for people who really want to get into this world."<ref>{{cite web|last=Gifford|first=Kevin|title=Dragon's Dogma Explained By Staff: A single-player multiplayer RPG?|url=http://www.1up.com/news/dragon-dogma-explained-staff|publisher=[[1UP.com]]|accessdate=17 April 2012|date=2011-04-13}}</ref>

It was announced in January 2012 that the game would include early access to a playable demo of ''[[Resident Evil 6]]'', which is due for release October 2, 2012 on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://andriasang.com/comztg/dragons_dogma_date/|title=Dragon's Dogma Dated for May, Includes Resident Evil 6 Demo and B'z Theme Song|author=February 1, 2012|accessdate=January 1, 2012
The Dragon's Dogma demo released on 15th of April|author=Andriasang}}</ref>

==Downloadable content==
Two packs of additional quests, titled "The Chosen" and "The Challenger", were released as [[downloadable content]] (DLC) in June and July, respectively. Also, a series of quests over a ten-week period, titled "From a Different Sky" were released from May 22 to July 24. There are also several post-launch DLC items, such as weapons, armors and character customization setups.

The game director, Hideaki Itsuno, said that the team would be preparing "Future Play Elements", but would not disclose any more details.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xbox360achievements.org/news/news-12249-Dragon-s-Dogma-Future-DLC-Bringing--New-Play-Elements-.html |title=Dragon's Dogma Future DLC Bringing "New Play Elements" – Xbox 360 News At |publisher=Xbox360achievements.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-15}}</ref> It was announced in the Tokyo Game Show that Capcom is preparing a major expansion titled "Dark Arisen", to be released in 2013, which will contain, along with other undisclosed content, a Hard difficulty and a Speedrun mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2012/09/21/dragons-dogma-gets-dark-arisen-expansion-in-2013/ |title=Dragon's Dogma gets Dark Arisen expansion in 2013 |publisher=http://www.joystiq.com/ |date= |accessdate=2012-09-21}}</ref>

==Reception==
The number of pre-orders for the game in [[Japan]] exceeded half a million.<ref name="capcom_famitsu"/> The game sold 331,064 copies during its first week on sale in Japan, including 302,040 for the PlayStation 3 and 29,024 for the Xbox 360,<ref>{{cite web|title=This Week In Sales: Dragon’s Dogma Flies High|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2012/05/30/this-week-in-sales-dragons-dogma-flies-high/|publisher=Siliconera|accessdate=30 May 2012|author=Ishaan|date=May 30, 2012}}</ref> making it the fastest-selling new [[Intellectual property|IP]] of the [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|current console generation]];<ref name="mcv_dogma">{{cite web|last=Parfitt|first=Ben|title=Dragon's Dogma storms Japanese charts, breaks records|url=http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/dragon-s-dogma-storms-japanese-charts-breaks-records/097021|work=[[Market for Home Computing and Video Games]]|accessdate=31 May 2012|date=31 May 2012}}</ref> as of June 4, 2012, sales for the PlayStation 3 version increased to 418,210 units sold in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dragon's Dogma (PS3)|url=http://garaph.info/softwareindividual.php//gid/5519|work=[[Famitsu]]|publisher=Garaph|accessdate=3 July 2012|date=2012-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dragon’s Dogma Sold Just 92,000 Copies In The U.S. Upon Release|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2012/06/15/dragons-dogma-sold-just-92000-copies-in-the-u-s-upon-release/|publisher=Siliconera|accessdate=16 June 2012|author=Ishaan|date=June 15, 2012}}</ref> In the United States, the game sold 92,000 copies within five days.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carmichael|first=Stephanie|title=Dragon's Dogma sold only 92,000 copies last month|url=http://www.gamezone.com/products/dragon-s-dogma/news/dragon-s-dogma-sold-only-92-000-copies-last-month|publisher=[[GameZone]]|accessdate=16 June 2012|month=June|year=2012}}</ref> It debuted at third place on the UK charts.<ref name="mcv_dogma"/> As of June 30, 2012, a month after its release, the game has sold 1.05 million units worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Platinum Titles|url=http://www.capcom.co.jp/ir/english/business/million.html|publisher=[[Capcom]]|accessdate=2 September 2012|date=June 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dragon's Dogma Sells Over 1 Million Copies Worldwide|url=http://www.planetxbox360.com/article_20637/Dragons_Dogma_Sells_Over_1_Million_Copies_Worldwide|publisher=Planet Xbox 360|accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref>

The game has been well received in Japan, where [[Video game journalism|gaming magazine]] ''[[Famitsu]]'' gave the game an overall score of 34 out of 40, based on four reviewer scores of 8, 9, 8, and 9.<ref name="capcom_famitsu">{{cite web|title=Lots of Love for Dragon's Dogma in Japan|url=http://www.capcom-europe.com/blog/2012/05/lots-of-love-for-dragons-dogma-in-japan/|work=Capcom Europe|publisher=[[Capcom]]|accessdate=31 May 2012|month=May|year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gantayat|first=Anoop|title=Famitsu Gives High Marks to Dragon's Dogma and Mario Tennis|url=http://andriasang.com/con110/famitsu_reviews/|publisher=Andriasang|accessdate=30 May 2012|date=2012-05-16}}</ref> ''Famitsu'' gave it a "Hall of Fame: Gold" award, praising "the game’s variety in combat, the effectiveness of working together with Pawns, the exceptionally fun sidequests, and the uniqueness of each vocation."<ref name="capcom_famitsu"/>

In the [[Western world]], ''Dragon's Dogma'' received generally positive reviews. Aggregating review website [[Metacritic]] gave the Xbox 360 version 76/100 and the PlayStation 3 version 79/100.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dragon's Dogma Metacritic|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/dragons-dogma/critic-reviews|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> ''[[Game Informer]]'' gave the game an 8.5 out of 10 and stated that "I left the game feeling that I made my mark on Gransys the way I chose to, instead of being escorted from plot point to plot point. When you're talking about an open-world game, I can't think of higher praise."<ref>{{cite web|last=Cork|first=Jeff|title=Capcom Delivers An Open World Worth Exploring|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/dragons_dogma/b/xbox360/archive/2012/05/18/capcom-delivers-an-open-world-worth-exploring.aspx|publisher=Game Informer|accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> Eurogamer Italy said that "Dragon's Dogma is a great fantasy game, where the lack of a multiplayer experience is compensated from an impressive single player."<ref>{{cite web|last=Fachetti|first=Filippo|title=Dragon's Dogma Review|url=http://www.eurogamer.it/articles/2012-05-20-videogiochi-dragons-dogma-review-recensione-5|publisher=Eurogamer – Italy|accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> UK magazine ''[[PSM3]]'' wrote, "Big, challenging and imaginative, but its hardcore nature won't appeal to everyone."<ref>{{cite book|title=PSM3 Magazine UK – June|year=2012|page=Page 100|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/dragons-dogma/critic-reviews}}</ref> [[GameSpot]] gave the game a score of 8 out of 10. The review praised the "Fantastic combat encounters," one of "the best boss fights in any role-playing game," atmospheric touches, and "striking choices" that lead to "an unforgettable ending." The review notes that the game "takes chances, and it's that riskiness that makes this role-playing game so unique among its peers," concluding that, "Engrossing and frustrating, ''Dragon's Dogma'' is a flawed and unique gem."<ref>{{cite web|last=VanOrd|first=Kevin|title=Dragon's Dogma Review|url=http://uk.gamespot.com/dragons-dogma/reviews/dragons-dogma-review-6379024/|publisher=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=31 May 2012|date=May 30, 2012}}</ref>

Play UK criticized it for low framerates on the Xbox 360 version.<ref>{{cite book|title=Play UK – Issue 218|year=2012|page=76|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/dragons-dogma/critic-reviews}}</ref> [[IGN]] stated, "''Dragon's Dogma'' has the scale and challenge of a great action RPG, but not the character or polish. Nevertheless, there's a lot to love here, like some great ideas that make you want to give it a chance." The reviewer ended the review with a score of 7.5 out of 10. [[GameTrailers]] praised the challenging combat and the gameplay mechanics, though they criticized the story as "flat". Their rating for the game was an 8.7.

==Sequel==
Due to the positive reception and commercial success, Capcom is intending to develop ''Dragon's Dogma'' into a major franchise.<ref name="oxm_sequel"/>

==See also==
*[[List of dragon video games]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.dragonsdogma.com/}} {{en icon}}
*{{Official website|http://www.capcom.co.jp/DD/}} {{ja icon}}
{{Franchises by Capcom}}

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[[Category:2012 video games]]
[[Category:Action role-playing video games]]
[[Category:Capcom games]]
[[Category:Dragons in video games]]
[[Category:Fantasy video games]]
[[Category:Open world video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]

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[[ja:Dragon's Dogma]]

Double team

2013-01-29T08:17:33Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding pl:Podwojenie (koszykówka)

{{other uses}}
{{Unreferenced|date=July 2008}}
In [[basketball]], a '''double team''' (also '''double-team''', '''double teaming''', or '''double-teaming''') is a defensive alignment in which two defensive players are assigned to guard a single offensive player.

Among basketball strategies in which defenders are assigned to specific players (as opposed to "[[zone defense]]s" in which they are assigned to specific regions of the court), each defender is assigned to one offensive player (a "man-to-man" alignment). However, when an offensive player is overwhelming his or her defender, another defender may help out and create a double team. A successful double teaming can greatly impede that offensive player's movement and passing, such that passing him or her the ball frequently results in a [[turnover (basketball)|turnover]]. However, because devoting two defenders to a single offensive player leaves another offensive player unguarded, if the offensive player succeeds in both receiving the ball and passing it to that teammate, the teammate's likelihood of making a shot becomes much higher than usual.

Double teaming is employed more frequently near the basket than away from it because ''a'') offensive players' likelihood of making any given shot is greater and ''b'') because players tend to congregate near the basket when the ball is in play there, a double-teaming defender can more easily break away if necessary (''e.g.'', to recover a [[Rebound (basketball)|rebound]] or to block a shot from another player). One common offensive strategy is to have a tall, physically imposing player (usually a [[Center (basketball)|center]]) "[[Post (basketball)|post up]]" to force a double team, such that he can then either shoot or pass to the unguarded player (often a strong long-distance ["outside"] shooter attempting to make a [[three-point field goal|three-point]] shot). A defending team may also double-team a good offensive player away from the basket simply to interfere with the offensive team's preferred tactics.

{{Basketball}}

[[Category:Basketball terminology]]

{{Basketball-stub}}

[[ja:ダブルチーム]]
[[pl:Podwojenie (koszykówka)]]

Dotted I (Cyrillic)

2013-01-29T08:05:41Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying ru:І to ru:І (кириллица)

{{Unreferenced|date=February 2007}}
{{Cyrillic script navbox|
Heading=Cyrillic letter soft-dotted i|
Image=[[File:Cyrillic letter dotted I - uppercase and lowercase.svg|120px]]|
uuc=0406|ulc=0456|numeral=10}}
The '''soft-dotted i''' (І і; italics: ''І і ''), also called '''decimal i''', is a letter of the [[Cyrillic script]].

It commonly represents the [[close front unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|/i/}}, like the pronunciation of ⟨i⟩ in "mach'''i'''ne".

It is used in the orthographies of the [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Khakas language|Khakas]], [[Komi language|Komi]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] languages, where it is the equivalent of the [[I (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic letter i]] (И и) as used in [[Russian language|Russian]] and other languages. (Ukrainian і is therefore Russian и, while Ukrainian uses и for Russian ы. Belarusian meanwhile uses only і and ы, excluding и entirely.)

Just like the Latin letters I/i (and J/j), the dot above the letter only appears in its lowercase form, and only if that letter is not combined with a diacritic above it (notably the diaeresis used in Ukrainian to note the letter ''yi'' of its alphabet, and the macron). But even in that case (and as with the Latin letters i and j), this dot has not always been rendered in historic texts where the lowercase form was present without any other diacritic, and some modern texts and font styles may still discard this "soft" dot on the lowercase letter, because it is necessary for the readability of the text only for cursive styles.

==History==
The Cyrillic soft-dotted letter i was derived from the [[Iota (letter)|Greek letter iota]] (Ι ι).

The name of this letter in the [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]] was {{Script|Cyrs|и/ижеи}} (''i/ižei''), meaning "and".

In the [[Cyrillic numerals|Cyrillic numeral system]], soft-dotted I had a value of 10.

In the [[early Cyrillic alphabet]] there was little or no distinction between the [[I (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic letter i]] (И и), derived from the [[Eta (letter)|Greek letter eta]], and the soft-dotted letter i. They both remained in the alphabetical repertoire because they represented different numbers in the [[Cyrillic numeral system]], eight and ten respectively, and are therefore sometimes referred to as ''octal I'' and ''decimal I''.

==Usage==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| Languages
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Khakas language|Khakas]], [[Komi language|Komi]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| In current use.
|-
| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
| This letter or the letter ‹Й› were used by Macedonian authors to represent the sound /j/ until the introduction of the letter ‹Ј›.
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| In use until 1918, when a significant [[Reforms of Russian orthography#Yat-reform|reform of the Russian orthography]] came into effect.
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| In use until 1878.
|}

==Rules for usage in Russian (pre-1918)==
* ‹і› was used before all vowels and before the semivowel ‹й›, except at the end of a [[morpheme]] in a compound word, where ‹и› is used: пяти + акровый = пятиакровый, (''five-acre'')
* ‹и› was used as the last letter of a word and before consonants, except in ''[[wikt:міръ|міръ]]'' for "world, universe, local community, commons, society, laity", and words derived from it.

The distinction between ''[[wikt:миръ|миръ]]'' ("peace") and ''міръ'' ("world") lost [[reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution reform|when they were merged]] to ''[[wikt:мир|мир]]'' led to the legend that [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy's]] [[War and Peace]] was originally titled "War and (the) World". As it turns out, the spelling of the two variants of ''мир'' was an artificial distinction to separate two different definitions of what was originally in fact the same word (much as with English "to" vs. "too").

==Computing codes==

{{charmap
|0406|name1=Cyrillic Capital Letter Byelorussian-Ukranian I
|0456|name2=Cyrillic Small Letter Byelorussian-Ukranian I
|map1=[[KOI8-U]] |map1char1=B6 |map1char2=A6
|map2=[[Code page 855]] |map2char1=8B |map2char2=8A
|map3=[[Windows-1251]] |map3char1=B2 |map3char2=B3
|map4=[[ISO-8859-5]] |map4char1=A6 |map4char2=F6
|map5=[[Macintosh Cyrillic encoding|Macintosh Cyrillic]] |map5char1=A7 |map5char2=B4
}}

==Related letters and other similar characters==
* Ι ι : [[Ι|Greek letter Iota]]
* I i, İ i and I ı : [[I|Latin letter I]] (soft-dotted), [[dotted and dotless I]]
* И и : [[И|Cyrillic letter I]]
* Ї ї : [[Ї|Cyrillic letter Yi]]
* Й й : [[Й|Cyrillic letter Short I]]
* Ј ј : [[Ј|Cyrillic letter Јe]]

==External links==
*{{Wiktionary-inline|І}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|і}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:I, Dotted}}

[[af:І (Cyrillies)]]
[[be:І]]
[[bg:І]]
[[br:I (kirillek)]]
[[cs:І]]
[[de:І]]
[[es:І]]
[[fa:ای ده‌دهی (سیریلیک)]]
[[fr:І]]
[[xal:І үзг]]
[[ko:І]]
[[it:І (cirillico)]]
[[ka:І]]
[[ht:І]]
[[mk:І (Кирилица)]]
[[nl:І (cyrillisch)]]
[[ja:І]]
[[no:І]]
[[mhr:І (кириллик тиште)]]
[[pl:І (cyrylica)]]
[[pt:І]]
[[ro:I (chirilic)]]
[[rue:І]]
[[ru:І (кириллица)]]
[[sk:І]]
[[sl:І]]
[[fi:І]]
[[sv:І]]
[[th:І]]
[[udm:І]]
[[uk:І (літера)]]
[[zh:І]]

Dorrington, Shropshire

2013-01-29T07:48:23Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding cy:Dorrington, Swydd Amwythig

{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
{{Coord|52.623|-2.773|display=title|region:GB_scale:10000}}
'''Dorrington''' is a large village in [[Shropshire]], [[England]], located 6 miles (10 km) south of [[Shrewsbury]]. The population of the village was estimated as being 619 in 2008.<ref>ONS MYE Population Estimates 2008</ref>

The [[Cound Brook]] flows to the east of the village, and to the southwest is [[Netley Hall]] & [[Netley Old Hall Farm]]. The [[A49 road]] runs through the village, which has a number of businesses located both in a small business park and along the main road. There are two [[public house]]s, a [[Persian cuisine]] restaurant, a [[convenience store]], a [[butchers]], a [[post office]] and numerous other small businesses. There is also a [[primary school]], a village hall and a church (dedicated to [[Saint Edward]]) in the village.

The village did once have a [[railway station]] on the [[Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway]]. The station is now closed, although the modern [[Welsh Marches Line]] still runs through the village. On the site of the station's goods yard, which is located just to the east of the village, is now an [[oil depot]] and a [[Heavy equipment (construction)|plant]] hire depot.

To the east is [[Great Ryton|Ryton]]. Both Ryton and Dorrington lie in the [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] of [[Condover]]. Dorrington forms a ward of the parish and sends four councillors to the parish council.

==Public transport==
[[Minsterley Motors]] route 435 (Shrewsbury-[[Ludlow]] and ''vice versa'') runs through Dorrington, on its way between Condover (to the northeast) and [[Church Stretton|the Strettons]] (to the south). The service runs Monday-Saturday.<ref>[http://www.minsterleymotors.co.uk/435%20Time%20Table.html Minsterley Motors] 435 Service</ref>

==See also==
Also in Shropshire is the unrelated hamlet of [[Dorrington Lane]] in the extreme north-east of the county, near [[Woore]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category inline|Dorrington, Shropshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Shropshire]]
[[Category:Shrewsbury and Atcham]]

{{Shropshire-geo-stub}}

[[cy:Dorrington, Swydd Amwythig]]
[[pl:Dorrington (Shropshire)]]

Dorrington Lane

2013-01-29T07:48:13Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding cy:Dorrington Lane

{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
{{Coord|52.971|-2.419|display=title|region:GB_scale:5000}}
'''Dorrington Lane''' is a [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] near the village of [[Woore]] in northeast [[Shropshire]], [[England]]. There are around 12 former council houses and two larger houses called Norley and Oakley cottage. There is a large mansion house called Dorrington Old Hall which is about 700 years old. The hamlet contains several [[farm]]s, including one of the biggest [[stud farm]]s outside [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]]. The main nearby towns are [[Market Drayton]], [[Newcastle-under-Lyme]], [[Nantwich]] and [[Crewe]]. The nearest city is [[Stoke on Trent]].

Dorrington Lane used to be home to the [[Woore Hunt Races]] where [[Dick Francis]] supposedly ran his first race.

Dorrington Old Hall is listed in the [[Domesday Book]] and a past mayor of London was born there.

[[Category:Villages in Shropshire]]

{{Shropshire-geo-stub}}

[[cy:Dorrington Lane]]
[[pl:Dorrington Lane]]

Dorpat Voivodeship

2013-01-29T07:47:16Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding lv:Tērbatas vaivadija

{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|conventional_long_name = Dorpat Voivodeship
|native_name = ''Województwo dorpackie''
|common_name = Dorpat
|subdivision = Voivodeship
|nation = [[Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)|Livonia]]¹
|year_start = 1598
|event_start =
|event_end = [[Polish-Swedish War (1620–1622)|Polish–Swedish War]]
|year_end = 1621
|s1 = Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)
|flag_s1 = Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg
|image_coat = POL Inflanty IRP COA.svg
|image_map = DorpackieIRP.png
|image_map_caption = Dorpat Voivodeship in the [[Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)|Duchy of Livonia]].
|capital = Dorpat
|stat_area1 = 9000
|stat_year1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|political_subdiv =
|footnotes = ¹ The [[Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)|Duchy of Livonia]] was a vassal to the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] until the [[Union of Lublin]] in 1569, and after that a part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
}}

The '''Dorpat Voivodeship''' ({{lang-pl|Województwo dorpackie}} or ''województwo derpskie'')<ref name="HpKN">{{cite book |language=[[Polish language|Polish]] |title=Herbarz polski Kaspra Niesieckiego |last=Niesiecki |first=Kasper |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1846 |publisher=Waif |page=228 |isbn= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sGBJAAAAIAAJ&printsec }}</ref> was a unit of administrative division and local government in the [[Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)|Duchy of Livonia]], part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], from 1598 until the [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] conquest of [[Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)|Livonia]] in the 1620s.

The seat of the [[voivode]] was Dorpat ([[Tartu]]). Voivodes of Dorpat included [[Kasper Doenhoff]] (1627–1634), [[Gothard Jan Tyzenhauz]] (1634–1640){{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}, [[Andrzej Leszczyński (1606–1651)]].

==Voivodes==
The voivodes of Dorpat Voivodeship.<ref name="HpKN"/>

*1589–1598 [[Jan Abramowicz]], President (died 1602) ([[:pl:Jan Abramowicz|pl]])
*1598–1600 Jan Abramowicz, Voivod
**1598 [[Gerard Denhoff]] (Gerhard Dönhoff; c. 1550–1598) ([[:pl:Gerard Denhoff (ojciec)|pl]])
*1600–1602 [[Marcin Kurcz]] (died 1602) ([[:pl:Marcin Kurcz|pl]])
*1609–1617 [[Teodor Dadźbog Karnkowski]] (1573–1617)
*1617–1627 [[Mikołaj Kiszka]] (c. 1588–1644)
*26 August 1625 ''Tartu capitulated to Sweden''
*1627–1634 [[Kasper Doenhoff]] (Caspar Dönhoff; c. 1588–1645)
*1634–1640 [[Gothard Jan Tyzenhauz]] (died 1640)
*1641–1651 [[Andrzej Leszczyński (1606–1651)|Andrzej Leszczyński]] (c. 1606–1651)
*1651–1651 [[Enoch Kolenda]]
*1651–1654 [[Teodor Denhoff]] (died 1654) ([[:pl:Teodor Denhoff (wojewoda dorpacki)|pl]])
*1654–1654 [[Zygmunt Opacki]] (died 1654)
**1654–1658 [[Olbracht Opacki]] (c. 1621–1680)
*1656–1661 ''[[Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)|Russo-Swedish War]]''
*?–1657 [[Aleksander Ludwik Wolff]]
*1657–1658 [[Zygmunt Wybranowski]]
*1658–1660 [[Przecław Paweł Leszczyński]] (1605–1670)
*1670–1676 [[Samuel Leszczyński]] (1637–1676)

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Administrative division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth}}

{{coord missing|Poland}}

[[Category:Former voivodeships of Poland (14th century–1795)]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Estonia]]
[[Category:History of Tartu]]
[[Category:16th century in Estonia]]
[[Category:17th century in Estonia]]

{{estonia-stub}}
{{Poland-hist-stub}}

[[et:Tartu vojevoodkond]]
[[it:Voivodato di Dorpat]]
[[lv:Tērbatas vaivadija]]
[[lt:Dorpato vaivadija]]
[[pl:Województwo dorpackie]]
[[pt:Voivodia de Dorpat]]
[[zh:多尔帕特省]]

Dorothy's slender opossum

2013-01-29T07:42:49Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding mt:Opossum irqiq ta' Dorothy

{{Taxobox
| name = Dorothy's Slender Opossum<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Didelphimorphia | id = 10400063 | page = 10}}</ref>
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Solari, S. & Patterson, B.|year=2008|id=10400094|title=Marmosops ocellatus|downloaded=28 December 2008}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Didelphimorphia]]
| familia = [[Didelphidae]]
| genus = ''[[Marmosops]]''
| species = '''''M. dorothea'''''
| binomial = ''Marmosops dorothea''
| binomial_authority = ([[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1911)
| synonyms =
''M. ocellatus'' ([[George Henry Hamilton Tate|Tate]], 1931) 
''M. yungasensis'' ([[George Henry Hamilton Tate|Tate]], 1931)
| range_map = White-bellied Slender Mouse Opossum area.png
| range_map_caption = Dorothy's Slender Opossum range
}}

'''Dorothy's Slender Opossum''' (''Marmosops dorothea'') is a species of [[opossum]] in the [[Didelphidae]] family. It is found in [[Brazil]] and [[Bolivia]]. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].<ref name=iucn/>

Recent research suggests that ''M. dorothea'' is a synonym of ''M. noctivagus'', the [[White-bellied Slender Opossum]]. On the other hand, ''M. ocellatus'', a junior synonym of ''M. dorothea'', may be a separate true species.<ref name="voss">{{Cite journal
| last = Voss | first = Robert S. | authorlink =
| coauthors = Tarifa, Teresa; Yensen, Eric
| title = An introduction to ''Marmosops'' (Marsupialia, Didelphidae), with the description of a new species from Bolivia and notes on the taxonomy and distribution of other Bolivian forms
| journal = [[American Museum Novitates]]
| volume = 3466 | issue = | pages = 1–40
| publisher = [[American Museum of Natural History]]
| location = | date = 2004-12-30
| url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/2776
| issn = | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2011-01-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Didelphimorphia|D.}}

[[Category:Opossums]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bolivia|Opossum, Dorothy's Slender]]

{{marsupial-stub}}

[[bg:Marmosops ocellatus]]
[[ca:Marmosa de Dorothy]]
[[eu:Marmosops dorothea]]
[[mt:Opossum irqiq ta' Dorothy]]
[[sv:Marmosops dorothea]]
[[vi:Marmosops dorothea]]

Dorabase

2013-01-29T07:18:24Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying vi:Đôrêmon bóng chày to vi:Doraemon bóng chày

{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Dorabase
| image =
| caption =
| ja_kanji = ドラベース
| ja_romaji = Dorabesu
| genre = [[Comedy]], [[Sports]]
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| author = [[Shintaro Mugiwara]]
| publisher = [[Shogakukan]]
| demographic = Children
| magazine = [[CoroCoro Comic]]
| first = September 2000
| last = October 2011
| volumes = 23
| volume_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

{{nihongo|'''''Dorabase'''''|ドラベース|Dorabesu}} (subtitled {{nihongo|''Doraemon Super Baseball Gaiden''|ドラえもん超野球(スーパーベースボール)外伝|}}<ref>[http://skygarden.shogakukan.co.jp/skygarden/owa/solrenew_detail?isbn=4091428517 小学館：ドラベースドラえもん超野球(スーパーベースボール)外伝 1]</ref>) is a [[baseball]] [[manga]] spin-off series by [[Shintaro Mugiwara]] based on the characters of long-running series ''[[Doraemon]]'' since 2000. Though an official series, it is unlike [[The Doraemons]].

It is published in [[Shogakukan]]'s ''[[CoroCoro Comic]]'' magazine. It is also published in [[Indonesia]] by [[Elex Media Komputindo]], in [[Malaysia]] by [[Tora Aman]], in [[Thailand]] by [[Nations group]] and in [[Vietnam]] by [[Kim Dong Publishing House]].

== Plot ==
The story takes place in 22nd century, Tokyo. It is about [[List of Doraemon characters|Doraemon]]'s friend in the same type of robot, Kuroemon, who keeps fighting to be a notable baseball athlete. Though it shows Doraemon in the beginning, it doesn't focus on Doraemon as he didn't continue to be Kuroemon's teammate. It features a lot of imaginary ability, and in the baseball game, each team is allowed to use up to three gadgets.

The story of Kuroemon ends in 2011. In 2012, CoroCoro Comic starts the second series with the new protagonist, Tamaemon and his team.

== Series 1 Teams / Characters ==
=== Edogawa Doras ===
The main characters' team. Started out as a rookie team that never wins, until Hiroshi joined up as the new pitcher (replacing Doraemon) and help them win their first victory against the Mongas. Most members of the team are cat-like robots.

'''Kuroemon'''
* Position: [[Third base]]
* Number: 5
* 'Kuro' means 'Black' in Japanese
Captain of the Edogawa Doras. Originally a 'freelance' robot that lives with, as well as work for, Hiroshi's family. His passion for baseball started when he arrives at Hiroshi's house and watches a baseball game on television. He then formed up the Doras. He has an intimate rivalry with Shiroemon, an old friend from the Robot School. Initially lacking in skills that Shiroemon possesses, he grew more skillful on an exponential scale as the story progresses, and have achieved a status to be considered one of Japan's best amateur baseball players. He has defeated most (if not all) pitchers from Edogawa, as well as countless other enemies from other provinces of Japan and even from overseas. His special move is called the "Daikon-slicing Fullmoon Swing" (a variant of the "Fullmoon Swing" originated by Pokoemon), "Black Hole" (which he used to hit Amoll's Red dragonfly ball), "Deadly Driver Shoot" (swinging the bat downward in mid-air in a slicing motion to counter's Shiroemon's WWW ball) and "Crescent Moon Sword" (used when Pokoemon knew the weakness of the Deadly Daikon-slicing Fullmoon Swing). He have also learned the Flamingo style batting by raising one leg, bending it like a Flamingo, increasing his power by tenfold, he learned this in order to defeat Drump in the WABC.

'''Hiroshi Fujimoto'''
* Position: [[Pitcher]]
* Number: 1
The only son of a family that owns a delivery business, called the "Doraneko Delivery Service". Before joining team Doras, he has been helping his mother run the delivery business ever since his father died. Years of lifting heavy delivery boxes gave him strong shoulders, resulting in powerful pitches. Initially, his pitches lack control, and only after 'training' on the island that his accuracy and ball control improves. While he was selected to represent Japan in the WABC with Shiroemon's recommendation, he was unable to play due to an accident. The only human member of the Doras. His special skill is the [[forkball]].

'''Pakuemon'''
* Position: [[Catcher]]
* Number: 2
* 'Paku' means 'fat' in Japanese
A large cat robot who works at a pre-school. He's very kind to human children, but probably not child robots (observed from his reaction to Chibiemon's curiosity when Chibiemon first met the team). His large body makes him a natural catcher. He's always seen eating [[dorayaki]]s. He played a big part in the match against the Yamadera Bears, by hitting Pokoemon's fast ball, scoring the final point.

'''Hyoroemon'''
* Position: [[First base]]
* Number: 3
* 'Hyororito' means 'tall and thin' in Japanese
A tall and very talkative cat robot who works as a shopkeeper of a fish shop. Hyoroemon can be very passionate, ranging from his passion to fight for the team, to getting angry at other team members (especially at Chibiemon), although he rarely acts hostile. Often cheer up the team when the morale is low. Being the tallest member of the team, Hyoroemon has the ability to lunge for a hit ball further than any other member, as well as being able to jump higher and catch higher balls. In volume 18, he challenged Shiroemon, Arakawa Whiters' pitcher in a duel, after losing he admits that he will quit the Edogawa Doras.

'''Suzuemon'''
* Position: [[Shortstop]]
* Number: 6
Apparently a robot cat assembled for a privileged family. He seems to have some talent for baseball, but because he does not want to get his uniform dirty, he usually avoids sliding and lunging. Possibly by luck, he tends to be one of the first members to experience a particularly powerful or tricky [[Pitch (baseball)|pitch]].He isn't noticeable, and he used this "ability" to steal a base. Thus finally being noticeable at the WABC (World Amateur Baseball Classic) finals, by hitting Drump's Queen ball.

'''Aimond'''
* Position: [[Left fielder]]
* Number: 7
Another passionate member of the team. Normally very cool and collecting, in the baseball field he becomes hot blooded. Originally from a team called "Lobsters" in [[Florida]], he left America for Japan to pursue his dream in improving his skills when the team broke up after another member of the team, Randy, quit. Rumor has that he joined the Doras because he mistook them for a professional team. He's living with Mr. Inazuma presently without paying for the accommodation (or indeed, for anything). His special moves, most notably the "'''Barbecue Impact'''", sets the ball on fire that is sparked from the impact of the ball onto his heavily oiled metal [[baseball bat]]. He then was called for at the WABC, to represent America, giving them the glory after hitting Shiroemon's 180 km/h fastball.

'''Toraemon'''
* Position: [[Center fielder]]
* Number: 8
* 'Tora' means 'Tiger' in Japanese
The fastest member of the Doras. Possess tiger stripes around his body. In one case he had puzzled the opposing team by doing a bunt that drops directly in front of the pitcher, and yet Toraemon was able to reach the first base before he is forced out. He lives in a boat situated in the [[Edo River|Edogawa]] river and loves fishing. He has super speed, and seem to be interested in soccer more than baseball.

'''Pyokoemon'''
* Position: [[Second base]]
* Number: 4
A member of the team who looks somewhat like a half-broken cat robot and works at the robot repair facility. His ability to send his hands some distance away from his body (attached by a spring) result in many fine plays, even when the ball looks like it's going to be a [[home run]]. His ability also has a disadvantage: his body often falls apart from moderately forceful contacts due to its instability. While most of the time he is very reliable, he can come out as being completely unglued, for example sending out his head to catch the ball instead of his gloved hand. He was then took apart by Retsu in the match against the Edogawa Boros, given that he crashed to the Boros' pitcher, Borosuke.

'''Guriemon'''
* Position: [[Right fielder]]
* Number: 9
Guriemon works at a tutoring school. A born strategist, Guriemon can read the game effectively and give hand signals and read them with great efficiency. It is Guriemon who noticed that Monga's hair correlates with what kind of pitch he's about to make, in the Dora's game with Mongas. Before the second match of the Big Dome Cup, he told the team that he has to leave the team, because he passed the highly competitive exam to enter the nation's best university to study [[biology]], but the university is situated very far from the team's base of operation. This angered Hyoroemon, who took it as an act of selfishness. Kuroemon, however, saw it as Guriemon simply following his dream, like how he himself follows his dream to one day defeat Shiroemon in baseball. Initially replaced by Mikachan, his position is further replaced by Chibiemon. Kuroemon promised him that Guriemon can keep his number and he is free to come back and rejoin the team anytime he wishes. Now, he is in a team called "Hokkai-Snowfoxes".His muscles have incredible strength because of the accident with his experiment, but during the battle with the Doras, his muscles deflated because a lightning stroke on him. But even so he continued to play because Kuroemon told him that baseball is a fun thing. He was asked by Hyoroemon to play in his place in the Baseball Tournament Across Japan.

'''Chibiemon'''
* Position: Right fielder
* Number: 0
* 'Chibi' means 'dwarf' in Japanese.
The member of team Doras, he is an absolute beginner at the sport. He was found floating in a cardboard box in the Edogawa river just as the team was pondering where to find another member after Guriemon quit. After being taught the basics of baseball (in which he falls in love with the sport almost immediately), Kuroemon noticed the talent and potential that's hidden within the small cat robot. He can be a crybaby sometimes, but that is usually handled by Kuroemon giving him a dorayaki to chew/suck on to stop him from crying. On the surface he appears to be nothing more than a weight on the team, but has great potential (for example, he is able to outrun Toraemon). His will power is not any less than other member's. Currently lives with an old man on a house on Edogawa's riverside. He is clumsy to hit the ball. He was called 'having no use' by Hyoroemon in the match against Arakawa Whiters, then he caught the perfect homerun by Hirai by climbing up the vertical fence and catching the ball as he jumped and fell.

'''Mika-chan'''
* Position: Manager
* Number: 28
Hiroshi's childhood friend. Mika-chan had always believed that Hiroshi has potential in being a good baseball player. Normally acts as a manager for the team. Also takes care of the equipments and first-aid of injured team members. Sometimes fill in as an emergency substitute when members are not enough, but such substitutions are often short-lived. When Mika-chan is about to get a chance at batting in Big Dome's Cup's third game, for example, Kuroemon arrives at the game. Also a beginner at the sport, but lacks the talent Chibiemon has.

'''Mikeemon'''
* Position: First base
* Number: 12
A former spy from the rival team Flyers, Mikeemon is extremely unskilled in baseball. At the match against Flyers, he scored the winning score for Doras. He is the only player who can time Amoll's "Dragonfly Ball" correctly.

'''Akaemon'''
* Position: Pitcher
* Number: 119
* 'Aka' means 'red' in Japanese
An excellent and enthusiastic firefighter of Edogawa district, he loves baseball more than anything else and always has his baseball glove with him. He helped team Doras win all the matches in which he participated with his powerful pitches. His special skill is the "Water Slider".

'''[[Doraemon]]'''
* Position: Pitcher
* Number: 10
The guest character. He is the main character of the [[Doraemon|manga with the same name]], and the team's pitcher before he leaves the team for Nobita. He is introduced as Kuroemon's friend.

=== Arakawa Whiters ===
The team of Kuroemon's sworn opponent - Shiroemon.

'''Shiroemon'''
* Position: Pitcher
* Number: 1
Sworn opponent of Kuroemon, captain and pitcher of the Whiters. He used to be Kuroemon's best friend when they was at the robot academy, but their difference in attitude towards baseball caused their friendship to be broken. His trademark pitch is his "White (W) ball" which causes the ball to slide up and down continuously, creating a W pattern. This pitch is very hard to hit at the start of the series, but as the story progresses, players like Amoll and Drump can hit it easily on the first try. His pitches are the W ball, WW (Wide white ball) ball, WWW (Wonder wide white ball) ball, and World ball.

'''Hirai'''
* Position: Catcher
* Number: 2
The team's catcher and close friend of Shiroemon. He is a player with good physique, and that makes him one of the team's best hitter. He is also the only one who can catch Shiroemon's W ball. Although in the WABC, he wasn't used to Shiroemon's World ball, therefore made a mistake that led to Japan's defeat, but for the sake of his team, he can finally catch it as the Baseball Tournament Across Japan starts.

'''Komatsugawa'''
* Position: Second base
* Number: 4
He used to be a bad player, but thanks to the hard training he made a great progress. He is also chosen to be one of Japan's representative for the WABC, along with Shiroemon and Hirai.

=== Yamadera Bears ===

'''Pokoemon'''
* Position: Pitcher
* Number: 00
Captain of the Yamadera Bears. He is able to use illusions by blinking his eye and stopping the time of everyone except himself for a brief period. He is initially a [[raccoon]], but can transform into a ferocious bear once angered. His key tactic is by hypnotizing his opponents. He joined the WABC Japanese team. He is a first base couch at the war against Britain and is a pitcher against Australia. His Magic Balls are "Full moon throw" and "Super Full moon throw" and his Batting Technique is "Fullmoon Swing". He can also do Hypnosis.

'''Pon'emon'''
* Position: Second base
* Number: 01
Pokoemon and Poroemon's brother. When he is angry he can transform into a giant lion and can run fast. He can also do "Fullmoon Swing" just like Pokoemon and Poroemon.

'''Poroemon'''
* Position: Shortstop
* Number: 02
Pokoemon and Ponemon's brother. Nicknamed as Polo. When he is angry he can transform into a panda. He is a closer. He can also do "Fullmoon Swing" like Pokoemon and Ponemon. His Magic Balls are "Global Soap" and "Floating art of China".

=== Akane Flyers ===

'''Amoll'''
* Position: Pitcher
* Number: 1
Captain of the Akane Flyers. His killer pitches are the 'Dragonfly Ball', 'Red Dragonfly Ball' and variety of Dragonfly ball. The former pitch causes the ball to halt in the middle of the pitch and resume its movement seconds later, but is only limited to a straight line. The latter pitch is an upgraded version of the 'Dragonfly Ball', which causes the ball to shift its direction after the halt, making it harder to hit, and the latest one is the one that stop multiple times mid-air randomly. He also have the 'Dragonfly's return' where he jump and hit the ball if he can't reach it and hit the first baseman.

'''Ginjiro'''
* Position: First base
* Number: 3
Along with Yago, he is the team member who is closest to Amoll. He is good at doing surprise safety bunt.

'''Yago'''
* Position: Right fielder
* Number: 9
A player who always end with "~yago" when talking. At first he cannot handle the curve balls, but he managed to overcome that weakness after Mikeemon joined the Edogawa Doras.

=== Edogawa Boros ===

'''Retsu'''
* Position: Catcher
* Number: 2
Founder, captain and catcher of the Edogawa Boros. He works at his dad's batting cage and is very good at technology. He is the kind of person who will do anything to gain wealth.

'''Borosuke'''
* Position: Pitcher
* Number: 3
Formerly a pitching machine used in a batting cage, it was reproduced into a mechanical player by Retsu. It has a magic ball named "Spring Ball".

=== Devil Kings ===
America's strongest team, led by Drump.

'''Drump'''
* Position: Pitcher
* Number: 13
He is captain of the Devil Kings, and the American WABC team. His killer pitches are the "Queen (Q) Ball" and "Royal Straight Flush". The Q Ball is a ball that makes a loop making the batter difficult to hit. The ball he showed in WABC, the Royal Straight Flush, that is a ball that turns into a giant metal ball. He is also good in one of his hit, "The King of Spade" - which is very fast that makes you think he made the ball disappear. He asked Aimond to join in the American Team, and beat Japan.

'''Randy'''
* Position: Catcher
* Number: 3
He used to play for the Lobsters and is Aimond's former teammate. He joined the Devil Kings in order to cure his leg injury. He possesses a great jumping power, good catching ability and an impregnable defense. He is also good at batting. He has been selected to represent the United States in the WABC, as a catcher.

'''Roux'''
* Position: Third base
* Number: 6
A talented player. He is excellent in both attack and defense. He has also been selected to represent the United States in the WABC.

'''Ryan'''
* Position: Shortstop
* Number: 1
Although he is the team's shortstop, he can perform very well while playing as a pitcher. Like Roux, he is a talented player. Has been selected to represent the United States in the WABC, along with Drump, Randy and Roux.

'''Mark'''
* Position: Right fielder
* Number: 5
The team's personal doctor. He is a highly-skilled doctor who can cure any injuries. When Shiroemon was injured, Kuroemon had challenged Drump to a match, with the condition that if the Edogawa Doras wins, Mark will have to cure Shiroemon's injury, but if the Doras loses, Kuroemon must play for the Devil Kings.

=== Edogawa Doras 2nd Squad → Great Doras ===
Since Dora Nosuke was not accepted as Doras' coach, he built the Doras' Second Squad.

'''Dora Nosuke'''
* Position: Coach
* Number: 30
Former coach of Kunugiyama Bugs. After losing to Edogawa Doras, he decided to help the Doras win against the Akane Flyers. However, he was not accepted as their coach, so he applied many newcomers, including the Pigsy Brothers: Bubuta, Bebeta and Bobota, to form the Doras' second squad. Eventually, they quit the Doras and then took up the name "Great Doras".

'''Bubuta'''
* Position: Pitcher
* Number: 11
Captain of the 2nd Squad. He is a pig-like robot who always wanted to join the Doras after seeing the match between Doras and Whiters. His special hand allows him to throw the [[curveball]], [[slider]] and [[forkball]] very well. He is also fairly good at batting.

'''Bebeta'''
* Position: Catcher
* Number: 22
One of the 3 pig-like robots. He is the strongest member of the team and can even break a metal bat easily, however he lacks endurance (he fainted after throwing a 170km/h fastball). He performed fairly well in catching and batting.

'''Bobota'''
* Position: First base
* Number: 33
The biggest member of the team, he can do a pitch with his nose instead of his hand. His specialty is the Multi-image ball.

'''Makkuroemon'''
* Position: Third base
* Number: 15
A black cat-like robot, he is believed to bring bad lucks. However, with this "ability", he helped team Doras win the quarter-final and semi-final of the 32nd Big Dome Cup without doing anything. He is also the only one from the second squad to survive in the marathon which will decide the main players of the Doras.

=== 23rd century Edogawa Doras ===
The Edogawa Doras of the 23rd century.

'''96-emon'''
* Position: Third base
* Number: 5
The captain of the team. He looks like Kuroemon. His technique is "Deadly Daikon-Slicing Sun Swing".

'''46-emon'''
* Position: Pitcher
* Number: 1
He looks like Shiroemon. His technique is "Masshiro Ball" (M Ball) which causes the ball to go zigzag, making an M pattern.

'''Gurita'''
* Position: Catcher
* Number: 9
Looks similar to Guriemon.

'''Amorl'''
* Position: First base
* Number: 11
Looks similar to Amoll. He shows a brilliant defense in the team.

'''Ponpokoemon'''
* Position: Second base
* Number: 00
Looks similar to Pokoemon.

'''Beruemon'''
* Position: Shortstop
* Number: 6
Looks similar to Suzuemon.

'''Aimond Jr.'''
* Position: Left fielder
* Number: 7
Looks similar to Aimond.

'''Drumper'''
* Position: Center fielder
* Number: 13
Looks similar to Drump.

'''Dora Saburo'''
* Position: Right fielder
* Number: 51
Looks similar to Dora Ichiro.

===Other players===
*'''Dora Ichiro''': Top batter of the Boso Turtles. Known to possess a 80% batting accuracy after he got defeated by Doras.
*'''Oreemon''': Captain of the Akita Orions. Very good at scoring homeruns.
*'''Kinuemon''': A player of the Tetsujin Gundan. He has a huge body along with high stamina.
*'''Mazui''': A player who has a great will. He plays for the Ishikawa Yankees.
*'''King Sadaharu''': Titled "King of Baseball". His character is almost based on the former baseball player [[Sadaharu Ou]]. His special batting is the Flamingo-Style Batting.
*'''Ronaemon''': A Brazilian player, captain of the Brazilian Football Club Canaria, joining a "Mixed Baseball & soccer game" match. He uses the fake name "Noraemon" to play football with Edogawa Doras and Arakawa Whiters baseball players in a friendly football match. His character is based on [[Ronaldinho]], a professional Brazilian and AC Milan football player.
*'''Spider''': A very tall player, all of his pitches are as if they are thrown from the top of a building. He also has a considerable defensive skills since he can climb the fence easily. His character is based on [[Spider-Man]].
*'''Iriemon''': A player of the Iriomote Mangroves. Has a very sharp vision.
*'''Monta''': The pitcher of the Yamaoku Yama Temple. He is a pitcher with a beating record, making him isolated at a temple. He became the ace of his team and made a record of 63 pitches in a match, all fastball, all strike out. He's looking forward to facing the Doras and Whiters.

==Edogawa Doras' Game==
*Practice game with Mongas (0-21)
*Practice game with Mongas (9-8)
*'''31st Big Dome Cup'''
*Yamadera Bears (10-9)
*Boso Turtles (1-0)
*Arakawa Whiters (7-6)
*Hana-chans (0-21)
*Special Match with Devil Kings (6-5)
*'''Beetle Cup'''
*Hokkai Snow-Foxes (9-7)
*Ayakashi Lions (8-0)
*Kunugiyama Bugs (8-2)
*Akane Flyers (6-5)
*Practice game with Time Machines (7-0)
*'''32nd Big Dome Cup'''
*Great Okapus (Win by default)
*Tanagawa Giants (Win by default)
*Arakawa Whiters (0-1)
*Special Match with Edogawa Boros (3-2)
*Special Match with Canaria (3-2)
*'''WABC'''
*England (7-5)
*Australia (6-5)
*Cuba (11-10)
*America (2-4)
*'''Baseball Tournament Across Japan'''
*Boso Turtles (2-1)
*Iriomote Mangroves (2-1)
*Akita Orions (3-2)
*Yamadera Bears (6-5)
*Great Doras (Lose by default)
*Special Match with Great Doras (4-3)
*Special Match with Team King (2-3)
*Special Match with Arakawa Whiters (3-1)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Doraemon]]
* [[The Doraemons]]

{{Doraemon}}

[[Category:Comedy anime and manga]]
[[Category:Baseball anime and manga]]
[[Category:Children's manga]]
[[Category:Doraemon]]

[[ko:도라베이스]]
[[id:Dorabase]]
[[it:Dorabase]]
[[ms:Dorabase]]
[[ja:ドラベースドラえもん超野球外伝]]
[[vi:Doraemon bóng chày]]
[[zh:哆啦A夢超棒球外傳]]

Donington, Shropshire

2013-01-29T06:48:15Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding cy:Donington, Swydd Amwythig

{{ Infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Donington
|static_image_name=
|static_image_alt=
|static_image_caption=
|map_alt=
|latitude= 52.643
|longitude= -2.285
|civil_parish= Donington
|population = 3544
|population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|shire_county= [[Shropshire]]
|region= West Midlands
|constituency_westminster= [[The Wrekin (UK Parliament constituency)|The Wrekin]]
|post_town= [[Wolverhampton]]
|postcode_district = WV7
|postcode_area= WV
|dial_code= 01902
|os_grid_reference= SJ8104 (381500, 304500)
|website= []
}}

[[File:Donington Church - geograph.org.uk - 241885.jpg|thumb|St Cuthbert's church, Donington.]]
'''Donington''' is a hamlet and [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Shropshire]], [[England]].

==Geography==

The hamlet is situated on the northern outskirts of the large village of [[Albrighton, Bridgnorth|Albrighton]].

The parish is geographically large however and includes [[Cosford, Shropshire|Cosford]] and [[DCAE Cosford]], as well as encompassing a small part of the village of Albrighton (close to the railway station). The [[M54 motorway]] passes through the parish, as does the [[Wolverhampton to Shrewsbury Line]] ([[Albrighton railway station]] is on the border of the parishes of Donington and Albrighton). Wigmore Wood lies in the parish. Donington is located 9.9 miles away from [[Wolverhampton]] and 10.6 miles away from [[Telford]]

To the east of the parish is [[Staffordshire]].

==St. Cuthbert's Church==

St. Cuthbert's Church in Donington is over 900 years old. It was founded by Roger de Montgomery. The old church tower had collapsed on 25 March 1879, and was rebuilt in 1880. Different parts of the church are from different eras. For example the lower part of the tower is from the 12th Century and other areas being built in the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|title=St.Cuthbert's Church|url=http://www.albrightonchurches.co.uk/stcuthbert/stcuthbert_frame.html|publisher=albrightonchurches.co.uk|accessdate=14 March 2012}}</ref>

This Church is also a grade II listed building and has been since 26 September 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=British Listed Buildings|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-416983-church-of-st-cuthbert-donington|accessdate=14 March 2012}}</ref>

Many air force personnel from [[RAF Cosford]] are buried in the churchyard, most of the graves being marked and cared for by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].

==Population Trends==

In 1801, the recorded population for the parish of Donington was 289 people. The population has steadily increased over the years except for some decades such as 1850s. After [[World War II]] the population for this parish has risen from a pre-war figure of 329 to over 3000 in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vision Of Britain Through Time|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10352678&c_id=10001043&add=N|accessdate=14 March 2012}}</ref> According to census records from the 1800s in to 1930s the ratio of males and females living within Donington were roughly the same, until after [[World War II]] when the parish saw a large increase in the male population in the area. This is because of the location of [[RAF Cosford]] which is included within the Donington parish.<ref>{{cite web|title=The history of RAF Cosford|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcosford/aboutus/cosfordhistory.cfm|accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref> The 2001 census also shows the number of people in different age groups. The census shows us that for the Donington area
the most populated age group was 16-24. This could be due to the fact that the RAF base at Cosford is included in these data statistics. In general though, the 2001 census shows that there are more people living in the parish under the age of 44, than there are over that age.<ref>{{cite web|title=Donington - Parish profile - People|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=798880&c=Donington&d=16&e=15&g=481926&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1332444789915&enc=1&dsFamilyId=781|accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref>

==Employment==

According to the 1881 census the main sources of employment within Donington was either in Agriculture or in Domestic services. The same census also states how that these jobs were mainly dominated by men and that for most women living in Donington at the time had no employment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Donington CP/AP - current theme: industry|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_theme_page.jsp?u_id=10352678&c_id=10001043&data_theme=T_IND|accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref> In comparison the 2001 census shows that the employment structure has changed compared to that of 1881. The 2001 census shows that now over 2600 people now work in the service sector, and around 100 people now work in agriculture and manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Donington CP - parish profile|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=798880&c=Donington&d=16&e=15&g=481926&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1332441724462&enc=1&dsFamilyId=783|accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref> There could be many reasons as to why there has been such a dramatic switch in terms of employment over the last 120 years, but it does follow the national trend for local parishes in terms of employment.

==Housing==

The first UK census which included people's housing situation was in 1891. In the 1891 census questions were focused on the number of rooms in your house and the number of people who lived there as well, however from the 1951 census questions focused more on the facilities within a house. In 1891 there were 87<ref>{{cite web|title=Donington CP/AP - current theme: housing|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_HOUS&data_cube=N_HOUSES&u_id=10352678&c_id=10001043&add=Y}}</ref> houses within the parish and Donington and that number in the 2001 census has risen to 587.<ref>{{cite web|title=Donington CP - parish profile - households|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=798880&c=Donington&d=16&e=15&g=481926&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1332441724462&enc=1&dsFamilyId=785|accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref> In March 2012, according to Zoopla.com the average house price for the postcode WV7, which Donington and the rest of the parish fall under, was £215,074<ref>{{cite web|title=WV7 Zed-Index|url=http://www.zoopla.co.uk/home-values/browse/wv7/?q=WV7&search_source=nav|accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref>

{{shropshire}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Shropshire]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Shropshire]]

{{Shropshire-geo-stub}}

[[cy:Donington, Swydd Amwythig]]
[[pl:Donington (Shropshire)]]

Donald Faison

2013-01-29T06:15:20Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying ko:도널드 페이슨 to ko:도널드 페이손

{{BLP IMDB refimprove|date=August 2008}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Donald Faison
| image = Donald Faison.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Faison at Hollywood Life Magazine’s 7th Annual Breakthrough Awards in 2007
| birth_name = Donald Adeosun Faison
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1974|6|22}}
| birth_place = [[Harlem]], [[New York]], [[U.S.]]
| occupation = Actor Voice actor
| years_active = 1989–present
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Lisa Askey|2001|2005}}|{{marriage|CaCee Cobb|2012}}}}
| children = 4
}}

'''Donald Adeosun Faison''' ({{IPAc-en|f|eɪ|ˈ|z|ɒ|n}}; born June 22, 1974) is an American actor, comedian, and [[voice actor]] best known for his role as [[Christopher Turk|Dr. Chris Turk]] in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] (formerly [[NBC]]) comedy-drama ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'' (2001–2010) as a leading role, and as Murray in the film ''[[Clueless (film)|Clueless]]'' (1995) playing a minor role (reprised in the [[Clueless (TV series)|subsequent television series of the same name]]). His most recent project is a starring role in the [[TV Land]] original situation comedy, ''[[The Exes]]''.

Faison has also co-starred in the films ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' (2000), ''[[Uptown Girls]]'' (2003), ''[[Something New (film)|Something New]]'' (2006) and ''[[Next Day Air]]'' (2009).

==Early life==
Faison was born in [[Harlem]], [[New York]], the son of Shirley, a talent agent, and Donald Faison, a building manager.<ref name=enielp>{{Cite news|last=|first=|coauthors=|title=What's Up, Doc?|pages=|publisher=People Magazine|date=2002-06-17|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20137321,00.html|accessdate=2010-11-25}}</ref> His parents were active with the National Black Theatre in Harlem.<ref name=pse>{{Cite news|last=Tanber|first=George J.|coauthors=|title=Q&A: 'Scrubs' star as pro team owner?|pages=|publisher=ESPN|date=2007-02-22|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/blackhistory2007/news/story?id=2767393|accessdate=2010-11-25}}</ref>

==Career==
Before his debut on ''Scrubs'' and ''Clueless'', Faison appeared in a 1991 commercial for [[Folgers|Folgers Coffee]] at the age of 17, in which he played the younger brother of a soldier returning from war. The following year, he appeared along with [[Malik Yoba]], in the ABC News special ''[[Prejudice: Answering Children's Questions]]'', hosted by [[Peter Jennings]]. He then became famous for his role as "Murray Lawrence Duvall" in the film ''[[Clueless (film)|Clueless]]'', the 1995 movie, and its subsequent [[Clueless (TV series)|television series]], which ran from 1996 to 1999. In 1995, he also appeared in ''[[Waiting to Exhale]]'' as "Tarik", the son of [[Loretta Devine]]'s character, "Gloria." He was featured in'' [[New Jersey Drive]]''. He also starred in ''[[Big Fat Liar]]'' alongside [[Frankie Muniz]], [[Paul Giamatti]], and [[Amanda Bynes]]. He had a recurring role as, "Tracy," on ''[[Felicity (TV series)|Felicity]]'', appeared in ''[[Remember the Titans]]'', as the running back-turned-linebacker Petey Jones, and provided voice work for various characters in the MTV animated series ''[[Clone High]]''. He had minor roles in the sitcoms ''[[Sister, Sister (TV series)|Sister Sister]]'' and ''[[Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series)|Sabrina, the Teenage Witch]]'' and in the film ''[[Josie and the Pussycats (film)|Josie and the Pussycats]]''. In 2005, Faison produced one episode of MTV's ''[[Punk'd]]'' involving his ''Scrubs'' co-star [[Zach Braff]]. He has also appeared in the music videos for [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]]'s "[[Sittin' Up In My Room]]", [[Fall Out Boy]]'s cover of Michael Jackson's "[[Beat It]]," and [[Gavin Degraw]]'s "[[Chariot (song)|Chariot]]."

On February 13, 2009, Faison participated in the [[NBA All-Star Weekend]]'s Celebrity Game. Other celebrities participating include: [[NBA]] [[Basketball Hall of Fame|Hall of Famers]] [[Clyde Drexler]] and [[Dominique Wilkins]], [[NFL]] [[Wide receiver|wide-receiver]] [[Terrell Owens]], actor [[Chris Tucker]] and four [[Harlem Globetrotters]].

In 2010, Faison starred alongside [[Scottie Thompson]], [[Brittany Daniel]], [[Eric Balfour]], [[Laz Alonso]] and [[Crystal Reed]] in the [[Brothers Strause]] science fiction thriller ''[[Skyline (film)|Skyline]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/festivals/berlin/european-film-market/im-global-want-buyers-to-see-the-light-on-skyline/5010743.article|title=IM Global want buyers to see the light on Skyline|author=Jeremy Kay|publisher=Screen Daily}}</ref>

On February 18, 2010, the Hollywood Reporter announced that Faison would join the comedy ''The Odds'' on [[CBS]].<ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3iccd499946ba0cc768851a944e14dee0d Five pilots beef up casts] Hollywood Reporter, Feb 18, 2010</ref>

As of March 2011, Faison appeared in commercials for ''[[The Sims Medieval]]''.

==Personal life==
Faison was married to Lisa Askey from 2001 to 2005. After six years of dating, Faison married his second wife, CaCee Cobb, on December 15, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20656767,00.html|title=Donald Faison Marries Cacee Cobb|author=Lesley Messer|publisher=People}}</ref> The wedding was held at the home of Faison's former ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'' co-star and best friend [[Zach Braff]], who also served as a groomsman. Serving as one of the bridesmaids was singer [[Jessica Simpson]], for whom Cobb formerly worked as a personal assistant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/donald-faison-marries-cacee-cobb-20121512|title=Donald Faison Marries CaCee Cobb!|author=Zach Johnson|publisher=Us Weekly}}</ref>

Faison has four children: [[fraternal twins|fraternal boy-girl twins]] Dade and Kaya Faison (b. 1999) and son Kobe Faison (b. 2001), with Askey, and son Sean Faison-Ince (b. 1996), from a previous relationship with Audrey Ince.

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Uncle Buck]]''
| rowspan=2 | Student
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Juice (film)|Juice]]''
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Sugar Hill (1994 film)|Sugar Hill]]''
| Kymie Damiels
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1995
| ''[[New Jersey Drive]]''
| Tiny Dime
| Credited as Donald Adeosun Faison
|-
| ''[[Clueless (film)|Clueless]]''
| Murray Lawrence Duvall
|
|-
| ''[[Waiting to Exhale]]''
| Tarik Matthews
|
|-
| 1996
|''[[The Quest (film)|The Quest]]''
|Robber
|Uncredited
|-
| 1997
| ''Academy Boyz''
| Glen Lewis
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1998
| ''[[Butter (1998 film)|Butter]]''
| Khaleed
|
|-
| ''[[Can't Hardly Wait]]''
| Dan
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Trippin' (film)|Trippin']]''
| June Nelson
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Remember the Titans]]''
| Petey Jones
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2001
| ''[[Double Whammy (film)|Double Whammy]]''
| Cletis
|
|-
| ''[[Josie and the Pussycats (film)|Josie and the Pussycats]]''
| D.J.
| Uncredited
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Big Fat Liar]]''
| Frank Jackson
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2003
| ''[[Ravedactyl: Project Evolution]]''
| Gunner
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Uptown Girls]]''
| Huey
|
|-
| ''[[Good Boy!]]''
| Wilson
| Voice only
|-
| 2005
| ''[[King's Ransom]]''
| Andre
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2006
| ''[[Something New (film)|Something New]]''
| Nelson McQueen
|
|-
| ''[[Bachelor Party Vegas]]''
| Ash
|
|-
| ''Homie Spumoni''
| Renato/Leroy
|
|-
| 2007
| ''Venus & Vegas''
| Stu
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Next Day Air]]''
| Leo
|
|-
|2010
| ''[[Skyline (film)|Skyline]]''
| Terry
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Stag''
| Ken
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Pitch Perfect]]''
| Older Acapella Man
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Kick-Ass 2 (film)|Kick-Ass 2]]''
| Doctor Gravity
|
|}

===Television===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1996
| ''[[New York Undercover]]''
| James
| 1 episode
|-
| 1996–1998
| ''[[Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series)|Sabrina, the Teenage Witch]]''
| Dashiell
| 4 episodes
|-
| 1996–1999
| ''[[Clueless (TV series)|Clueless]]''
| Murray Lawrence Duvall
| 62 episodes
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Sister, Sister (TV series)|Sister, Sister]]''
| Darryl
| 1 episode
|-
| 1999
| ''Supreme Sanction''
| Marcus
| [[Television movie]]
|-
| 1999–2000
| ''[[Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series)|Sabrina, the Teenage Witch]]''
| Dashiell
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2000–2002
| ''[[Felicity (TV series)|Felicity]]''
| Tracy
| 23 episodes
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''[[Clone High]]''
| Toots Various characters
| Voice only 12 episodes
|-
| 2001–2010
| ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]''
| [[Christopher Turk]]
| 179 episodes Nominated - [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series]] (2006-2010) Nominated - [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series]] (2005)
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[Higglytown Heroes]]''
| Firefighter Hero
| Voice only 2 episodes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[The Bernie Mac Show]]''
| Alex the Repairman
| 1 episode
|-
| 2005–2009
| ''[[Robot Chicken]]''
| Various
| Voice only
|-
| rowspan=2|2007
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| [[Christopher Turk]]
| Season 32, Episode 20
|-
| ''[[Kim Possible]]''
| Ricky Rotiffle
| Voice only 1 episode
|-
| 2008
| ''[[The Boondocks (TV series)|The Boondocks]]''
| Tobias / Wedgie Rudlin
| Voice only 3 episodes
|-
| rowspan=2|2009
| ''[[American Dad!]]''
| Christopher Turk
| Voice only Season 5, Episode 8: [[G-String Circus]]
|-
| ''[[Titan Maximum]]''
| Martian Fleet Commander
| 1 episode
|-
| rowspan=2|2011
| ''[[The Odds (TV series) | The Odds]]''
| Tyler
|
|-
| ''[[Love Bites (TV series)|Love Bites]]''
|
|
|-
| 2011–present
| ''[[The Exes]]''
| Phil Chase
| Nominated - [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series]] (2013)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Zeke and Luther]]''
| Chill E. Dog
| Voice only
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Adventure Time]]''
| Baby-Snaps
| Voice only 1 Episode
|}

===Music videos===
*"[[Sittin' Up In My Room]]" by Brandy (1995)
*"No Doubt" by [[Imajin (R&B group)|Imajin]] (1999)
*"Da Bomb" by DJ Fury and RX Lord (1999)
*"[[Chariot (song)|Chariot]]" by [[Gavin DeGraw]] (2003)
*"[[Beat It#Fall Out Boy|Beat It]]" by [[Fall Out Boy]] (2008)

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Result
! Category
! Series
|-style="background-color: #dfd;"
|2004
|rowspan=2|BET Comedy Awards
|'''Won'''
|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
|''Scrubs''
|-style="background-color: #dfd;"
|2002
|'''Won'''
|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
|''Scrubs''
|-
|2004
|rowspan=4|[[Teen Choice Awards]]
|'''Nominated'''
|Choice TV Sidekick
|''Scrubs''
|-
|2005
|'''Nominated'''
|Choice TV Sidekick
|''Scrubs''
|-
|2006
|'''Nominated'''
|Choice TV Sidekick
|''Scrubs''
|-
|2007
|'''Nominated'''
|Choice TV Sidekick
|''Scrubs''
|-
|2005
|rowspan=4|[[NAACP Image Awards]]
|'''Nominated'''
|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
|''Scrubs''
|-
|2006
|'''Nominated'''
|Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series
|''Scrubs''
|-
|2007
|'''Nominated'''
|Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series
|''Scrubs''
|-
|2008
|'''Nominated'''
|Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series
|''Scrubs''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|265668|Donald Faison}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2010}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=41791792}}
{{Persondata
|NAME= Faison, Donald
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Faison, Donald Adeosun
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Actor
|DATE OF BIRTH= June 22, 1974
|PLACE OF BIRTH= New York City, New York, United States
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Faison, Donald}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Actors from New York City]]
[[Category:African-American film actors]]
[[Category:African-American television actors]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Harlem, New York]]
[[Category:20th-century actors]]
[[Category:21st-century actors]]

[[ar:دونالد فيزن]]
[[da:Donald Faison]]
[[de:Donald Faison]]
[[es:Donald Faison]]
[[fr:Donald Faison]]
[[gl:Donald Faison]]
[[ko:도널드 페이손]]
[[is:Donald Faison]]
[[it:Donald Faison]]
[[he:דונלד פייז'ון]]
[[nl:Donald Faison]]
[[ja:ドナルド・フェイソン]]
[[no:Donald Faison]]
[[pl:Donald Faison]]
[[pt:Donald Faison]]
[[ru:Фэйсон, Дональд]]
[[sh:Donald Faison]]
[[fi:Donald Faison]]
[[sv:Donald Faison]]
[[tl:Donald Faison]]

Dolní Počernice (château)

2013-01-29T04:37:22Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying cs:Zámek Dolní Počernice to cs:Dolní Počernice (zámek)

{{Geobox|Building

| name = Dolní Počernice
| native_name =
| other_name =
| category = Château

| image = Dolní Počernice, zámek.jpg
| image_caption = Dolní Počernice Château

| official_name =
| etymology =
| nickname =

| flag =
| symbol =

| country = Czech Republic | country_flag = 1
| state =
| region = [[Central Bohemia]]
| district =
| commune =
| municipality =

| location =
| elevation =
| prominence =
| lat_d =50 | lat_m =5 | lat_s =19.20 | lat_NS =N
| long_d =14 | long_m =34 | long_s =46.90 | long_EW =E

| length = | length_orientation =
| width = | width_orientation =
| height =
| depth =
| volume =
| area =

| author =
| style = [[Architecture#The medieval builder|Gothic-Renaissance]]
| material =

| established = 1401
| date =
| date_type =
| owner =

| public =
| visitation = | visitation_date =
| access =

| free = | free_type =

| map = Czechia - outline map.svg
| map_background = Czechia - background map.png
| map_caption = Location in the Czech Republic
| map_locator = Czechia

| website = [http://www.praha-dolnipocernice.cz/ Dolní Počernice] Website

| footnotes =
}}
'''Dolní Počernice''' is an architectural monument located at 1 Národních hrdinů street in [[Dolní Počernice]], near the dike Počernický fishpond and a local English park. It is protected as a cultural monument of [[Czech Republic]].<ref name=NPU>{{cite web|last=Národní památkový ústav|title=Dolní Počernice|url=http://monumnet.npu.cz/pamfond/list.php?IdReg=153341&oKodKr=11&oNazSidOb=Doln%ED+Po%E8ernice&Uz=B&PrirUbytOd=03.05.1958&PrirUbytDo=22.03.2012&Limit=25|publisher=Národní památkový ústav|accessdate=19 August 2012}}</ref> Currently an orphanage is located there. Next to the castle is a small church from the 12th century, which originally was built in [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style.

==History==
===From the 15th to the 20th century===
The castle was built from a medieval fortress, which was first mentioned in 1401. From this year comes the tabular record of the hearing succession of Jan z Cách, owner of the nearby [[Čelákovice]]. This record is the first mention of the fortress, but its origin is not known. Until 1970s, it was presumed that the remains of the fort had not been preserved, but later findings revealed that parts of the castle corresponded to the Gothic tower fortress. On them the southern part of the east wing was built. The possibility of further research is therefore very limited.

By 1527, the fort had already been the property of several owners, having undergone substantial changes. The existing building was expanded to the north into a late [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style. It emphasized its character of a residential building. Apparently at that time, the defensive function was taken over by the newly built massive church tower. Later still this [[Renaissance]] fortress underwent reconstruction. In 1562, the whole property passed over to the king. The Royal Chamber of Comerce sold it at a reduced prize to Matej Hulka, burgher of Nové Město, named by [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] to the aristocracy with the attribute ''z Počernice.''<ref name="Broncová2000">{{cite book|author=Dagmar Broncová|title=Kniha o Praze 14 a okolí|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vYt7AAAAMAAJ|page=68|year=2000|publisher=Milpo|isbn=978-80-86098-16-6}}</ref> The new owner then built the western wing. From this period dates the crest vaults arches on the ground floor, and to this day it is possible to see the evident envelope [[graffito (drawing technique)|graffito]] on the façade.

In 1622, after the Battle of the White Mountain, the castle was confiscated and sold at a reduced price to Jan Kaprovi z Kaprštejn.<ref name="Svátek2008">{{cite book|author=Josef Svátek|title=The Memoirs of a Prague Executioner|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qqAwBx2iUP4C&pg=PA391|accessdate=19 August 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Sharpless House|isbn=978-1-4348-3787-5|pages=391}}</ref><ref name="Broncová1-2000">{{cite book|author=Dagmar Broncová|title=Kniha o Praze 14 a okolí|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vYt7AAAAMAAJ|page=68-69|year=2000|publisher=Milpo|isbn=978-80-86098-16-6}}</ref> From 1664 to 1769 it was owned by the Counts of Colloredo-Wallsee from Dolní Počernice.<ref name="Broncová1-2000"/> They also gave the castle its present appearance. In 1856 the Hungarian noble family Dercznyi settled here, which owned Počernice until 1923, when it was acquired by the City of Prague.

===Present day===
The predominant [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style has been wiped off. The chateau has substantially changed and the garden has been transformed into a freely accessible English park. The chateau today includes both the so-called old mansion that originated around 1780 (the two-wing one-storey building is situated close to the church), and the new chateau built in the 19th century, with a junction of the two wings included. The garden remains with the original Baroque architecture: arbor, vases on pedestals, and stairs with a terrace.

==See also==
* [[List of castles in Prague]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Attribution
*''This article is based on the translation of the corresponding article of the Czech Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there at the'' [[:cs:Zámek Dolní Počernice|History]] ''section.''

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Dolní Počernice Castle}}

[[Category:Castles in Prague]]
[[Category:Castles in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Prague]]
[[Category:History of Prague]]

[[cs:Dolní Počernice (zámek)]]

Dolaincourt

2013-01-29T04:16:24Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding bug:Dolaincourt

{{Infobox French commune
|name = Dolaincourt
|image =
|region = Lorraine
|department = Vosges
|arrondissement = [[Arrondissement of Neufchâteau, Vosges|Neufchâteau]]
|canton = Châtenois
|INSEE = 88137
|postal code = 88170
|mayor = François Perrot
|term = 2008–2014
|intercommunality = Pays de Châtenois
|longitude = 5.8144
|latitude = 48.3403
|elevation m =
|elevation min m = 319
|elevation max m = 455
|area km2 = 2.6
|population = 88
|population date = 2006
}}

'''Dolaincourt''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Vosges]] [[Departments of France|department]] in [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]] in northeastern [[France]].

==See also==
*[[Communes of the Vosges department]]

==References==
*[http://www.insee.fr/en/home/home_page.asp INSEE]
{{reflist}}

{{Vosges communes}}

[[Category:Communes of Vosges]]

{{Vosges-geo-stub}}

[[ca:Dolaincourt]]
[[ceb:Dolaincourt]]
[[es:Dolaincourt]]
[[eu:Dolaincourt]]
[[fr:Dolaincourt]]
[[it:Dolaincourt]]
[[kk:Доленкур]]
[[mg:Dolaincourt]]
[[ms:Dolaincourt]]
[[nl:Dolaincourt]]
[[oc:Dolaincourt]]
[[pms:Dolaincourt]]
[[pl:Dolaincourt]]
[[pt:Dolaincourt]]
[[sk:Dolaincourt]]
[[sr:Доленкур]]
[[sv:Dolaincourt]]
[[bug:Dolaincourt]]
[[uk:Доленкур]]
[[vi:Dolaincourt]]
[[vo:Dolaincourt]]
[[war:Dolaincourt]]
[[zh:多兰库尔]]

Doiwala

2013-01-29T04:10:45Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying new:ङोईवाला to new:दोइवाला

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Doiwala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| latd = 30.176
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS = N
| longd = 78.124
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW = E
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 396
| population_total = 8047
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 248 140
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0135
| registration_plate = UK 07
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Doiwala''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Dehradun district]] in the state of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].

==Geography==
Doiwala (ङोईवाला) is located at {{coord|30.18|N|78.12|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/39/Doiwal.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Doiwal]</ref> It has an average elevation of 396 metres (1,327 feet).The place comes under Doon Valley's Terai and bhabhar region.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Doiwala had a population of 8047. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Doiwala has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82% and, female literacy is 82%. In Doiwala, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Schools, Colleges and Institutions==
#Shri Guru Ram Rai Public School
#Doon Public School
#The Presidency International School
#Nancy International School
#Holly Angel Academy
#The Canterbury Bells High School
#Shri Guru Harkishan Academy
#Melvin John's School
#Doon Ghati College
#Degree college
#H.I.H.T Medical University
#Dental college
#Public inter collge
#govt. school

==Religion==
Mostly are Hindu. Sikhism is also major religion in Doiwala and nearby area like village nunawala, kheri, bulawala, chandmari. Guru nanak sahib ji, Guru Gobind singh ji birthday, Baisakhi, Guru Arjan sahib ji Shaheedi Divas and Guru Granth Sahib Guru Gaddi Divas are celebrated by sikhs in Doiwala. Some muslim and ravidassi population is also located.

==Climate==
The climate of Doiwala is generally temperate, although it varies from tropical; from hot in summers to severely cold, depending upon the season and the altitude of the specific location. The nearby hilly regions often get snowfall during winter but the temperature in Dehradun and Doiwala is not known to fall below freezing. Summer temperatures can often reach 42°C whereas winter temperatures are usually between -0.3 and 20°C (as per 9/jan/2013). During the monsoon season, there is often heavy and protracted rainfall. Doiwala and other plains areas of Uttarakhand see almost as much rainfall as Coastal Maharashtra and more than Assam. The weather is considered to be good during winter in the hilly regions but it is often hot in the "Doon" valley. Agriculture benefits from fertile alluvial soil, adequate drainage and plentiful rain. Mountain areas are also used for agriculture.

==Languages==
Punjabi and Hindi are two major language spoken in Doiwala and nearby villages. Garhwali is also spoken in Doiwala.

==Notable Locations & Finance Sector==
#Fun Valley
#Picnic Spot, Lachhiwala
#Doodhli
#Gurdwara shaheedi chotey sahibzade, Nunawala, National Highway 72
#Gurdwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha, Near railway station
#Gurdwara Guru Nanak langar Hall (Building Under Construction)
#Shakti bhawan mandir
#Mosque
#Dehradun International airport, 5 Km from Doiwala
#Himalayan hospital
#Shed Hospital
#Government Hospital
#Sugar Mill Factory
#Punjab National bank, State bank of India & Bank of baroda on sugar mill road
#Punjab and Sindh Bank, Nainital bank & IDBI bank on National Highway
#Oriental bank of commerce and Co-operative bank
#Lal tappar industrial area

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://210.212.78.56/doiwala/ Doiwala, Official website]

{{Dehradun district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dehradun district]]

{{Uttarakhand-geo-stub}}

[[bpy:দৈৱালা]]
[[it:Doiwala]]
[[ms:Doiwala]]
[[new:दोइवाला]]
[[pl:Doiwala]]
[[pt:Doiwala]]
[[vi:Doiwala]]
[[zh:多伊瓦拉]]

Dodô (footballer, born 1974)

2013-01-29T03:53:17Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying es:Dodô to es:José Rodolfo Pires Ribeiro

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox football biography
|name =Dodô
|image=
|fullname=Ricardo Lucas
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|5|2}}
| birth_place = [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]
|height={{height|m=1.77|precision=0}}
|position=[[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]]
|currentclub=
|clubnumber=
|youthyears1=1992
|youthclubs1=[[Nacional Atlético Clube (SP)|Nacional (SP)]]
|years1=1992–1993
|years2=1994
|years3=1995–1998
|years4=1996
|years5=1998–2001
|years6=2001–2002
|years7=2002
|years8=2003–2004
|years9=2005
|years10=2005
|years11=2006
|years12=2006–2007
|years13=2007
|years14=2008
|years15=2010
|years16=2010–2011
|years17=2011
|clubs1=[[Nacional Atlético Clube (SP)|Nacional (SP)]]
|clubs2=[[Fluminense Football Club|Fluminense]]
|clubs3=[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]
|clubs4=→ [[Paraná Clube|Paraná]] (loan)
|clubs5=[[Santos FC|Santos]]
|clubs6=[[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]]
|clubs7=[[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]]
|clubs8=[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai Horangi]]
|clubs9=[[Oita Trinita]]
|clubs10=[[Goiás Esporte Clube|Goiás]]
|clubs11=[[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]]
|clubs12=[[Al Ain FC|Al Ain]]
|clubs13=[[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]]
|clubs14=[[Fluminense Football Club|Fluminense]]
|clubs15=[[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]]
|clubs16=[[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]]
|clubs17=[[Americana Futebol Ltda.|Americana]]
|caps1=30
|goals1=11
|caps2=17
|goals2=5
|caps3=46
|goals3=32
|caps4=4
|goals4=0
|caps5=67
|goals5=33
|caps6=29
|goals6=10
|caps7=16
|goals7=3
|caps8=62
|goals8=33
|caps9=15
|goals9=3
|caps10=15
|goals10=4
|caps11=12
|goals11=8
|caps12=8
|goals12=4
|caps13=27
|goals13=15
|caps14=16
|goals14=5
|caps15=4
|goals15=0
|caps16=16
|goals16=10
|caps17=9
|goals17=5
|nationalyears1=1997
|nationalteam1=[[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]
|nationalcaps1=5
|nationalgoals1=2
|pcupdate=10:23, 22 January 2012
}}
'''Ricardo Lucas''', known as '''Dodô''' (born 2 May 1974 in [[São Paulo]]), is a retired [[Football in Brazil|Brazilian footballer]] who played [[Forward (association football)|striker]].

==Career==
Dodô has played for several clubs in Brazil, including [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]], [[Santos FC|Santos]], [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]] and [[Fluminense Football Club|Fluminense]]. He also spent time in Japan, South Korea and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], enjoying success with [[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai Horangi]] in the [[K-League]].

On 11 September 2008, the Court of Arbitration for Sport suspended Dodô from playing professional football for two years as a result of a failed doping test. He tested positive for the use of [[Fenproporex]] following a match between Botofogo and Vasco da Gama on 14 June 2007.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |url=http://sports.yahoo.com/sow/news;_ylt=Av_QpUih2te7eCTnfZLG990mw7YF?slug=ap-dodo-doping&prov=ap&type=lgns|title=Ex-Brazil striker Dodo gets 2-year doping ban|date=11 September 2008}}</ref>

In January 2010, after the suspension has finished, Dodô signed a contract with [[Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] for his comeback to football. Dodô scored 11 gols in 28 appearances for the club, four in a single match against Botafogo. However, two penalties missed on the derby against Flamengo, ended his spell with the club.

On 14 June 2010, Dodô transferred to [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]] and announced his wishes to end his career in the club.

On 27 April 2011, he was keen to extend his career and signed a one-year deal with [[Americana Futebol Ltda.|Americana]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lancenet.com.br/minuto/Dodo-acerta-Americana-jogar-Serie_0_470353074.html|publisher=Lancenet|title=Dodô acerta com Americana e irá jogar a Série B|language=Portuguese|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>

== Club career statistics ==
<ref>http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/player.php?id=17210</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=3 | Club performance
! colspan=2 | League

|-
! Season
! Club
! League
! Apps !! Goals

|-
! colspan=3 |Brazil
! colspan=2 | League

|-
|1994||[[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]]||[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||0||0
|-
|1995||[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]||[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||2||1
|-
|1996||[[Paraná Clube|Paraná]]||[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||0||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]||rowspan="2"|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||0||0
|-
|1997||22||21
|-
|1998||rowspan="4"|[[Santos FC|Santos]]||rowspan="4"|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||22||10
|-
|1999||21||13
|-
|2000||24||10
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|[[Botafogo FR|Botafogo]]||rowspan="2"|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||15||6
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2002||[[SE Palmeiras|Palmeiras]]||[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||16||3
|-
! colspan=3 |Korea Republic
! colspan=2 | League

|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai Horangi]]||rowspan="2"|[[K-League]]||44||27
|-
|2004||18||6
|-
! colspan=3 |Japan
! colspan=2 | League

|-
|2005||[[Oita Trinita]]||[[J. League Division 1|J. League 1]]||15||3
|-
! colspan=3 |Brazil
! colspan=2 | League

|-
|2005||[[Goiás EC|Goiás]]||[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||15||4
|-
|2006||[[Botafogo FR|Botafogo]]||[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||12||8
|-
! colspan=3 |United Arab Emirates
! colspan=2 | League

|-
|2006/07||[[Al-Ain FC|Al-Ain]]||[[UAE Football League|UAE League]]||0||0
|-
! colspan=3 |Brazil
! colspan=2 | League

|-
|2007||[[Botafogo FR|Botafogo]]||[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||27||15
|-
|2008||[[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]]||[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||16||5
|-
!rowspan=4| Country !!colspan=2| Brazil
!192||96
|-
!colspan=2|Korea Republic
!62||33
|-
!colspan=2|Japan
!15||3
|-
!colspan=2|United Arab Emirates
!0||0
|-
!colspan=3|Total
!269||132
|}

== International career statistics ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=3 | [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]]
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|-
|1997||5||2
|-
!Total||5||2
|}

==Honours==
*[[Campeonato Paranaense|Paraná State Championship]]: 1996
*[[Campeonato Paulista|São Paulo State Championship]]: 1998
*[[Campeonato Carioca|Rio de Janeiro State Championship]]: 2006

==Personal honours==
*[[Campeonato Paulista|São Paulo State League]]'s top scorer: 1997
*[[Torneio Rio-São Paulo|Rio-São Paulo Tournament]]'s top scorer: 1998
*[[Campeonato Carioca|Rio de Janeiro State League]]'s top scorer: 2006, 2007

==International goals==
:''Results list Brazil's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 7 September 1997 || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] || {{fb|ECU}} || 2 goals || 4–2 || [[Friendly match]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{en icon}} [http://www.sambafoot.com/en/players/633_Dodo.html sambafoot.com]
*{{pt icon}} [http://www.dodo10.com.br/publicsite/bioperfil.php dodo10.com]
*{{pt icon}} [http://www.canalbotafogo.com.br/v3/ canalbotafogo.com]
*{{pt icon}} [http://200.159.15.35/registro/registro.aspx?s=118801 CBF]
*{{en icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCqGwgm23ZU youtube.com]
*{{pt icon}} [http://www.mercadofutebol.com/noticia/botafogo-libera-atletas-antes-do-fim-do-brasileirao Botafogo libera atletas antes do fim do Brasileirão]
* {{ko icon}} [http://new.kleaguei.com/team/K01/player.aspx?pid=2003130 K-League Player Record]
*{{en icon}} [http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/player.php?id=17210 Club & Country Statistics]
*{{pt icon}} [http://www.portuguesa.com.br/elenco_m.asp?id_elenco=105 Portuguesa squad]

{{Chuteira de Ouro}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Dodo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Brazilian footballer and manager
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1974-05-02
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[São Paulo]], Brazil
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dodo}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Brazilian footballers]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Brazil international footballers]]
[[Category:Nacional Atlético Clube (SP) players]]
[[Category:Fluminense Football Club players]]
[[Category:São Paulo FC players]]
[[Category:Paraná Clube players]]
[[Category:Santos Futebol Clube players]]
[[Category:Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players]]
[[Category:Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players]]
[[Category:Ulsan Hyundai FC players]]
[[Category:Oita Trinita players]]
[[Category:Goiás Esporte Clube players]]
[[Category:Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama players]]
[[Category:Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players]]
[[Category:Guaratinguetá Futebol players]]
[[Category:Al Ain FC players]]
[[Category:K-League players]]
[[Category:J. League Division 1 players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in South Korea]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Japan]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:People from São Paulo (city)]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriates in South Korea]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:Brazilian sportspeople in doping cases]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Doping cases in association football]]

[[es:José Rodolfo Pires Ribeiro]]
[[hif:Dodô]]
[[fr:Ricardo Lucas]]
[[it:Ricardo Lucas]]
[[nl:Dodô]]
[[ja:リカルド・ルーカス]]
[[pl:Ricardo Lucas]]
[[pt:Dodô (futebolista)]]
[[ru:Рикардо Лукас]]
[[simple:Dodô]]
[[tr:Dodô]]
[[vi:Dodô]]

Dmitri Pokrovsky

2013-01-29T02:57:23Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding uk:Покровський Дмитро Вікторович; modifying ru:Покровский, Дмитрий Викторович

'''Dmitri Viktorovich Pokrovsky''' ({{Lang-rus|Дмитрий Викторович Покровский}}, 1 May 1944  – 29 June 1996) was a Russian folk music researcher and musician best known for his efforts to rediscover authentic and often near extinct rural musical traditions from many different regions of Russia and re-enacting them with the [[Dmitri Pokrovsky Ensemble]].

==Biography==
In the early 1970s, Dmitri Pokrovsky was a student of conducting at Moscow’s [[Gnessin State Musical College|Gnessin Pedagogical Institute]] of Music, from which he graduated in 1972.<ref name=bio>http://www.pokrovsky-ensemble.ru/rus/pokrovsky/</ref> Frustrated with the then manner of interpretation of Russian folk music, he developed a new approach to its performance which went against the established patterns and rules. His inspiration came after hearing a performance in a remote village in [[Russia]], which embedded within the oldest of traditions. In the sound made by a group of old women singing, Pokrovsky head songs passed down from generation to generation for thousands of years. These songs were extraordinary, complicated, dense in form, and the performance style was unknown in towns and cities. These were the authentic performance style of traditional [[Russian folk songs]].

Pokrovsky set out imitating this traditional style with a goal was to preserve and transmit it to a new generation of performers and audiences. Dmitri was one of the first musicians in Russia who undertook to bridge the gap between the old and new musical vocabulary

Pokrovsky has lectured at America’s [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Princeton University]] and the [[Omega Institute]], and was a Visiting Professor at [[Dartmouth College]], USA. Directing his Ensemble, Pokrovsky wrote numerous scores for films and was an active musical director in Russian theatre. In 1988, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] honoured Pokrovsky with the Government Award, the [[Soviet Union]]’s highest recognition for artistic excellence, a testament to the scholarship, musicianship and vitality with which he and the Ensemble had preserved Russian tradition, culture and customs.

In 1996 he died aged 52 from [[traumatic aortic rupture|aortic rupture]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Дмитрий Покровский|url=http://pokrovsky-ensemble.ru/rus/pokrovsky/interview/more/|publisher=Crears|accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref>

==Education==

* 1978-1980 - All Union Institute of the History of Art; Moscow, USSR. Graduate work in musicology. Principal teacher: Evgenny V. Hippias.
* 1967-1972 - Russian Academy of Music (formerly the Gnessin Institute); Moscow USSR. Masters of Art in Orchestral Conducting and Traditional Folk Instruments. Principal Teachers: Conducting: Alexander Posdniakov, Orchestration: Serguei Gochekov, Piano: Berta Kremenstein
*1966 - Private study in Orchestral Conducting with Boris Haikin
* 1961- 1965 - Musical College of the October Revolution : Bachelor of Arts in Orchestral Conducting and Performance Balalaika. Assistant of conductor in Vladimir Loktev Ensemble

==Employment==

1973 to 1996

* Founder and Artistic Director of the Dmitri Pokrovsky Ensemble, a group of performers and ethnomusicologists dedicated to researching and recreating Russian village music, dance and rituals.

* 1992-1996 Visiting Professor; Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. Music, Tradition and Cultural Politics in Russia.

* 1990-1991 Artistic Director; “[[Revels|Russian-American Christmas Revels]]”, San Francisco, Boston, Washington DC

* 1982-1990 Director; Folklore and Ethnographic Workshops of Moscow State University

* 1984 Guest Composer and Conductor; “Boris Godunov”, Taganka Theater, Moscow, Russia.

* 1978-1982 Guest Composer and Conductor for Original Scores; State Cinematographic Symphony, Moscow, Russia

* 1977 Guest Composer; Georgian Chamber Orchestra, Tbilisi, Georgia.

* 1972-1976 Professor; Russian Academy of Music, Moscow, Russia. Designed the Academy’s curriculum in traditional instruments.

* 1970-1975 Teacher; Musical College of the October Revolution, Moscow, Russia. Instrumentation and Conducting Techniques.

*1965- 1970 Artistic Director; Balalaika Ensemble of the Moscow Philharmonic

== Honours ==

* [[USSR State Prize]] for Literature and Arts, 1988.
* President: UNESCO International Folklore Organization of Russia
* President: National Center for Traditional Culture of Russia
* Board Member: Soviet Cultural Foundation
* Government Medal for Work in the Arts
* Laureate:All Russian Vocal Ensemble Competition

== Recordings ==
*1994 “Les Noces”, Elektra\Nonesuch Records. Explorer Series 79335-2
*1992 Guest appearance on “[[Us_(Peter_Gabriel_album)|Us]]” by [[Peter Gabriel]]
*1991 “Wild Field”, Virgin Records, RW 4-91736
*1990 “Holy Evening”, Bally Bally Records, BB 1257
*1990 “Faces of Russia”, Trikont Records and Bally Bally Records, BB 1265
*1988 “Earthbeat”, Living Music Records, LM 45678
*1978 “Russian Polyphony”, Melodia Records, FILM SCORES
*1983 “Nature in Danger” for Felix Pasternack and The State Documentary Studio of the USSR
*1981 “Delayed Sunrise”: for Alexander Muratov and The Ukrainian State Film Studio.
*1980 “The Magic Pitcher” : for Vladimir Tarasov and The Screen Studio of Soviet TV
*1979 “The Lark”:for Victor Novotsky and The Screen Studio of Soviet TV THEATRE MUSIC
*1985 “Pushkin and Natalie”: Hermitage Theater, Moscow, Russia. Artistic Director : Kama Ginkas
*1984 “Lord of the Flys”: Maly Dramatic Theater, Moscow, Russia. Artistic Director: Lev Dodin
*1980 “Boris Godunov”: Taganka Theater, Moscow,Russia. Artistic Director: Yuri Lubimov
*1980 “Funeral in California”: Mo\Soviet Theater, Moscow, Russia.Artistic Director: Sergei Yursky
*1978 “Truth is Good but Happiness is Better”: Mos\Soviet Theater, Moscow, Russia. Artistic Director: Sergei Yursky

== External links ==
* [http://www.pokrovsky-ensemble.ru/ The Dmitri Pokrovsky Ensemble]
* Orbituary: {{Citation
| last = Kozinn | first = Allan | title = Dmitri Pokrovsky, 52, Singer And Russian Ethnomusicologist | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = July 3, 1996 | year = 1996 | month = July | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/03/arts/dmitri-pokrovsky-52-singer-and-russian-ethnomusicologist.html }}

== References ==
<references/>

{{Authority control|VIAF=28201617}}
{{Persondata
| NAME = Pokrovsky, Dmitri
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1 May 1944
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 29 June 1996
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Russian musicians]]
[[Category:Ethnic Russian music]]
[[Category:Russian folk music]]

[[ru:Покровский, Дмитрий Викторович]]
[[uk:Покровський Дмитро Вікторович]]

Diyarbakır

2013-01-29T02:30:43Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying hu:Diyarbakır to hu:Diyarbakır (település)

{{redirect|Amid|other places|Amid (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-sock|small=yes}}
{{Infobox settlement 
|settlement_type = City
|coordinates_region = TR
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{TUR}}
|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +2
|map_caption = Location of Diyarbakır within Turkey.
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]<ref name="globalsecurity1">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/images/dist-kurdish.gif Distribution of Kurdish People]. As some have noted, Turkey's road to the EU lies through Diyarbakir</ref>
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|official_name = Diyarbakır
|other_name = Amed / Amid
|image_skyline = Seyrangeha Parkormanê Amed 2010.JPG
|image_caption = A view of Diyarbakır's city center
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
| Turkey Provinces locator.gif
|subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Turkey|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Southeastern Anatolia Region|Southeastern Anatolia]]
|subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
|subdivision_name2 = Diyarbakır
|population_total =
|population_footnotes=[http://www.tarsus.bel.tr/tr/about/nufusBilgileri.jsp Population of cities of Turkey]
|population_urban = 843,460
|population_footnotes=
|population_as_of = 2010
|population_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_m = 675|postal_code_type=[[Postal code]]
|postal_code = 21x xx
|blank_info = 21|blank_name=[[Turkish car number plates|Licence plate]]
|area_code = (0090)+ 412
|website = [http://www.diyarbakir-bld.gov.tr/]
|leader_name = [[Osman Baydemir]]
|leader_party=[[Peace and Democracy Party]]
|leader_title= [[Mayor]]
|pushpin_map=Turkey
|latd=37.91 |latm= |lats= |latNS=
|longd=40.24 |longm= |longs= |longEW=
}}

'''Diyarbakır''' ([[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] دیاربکر, ''Diyâr-ı Bekr''; [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ئامه‌د, ''Amed''; anc. ''Amida''; {{lang-syr|ܐܡܝܕ}}, ''Amid'' ) is one of the largest [[city|cities]] in southeastern [[Turkey]]. Situated on the banks of the River [[Tigris]], it is the administrative capital of the [[Diyarbakır Province]] and with a population of about 843,460 it is the second largest city in Turkey's [[Southeastern Anatolia Region, Turkey|South-eastern Anatolia]] region, after [[Gaziantep]].

==Etymology==
The name of the city is inscribed as ''Amid'' on the sheath of a sword from the [[Assyria]]n period, and the same name was used in other contemporary Syriac and Arabic works.<ref name="airlines">[http://www.turkishairlines.com/fi-FI/skylife/2005/november/articles/diyarbakir.aspx Diyarbakır]. Turkish Airlines. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.</ref> The Romans and Byzantines called the city ''[[Amida (Roman city)|Amida]]''.<ref name="airlines"/> Among the [[Artukid]] and [[Akkoyunlu]] it was known as "Black Amid" (''Kara Amid'') for the dark color of its walls, while in the ''Zafername'', or eulogies in praise of military victories, it is called "Black Fortress" (''Kara Kale'').<ref name="airlines"/> In the [[Book of Dede Korkut]] and some other Turkish works it appears as ''Kara Hamid''.<ref name="airlines"/>

Following the [[Arab conquest]]s in the seventh century, the Arab [[Banu Bakr|Bakr tribe]] occupied this region,<ref name="airlines"/> which became known as became known as the ''[[Diyar Bakr]]'' ("[[Real Estate|landholding]]s of the Bakr tribe", in Persian: ''Diyar-ı Bekir'').<ref>Abdul- Rahman Mizouri [http://web.archive.org/web/20090324201623/http://www.lalishduhok.org/lalish/27/L%2027%20E/L%2027%20E.3.pdf Taj Al- Arifeen: Udday bin Musafir Al- Kurdy Al- Hakary Is not an Umayyad. Part Two]. College of Arts/ Dohuk University (2001)</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Verity Campbell|title=Turkey|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jstw7Sxkp4gC&pg=PA621|accessdate=13 May 2012|date=1 April 2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-556-7|pages=621–}}</ref> In 1937, [[Atatürk]] visited Diyarbekir and, after expressing uncertainty on the true etymology of the city, ordered that it be renamed "Diyarbakır," which means land of copper in Turkish.<ref>See Üngör, Uğur (2011), ''The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244. ISBN 0-19-960360-X.</ref>

==History==

===Antiquity===
The area around Diyarbakır has been inhabited by humans from the stone age with tools from that period having been discovered in the nearby Hilar cave complex. The pre-pottery neolothic B settlement of Çayönü dates to over 10,000 years ago and its excavated remains are on display at the Diyarbakır Museum. Another important site is Girikihaciyan Tumulus in Egil.<ref>Charles Gates, ''Ancient Cities'', 2011, [http://books.google.lk/books?id=nT70dCn-I9kC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=diyarbakir+cayonu&source=bl&ots=bSRRdQkTj7&sig=tpAo91Wgdstn6gflJMR3ZJdp49Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kW4bUOTrE8Op0QXoz4CYDQ&redir_esc=y p. 19.]</ref>

The first major civilization to establish themselves in what is now Diyarbakır were the [[Hurrians|Hurrian]] kingdom of the Mitanni who made it their military and trade capital. The city was then ruled by a succession of nearly every polity that controlled Upper Mesopotamia such as the [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]], [[Urartu]], [[Medes]], [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]] and [[Parthians]].<ref>Trevor Bryce, ''The Kingdom of the Hittites'', 1999 P. 137</ref> The Roman Empire gained control of the city in 66 BC by when it was named "Amida".<ref>[http://italian.classic-literature.co.uk/history-of-rome/05-the-establishment-of-the-military-monarchy/ebook-page-24.asp Theodor Mommsen History of Rome, The Establishment of the Military Monarchy]. Italian.classic-literature.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.</ref>

In 359, [[Shapur II of Persia]] [[Siege of Amida|captured Amida]] after a siege of 73 days which is vividly described by the Roman historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] .<ref name="Command, Kimberly Kagan p23">The Eye of Command, Kimberly Kagan, p23</ref><ref name="Command, Kimberly Kagan p23"/>

===The Middle Ages===
{{see also|Diyar Bakr}}
[[File:Diyarbakir P1050751 20080427135832.JPG|thumb|[[Great Mosque of Diyarbakır]]]]
In 639, the [[Ummayads]] arrived and introduced the religion of [[Islam]]. They were followed by the Marwanids in the 10th century. After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071, the city came under the rule of the [[Mardin]] branch of [[Oghuz Turks]] and then the [[Anatolian beylik]] of [[Artuqids]] . The whole area was then disputed between the [[Ilkhanate]] and [[Ayyubid]] dynasties for a century, after which it was taken over by the competing Turkic federations of the [[Kara Koyunlu]] (the Black Sheep) first and then the [[Ak Koyunlu]] (the White Sheep). It was also ruled by [[Sultanate of Rûm]] between 1241 and 1259.

===Ottoman era===
{{see also|Diyarbekir Eyalet}}
The city was brought under the [[Ottoman Empire]] by the campaigns of Bıyıklı Mehmet Paşa under the rule of Sultan Selim I. The Ottoman [[eyalet]] of Diyarbakır corresponded to Turkey's southeastern provinces today, a rectangular area between the [[Lake Urmia]] to [[Palu (District), Elazığ|Palu]] and from the southern shores of [[Lake Van]] to [[Cizre]] and the beginnings of the [[Syrian desert]], although its borders saw some changes over time. The city was an important military base for controlling this region and at the same time a thriving city noted for its craftsmen, producing glass and metalwork. For example the doors of [[Mevlana]]'s tomb in [[Konya]] were made in Diyarbakır, as were the gold and silver decorated doors of the tomb of [[Imam-i Azam]] in [[Baghdad]].

In 1895, Armenians and [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] were subject to [[Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)|massacres]] in Diyarbakir.<ref name=gunter>{{cite book|last=Gunter|first=Michael|title=The Kurdish Predicament in Iraq: A Political Analysis|pages=8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fToRZfDdt4IC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=diyarbakir+armenians+1895&source=bl&ots=-CwIEwEty7&sig=HDNlRoFdHgyr3KTgaNTFXnK7xq4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0vRRUOPSHIj40gHQ5oCIAQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=diyarbakir%20armenians%201895&f=false}}</ref> The city had been also a site for [[Armenian genocide|ethnic cleansing]] of Armenians, nearly 150,000 were deported from the city.<ref name=mdumper>{{cite book|last=Dumper|first=Michael|title=Cities of The Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|pages=130|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=diyarbakir+armenians+1895&source=bl&ots=8sXKc2Wc5p&sig=0WLIwdNhekhfZjD71t5BAy_6pkI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0vRRUOPSHIj40gHQ5oCIAQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=diyarbakir%20armenians%201895&f=false}}</ref>

===Republic of Turkey===
[[File:Diyarbakir P1050709 20080427133413.JPG|thumb|A typical example of Diyarbakır's historic architectural style, with masonry tiles built of the city's indigenous type of dark basalt stone.]]
[[File:Diyarbakir walls.JPG|thumb|Diyarbakır's city walls, built by [[Constantius II]] and extended by [[Valentinian I]] between 367 and 375, stretch almost unbroken for about 6 kilometres.]]
[[File:Minareya Çarling Amed 2010.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Şeyh Muhtar Mosque|Dört Ayakli Minare Mosque]] with its famous four legged minaret]]

In the reorganization of the provinces, Diyarbakır was made administrative capital of Diyarbakır Province. During the 1980s and 1990s at the peak of the PKK insurgency, the population of the city grew dramatically as villagers from remote areas where fighting was serious left or were forced to leave for the relative security of the city. After the cessation of hostilities between the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) and the Turkish army, a large degree of normality returned to the city, with the Turkish government declaring an end to the 15-year period of emergency rule on 30 November 2002. Diyarbakır grew from 30,000 in the 1930s to 65,000 by 1956, to 140,000 by 1970, to 400,000 by 1990,<ref name=McDowall2004>{{cite book|author = McDowall, David|year = 2004| publisher = IB Tauris| isbn = 978-1-85043-416-0| title = A Modern History of the Kurds| page = 403| editor = 3E| url = http://books.google.com/?id=dgDi9qFT41oC&pg=PA403&vq=30,000}}</ref> and eventually swelled to about 1.5 million by 1997.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kirişci, Kemal|authorlink=Kemal Kirişci|year=1998|month=June|chapter=Turkey|editor=Janie Hampton|title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey|location=London|publisher=Earthscan Publications Ltd|pages=198, 199}}</ref>

The 41-year-old American-Turkish [[Pirinçlik]] Air Force Base near Diyarbakır, known as NATO's frontier post for monitoring the former Soviet Union and the Middle East, closed on 30 September 1997. This closure was the result of the general drawdown of US bases in Europe and the improvement in space surveillance technology. The base housed sensitive electronic intelligence-gathering systems that monitored the Middle East, the Caucasus and Russia.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/facility/pirinclik.htm Globalsecurity.org]</ref>

According to a November 2006 survey by the [[Sur, Turkey|Sur]] Municipality, one of Diyarbakır's metropolitan municipalities, 72% of the inhabitants of the municipality use [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] most often in their daily speech, followed by [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and 69% are illiterate in their most widely used vernacular.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=205469|accessdate=2008-08-06|title=Belediye Diyarbakırlıyı tanıdı: Kürtçe konuşuyor|work=[[Radikal]]|agency=Dogan News Agency|date=2006-11-24|language=Turkish}}</ref>

==Culture==
Some jewelry making and other craftwork continues today although the fame of the Diyarbakır's craftsmen has long passed. Folk dancing to the drum and [[zurna]] (pipe) are a part of weddings and celebrations in the area.

===Cuisine===
Diyarbakır is known for rich dishes of lamb which use spices such as [[black pepper]], [[sumac]] and [[coriander]]; rice, [[bulgur]] and butter. The most famous specialty dish from Diyarbakır is Meftune which is made up of lamb meat and vegetable laced with garlic and sumac. Another known dish is Kaburga Dolması which is a baked lamb's ribs stuffed with rice and many spices.Diyarbakır is also famous for its watermelons which are exported internationally; one of the largest events in the city is the annually held Watermelon Festival.

==Main sights==
Diyarbakır is surrounded by an almost intact, dramatic set of high walls of black basalt forming a {{convert|5.5|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} circle around the old city. There are four gates into the old city and 82 watch-towers on the walls, which were built in antiquity, restored and extended by the Roman emperor Constantius in 349. In addition, the walls of Diyarbakir in the world after the Great Wall of China is the second largest city walls. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Diyarbakır boasts numerous medieval [[mosques]] and [[madrassahs]] including:
* [[Great Mosque of Diyarbakır]] built by the [[Seljuk Turk]]ish Sultan [[Malik Shah I|Malik Shah]] in the 11th century. The mosque, one of the oldest in Turkey, is constructed in alternating bands of black basalt and white limestone (The same patterning is used in the 16th century Deliler Han Madrassah, which is now a hotel). The adjoining ''Mesudiye Medresesi'' was built at the same time as was another prayer-school in the city, ''Zinciriye Medresesi''.
* ''Beharampaşa Camii'' – an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] mosque built in 1572 by the governor of Diyarbakır, Behram [[Pasha]], noted for the well-constructed arches at the entrance.
* ''Dört Ayaklı Minare'' (''the four-footed minaret'') – built by [[Kasim Khan]] of the [[Ak Koyunlu]]. It is said that one who passes seven times between the four columns will have his wishes granted.
* ''Fatihpaşa Camii'' – built in 1520 by Diyarbakır's first [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] governor, Bıyıklı Mehmet Paşa ("the moustachioed Mehmet pasha"). The city's earliest Ottoman building, it is decorated with fine tilework.
* ''Hazreti Süleyman Camii'' – 1155–1169 – Süleyman son of [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Halid Bin Velid]], who died capturing the city from the Arabs, is buried here along with his companions.
* ''Hüsrevpaşa Camii'' – the mosque of the second Ottoman governor, 1512–1528. Originally the building was intended to be a school (''medrese'')
* ''İskender Paşa Camii'' – a mosque of an Ottoman governor, an attractive building in black and white stone, built in 1551.
* ''Melek Ahmet Camii'' a 16th century mosque noted for its tiled prayer-niche and for the double stairway up the minaret.
* ''Nebii Camii'' – an [[Ak Koyunlu]] mosque, a single-domed stone construction from the 16th century. ''Nebi Camii'' means "the mosque of the prophet" and is so-named because of the number of inscriptions in honour of the prophet on its [[minaret]].
* ''Safa Camii'' – built in 1532 by the [[Ak Koyunlu]] Turkmen tribe.
Famous churches include:
* [[St. Giragos Armenian Church (Diyarbakir)|St. Giragos Armenian Church]] – A disused and restored [[Armenian Orthodox]] church.
* The [[Syriac Orthodox]] [[St. Mary Church, Diyarbakir|Church of Our Lady]] ({{Lang-syr|ܐ ܕܝܠܕܬ ܐܠܗܐ}} `''Idto d-Yoldat Aloho'', {{Lang-tr|Meryemana kilisesi}}), was first constructed as a pagan temple in the 1st century BCE. The current construction dates back to the 3rd century, has been restored many times, and is still in use as a place of worship today.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} There are a number of other churches in the city.

Museums include:
*The ''Archaeological Museum'' contains artifacts from the [[neolithic]] period, through the [[Early Bronze Age]], [[Assyria]]n, [[Urartu]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Byzantine]], [[Artuqids]], [[Seljuk Turk]], [[Aq Qoyunlu]], and [[Ottoman Empire]] periods.
* [[Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı]] Museum – the home of the late poet and a classic example of a traditional Diyarbakır home.
* The birthplace of poet [[Ziya Gökalp]] – preserved as a museum to his life and works.
Historic bridges:
*The [[Dicle Bridge]], an 11th century bridge with ten arches

==Climate==
Diyarbakır has a [[semi-arid climate]]. Summer are very hot and very dry, due to its location on the Mesopotamian plain which is subject to hot winds from the deserts of [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]] to the south. The highest recorded temperature was 44.8°C (112.64°F) on 28 August 1998. Winters are cold and wet and with frosty nights. Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two. The lowest recorded temperature was −23.4°C (−10.12°F) on 30 December 2006.

{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Diyarbakır
|Jan high C= 6.6
|Feb high C= 9.1
|Mar high C= 14.5
|Apr high C= 20.3
|May high C= 26.5
|Jun high C= 33.7
|Jul high C= 38.5
|Aug high C= 38.1
|Sep high C= 33.2
|Oct high C= 25.1
|Nov high C= 15.9
|Dec high C= 9.0
|Jan low C= -2.3
|Feb low C= -1.1
|Mar low C= 2.4
|Apr low C= 6.8
|May low C= 11.0
|Jun low C= 16.8
|Jul low C= 21.6
|Aug low C= 20.8
|Sep low C= 15.7
|Oct low C= 10.0
|Nov low C= 3.5
|Dec low C= -0.3
|Jan precipitation mm = 63.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 68.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 67.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 64.3
|May precipitation mm = 38.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 9.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 6.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 32.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 53.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 69.7
|Jan rain days= 12
|Feb rain days= 12
|Mar rain days= 11
|Apr rain days= 11
|May rain days= 9
|Jun rain days= 3
|Jul rain days= 0
|Aug rain days= 0
|Sep rain days= 1
|Oct rain days= 6
|Nov rain days= 9
|Dec rain days= 11
|Jan humidity = 75
|Feb humidity = 72
|Mar humidity = 67
|Apr humidity = 65
|May humidity = 59
|Jun humidity = 43
|Jul humidity = 31
|Aug humidity = 31
|Sep humidity = 35
|Oct humidity = 51
|Nov humidity = 69
|Dec humidity = 75
|Jan sun= 120.9
|Feb sun= 134.4
|Mar sun= 173.6
|Apr sun= 207.0
|May sun= 300.7
|Jun sun= 366.0
|Jul sun= 387.5
|Aug sun= 362.7
|Sep sun= 297.0
|Oct sun= 229.4
|Nov sun= 162.0
|Dec sun= 117.8
|source 1= Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü [http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=DIYARBAKIR]|date=May 2011
|source 2= Weatherbase <ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=8271&refer=&units=metric&cityname=Diyarbakir-Turkey Historical Weather for Diyarbakir, Turkey – Travel, Vacation, Forecast and Reference Information]. Weatherbase. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.</ref>
|date=May 2011
}}

== Notable born in the city==

*[[Abdülkadir Aksu]]: Former [[Republic of Turkey|Turkish]] minister of interior affairs
*[[Ahmed Arif]]: Poet
*[[Aziz Yıldırım]]: President of [[Fenerbahçe S.K.]] sports club
*[[Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı]]: Poet
*[[Cihan Haspolatlı]]: [[Galatasaray S.K. (football team)|Galatasaray SK]] footballer
*[[Gazi Yaşargil]]: medical scientist and neurosurgeon
*[[Hesenê Metê]]: writer
*[[Hikmet Çetin]]: Former [[Turkey|Turkish]] foreign minister, former [[NATO]] Senior Civilian Representative in [[Afghanistan]]
*[[Leyla Zana]]: politician
*[[Lokman Polat]]: writer
*[[Mehmed Emin Bozarslan]]: writer
*[[Mehmet Polat]]: actor
*[[Naum Faiq]]: writer
*[[Osman Baydemir]]: politician
*[[Rojen Barnas]]: writer 
*[[Songül Öden]]: actress
*[[Süleyman Nazif]]: Prominent [[Young Turk]]
*[[Ziya Gökalp]]: writer. The Ziyagökalp district of the city is named after him, as well as many streets and schools
*[[Mıgırdiç Margosyan]]: writer, some of his books: Gavur Mahallesi, Söyle Margos Nerelisen?, Biletimiz İstanbul'a Kesildi
*[[Coşkun Sabah]]: musician
*[[Sayf al-Din al-Amidi]]: (d. 631/1233 in Damascus), Islamic theologian and legal scholar of the Shafi'i school.

== See also ==
* [[Amid (Chaldean Diocese)]]
* [[Dicle University]]

== References ==
{{reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
{{commons|Diyarbakır}}
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.diyarbakir.gov.tr/default_B0.aspx Governorship of Diyarbakır]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.diyarbakir-bld.gov.tr/ Diyarbakır Metropolitan Municipality]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.diyarbakirspor.org/ Diyarbakırspor funs, news, informarmation]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.yerelnet.org.tr/belediyeler/index.php?belediyeid=128892 local info]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.diyarbekir.com/ Information on Diyarbakır]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.diyarbekir.net/ Diyarbakır news]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.diyarinsesi.org/ Diyarbakır news]
* {{tr icon}} [http://www.anzele.net/ Diyarbakır news]
* [http://www.tulpart.com/pic.asp?cmd=1&cid=15 Pictures of the City]
* [http://www.anatolia.luwo.be/Diyarbakir.htm Diyarbakır Guide and Photo Album], [http://wowturkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=15077 more], [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/diyarbakir more]
* [http://www.turkeyforecast.com/weather/diyarbakir/ Diyarbakır Weather Forecast Information]
{{coord|37.91|40.24|type:city|display=title}}

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Diyarbakır|}}
{{Metropolitan centers in Turkey}}

{{Tigris}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diyarbakir}}
[[Category:Diyarbakır| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Kurdish inhabited regions]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]
[[Category:Populated places in Diyarbakır Province]]
[[Category:Tur Abdin]]

[[ar:ديار بكر]]
[[az:Diyarbakır]]
[[be:Горад Дыярбакыр]]
[[be-x-old:Дыярбакыр]]
[[bg:Диарбекир]]
[[br:Diyarbakır]]
[[ca:Diyarbakır]]
[[cs:Diyarbakır]]
[[cy:Diyarbakır]]
[[da:Diyarbakır]]
[[de:Diyarbakır]]
[[el:Ντιγιάρμπακιρ]]
[[es:Diyarbakır]]
[[eo:Dijarbakiro]]
[[eu:Diyarbakır]]
[[fa:دیاربکر]]
[[fr:Diyarbakır]]
[[gag:Diyarbakır]]
[[ko:디야르바키르]]
[[hy:Դիարբեքիր]]
[[id:Diyarbakır]]
[[os:Диярбакыр]]
[[it:Diyarbakır]]
[[he:דיארבקיר]]
[[ka:დიარბაქირი (ქალაქი)]]
[[kk:Диярбакыр]]
[[rw:Diyarbakır]]
[[sw:Diyarbakır]]
[[ku:Amed]]
[[mrj:Диярбакыр]]
[[lv:Dijarbakira]]
[[lt:Dijarbakyras]]
[[hu:Diyarbakır (település)]]
[[mk:Дијарбекир]]
[[ms:Diyarbakır]]
[[nl:Diyarbakır (stad)]]
[[ja:ディヤルバクル]]
[[no:Diyarbakır]]
[[nn:Diyarbakır]]
[[pnb:دیاربکر]]
[[pl:Diyarbakır]]
[[pt:Diyarbakır]]
[[ro:Diyarbakır]]
[[ru:Диярбакыр]]
[[sl:Diyarbakır]]
[[ckb:ئامەد]]
[[sr:Дијарбакир]]
[[sh:Diyarbakır]]
[[fi:Diyarbakır]]
[[sv:Diyarbakır]]
[[tr:Diyarbakır]]
[[udm:Диярбакыр]]
[[uk:Діярбакир]]
[[ur:دیار بکر]]
[[vi:Diyarbakır]]
[[vo:Diyarbakır]]
[[war:Diyarbakır]]
[[diq:Diyarbekır]]
[[zh:迪亚巴克尔]]

Division of Lowe

2013-01-29T02:18:25Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding simple:Division of Lowe

{{Infobox Australian Electorate | federal = yes
|name = Lowe
|image = Division of Lowe 2007.png
|caption = Division of Lowe (green) in [[New South Wales]] prior to abolition
|party-colour = Labor
|state = nsw
|created = 1949
|abolished = 2010
|namesake = [[Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke|Robert Lowe]]
|electors = 87,153
|area = 39
|class = Inner Metropolitan
}}

The '''Division of Lowe''' was an [[Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives|Australian Electoral Division]] in the [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[New South Wales]]. It was located in the inner western suburbs of [[Sydney]], on the south shore of the [[Parramatta River]]. It included the suburbs of [[Drummoyne, New South Wales|Drummoyne]], [[Five Dock]], [[Croydon, New South Wales|Croydon]], [[Croydon Park, New South Wales|Croydon Park]], [[Burwood, New South Wales|Burwood]], [[Enfield, New South Wales|Enfield]], [[Homebush, New South Wales|Homebush]], [[Strathfield, New South Wales|Strathfield]], [[Concord, New South Wales|Concord]], [[Rhodes, New South Wales|Rhodes]], [[Canada Bay, New South Wales|Canada Bay]], [[Cabarita, New South Wales|Cabarita]], [[Abbotsford, New South Wales|Abbotsford]] and [[Mortlake, New South Wales|Mortlake]].

The Division was named after the Rt Hon [[Robert Lowe|Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke]], a former Member of the [[New South Wales Legislative Council]], and former [[Home Secretary]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The Division was proclaimed at the redistribution of 11 May 1949, and was first contested at the [[Australian federal election, 1949|1949 federal election]]. It was first held by Sir [[William McMahon]], who retained the seat for over 32 years, until 1982. He was [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] 1971-72.

Following the 2009 redistribution of NSW, the seat of Lowe was abolished for the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 Australian federal election]], with the bulk of its territory transferring to nearby [[Division of Reid|Reid]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/buckle-up-for-an-elections-rollercoaster-ride-20091121-is3p.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Buckle up for an elections roller-coaster ride | first=Michelle | last=Grattan | date=November 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2009/10/federal-redistribution-final-boundaries-for-new-south-wales.html#more</ref>

==Members==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Member!!Party!!Term
|-
| {{Australian politics/party colours/Liberal}}| 
| [[William McMahon|(Sir) William McMahon]]
| [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]
| [[Australian federal election, 1949|1949]]–1982
|-
| {{Australian politics/party colours/Labor}}| 
| [[Michael Maher (Australian politician)|Michael Maher]]
| [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| [[Lowe by-election, 1982|1982]]–1987
|-
| {{Australian politics/party colours/Liberal}}| 
| [[Bob Woods]]
| [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]
| [[Australian federal election, 1987|1987]]–1993
|-
| {{Australian politics/party colours/Labor}}| 
| [[Mary Easson]]
| [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| [[Australian federal election, 1993|1993]]–1996
|-
| {{Australian politics/party colours/Liberal}}| 
| rowspan="2"|[[Paul Zammit]]
| [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]
| [[Australian federal election, 1996|1996]]–1998
|-
| {{Australian politics/party colours/Independent}}| 
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| 1998–1998
|-
| {{Australian politics/party colours/Labor}}| 
| [[John Murphy (Australian politician)|John Murphy]]
| [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| [[Australian federal election, 1998|1998]]–2010
|}

==Election results==
{{main|Electoral results for the Division of Lowe}}

==References==
*[http://psephos.adam-carr.net/ Psephos: Adam Carr's Election Archive]
*[http://www.pollbludger.com/fed2004nsw.htm The Poll Bludger]
*[http://abc.net.au/elections/ ABC Elections]
*[http://www.aec.gov.au/ Australian Electoral Commission]
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | title=Division of Lowe | work=Australian Electoral Commission Divisional Profiles | url=http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/profiles/l/lowe.pdf | accessdate=2007-06-29}} ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 184 [[Kilobyte|kB]])

{{Australian federal NSW divisions}}

{{coord missing|New South Wales}}

[[Category:Former electoral divisions of Australia|Lowe]]

[[fr:Circonscription de Lowe]]
[[simple:Division of Lowe]]

District of Gjakova

2013-01-29T01:51:25Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying es:Distrito de Djakovica to es:Distrito de Đakovica

{{about|the district in Kosovo|the district of the Serbian government|Peć District (Serbia)}}
{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 class="toccolours" style="float: right; width: 300px; clear: both; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em; border-style: solid; border:1px solid #7f7f7f; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ <big><big>'''District of Đakovica Qarku i Gjakovës Đakovički okrug/region'''</big></big>
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" | [[File:RR GJA.png|200px]] Đakovica District within [[Kosovo]]
|-
| '''[[Capital (political)|Capital]]'''
| [[Đakovica]]
|-
| '''[[Commissioner]]'''
| Pal Lekaj ([[Alliance for the Future of Kosovo|AAK]])
|-
| '''[[Area]]'''  – Total  – % water
|  1042 km²  n/a
|-
| valign=top | '''[[Population]]'''  – Total  – [[Population density|Density]]
|  194,273  232 km²
|-
| '''[[Municipality|Municipalities]]'''
| [[Đakovica]](Gjakova) [[Dečani]](Deçan or Deçani) [[Orahovac]](Rahovec or Rahoveci)
|-
| '''[[Area code]]'''
| 0381 / 390
|-
| '''[[Postal code]]'''
| 50 000
|-
| '''[[Address (geography)|District address]]'''
| Rr. "Nëna Terezë" 469
|-
| '''[[Time zone]]'''
| [[Central European Time|CET]], summer [[CEST]]
|-
| '''[[Website|Official homepage]]'''
| [http://www.gjakova-komuna.org/ Municipality of Đakovica]
|}

The '''District of Đakovica''' ({{lang-sq|Qarku i Gjakovës}}; {{lang-sr|Ђаковички округ}} or ''Đakovički okrug/region'') is one of the seven [[Districts of Kosovo|districts]] (the higher-level administrative divisions) of [[Kosovo]]{{ref label|status|a|}}, with seat in the city of [[Đakovica]].

== Municipalities ==
It includes the municipalities of:
* [[Đakovica]] ([[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''Gjakova'')
* [[Dečani]] ([[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''Deçan'' or ''Deçani'')
* [[Orahovac]] ([[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''Rahovec'' or ''Rahoveci'')
The district of Đakovica has 300,000 inhabitants: 158.000 in the municipality of Đakovica, 60,000 in the municipality of [[Dečani]] and 80,000 in the municipality of [[Orahovac]].

== Inhabited places ==
The first name is Serbian, the second one Albanian.

[[Dečani|Dečani municipality]](Deçani municipality):
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Baballoq]] /
* [[Beleg (Kosovo)|Beleg]] / Beleg
* [[Dašinovac]] / Dashinovc
* [[Dečani]] / Deçan
* [[Donji Ratist]] / Ratishi i Ultë
* [[Donji Streoc]] / Strellci i Ultë
* [[Drenovc]] / Drenovac
* [[Dubovik]] / Dubovik
* [[Glodjane]] / Gllogjan
* [[Gornji Crnobreg]] / Carrabreg I Epërm
* [[Gornji Ratis]] / Ratishi i Epërm
{{col-3}}
* [[Gornji Streoc]] / Strellc i Epërm
* [[Gramocelj]] / Gramacel
* [[Huljaj]] / Hulaj
* [[Istinić]] / Isniq
* [[Jasić-Đocaj]] / Jasiq-Gjocaj
* [[Junik]] / Junik
* [[Kodralija]] / Kodrali
* [[Ljubuša]] / Lpushë
* [[Ljumbarda]] / Lumbardh
* [[Maznik]] / Maznik
* [[Papić]] / Papiqi
{{col-3}}
* [[Papracane]] / Prapacan
* [[Pobrdje]] / Pobërgjë
* [[Požar]] / Pozhar
* [[Prilep, Serbia|Prilep]] / Prelep
* [[Rastavica]] / Rastavicë
* [[Rznic I]] / Rrzniq I
* [[Rznic II]] / Rrzniq II
* [[Saptelj]] / Shaptej
* [[Slup (Kosovo)|Slup]] / Sllup
* [[Vokša]] / Voksh
{{col-end}}

[[Đakovica|Đakovica municipality]](Gjakova municipality):
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Babaj Boks]] / Babaj I Bokës
* Bardosan / Bardhasan
* Batusa / Botushë
* Bec / Bec
* Berjak / Berjahë
* Bistražin / Bishtrazhin
* Brekovac / Brekovc
* Brovina / Brovinë
* Ćeret / Qerret
* Ćerim / Qerim
* Crmljane / Cërmjan
* Damjane / Damjan
* Deva / Devë
* [[Đakovica]] / Gjakovë Qytedi
* [[Đakovica]] / Gjakovë Jasht Qytedi
* Doblibare / Doblibarë
* Dobric / Dobriqë
* Donje Novo Selo / Novosellë e Poshtmë
* Dujak / Dujakë
* Erec / Hereç
* Firza / Firzë
* Goden / Goden
* Gornje Novo Selo / Novosellë e Epërme
{{col-3}}
* Grćina / Gërqina
* Grgoc / Gërgoc
* Guska / Guskë
* Jablanica / Jabllanicë
* Jahoc / Jahoc
* Janoš / Janosh
* Kodralija – Becka / Kodralija – Beckë
* Korenica / Korenicë
* Košare / Koshare
* Kraljane / Kralanë
* Kuševac / Kushavec
* Lipovac / Lipovec
* Marmule / Marmullë
* Meca / Meqë
* Meja Orize / Orizë
* Moglica / Moglicë
* Molić / Molliq
* Novokaz / Nivokaz
* Osek Hilja / Osek Hilë
* Osek Paša / Osek Pashë
* Paljabarda / Palabardhë
* Petrušan / Pjetershtan
* Ponosevac / Ponoshec
{{col-3}}
* Popovc
* Racë
* Rracaj
* Radoniq
* Rakoc
* Ramoc
* Rogova I
* Rogovë II
* Zidi Sadikagës
* Sheremet
* Shishman I Bokes
* Skivjan
* Smaçë
* Smolicë
* Stubell
* Trakaniq
* Ujez
* Vogocë
* Vraniq
* Zhabel
* Zhdrellë
* Zhub
* Zulfaj
{{col-end}}

[[Orahovac|Orahovac municipality]](Rahovec municipality):
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Bela Crkva / Bellacrkvë
* Bratotin / Bratotinë
* Brestovac / Brestovc
* Brnjaća / Brnjaq
* Celina / Celin
* Čiflak / Çifllëk
* Danjane / Damnjan
* Dobri Dol / Dobridoll
* Donje Potocane / Potoçani i Ultë
* Drenovac / Dranovc
* Gedža / Gexhë
{{col-3}}
* Gornje Potocane / Potoçani i Epërm
* Koznik / Koznik
* Kramovik / Kramovik
* Mala Hoca / Hoca e Vogël
* Mrasor / Mrasor
* Naspale / Nashpal
* Nogavac / Nogavc
* Opteruša / Opterushë
* [[Orahovac]] / Rahovec
* Petković / Petkoviq
* Poluža / Polluzhë
{{col-3}}
* Pusto Selo / Pustosellë
* Radoste / Radostë
* Ratkovac / Ratkovc
* Retimlje / Retimlë
* Sanovac / Sanovc
* Sopnić / Sopniq
* [[Velika Hoča]] / Hoca i Madhe
* Velika Kruša / Krusha e Madhe
* Vranjak / Vranjak
* Zatrić / Zatriq
* Zočište / Zoçishtë
* Zrze / Xërxë
{{col-end}}

== Postal Code ==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" width="63%" style="clear:all; margin:3px 0 0em 0em; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:85%; empty-cells:show"
|-
|colspan="14" align=center style="background:#778899; color:white"|'''Postal Code of Kosovo – 50000 Đakovica'''
|- bgcolor="#FFEBCD"
!District
!Municipality
!Local
!Code
|- bgcolor="#f5f5f5"
|Đakovica ||Đakovica ||Đakovica ||50000
|- bgcolor="#fffaf0"
|Đakovica ||Đakovica ||Đakovica 1 ||50010
|- bgcolor="#f5f5f5"
|Đakovica ||Đakovica ||Đakovica 4 ||50040
|- bgcolor="#fffaf0"
|Đakovica ||Đakovica ||Đakovica 5 ||50050
|- bgcolor="#f5f5f5"
|Đakovica ||Đakovica ||Đakovica 6 ||50060
|- bgcolor="#fffaf0"
|Đakovica ||Đakovica ||Đakovica 7 ||50070
|- bgcolor="#f5f5f5"
|Đakovica ||Đakovica ||Đakovica 8 ||50080
|- bgcolor="#fffaf0"
|Đakovica ||Đakovica ||Đakovica 9 ||50090
|- bgcolor="#f5f5f5"
|Đakovica ||Đakovica ||Đakovica 10 ||50100
|- bgcolor="#fffaf0"
|Đakovica ||Đakovica ||Bishtazhin ||50500
|- bgcolor="#f5f5f5"
|Đakovica ||Dečani ||Dečani ||51000
|- bgcolor="#fffaf0"
|Đakovica ||Dečani ||Junik ||51050
|-
|colspan="10" align=center style="background:#dcdcdc;"|Source: [[Post and Telecom of Kosovo|Post and Telecommunications of Kosovo J.S.C.]] (PTK) {{PDFlink|[http://www.ptkonline.com/web/site/al/pk_sherbimet/15/KodetPostare.pdf List of postal codes]|199 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]}}'''
|}

== See also ==

{{commons category|District of Đakovica}}

* [[Subdivisions of Kosovo]]

==Notes and references==
'''Notes:'''

{| style="margin-left:13px; line-height:150%; font-size:100%;"
|align="right" valign="top"|a.
|{{note|status}}{{Kosovo-note}}
|}

'''References:'''
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gjakova-komuna.org/ Municipality Of Đakovica](Municipality Of Gjakova)

{{Kosovo}}

{{coord|42|23|24|N|20|25|48|E|type:adm1st_source:itwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:District Of Dakovica}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of Kosovo]]



[[bg:Дяковски окръг]]
[[es:Distrito de Đakovica]]
[[eu:Đakovica (Barrutia)]]
[[ko:자코비차 구]]
[[hr:Đakovički okrug]]
[[it:Distretto di Đakovica]]
[[mk:Ѓаковица (округ)]]
[[nl:Gjakovë (regio)]]
[[ja:ジャコヴァ郡]]
[[ro:Districtul Đakovica]]
[[ru:Джаковицкий округ]]
[[sco:Destrict o Đakovica]]
[[sq:Rajoni i Gjakovës]]
[[sr:Ђаковички округ]]
[[sh:Đakovički okrug]]
[[tr:Yakova ili]]

Disk encryption

2013-01-29T01:23:57Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying de:Full Disk Encryption to de:Festplattenverschlüsselung

'''Disk encryption''' is a technology which protects information by converting it into unreadable code that cannot be deciphered easily by unauthorized people. '''Disk encryption''' uses [[disk encryption software]] or [[disk encryption hardware|hardware]] to [[encryption|encrypt]] every [[bit]] of data that goes on a [[disk storage|disk]] or disk [[volume (computing)|volume]]. Disk encryption prevents unauthorized access to data storage.

Expressions ''full disk encryption (FDE)'' or ''whole disk encryption'' often signify that everything on disk is encrypted – including the programs that can encrypt [[booting|bootable]] [[operating system]] [[disk partitioning|partitions]] – when part of the disk is necessarily '''not encrypted'''. [[FileVault]] 2 encrypts the [[Mac OS X|OS X]] startup volume in its entirety; authorised FDE users’ information is loaded from a separate non encrypted boot volume<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Practices for Deploying FileVault 2|url=http://training.apple.com/pdf/WP_FileVault2.pdf|publisher=Apple, Inc.|accessdate=5 September 2012|author=Apple, Inc.|page=40{{clarify|date=September 2012|reason=is it page 40, page 42, or both? The page= and pages= parameters are mutually exclusive}}|pages=42|language=English|format=Portable Document Format |date=17 August 2012}}</ref> (partition/slice type Apple_Boot). On systems that use a [[master boot record]] (MBR), that part of the disk remains non encrypted. Some [[hardware-based full disk encryption]] systems can truly encrypt an entire boot disk, including the MBR.

== Disk encryption vs. filesystem-level encryption ==
Disk encryption does not replace file or directory encryption in all situations. Disk encryption is sometimes used in conjunction with [[filesystem-level encryption]] with the intention of providing a more secure implementation. Since disk encryption generally uses the same [[key (cryptography)|key]] for encrypting the whole volume, all data is decryptable when the system runs. However, some disk encryption solutions use multiple keys for encrypting different partitions. If an attacker gains access to the computer at run-time, the attacker has access to all files. Conventional file and folder encryption instead allows different keys for different portions of the disk. Thus an attacker cannot extract information from still-encrypted files and folders.

Unlike disk encryption, filesystem-level encryption does not typically encrypt filesystem [[metadata]], such as the directory structure, file names, modification timestamps or sizes.

==Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module==
[[Trusted Platform Module]] (TPM) is a [[secure cryptoprocessor]] embedded in the [[motherboard]] that can be used to [[authentication|authenticate]] a hardware device. Since each TPM chip is unique to a particular device, it is capable of performing platform authentication. It can be used to verify that the system seeking the access is the expected system.

A limited number of disk encryption solutions have support for TPM. These implementations can wrap the decryption key using the TPM, thus tying the [[hard disk drive]] (HDD) to a particular device. If the HDD is removed from that particular device and placed in another, the decryption process will fail. Recovery is possible with the decryption [[password]] or [[security token|token]].

Although this has the advantage that the disk cannot be removed from the device, it might create a [[single point of failure]] in the encryption. For example, if something happens to the TPM or the [[motherboard]], a user would not be able to access the data by connecting the hard drive to another computer, unless that user has a separate recovery key.

== Implementations ==
{{Main|Comparison of disk encryption software|Disk encryption hardware}}
There are multiple tools available in the market that allow for disk encryption. However, they vary greatly in features and security. They are divided into three main categories: [[disk encryption software|software]]-based, hardware-based within the storage device, and hardware-based elsewhere (such as [[CPU]] or [[host bus adaptor]]). [[Hardware-based full disk encryption]] within the storage device are called self-encrypting drives and have no impact on performance whatsoever. Furthermore the media-encryption key never leaves the device itself and is therefore not available to any virus in the operating system. The [[Trusted Computing Group]] Opal drive provides industry accepted standardization for self-encrypting drives. External hardware is considerably faster than the software-based solutions although CPU versions may still have a performance impact, and the media encyption keys are not as well protected. All solutions for the boot drive require a [[Pre-Boot Authentication]] component which is available for all types of solutions from a number of vendors. It is important in all cases that the authentication credentials are usually a major potential weakness since the [[symmetric cryptography]] is usually strong.

==Password/data recovery mechanism==
Secure and safe recovery mechanisms are essential to the large-scale deployment of any disk encryption solutions in an enterprise. The solution must provide an easy but secure way to recover passwords (most importantly data) in case the user leaves the company without notice or forgets the password.

===Challenge/response password recovery mechanism===
[[Challenge-response authentication|Challenge/Response]] password recovery mechanism allows the password to be recovered in a secure manner. It is offered by a limited number of disk encryption solutions.

Some benefits of challenge/response password recovery:

# No need for the user to carry a disc with recovery encryption key.
# No secret data is exchanged during the recovery process.
# No information can be sniffed.
# Does not require a network connection, i.e. it works for users that are at a remote location.

===Emergency Recovery Information (ERI) file password recovery mechanism===
An Emergency Recovery Information (ERI) file provides an alternative for recovery if a challenge response mechanism is unfeasible due to the cost of helpdesk operatives for small companies or implementation challenges.

Some benefits of ERI file recovery:

# Small companies can use it without implementation difficulties
# No secret data is exchanged during the recovery process.
# No information can be sniffed.
# Does not require a network connection, i.e. it works for users that are at a remote location.

==Security concerns==
Most full disk encryption schemes are vulnerable to a [[cold boot attack]], whereby encryption [[key (cryptography)|keys]] can be stolen by cold-[[booting]] a machine already running an [[operating system]], then dumping the contents of [[static random access memory|memory]] before the data disappears. The attack relies on the [[data remanence]] property of computer memory, whereby data [[bit]]s can take up to several minutes to degrade after power has been removed.<ref name="ColdBoot">{{cite paper|url=http://citp.princeton.edu/memory/|title=Lest We Remember: Cold Boot Attacks on Encryption Keys|author=J. Alex Halderman, [[Seth Schoen|Seth D. Schoen]], Nadia Heninger, William Clarkson, William Paul, Joseph A. Calandrino, Ariel J. Feldman, Jacob Appelbaum, and [[Edward Felten|Edward W. Felten]]|publisher=[[Princeton University]]|date=2008-02-21|accessdate=2008-02-22}}</ref> Even a [[Trusted Platform Module]] (TPM) is not effective against the attack, as the operating system needs to hold the decryption keys in memory in order to access the disk.<ref name="ColdBoot"/>

All software-based encryption systems are vulnerable to various [[side channel attack]]s such as [[acoustic cryptanalysis]] and [[hardware keylogger]]s.
In contrast, self-encrypting drives are not vulnerable to these attacks since the hardware encryption key never leaves the disk controller.

==Full disk encryption==

===Benefits===
Full disk encryption has several benefits compared to regular file or folder encryption, or encrypted vaults. The following are some benefits of disk encryption:

# Nearly everything including the [[swap space]] and the [[temporary file]]s is encrypted. Encrypting these files is important, as they can reveal important confidential data. With a software implementation, the [[bootstrapping]] code cannot be encrypted however. (For example, [[BitLocker Drive Encryption]] leaves an unencrypted [[volume (computing)|volume]] to [[booting|boot]] from, while the volume containing the operating system is fully encrypted.)
# With full disk encryption, the decision of which individual files to encrypt is not left up to users' discretion. This is important for situations in which users might not want or might forget to encrypt sensitive files.
# Immediate data destruction, as simply destroying the cryptography keys renders the contained data useless. However, if security towards future attacks is a concern, [[data remanence|purging]] or physical destruction is advised.

=== The boot key problem ===
One issue to address in full disk encryption is that the blocks where the [[operating system]] is stored must be decrypted before the OS can boot, meaning that the key has to be available before there is a user interface to ask for a password. Most Full Disk Encryption solutions utilize [[Pre-Boot Authentication]] by loading a small, highly secure operating system which is strictly locked down and hashed versus system variables to check for the integrity of the Pre-Boot kernel. Some implementations such as [[BitLocker Drive Encryption]] can make use of hardware such as a [[Trusted Platform Module]] to ensure the integrity of the boot environment, and thereby frustrate attacks that [[rootkit#Boot loader level|target the boot loader]] by replacing it with a modified version. This ensures that [[authentication]] can take place in a controlled environment without the possibility of a bootkit being used to subvert the pre-boot decryption.

With a [[Pre-Boot Authentication]] environment, the key used to encrypt the data is not decrypted until an external key is input into the system.

Solutions for storing the external key include:

* Username / password
* Using a [[smartcard]] in combination with a PIN
* Using a [[biometric authentication]] method such as a fingerprint
* Using a [[dongle]] to store the key, assuming that the user will not allow the dongle to be stolen with the laptop or that the dongle is encrypted as well.
* Using a boot-time driver that can ask for a password from the user
* Using a network interchange to recover the key, for instance as part of a [[Preboot Execution Environment|PXE]] boot
* Using a [[Trusted Platform Module|TPM]] to store the decryption key, preventing unauthorized access of the decryption key or subversion of the boot loader.
* Use a combination of the above

All these possibilities have varying degrees of security, however most are better than an unencrypted disk.

==See also==
{{Portal|Computing}}
*[[Encryption]]
*[[Disk encryption hardware]]
*[[Hardware-based full disk encryption]]
*[[Disk encryption software]]
*[[Disk encryption theory]]
*[[Digital forensics]]
*[[Single sign-on]]
*''[[United States v. Boucher]]''
{{-}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Casey |first=Eoghan |authorlink= |coauthors=Stellatos, Gerasimos J. |year=2008 |month= |title=The impact of full disk encryption on digital forensics |journal=Operating Systems Review |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=93–98 |doi=10.1145/1368506.1368519 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}

==External links==
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/memoranda/fy2006/m06-16.pdf Presidential Mandate requiring data encryption on US government agency laptops]
* [http://otfedb.sdean12.org/ On-The-Fly Encryption: A Comparison] - Reviews and lists the different features of many disk encryption systems
* [http://www.markus-gattol.name/ws/dm-crypt_luks.html All about on-disk/full-disk encryption on one page] - a page covering the use of dm-crypt/LUKS on Linux, starting with theory and ending with many practical examples about its usage.
* [http://www.esecurityplanet.com/mobile-security/buyers-guide-to-full-disk-encryption.html Buyer's Guide to Full Disk Encryption] - Overview of full-disk encryption, how it works, and how it differs from file-level encryption -- plus an overview of leading full-disk encryption software.

[[Category:Disk encryption]]

[[bs:FDE]]
[[de:Festplattenverschlüsselung]]
[[hr:FDE]]
[[pl:Pełne szyfrowanie dysku]]
[[sr:FDE]]

Erotic talk

2013-01-29T01:00:18Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying tl:Malaswang Usapan to tl:Malaswang usapan

{{Merge to|Flirting|date=December 2011}}
{{other uses|Dirty Talk (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:TelephoneHelloNellie.jpg|thumb|right|220px|"Saucy" [[Postcard]] 1905 - 1915]]

'''Dirty talk''' is the practice of using graphic word imagery to heighten sexual pleasure before and during [[sexual intercourse]]. It is commonly a part of [[foreplay]].

Dirty talk can include vivid erotic descriptions, [[Off-color humor|sexual humor]], sexual commands and [[Profanity|rude words]]. It may be whispered into a lover's ear, spoken over a telephone, or texted.

When lovers are apart from one another and [[physical intimacy]] is impossible, it can be an important aspect of [[virtual sex]], particularly [[phone sex]] and [[cybersex]].

Dirty talk is more sexual in nature than [[pillow talk]] and tends to precede rather than follow love making.

[[Sex educator]]s advise talking about sex with a partner beforehand to make sex better and [[Safe sex|safer]].<ref name=safe>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartersex.org/safe_sex/safe_sex.asp|title = In a list of 10 safe sex tips, communication is no. 1.|accessdate=2007-05-07}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Erotolalia]]
*[[Non-penetrative sex]]
*[[Off-color humor]]
*[[Obscene phone call]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sexuality.about.com/od/talkingwithpartners/ht/dirtytalk.htm How to talk dirty at About:sexuality]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/mental_health/support_sexual.shtml Sexual communication at BBC Health]

{{sex}}

[[Category:Sexual acts]]

{{Sex-stub}}

[[de:Dirty Talk]]
[[nl:Dirty talk]]
[[tl:Malaswang usapan]]
[[vi:Khẩu dâm]]
[[zh:下流話]]

Diogo Feijó

2013-01-29T00:10:14Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding it:Diogo Antônio Feijó

{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Diogo Antônio Feijó.jpg
}}
'''Diogo Antônio Feijó''' (born in [[São Paulo]], 10 August 1784; died there, 10 November 1843) was a [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] [[politician]] and [[Catholic priest]], he was for a period the most powerful man in the [[Empire of Brazil]], he was the only [[regent]] of the empire from October 1835 to September 1837, beside members of the Imperial family he was the first to ever hold this position alone, the other was his appointed successor after his resignation, the [[Marquis of Olinda]], at the time Emperor [[Dom Pedro II]] was still a minor.

==Biography==
He received his early education in a clerical college of São Paulo. In 1807 he was [[ordained]] [[priest]], and soon afterward began to teach in [[Parahyba]].

In 1820 the [[Liberal Revolution of 1820|constitutional revolution]] triumphed in Portugal, and Feijó was sent as a representative from the [[São Paulo (state)|province of São Paulo]] to the Portuguese assembly ({{lang-pt|Cortes}}) in [[Lisbon]],<ref name=ea>{{Cite Americana|Feijo, Diogo Antonio}}</ref> to which he was admitted 11 February 1822. On 25 April, he made an eloquent speech in defense of Brazilian rights, which were threatened by the Portuguese majority. The Brazilian deputies were unsuccessful, and Feijó, with five others, left Lisboa secretly for [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]], where, on 22 October 1822, they published a manifesto explaining their conduct. Feijó afterward returned to Brazil, and retired to [[Itu]].

In 1824 [[Peter I of Portugal|Dom Pedro I]] submitted a proposed constitution to the municipalities of the empire, which was almost unanimously accepted, except at Itu, where Feijó proposed to amend it. The province of São Paulo elected him successively to the legislatures of 1826-29 and 1830-33. In 1827 he proposed the abolition of clerical celibacy, and in 1828 submitted a project for the reform of municipalities.

In 1831 Feijo was appointed by the regency minister of justice, and in this capacity dissolved undisciplined military bodies, checked on 7 October 1831 the revolution in the [[Ilha das Cobras]], organized on 10 October a body of military police, and in 1832 suppressed another revolt. In 1833 he was appointed life senator, and in 1834 the electors of the empire made him regent of Brazil. On the day previous to his election as regent, he had been appointed bishop of [[Mariana, Minas Gerais|Marianna]], but had declined the dignity for political reasons.

He took office as regent on 12 October 1835.<ref>{{Cite NIE|Feijó, Diogo Antonio|year=1905}}</ref> As regent, he proclaimed liberal and progressive measures, but his policy met with such opposition from the conservatives that he resigned his office on 18 September 1837, retired to São Paulo, and did not appear in the senate again until 1838.

In 1842, he edited a political paper called ''O Justiciero''. In the same year a revolution broke out near [[Campinas]], where Feijo was staying, and, although enfeebled by age and sickness, he took upon himself the responsibility of the movement, and, being defeated, was arrested, taken to Santos, and thence to [[Rio de Janeiro]], to be tried by the senate. He succeeded in explaining his conduct before that body, and this proved to be the last act of his political life, for he died soon afterward.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{Cite Appletons'|Feijó, Diego Antonio|year=1900|vb=1}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Feijo, Diego Antonio
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 10 August 1784
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 10 November 1843
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Feijo, Diego Antonio}}
[[Category:1784 births]]
[[Category:1843 deaths]]
[[Category:Portuguese politicians]]
[[Category:People from São Paulo (city)]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Brazilian Senate]]
[[Category:Brazilian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Regents of Brazil]]

[[et:Diogo Antônio Feijó]]
[[it:Diogo Antônio Feijó]]
[[pt:Diogo Antônio Feijó]]
[[ru:Фейжо, Диогу Антониу]]

Dinoponera

2013-01-28T23:57:43Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding pt:Dinoponera

{{Taxobox
| name = Dinoponera
| image = Dinoponera quadriceps MHNT.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Dinoponera quadriceps]] - [[MHNT]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| subphylum = [[Hexapoda]]
| classis = [[Insect]]a -- insects
| subclassis = [[Pterygota]] -- winged insects
| infraclassis = [[Neoptera]] -- modern, wing-folding insects
| ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] -- ants, bees
| subordo = [[Apocrita]] -- ants, bees
| infraordo = [[Aculeata]] -- stinging wasps
| superfamilia = [[Vespoidea]] -- vespoid wasps
| familia = [[Ant|Formicidae]] -- ants
| subfamilia = [[Ponerinae]]
| tribus = [[Ponerini]]
| genus = '''''Dinoponera'''''
| genus_authority = Roger, 1861
}}

The genus '''''Dinoponera''''' contains one of the largest species of ants in the world with female Dinoponera gigantea specimens {{convert|3|-|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length.<ref>[http://www2.ib.unicamp.br/profs/pso/pdf/fourcassie_oliveira.pdf Dinoponera gigantea]</ref>

== List of species''Dinoponera'' ==

* ''[[Dinoponera australis]]'' Emery, 1910
** ''[[Dinoponera australis australis]]'' Emery, 1910
** ''[[Dinoponera australis bucki]]'' Borgmeier, 1937
** ''[[Dinoponera australis nigricolor]]'' Borgmeier, 1937
* ''[[Dinoponera gigantea]]'' Perty, 1833
* ''[[Dinoponera longipes]]'' Emery, 1901
* ''[[Dinoponera lucida]]'' Emery, 1901
* ''[[Dinoponera mutica]]'' Emery, 1901
* ''[[Dinoponera quadriceps]]'' Kempf, 1971

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Insects}}
* [[Tree of Life Web Project]]: [http://tolweb.org/Dinoponera Dinoponera]
* [[Catalogue of Life]]: [http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/all/key/Dinoponera/match/1 Dinoponera]
* {{ITIS|id =574185|taxon =''Dinoponera'' Roger, 1861 }}
* [[Animal Diversity Web]]: [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dinoponera.html Dinoponera]
* {{NCBI|369122|''Dinoponera'' }}

[[Category:Ponerinae]]
[[Category:Ants]]

{{Ant-stub}}

[[de:Dinoponera]]
[[fr:Dinoponera]]
[[pt:Dinoponera]]
[[ru:Dinoponera]]

Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (1966 film)

2013-01-28T23:08:32Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding new:दिल ने फ़िर याद किया (सन् १९६६या संकिपा)

{{Infobox Film
| name = Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya
| image = Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya66.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| director = C. L. Rawal
| producer = B.L. Rawal
| writer = G.L. Rawal
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Nutan]]
| music = Master Sonik [[Om Prakash Sharma]]
| cinematography = Taru Dutt
| editing = Pran Mehra
| distributor =
| released = 1966
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya''''' is a [[Bollywood films of 1966|1966]] [[Bollywood]] film. It stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Nutan]], [[Rehman]] and [[Jeevan]]. The music is by Sonik Omi.

==Theme==
The story of the eternal friendship between two men, 'Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya' is a musical classic. Ashok (Dharmendra) and Amjad (Rehman) are thick friends. This movie showcases their immense loyalty and selfless friendship.
==Plot==
City-based Ashok, who works as a Salesman in a Toy Store, has always dreamed of marrying village-based Ashoo. He is a close friend with his co-worker, Amjad, whose marriage is being finalized with Shabnam. Ashok goes to the village to meet and get Ashoo to marry him but finds she has been abducted by his brother, Bhagat, who had earlier killed her brother, Bhagwan. Ashok manages to rescue her, and they flee Bhagat and his goons in order to try and reach Amjad's wedding ceremony. Amjad is ready to even postpone the wedding in order to give Ashok enough time to make it - but nothing will prepare him for the shock when he gets the news that the train Ashok and Ashoo were traveling in had met with an accident - with very few survivors.
==Cast==
* Dharmendra... Ashok
* Nutan...Ashoo
* Jeevan... Bhagat
* Rehman... Amjad
* [[I. S. Johar]]...Bhagwan
* Sunder...Aashiq

==Soundtrack==
{| border="4" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aaja Re Pyar Pukare"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 2
| "Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
|-
| 3
| "Main Suraj Hoon Tu Meri Kiran"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 4
| "Lo Chehra Surkh Sharab Hua"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 5
| "Hamen To Khushi Hai"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 6
| "Kaliyon Ne Ghunghat Khole"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 7
| "Yeh Dil Hai Mohabbat Ka Pyasa"
| Mukesh
|-
| 8
| "Yun Chaal Chalo Na Matwali"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 9
| "Humne Jalwa Dikhaya To Jal Jaoge"
| [[Manna Dey]], Asha Bhosle
|-
| 10
| "Main To Naina Ladake"
| [[Usha Khanna]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]], Krishna Kalle
|}

==External links==
* {{imdb title|0371636}}

[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films]]
{{Bollywood}}

[[de:Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (1966)]]
[[hi:दिल ने फिर याद किया]]
[[new:दिल ने फ़िर याद किया (सन् १९६६या संकिपा)]]

Digital footprint

2013-01-28T22:55:02Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding bg:Дигитална следа

{{Multiple issues
| COI=February 2010
|refimprove=February 2012}}

A '''digital footprint''' is a trail left by interactions in a [[digital environment]]; including the use of [[TV]], [[mobile phone]], the [[internet]] and other devices and sensors. Digital footprints provide data on what has been performed in the digital environment; and are used in [[behavioural targeting]], [[personalisation]], [[targeted marketing]], digital [[reputation]], and other [[social media]] or [[social graph]]ing services.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2009/01/12/mobile-marketing-privacy-tech-security-cx_ag_0113mobilemarket.html Mobile Marketing]</ref> In [[social media]], a ''digital footprint'' is the size of a person's "online presence" measured by the number of individuals with whom they interact.

== Description ==
The activities and behaviours recorded may include system login and logouts, visits to a web-page, accessed or created files, emails, chat messages or any other material showing the activities undertaken. Some of this material may be available publicly to anyone [[search engine|searching for it]] while other material may be inaccessible without [[File system permissions|access rights]] or, for some kinds of data that are not usually available publicly, legal action. Interested parties can use data they have found for [[evidence]], [[data mining]] or [[Offender profiling|profiling]] purposes.

One of the first references to a digital footprint was by [[Nicholas Negroponte]], naming it the ''slug trail'' in his book [[Being Digital]] in 1995. [[John Battelle]] called digital footprints the ''clickstream exhaust'', while [[Tim O'Reilly]] and [[Esther Dyson]] titled it the ''data exhaust''.<ref>[http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html?page=1 Data Exhaust]</ref> Early usage of the term focused on information left by web activity alone, but came to represent data created and consumed by all devices and sensors.<ref>[http://www.mydigitalfootprint.com/footprint-cms/DIGITAL_FOOTPRINTS.html the wider Definition]</ref>

== Footprinting process ==
Inputs to digital footprint include [[attention]], [[Location (geography)|location]], time of day, search results and key words, content created and consumed, digital activity and data from sensor, and from the users social crowd. Some data can come from deep IP and Internet data, such as [[footprinting]]. Value created from the collection of inputs and analysis of the data are [[recommender system|recommendation]], [[protection mechanism|protection]], personalisation, ability to trade or barter and [[contextual inquiry|contextual]] adaptation. Part of the analysis phase is ''[[Reality mining]]''

=== Feedback loop ===
In an ''open system'', data is collected from a user, which is used to build a profile (see [[Profiling practices]]); becoming usable by interested third parties to improve recommendation. Collection of data from multiple user interactions and purchases generates improved recommendations. If the same parties collect data on how that user interacts with, or influences others interactions, the service, there is an additional component of data - the output of one process becomes the input to the next.

The ''closed loop digital footprint'' was first explained by Tony Fish<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Tony-Fish/e/B0036U3800 Tony Fish]</ref> in his book on digital footprints in January 2010. The closed loop takes data from the open loop and provides this as a new data input. This new data determines what the user has reacted to, or how they have been influenced. The feedback then builds a digital footprint based on social data, and the controller of the social digital footprint data can determine who and why people purchase and behave.
According to a Pew Internet report published in 2007, there are two main classifications for digital footprints: passive and active. A passive digital footprint is created when data is collected about an action without any client activation, whereas active digital footprints are created when personal data is released deliberately by a user for the purpose of sharing information about oneself.<ref>[http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/229/report_display.asp Pew Internet: Digital Footprints]</ref>

''Passive digital footprints'' can be stored in many ways depending on the situation. In an online environment a footprint may be stored in an online data base as a ''hit''. This footprint may track the user [[IP address]], when it was created, and where they came from; with the footprint later being analyzed. In an [[offline]] environment, a footprint may be stored in files, which can be accessed by [[System administrator|administrators]] to view the actions performed on the machine, without being able to see who performed them.

''Active digital footprints'' can be also be stored in many ways depending on the situation. In an online environment, a footprint can be stored by a user being logged into a site when making a post or edit, with the registered name being connected to the edit. In an off line environment a footprint may be stored in files, when the owner of the computer uses a [[keylogger]], so logs can show the actions performed on the machine, and who performed them.

== Web browsing ==
The digital footprint applicable specifically to the [[World Wide Web]] is the ''internet footprint'';<ref>{{Cite conference|first=Simson|last=Garfinkel|first2=David|last2=Cox|title=Finding and Archiving the Internet Footprint|location=London, England|url=http://simson.net/clips/academic/2009.BL.InternetFootprint.pdf|booktitle=Presented at the first Digital Lives Research Conference}}</ref> also known as ''cyber shadow'' or ''digital shadow'', information is left behind as a result of a user's web-browsing activities, including through the use of [[HTTP cookie|cookie]]s. The term usually applies to an individual person, but can also refer to a business, organization, corporation or object{{clarify|reason=What is meant by "object" here?|date=October 2012}}.

Information may be intentionally or unintentionally left behind by the user; with it being either passively or actively collected by other interested parties. Depending on the amount of information left behind, it may be simple for other parties to gather large amounts of information on that individual using simple [[search engines]]. Internet footprints are used by interested parties for several reasons; including ''cyber-vetting'', where interviewers could research applicants based on their online activities. Internet footprints are also used by law enforcement agencies, to provide information that would be unavailable otherwise due to a lack of [[probable cause]].

Social networking systems may record activities of individuals, with data becoming a ''[[Lifestreaming|life stream]]''. Such usage of [[social media]] and roaming services allow digital tracing data to include individual interests, social groups, behaviours, and location. Such data can be gathered from sensors within devices, and collected and analyzed without user awareness.

== Privacy issues ==
Digital footprints are not a [[digital identity]] or [[passport]], but the [[meta data]] collected impacts upon [[internet privacy]], [[trust (social sciences)|trust]], [[security]], digital [[reputation]], and [[recommender system|recommendation]]. As the digital world expands and integrates with more aspects of life, ownership and rights of data becomes important. Digital footprints are controversial in that privacy and openness are in competition.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4339771/Threat-to-privacy-under-data-law-campaigners-warn.html Telegraph UK article]</ref> [[Scott McNealy]] said in 1999 ''Get Over It'' when referring to privacy on the internet,<ref>[http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1999/01/17538 Scott NcNealy 'get over it']</ref> becoming a commonly used quote in relationship to private data and what companies do with it.

While a digital footprint can be used to infer personal information without their knowledge, it also exposes individuals private psychological sphere into the social sphere (see [[Bruno Latour]]'s article {{Harv|Latour|2007}}). ''Lifelogging'' is an example of indiscriminate collection of information concerning an individuals life and behaviour {{Harv|Kieron|Tuffield|Shadbolt|2009}}.

== See also ==
* [[Behavioral targeting]]
* [[Digital identity]]
* [[Internet privacy]]
* [[Online identity]]
* [[Reality mining]]
* [[Reputation management]]
* [[Targeted marketing]]
* [[Web presence]]
* [[E-dentity]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Citation
| last=Kieron | first=O’Hara
| last2=Tuffield | first2=Mischa M.
| last3=Shadbolt | first3=Nigel
| publication-date=2009
| title=Lifelogging: Privacy and empowerment with memories for life
| journal=Identity in the Information Society
| publisher=Springer
| doi=10.1007/s12394-009-0008-4
| DUPLICATE DATA: doi=10.1007%2Fs12394-009-0008-4
| year=2009
| volume=1
| page=155
}}
*{{Citation
| last=Latour | first=Bruno
| author-link=Bruno Latour
| year=2007
| publication-date=6th April 2007
| title=Beware your imagination leaves digital traces
| journal=Times Higher Literary Supplement
| url=http://www.bruno-latour.fr/poparticles/poparticle/P-129-THES-GB.doc
}}{{deadlink|date=October 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Digital Footprint}}
[[Category:Network management]]
[[Category:Marketing]]
[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:Identity]]
[[Category:Privacy]]

[[bg:Дигитална следа]]
[[fr:Trace numérique]]
[[hu:Digitális lábnyom]]
[[sv:Elektroniskt fotspår]]
[[th:ร่องรอยทางดิจิตอล]]

Didrik Tønseth (diplomat)

2013-01-28T21:54:11Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding it, pl, ru; modifying no

'''Didrik Tønseth''' (born 8 October 1944) is a Norwegian diplomat and lawyer. He served as the Ambassador of the Kingdom of [[Norway]] to [[South Korea]] from 2006 to 2011, and to [[North Korea]] from 2007 to 2011.<ref>regjeringen.no: [http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/smk/aktuelt/offstatsraad/2006/Offisielt-fra-statsradet-28-april-2006.html?id=101933 Offisielt fra statsråd 28. april 2006]</ref><ref>regjeringen.no: [http://www.regjeringen.no/nn/dep/smk/Aktuelt/offisielt-fra-statsrad/2007/offisielt-fra-statsrad-18-januar.html?id=444663 Offisielt fra statsråd 18. januar 2007]</ref> He was succeeded by [[Torbjørn Holthe]] in 2011. He became a Knight of the [[Royal Norwegian Order of Merit]] in 2007.

He holds a [[cand.jur.]] degree from the [[University of Oslo]] and an LL.M. in European law from the [[College of Europe]].

== References ==
<references />

{{Persondata
| NAME = Tonseth, Didrik
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Norwegian diplomat and lawyer
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tonseth, Didrik}}
[[Category:Ambassadors of Norway to South Korea]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Norway to North Korea]]
[[Category:University of Oslo alumni]]
[[Category:College of Europe alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[it:Didrik Tønseth]]
[[no:Didrik Tønseth (langrennsløper)]]
[[pl:Didrik Tønseth]]
[[ru:Тёнсет, Дидрик]]

Dickson Township, Michigan

2013-01-28T21:38:25Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding de, fo, fr, ja, roa-rup

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Dickson Township, Michigan
|settlement_type = [[Township (United States)|Township]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


||pushpin_map =Michigan
|pushpin_label_position =left 
|pushpin_map_caption =Location within the state of Michigan
|pushpin_mapsize =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_region = US-MI
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Michigan]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Michigan|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Manistee County, Michigan|Manistee]]


|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 185.7
|area_land_km2 = 181.5
|area_water_km2 = 4.3
|area_total_sq_mi = 71.7
|area_land_sq_mi = 70.1
|area_water_sq_mi = 1.6


|population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2000|2000]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 929
|population_density_km2 = 5.1
|population_density_sq_mi = 13.3


|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 262
|elevation_ft = 860
|latd = 44 |latm = 17 |lats = 57 |latNS = N
|longd = 85 |longm = 56 |longs = 46 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 26-22320{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1626185<ref>{{gnis|1626185}}</ref>
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Dickson Township''' is a [[civil township]] of [[Manistee County, Michigan|Manistee County]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]]. The population was 929 at the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]].

Most of the township lies within the [[Manistee National Forest]]. The [[Manistee River]] runs through the eastern and souther portions, with the [[Tippy Dam]] forming the [[Tippy Dam Pond]] along the south-central boundary.

==Communities==
*'''Brethren''', former home to actor [[James Earl Jones]], is an [[unincorporated community]] in the township, situated about 15 miles east of [[Manistee, Michigan|Manistee]] in the [[Manistee National Forest]] at {{Coord|44|18|16|N|86|01|08|W|}}.<ref>{{gnis|621929|Brethren, Michigan}}</ref> Brethren was founded in 1900 by Samuel S. Thorpe as a colony of the [[German Baptist Brethren]] Church. A post office was established in 1901 with Thorpe as the first postmaster. The office continues to service [[ZIP code]] 49619. It became a station on the [[Pere Marquette Railway]] in 1901.<ref name="Romig">{{cite book | last = Romig | first = Walter | year = 1986 | title = Michigan Place Names | origyear= 1973 | publisher = Wayne State University Press | location = Detroit, Michigan | isbn = 0-8143-1838-X}}</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the township has a total area of {{convert|71.7|sqmi|km2}}, of which, {{convert|70.1|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|1.6|sqmi|km2}} of it (2.29%) is water.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 929 people, 364 households, and 259 families residing in the township. The [[population density]] was 13.3 per square mile (5.1/km²). There were 660 housing units at an average density of 9.4 per square mile (3.6/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 96.88% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.22% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.08% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.11% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], and 1.72% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.05% of the population.

There were 364 households out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the township the population was spread out with 24.2% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 30.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $33,309, and the median income for a family was $34,545. Males had a median income of $27,656 versus $20,781 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the township was $15,479. About 8.3% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Manistee County, Michigan}}

[[Category:Townships in Manistee County, Michigan]]

[[roa-rup:Brethren]]
[[de:Brethren]]
[[es:Brethren]]
[[fo:Brethren]]
[[fr:Brethren]]
[[ja:キリスト集会]]
[[vi:Xã Dickson, Quận Manistee, Michigan]]

Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever

2013-01-28T21:14:48Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding he:יומנו של חנון - מכת קור

{{Infobox book
| name = Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever
| image =
| image_caption =
| author = [[Jeff Kinney (writer)|Jeff Kinney]]
| illustrator = Jeff Kinney
| cover_artist = Jeff Kinney and Chad W.Beckerman
| country = [[United States]]
| language = English
| series = ''[[Diary of a Wimpy Kid (series)|Diary of a Wimpy Kid]]''
| genre = Comedy
| publisher =[[Abrams Books#Amulet Books|Amulet Books]]
| pub_date = November 15, 2011
| media_type = Print (paperback, hardcover)
| isbn = 978-1-4197-0296-9
| pages = 217
| preceded_by = [[Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Ugly Truth]]
| followed_by = [[Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Third Wheel]]
}}

'''''Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever''''' is a 2011 bestselling and award winning children's novel and the sixth book in the [[Diary of a Wimpy Kid (series)|''Diary of a Wimpy Kid'' series]], written by American author [[Jeff Kinney (writer)|Jeff Kinney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Author Jeff Kinney's hot streak not wimping out|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/books/2016801608_kidsbooks19.html?prmid=head_more|publisher=Seattle Times|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> The book was released on November 15th, 2011 and was the fastest selling book of 2011,<ref>{{cite web|title=6 Million Copies Were Printed Of Diary Of A Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/pop/6-Million-Copies-Were-Printed-Diary-Wimpy-Kid-Cabin-Fever-37257.html|publisher=Cinema Blend|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> giving him the third strongest opening week sales for a children's author.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diary of a Wimpy Kid becomes a top book seller|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-15857728|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> ''Cabin Fever'' had a first printing run of six million copies, which [[Amulet Books]] stated was one of their most significant titles for that year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Next 'Wimpy Kid' Book to Get Six Million-Copy First Printing|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-book-news/article/47633-next-wimpy-kid-book-to-get-six-million-copy-first-printing.html|publisher=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> In 2012 Kinney won a "Best Author" ''Children's Choice Award'' from the [[Children's Book Council (United States)|Children's Book Council]] for ''Cabin Fever''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kinney, Selznick Nab Children's Choice Book Awards|url=http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/slj/home/894496-312/kinney_selznick_nab_childrens_choice.html.csp|publisher=School Library Journal|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref>

The book was followed by 2012's ''[[Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Third Wheel|The Third Wheel]]''.

==Plot==
The book starts with Greg's concerns regarding the upcoming holiday season and the concept of Santa Claus's surveillance is pondering as to how this could be. His mother stumbles upon a doll known as "Santa's Scout" (a parody of the Elf on the Shelf) and uses it as a tool to prompt her children into good behavior; however, Greg's paranoia regarding the subject of the doll is taken advantage of by Rodrick, who uses it to prank his brother.

Meanwhile, Greg is also preoccupied with a gaming website known as "Net Kritterz" and tending to the needs of his virtual pet and the website's required paid features, so he and Rowley devise various moneymaking ideas, which all backfire or fail. They soon decide to publish their own tabloid newspaper, but find difficulties in selling and advertising it, and Greg fears that Rowley's additions to the newspaper will only damage their chances of selling copies even further.

Temporarily, they abandon their project to start their own holiday baazar after Greg buys ''Drummies'' at his local supermarket, and decide to hang up posters advertising the baazar on the walls of the school on a rainy day. However, the colored ink on the posters melts through into the brick walls, and the boys' antics are witnessed and published in the community newspaper, as their attempts at advertisement have inadvertently vandalized the school. Fears of being discovered fill Greg with paranoia, worrying that he will be arrested, and dreads the day where his identity will be unveiled.

Guilty, Greg confesses to his responsibility with the accidental vandalism without mentioning Rowley's involvement, leaving himself to solely suffer through the consequences, albeit he still lives in fear of the police. A sudden [[blizzard]] isolates the Heffleys within their home, resulting in a power outage that spoils their food and a basement flood. Frank, Greg's father, in the meantime, is stranded within his own workplace, and the family lives in hunger and boredom for the following few days until Rowley reveals to Greg that electricity has since been restored all throughout the town with the exception of apparently Greg's own household. A quizzical Greg checks the family's electricity box, only to find that the power has been killed in all rooms of the house excluding Manny's bedroom, and soon discovers that Manny has been living luxuriously in his bedroom surrounded by food, warmth, and toys without notifying his family. The electricity is returned to the house, and Frank returns with food for his family.

The following day is [[Christmas]], and Greg discovers himself on the cover of the newspaper for anonymously shoveling the walk-way leading up to the Church (however, only to recover a tag he'd hung upon the giving tree requesting money) that allows a soup kitchen to be opened, and he chooses to exploit himself on the front cover of his own tabloid newspaper in order to receive the glory.

==Reception==
Critical reception for ''Cabin Fever'' was positive,<ref>{{cite web|title=Multimedia Review: May 2012|url=http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/slj/reviews/multimedia/894167-318/multimedia_review_may_2012.html.csp|publisher=School Library Journal|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> with the book being nominated for a 2012 [[Harvey Award]] for a "Special Award for Humor in Comics".<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2012 Harvey Award Nominees|url=http://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/goodcomicsforkids/2012/07/10/the-2012-harvey-award-nominees/|publisher=School Library Journal|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> [[Publishers Weekly]] and [[Entertainment Weekly]] both praised the entry, with Publishers Weekly writing that although the snow storm doesn't occur until later in the read, "it’s unlikely that anyone will mind".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Cabin Fever|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4197-0223-5|publisher=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Cabin Fever|url=http://shelf-life.ew.com/2011/11/15/diary-of-a-wimpy-kid-cabin-fever-review/|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Diary of a Wimpy Kid}}

[[Category:Diary of a Wimpy Kid|Cabin Fever]]
[[Category:2011 novels]]
[[Category:Christmas novels]]

[[he:יומנו של חנון - מכת קור]]
[[pt:Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever]]

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems

2013-01-28T20:48:09Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying tl:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems to tl:Diyalogo Hinggil sa Dalawang Pangunahing mga Sistema ng Mundo

{{Italic title}}
[[File:Galileos Dialogue Title Page.png|thumb|300px|right|Frontispiece and title page of the ''Dialogue'']]
The '''''Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems''''' (''Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo'') was a 1632 [[Italian language]] book by [[Galileo Galilei]] comparing the [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernican]] system with the traditional [[Ptolemy|Ptolemaic]] system. It was translated to Latin as ''Systema cosmicum''<ref>Maurice A. Finocchiaro: [http://books.google.com/books?id=LVMy7yoGbdIC&pg=PA61&dq=%22Matthias+Bernegger%22+cosmicum+translation&lr= ''Retrying Galileo, 1633-1992''], University of California Press, 2007 ISBN 0-520-25387-6, ISBN 978-0-520-25387-2</ref> ({{lang-en|cosmic system}}) in 1635 by [[Matthias Bernegger]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZSe6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Matthias+Bernegger%22+cosmicum+translation&dq=%22Matthias+Bernegger%22+cosmicum+translation&lr=&pgis=1 Journal for the history of astronomy, 2005]</ref> The book, which was dedicated to Galileo's patron, [[Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] and delivered to him on February 22, 1632,<ref name="Gindikin1988">{{cite book|last=Gindikin|first=Semen Grigorʹevich|title=Tales of physicists and mathematicians|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Vhx--jfFN8IC&pg=PA62|accessdate=22 February 2011|year=1988|publisher=Birkhäuser|isbn=978-0-8176-3317-2|page=62}}</ref> was a bestseller.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080829.w50booksdialogue/BNStory/DAVA+SOBEL | work=The Globe and Mail | first=Dava | last=Sobel}}</ref>

In the [[Copernican system]] the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, while in the [[Ptolemaic system]] everything in the Universe circles around the Earth. The ''Dialogue'' was published in [[Florence]] under a formal license from the [[Inquisition]]. In 1633, Galileo was convicted of "grave suspicion of [[heresy]]" based on the book, which was then placed on the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index of Forbidden Books]], from which it was not removed until 1835 (after the theories it discussed had been permitted in print in 1822.)<ref>[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/galileo/galileochronology.html The Trial of Galileo: A Chronology]</ref> In an action that was not announced at the time, the publication of anything else he had written or ever might write was also banned.<ref>{{anchor|_note-publication-ban}}See [[Galileo affair# note-publication-ban|Galileo affair]] for more details, including sources.</ref>

==Overview==
While writing the book, Galileo referred to it as his ''Dialogue on the Tides'', and when the manuscript went to the Inquisition for approval the title was ''Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea''. He was ordered to remove all mention of tides from the title and to change the preface, because granting approval to such a title would look like approval of his theory of the [[tide]]s, which attempted to prove the motion of the Earth physically. As a result, the formal title on the title page is ''Dialogue'', which is followed by Galileo's name and academic posts, followed by a long subtitle. The name by which the work is now known is extracted from deep within the subtitle. This must be kept in mind when discussing Galileo's motives for writing the book. Although the book is presented formally as a consideration of both systems (as it needed to be in order to be published at all), there is no question that the Copernican side gets the better of the argument.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sleepwalkers|first=Arthur|last=Koestler|page=480|publisher=Penguin Arkana|date=1989}}</ref>

===Structure===
The book is presented as a series of discussions, over a span of four days, among two philosophers and a layman:

* Salviati argues for the Copernican position and presents some of Galileo's views directly, calling him the "Academician" in honor of Galileo's membership in the [[Accademia dei Lincei]]. He is named after Galileo's friend [[Filippo Salviati]] (1582–1614).

* Sagredo is an intelligent layman who is initially neutral. He is named after Galileo's friend [[Giovanni Francesco Sagredo]] (1571–1620).

* Simplicio, a dedicated follower of [[Ptolemy]] and [[Aristotle]], presents the traditional views and the arguments against the Copernican position. He is supposedly named after [[Simplicius of Cilicia]], a sixth-century commentator on Aristotle, but it was suspected the name was a double entendre, as the Italian for "simple" (as in "simple minded") is "semplice".<ref>Arthur Koestler, ''The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe'' (1959), Penguin Books, 1986 edition: ISBN 0-14-055212-X, 978014055212X 1990 reprint: ISBN 0-14-019246-8, ISBN 978-0-14-019246-9 [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0140192468]</ref> Simplicio is modeled on two contemporary conservative philosophers, [[Ludovico delle Colombe]] (1565-1616?), Galileo's fiercest detractor, and [[Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)|Cesare Cremonini]] (1550–1631), a Paduan colleague who had refused to look through the telescope.<ref>Stillman Drake: ''Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography'', Courier Dover Publications, 2003, ISBN 0-486-49542-6, page 355 : Cremonini and delle Colombe</ref> Colombe was the leader of a group of Florentine opponents of Galileo's, which some of the latter's friends referred to as "the pigeon league".<ref>"La legha del pippione". "Pippione" is a pun on Colombe's surname—which is the plural of the Italian word for dove. Galileo's friends, the painter, [[:it:Cigoli|Lodovico Cardi da Cigoli]] {{it icon}}, his former student, [[Benedetto Castelli]], and a couple of his other correspondents often referred to Colombe as "il Colombo", which means "the Pigeon". Galileo himself used this term a couple of times in a letter to Cigoli of October, 1611 [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-176 (Edizione Nazionale 11:214)]. The more derisive nickname, "il Pippione", sometimes used by Cigoli [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-176 (Edizione Nazionale 11:176,] [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-229 11:229,] [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-476 11:476,][http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-502 11:502)], is a now archaic Italian word with a triple entendre. Besides meaning "young pigeon", it is also a jocular term for a testicle, and a Tuscan dialect word for a fool.</ref>

===Content===
The discussion is not narrowly limited to astronomical topics, but ranges over much of contemporary science. Some of this is to show what Galileo considered good science, such as the discussion of [[William Gilbert (astronomer)|William Gilbert]]'s work on magnetism. Other parts are important to the debate, answering erroneous arguments against the Earth's motion.

A classic argument against earth motion is the lack of speed sensations of the earth surface, though it moves at about 1600 km/h at the equator. In this category there is a [[thought experiment]] in which a man is below decks on a [[Galileo's ship|ship]] and cannot tell whether the ship is docked or is moving smoothly through the water: he observes water dripping from a bottle, fish swimming in a tank, butterflies flying, and so on; and their behavior is just the same whether the ship is moving or not. This is a classic exposition of the [[Inertial frame of reference]] and refutes the objection that if we were moving hundreds of kilometres an hour as the Earth rotated, anything that one dropped would rapidly fall behind and drift to the west.

The bulk of Galileo's arguments may be divided into three classes:

* Rebuttals to the objections raised by traditional philosophers; for example, the thought experiment on the ship.

* Observations that are incompatible with the Ptolemaic model: the [[phases of Venus]], for instance, which simply couldn't happen, or the apparent motions of [[sunspot]]s, which could only be explained in the Ptolemaic or Tychonic systems as resulting from an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation.<ref>Drake, [[#Reference-Drake-1970|(1970]], pp.191–196), Linton [[#Reference-Linton-2004|(2004]], pp.[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B4br4XJFj0MC&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q&f=false 211–12)], Sharratt [[#Reference-Sharratt-1994|(1994]], p.[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=-TgYAq3P0P8C&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false 166)]. This is not true, however, for geocentric systems—such as that proposed by [[Longomontanus]]—in which the Earth rotated. In such systems the apparent motion of sunspots could be accounted for just as easily as in Copernicus's.</ref>

* Arguments showing that the elegant unified theory of the Heavens that the philosophers held, which was believed to prove that the Earth was stationary, was incorrect; for instance, the mountains of the [[Moon]], the moons of [[Jupiter]], and the very existence of sunspots, none of which was part of the old astronomy (though these are of somewhat doubtful relevance, as none of these phenomena dealt directly with the question of the motion of the earth or sun).

Generally, these arguments have held up well in terms of the knowledge of the next four centuries. Just how convincing they ought to have been to an impartial reader in 1632 remains a contentious issue.

Galileo attempted a fourth class of argument:

* Direct physical argument for the Earth's motion, by means of an explanation of tides.

As an account of the causation of tides or a proof of the Earth's motion, it is a failure. (In fact, the fundamental argument is internally inconsistent, and actually leads to the conclusion that tides do not exist.) But Galileo was fond of the argument and devoted the "Fourth Day" of the discussion to it. The degree of its failure is, like nearly anything having to do with Galileo, a matter of controversy. On the one hand, the whole thing has recently been described in print as "cockamamie."<ref>{{cite journal | title=Science, Religion, and the Galileo Affair | author=Timothy Moy | month=September | year=2001 | journal=[http://www.csicop.org/si/2001-09/ Skeptical Inquirer]}}</ref> On the other hand, [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] used a rather different description:
<blockquote>
It was Galileo's longing for a mechanical proof of the motion of the earth which misled him into formulating a wrong theory of the tides. The ''fascinating arguments in the last conversation'' would hardly have been accepted as proof by Galileo, had his temperament not got the better of him. [Emphasis added]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://milestones.buffalolib.org/books/books/dialogo/impact.htm | title=Foreword; By Albert Einstein; Authorized Translation by Sonja Bargmann}}(passages omitted)</ref><ref>{{cite conference | conference=7th Annual Oxford Philosophy Graduate Conference | booktitle=7th Annual Oxford Philosophy Graduate Conference | title=Thought Experiments in Galileo and Newton’s Mathematical Philosophy | date=2003-08-09 | author=Paul Mainwood | url=http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/gradconf/2003gradconf/Selected_papers(PROGRAM2)/thought_expirements.pdf }}, quoting page xvii of Einstein's foreword in {{cite book | author=G. Galilei | title=Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. Translated by Stillman Drake | publisher=The University of California Press | year=1632/1953 | publication-place=Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA}}</ref>
</blockquote>

===Omissions===
[[File:Dialogo Galileo SWRI.jpg|thumb|250px|A copy of The Dialogo, Florence edition, located at the [[Tom Slick]] rare book collection at [[Southwest Research Institute]], in [[Texas]].]]
The dialogue does not treat the [[Tychonic system]] which was becoming the preferred system of many astronomers at the time of publication, but ultimately was proven incorrect. The Tychonic system is a motionless Earth system but not a Ptolemaic system; it is a hybrid system of the Copernican and Ptolemaic models. Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun (as in the Copernican system) in small circles, while the sun in turn orbits a stationary Earth; Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn orbit the Sun in much larger circles, which means they also orbit the earth. The Tychonian system is mathematically equivalent to the Copernican system, except that the Copernican system predicts a [[Parallax#Stellar parallax|stellar parallax]], while the Tychonian system predicts no stellar parallax. Stellar parallax was not measurable until the 19th Century, and therefore there was at the time no valid disproof of the Tychonic system on empirical grounds, nor any decisive observational evidence for the Copernican system.

Galileo never took Tycho's system seriously, as can be seen in his correspondence, regarding it as an inadequate and physically unsatisfactory compromise. A reason for the absence of Tycho's system (in spite of many references to Tycho and his work in the book) may be sought in Galileo's theory of the tides, which provided the original title and organizing principle of the ''Dialogue''. For, while the Copernican and Tychonic systems are equivalent geometrically, they are quite different dynamically. Galileo's tidal theory entailed the actual, physical movement of the Earth; that is, if true, it would have provided the kind of proof that [[Foucault pendulum|Foucault's pendulum]] actually provided two centuries later. With reference to Galileo's tidal theory, there would be no difference between the Ptolemaic and Tychonic systems.

Galileo also fails to discuss the possibility of non-circular orbits, although [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler's]] proposal of an elliptical orbit for Mars had been published in 1609. A Heliocentric system with planets in elliptical orbits is deducible from [[Isaac Newton#Mechanics and gravitation|Newton's laws of motion and gravity]], but these were not published until 1687.

== Editions in print ==
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=ST7Y9FFHhrEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=galileo+galilei&hl=en&ei=YZ-fTPH3GoL48AbpvrG2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems''], translated by [[Stillman Drake]], University of California Press, 1953 (revised 1967). Also Modern Library paperback.
* ''Galileo on the World Systems'', translated and abridged by Maurice A. Finocchiaro, University of California Press, 1997.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* {{cite book
| title= Galileo Studies
| last= Drake
| first= Stillman
| publisher= The University of Michigan Press
| year= 1970
| location= Ann Arbor
| isbn= 0-472-08283-3
| ref=Reference-Drake-1970}}

* {{cite book
| title= From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy
| last= Linton
| first= Christopher M.
| publisher= Cambridge University Press
| year= 2004
| location= Cambridge
| isbn= 978-0-521-82750-8
| ref=Reference-Linton-2004}}

* {{cite book
|ref=Reference-Sharratt-1994
|last=Sharratt
|first=Michael
|year=1994
|title=Galileo: Decisive Innovator
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge
|isbn=0-521-56671-1}}

== External links ==
* {{it}} [http://www.liberliber.it/mediateca/libri/g/galilei/dialogo_sopra/pdf/dialog_p.pdf Italian text] with figures
* [http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/toc/toc.cgi?step=thumb&dir=galil_syste_065_en_1661 Thomas Salusbury's 1661 English translation of the ''Dialogue''.] On-line copy of full text.
* [http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Galileo.html A long, but condensed, extract from Stillman Drake's 1953 translation of the ''Dialogue''.] Despite the title at the top of the page, the full text, which is still subject to copyright, is not given. The entire 'fourth day' is omitted, for instance.
* [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/galileo/dialogue.html Another long extract from Drake's 1953 translation.] This also does not include the full text.

{{Galileo Galilei}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dialogue Concerning The Two Chief World Systems}}
[[Category:Books by Galileo Galilei]]
[[Category:1632 books]]
[[Category:Astronomy books]]
[[Category:Physics books]]
[[Category:History of astronomy]]
[[Category:Dialogues]]
[[Category:1632 in science]]
[[Category:Philosophy of science literature]]

[[ca:Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo tolemaico e copernicano]]
[[es:Diálogos sobre los dos máximos sistemas del mundo]]
[[fa:گفتگو در باب دو سامانه بزرگ جهان]]
[[fr:Dialogue sur les deux grands systèmes du monde]]
[[it:Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo]]
[[no:Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo]]
[[pt:Diálogo sobre os Dois Principais Sistemas do Mundo]]
[[ro:Dialog despre cele două mari sisteme ale lumii]]
[[fi:Dialogi kahdesta maailmanjärjestyksestä]]
[[sv:Dialog om de två världssystemen]]
[[tl:Diyalogo Hinggil sa Dalawang Pangunahing mga Sistema ng Mundo]]
[[zh:关于托勒密和哥白尼两大世界体系的对话]]

Zuhr prayer

2013-01-28T20:29:20Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying pl:Dhuhr to pl:Zuhr

{{Islam}}
The '''dhuhr prayer''' ({{lang-ar|صلاة الظهر}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ṣalāt aẓ-ẓuhr}}''  {{IPA-ar|sˤalaːt aðˤðˤuhr|IPA}}, "noon prayer") is the prayer after [[noon|midday]] (but before the time for the [[Asr]] prayer.) Performed daily by practicing [[Muslim]]s, it is the second of the five daily prayers (''[[salah]]'', the [[Islam]]ic day begins at [[maghrib]]). The five daily prayers collectively are one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] in [[Sunni Islam]], and one of the ten [[Aspects of the Religion|Practices of the Religion]] (''Furū al-Dīn'') according to [[Shia Islam]]. It is reduced to two [[raka'ah|rakaʿāt]] when traveling.

In both of the sects, four rakaʿāt are required (''[[Fard]]'') and are prayed silently.<ref>This is for the individual prayer. In the congregation, the recitation will also be unnoticeable except for the [[Allahu Akbar|expressions]] which indicate each of the stages of the prayer.</ref> However, in Sunni Islam, four rakaʿāt prior to the Fard raka'ah and two rakaʿāt following the Fard raka'ah are highly recommended. The second raka'ah is ''[[sunnah]]''.

On Friday the Dhuhr prayer is replaced by ''[[Jumu'ah]]'', which is obligatory for all Muslims of sound mind above the age of puberty who are residents of a large town or city with a mosque.

==Hadith pertaining to Dhuhr==
[[File:Jean-Léon Gérôme 010.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A [[Muezzin]] Calling from the Top of a [[Minaret]] before Dhuhr Prayer.]]

The following quotations are from books of Sunni ''[[hadith]]''. These books relate accounts taken from the life of the [[Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt|his family]], and [[Sahaba|his companions]]. They were compiled by Islamic scholars after Muhammad's death. These quotations include information about those who related the accounts, as well as the accounts themselves.

*Narrated [[Aisha]]: The Prophet never missed four Rakat before the Zuhr prayer and two Rakat before the Fajr prayer.<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|2|21|276}}</ref>

*Narrated [[Abu Hurairah|Abu Huraira]] and 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: [[God in Islam|Allah's]] Apostle said, "If it is very hot, then pray the Zuhr prayer when it becomes (a bit) cooler, as the severity of the heat is from the raging of the Hell-fire."<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|1|10|510}}</ref>

==Waqt==
The ''waqt'' (prescribed time) of the Dhuhr salat is determined differently by the different branches of Islam. In each case however, it is best to perform the prayer as soon as the ''waqt'' is "in", and inadvisable to unnecessarily delay it.

The time frame of the Dhuhr daily prayer is as follows:

===Shia===
*Time begins: once the sun has crossed the celestial [[meridian (astronomy)|meridian]] (true noon), exactly halfway between sunrise and sunset. This is when the sun is at the highest point in the sky.<ref>http://www.qul.org.au/library/a-guide-on-praying/zohr-a-asr-prayers</ref>
*Time ends: before the time it takes to recite the daily Asr prayer (afternoon prayer), a little before sunset.

===Sunni ===
*Time begins: once the sun has crossed the celestial meridian (true noon), exactly halfway between sunrise and sunset. This is when the sun is at the highest point in the sky and a little after that.
*Time ends: at the time when the Asr prayer begins (afternoon prayer) (there is scholarly disagreement as to exactly when that occurs). Also, according to the [[Maliki]] school, the ''dharoori'' time (Time of Necessity for those who had a legitimate excuse to miss the prayer during the Prescribed Time) for Dhuhr lasts all the way until a little before sunset, the beginning of Maghrib prayer. Thus, according to the Maliki school, if someone prays Dhuhr 30 minutes before sunset, he is considered to have prayed the prayer "on time", though he would be sinful if he had delayed that long without a legitimate excuse.

==See also==
*[[Wudu]]
*[[Fajr]]
*Dhuhr
*[[Asr]]
*[[Maghrib]]
*[[Isha']] (Night prayer)
*[[Jumu'ah]]
*[[Salat al Eid]] (Eid Prayer)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Islamic prayer}}

[[Category:Salat]]

[[ar:صلاة الظهر]]
[[az:Zöhr namazı]]
[[bs:Podne-namaz]]
[[da:Dhuhr]]
[[id:Salat Zuhur]]
[[it:Zuhr]]
[[kk:Бесін намаз]]
[[hu:Zuhr]]
[[ms:Solat Zuhur]]
[[nl:Dhuhr]]
[[no:Dhuhr]]
[[pl:Zuhr]]
[[ru:Зухр]]
[[so:Salaada Duhur]]
[[sh:Podne namaz]]
[[su:Lohor]]
[[tt:Өйлә намазы]]
[[ur:ظہر]]

Despina Olympiou

2013-01-28T19:01:58Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding ky:Олимпиу, Деспина

{{BLP sources|date=January 2013}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Despina Olympiou ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Δέσποινα Ολυμπίου)
| image = Despina Olympiou at Kittaro.jpg
| caption = Despina Olympiou (2012)
| image_size = 200px
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Despina Olympiou
| alias = Dena Olympiou
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1975}}
| birth_place = [[Limassol]], [[Cyprus]]
| origin = [[Limassol]], [[Cyprus]]
| instrument = [[Piano]] and [[vocals]]
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] and [[dance music|dance]]
| occupation = Singer and student
| years_active = Since {{start date and age|1992}}
| label = [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Greece]] (since 2002)
| website =
| associated_acts = [[Michalis Hatzigiannis]]
}}

'''Despina Olympiou''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Δέσποινα Ολυμπίου, {{IPA-el|ˈðespina olimpiu|pron}}; born 1975), also known as '''Dena Olympiou''', is a [[Cypriot]] [[singer]].

She is scheduled to [[Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest|represent Cyprus]] in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2013]] in [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]].

==Early life and education==
{{expand section|date=January 2013|1=parentage and education}}
Olympiou was born and raised in [[Limassol]], [[Cyprus]]. She made her first steps in music in Cyprus. She moved to London, and attended the [[Trinity College London|Trinity College of Londοn]] where she studied [[piano]] and [[music theory]].

==Career==
===1992–2001: Start of career===
She started her music career in 1992. A year later she moved to [[Athens]], [[Greece]], where she had a cooperation with [[Yiannis Parios]]. Olympiou has also cooperated with other Greek music artists, including [[Haris Alexiou]], [[Michalis Hatzigiannis]], [[Dimitris Mitropanos]], [[Mimis Plessas]], [[Pandelis Thalassinos]] and [[Marios Tokas]].

She first appeared on the George Sarri album ''Ftaine oi Aponoi Kairoi'' with the song ''"I kounia mas"'' ("Our Swing"). Olympiou also appeared on the album ''Emeis oi Ellines'' with the song ''"Pros rakosillektes kai sinodiporous"'' and on the [[Pandelis Thalassinos]] album ''Ap' tin Tilo os tin Thraki'' with four songs.

Olympiou's first album, ''Ton Mation sou i Kalimera'', includes music by [[Pandelis Thalassinos]], Manoli Lidaki, Gerasimos Andreatos.

===2002–2006: Universal Music, ''Vale Mousiki'', ''Exoume Logo'' and ''Auto Ine Agapi'' ===
In 2002, she moved to the [[Universal Music Group|Universal Greece]] label.{{clarify|date=January 2013|reason=moved from what label?}}

In June 2003, Olympiou started her cooperation with [[Michalis Hatzigiannis]] with the [[CD single]] ''Vale Mousiki'' with music by Hatzigiannis and lyrics by Eleana Vrachali. The album included a duet with Hatzigiannis, ''"Na 'soun allios"'', which was very successful. A year later the CD became platinum.

A year later, she released her second album with the name ''Exoume Logo''.

In 2005, Olympiou released her new album, ''Auto ine Agapi'' (''This Is Love''), including twelve songs written by Giorgos and Alexandros Pantelia (from Kitrina Podilata), apart from one song which was written by Lina Dimopoulou. The first single from the album was ''"Kapote"''.

===2007–2012: ''Pes to Dinata'' , ''Mazi Xorista'' , ''Mia stigmi'' ===
In the spring of 2007, she released the CD single ''Pes to Dinata'', which was very successful both in Greece and Cyprus.

Later Olympiou released her album, ''Mazi Xorista'' once again cooperating with Michalis, with lyrics by Eleana Vrachali and Nikos Moraitis. The album was re-released in 2008, this time gold, and includes the song ''"Pes to Dinata"'', ''"Mazi Xorista"'' and her duet with Michalis Hatzigiannis, ''"O Paradisos (Den Ftiahtike Gia Mas)"''. The album also includes the new song ''"Omorfa Psemata"'', written by Michalis Hatzigiannis and Nikos Moraitis.

At the 2008 [[MAD Video Music Awards]], she won the Best Duet award for the song ''"O Paradisos"''.

In 2010, she releases her album entitled 'Mia stigmi', which became one of the most successful albums of that year, reaching Gold status in Cyprus. Concidered as the most mature work by Despina, again penned by Michalis Hatzigiannis, included many hit singles like 'Pano stin agapi' which became a huge summer hit, 'Adynamia' and a very sentimental ballad entitled 'Mi m'agapas'.

In 2012, Despina collaborated with Stereo Mike on a new hit single entitled 'Den s' afino apo ta matia mou', a duet that met great success in Cyprus and Greece, and marked her first steps without Michalis Hatzigiannis on her side. Her new album entitled 'Mikra Mistika', is expected to be released in 2013.

===2013: Eurovision Song Contest 2013===
On 23 January 2013, it was announced that Olympiou was internally selected to represent Cyprus in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2013]], held in [[Malmö]]. However, it is still to be announced by the [[Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.escdaily.com/cyprus-despina-olympiou-internally-selected-in-2013/|title=Cyprus: Despina Olympiou Internally Selected in 2013|accessdate=23 January 2013|first=Renee|last=Pozzi|publisher = Eurovision Song Contest | accessdate = 24 January 2013}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Ton Mation sou i Kalimera'' (2000)
* ''Vale Mousiki'' (2003)
* ''Exoume Logo'' (2004)
* ''Auto ine Agapi'' (2005)
* ''Pes to Dinata'' (2007, 2008)<ref>The album was re-released in 2008 with some new songs.</ref>
* ''Mia stigmi'' (2009)
* ''Mikra mistika'' (to be released in 2013)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Biography|Cyprus|Eurovision|Greece|Music}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of Cypriots]]
* [[List of dance-pop artists]]
* [[Music of Greece]]
* [[Music of Cyprus]]
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|54530740140|Despina Olympiou}}
* {{Twitter|DenaOlympiou}}
* {{YouTube|channel=DespinaOlympiouVEVO|Despina Olympiou}}
* {{allmusic|id=mn0002102373|label=Despina Olympiou}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before= [[Ivi Adamou]] with "[[La La Love]]"
| title= [[Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
| years= [[Eurovision Song Contest 2013|2013 Eurovision Song Contest]]
| after= ''to be announced''
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:20th-century singers]]
[[Category:21st-century musicians]]
[[Category:Cypriot expatriates in Greece]]
[[Category:Cypriot female singers]]
[[Category:Cypriot pop singers]]
[[Category:Cypriot Eurovision Song Contest entrants]]
[[Category:Dance musicians]]
[[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2013]]
[[Category:Greek female singers]]
[[Category:Greek pop singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Athens]]
[[Category:People from Limassol]]
[[Category:Universal Music Greece artists]]

[[el:Δέσποινα Ολυμπίου]]
[[ky:Олимпиу, Деспина]]
[[ja:デスピナ・オリンピウ]]
[[ru:Олимпиу, Деспина]]
[[tr:Despina Olimpiu]]
[[uk:Деспіна Олімпіу]]

Descent to the underworld

2013-01-28T18:37:30Z

Jotterbot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding pl:Katabaza

The '''descent to the underworld''' is a [[mytheme]] of [[comparative mythology]] found in a diverse number of religions from around the world, [[Harrowing of hell|including Christianity]]. The [[hero]] or upper-world deity journeys to the [[underworld]] or to the land of the dead and returns, often with a [[quest]]-object or a loved one, or with heightened knowledge. The ability to enter the realm of the dead while still alive, and to return, is a proof of the classical hero's exceptional status as more than mortal. A deity who returns from the underworld demonstrates [[eschatology|eschatological]] themes such as the cyclical nature of time and existence, or the defeat of death and the possibility of immortality.<ref>David Leeming, ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology'' (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 98 [http://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA98&dq=%22descent+to+the+underworld%22+intitle:myth+%7C++intitle:mythology&hl=en&ei=RfNETcWnLcqr8Aayrc2gDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22descent%20to%20the%20underworld%22%20intitle%3Amyth%20%7C%20%20intitle%3Amythology&f=false online]; Radcliffe G. Edmonds III, ''Myths of the Underworld Journey: Plato, Aristophanes, and the 'Orphic' Gold Tablets'' (Cambridge University Press, 2004) ''passim''; ''Death, Ecstasy, and Other Wordly Journeys'', edited by John J. Collins and Michael Fishbane (State University of New York, 1995) ''passim''; Bruce Louden, "Catabasis, Consultation, and the Vision: Odyssey 11, I Samuel 28, Gilgamesh 12, Aeneid 6, Plato's Allegory of the Cave, and the Book of Revelation," in ''Homer's Odyssey and the Near East'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 197–221.</ref>

==Katabasis==
{{main|katabasis}}

One meaning of ''katabasis'' is the epic convention of the hero's trip into the [[underworld]].<ref name="Serrano99">Pilar González Serrano, [http://www.ucm.es/info/seic/online/catabasis.htm "Catábasis y resurrección"]. ''Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie II: Historia Antigua.'' Volume 12, pp. 129–179. Madrid, 1999.</ref> In [[Greek mythology]], for example, [[Orpheus]] enters the underworld in order to bring [[Eurydice]] back to the world of the living.

Most ''katabases'' take place in a supernatural underworld, such as [[Hades]] or [[Hell]] — as in [[Nekyia]], the 11th book of the [[Odyssey]], which describes the descent of [[Odysseus]] to the underworld. However, katabasis can also refer to a journey through other dystopic areas, like those Odysseus encounters on his 20-year journey back from [[Troy]] to [[Ithaca]]. Pilar Serrano<ref name="Serrano99"/> allows the term ''katabasis'' to encompass brief or chronic stays in the underworld, including those of [[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]] and [[Castor and Pollux]].

==Mythological characters==
Mythological characters who make visits to the underworld include:

;[[Ancient Egyptian religion|Ancient Egyptian]]
*Egyptian [[Osiris]] (see also [[Egyptian Book of the Dead|Egyptian ''Book of the Dead'']])
*The Magician Meryre in ''Papyrus Vandier'' (Posener, 1985)

;[[Ancient Greek religion|Ancient Greek and Roman]]
*[[Adonis]]/[[Tammuz (deity)|Tammuz]] is mourned and then recovered by his consort/mother [[Aphrodite]]/[[Inanna]]/[[Ishtar]]
*The god [[Dionysus]], to rescue [[Semele]] from Hades<ref>[[Robert Graves]]. ''[[The Greek Myths]]'', 27. ''k'', which cites [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]' ''[[Description of Greece]]'' [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/pausanias-bk2.html 2.31.2].</ref>
*[[Heracles]], for his [[The Twelve Labors|twelfth labor]], on which occasion he also rescued [[Theseus]]
*The god [[Hermes]], to rescue [[Persephone]] from Hades
*[[Orpheus]], to rescue [[Eurydice]] from Hades
*[[Persephone]] and [[Demeter]]
*[[Psyche (mythology)|Psyche]]
*[[Odysseus]]
*[[Aeneas]], to speak to his father in the ''[[Aeneid]]''
*[[Theseus]] and [[Pirithous]] try to abduct [[Persephone]]; they fail, and only Theseus is rescued by [[Heracles]]

;[[Sumerian mythology|Ancient Sumerian]]
*[[Enkidu]], in a tablet of the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', usually considered a later addition to the tale
*[[Gilgamesh]] descends to the underworld to meet [[Utnapishtim]] in a quest for immortality
*[[Inanna]] descends to the underworld with gifts to pass through the seven gates of the underworld

;[[Judeo-Christianity]]
*The biblical story of [[Hebrew Bible|Old Testament]] [[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|Joseph]] is paralleled to the myth in [[Panbabylonism]], notably in [[Thomas Mann]]'s ''[[Joseph and His Brothers]]''
*[[Jesus as myth|Jesus]], during the [[Harrowing of Hell]]
*[[Dante]], in ''[[The Divine Comedy#Inferno|The Divine Comedy: Inferno]]''
*Jesus, in ''[[Pistis Sophia]]''

;[[Norse paganism]] and [[Finnish mythology]]
*[[Baldr]]
*[[Hermod]]
*[[Helreið Brynhildar]]
*[[Lemminkäinen]]'s rescue from [[Tuonela]] by his mother

;[[Welsh mythology]]
*[[Pwyll]]'s descent into [[Annwn]] in the Welsh ''[[Mabinogion]]''
*[[Preiddeu Annwfn]], [[King Arthur]]'s expedition to [[Annwn|Annwfn]] as recounted in the ''[[Book of Taliesin]]''

;Other
*[[Japanese mythology]]: [[Izanagi]] and [[Izanami]] in [[Yomi]]
*[[Mayan mythology]]: Hunahpu and Xbalanque: [[Maya Hero Twins]]
*[[Mahayana Buddhism]]: the [[bodhisattva]] [[Kuan Yin]]'s descent into a hell-like region after taking on the bad karma of her executioner in pity
*[[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]]: [[Ushas]] (dawn) is liberated from the [[Vala (Vedic)|Vala]] by [[Indra]]; Emperor [[Yudhisthira]] descends into [[Naraka (Hinduism)|Naraka]]
*[[Ohlone mythology]] (Native American): [[Ohlone mythology#Chochenyo (Kaknu fights Body of Stone)|Kaknu fights Body of Stone]]
*[[Yoruba mythology]]: [[Obatala]], the [[Life-death-rebirth deities|Rising and dying god]] of [[Ile Ife]], the Yoruba cultural centre

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Walter Burkert]], ''[[Homo necans]]''.
*Janda, M., ''Eleusis, das indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien'' (1998).
* Rachel Falconer, ''Hell in Contemporary Literature: Western Descent Narratives since 1945'', (Edinburgh University Press, 2005/07)
*[http://www.worldofdante.org/ World of Dante] Multimedia website that offers Italian text of Divine Comedy, Allen Mandelbaum's translation, gallery, interactive maps, timeline, musical recordings, and searchable database.
* Shushan, Gregory (2009) Conceptions of the Afterlife in Early Civilizations Universalism, Constructivism and Near-Death Experience. New York & London, Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-4073-0

[[Category:Middle Eastern mythology]]
[[Category:Epic of Gilgamesh]]
[[Category:Life-death-rebirth deities]]
[[Category:Afterlife]]

[[ca:Catàbasi]]
[[pl:Katabaza]]