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Ditrysia

2023-07-20T14:16:21Z

GTBacchus: Removing nonsense sentence added in this edit: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ditrysia&diff=next&oldid=1050524011

{{short description|Suborder of moths and butterflies}}
{{confusing|date=February 2023}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Kamehamehabutterfly2.jpg
| image_caption = [[Kamehameha (butterfly)|Kamehameha]]
| display_parents = 4
| taxon = Ditrysia
| authority = Borner, 1925
| subdivision_ranks = Principal clades and [[Taxonomic rank|superfamilies]]{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
| subdivision =
*[[Simaethistoidea]]
*[[Tineoidea]]
*[[Gracillarioidea]]
*[[Yponomeutoidea]]
*[[Gelechioidea]]
*'''Apoditrysia'''
**[[Galacticoidea]]
**[[Zygaenoidea]]
**[[Cossoidea]]
**[[Sesioidea]]
**[[Choreutoidea]]
**[[Tortricoidea]]
**[[Urodoidea]]
**[[Schreckensteinioidea]]
**[[Epermenioidea]]
**[[Alucitoidea]]
**[[Pterophoroidea]]
**'''[[Obtectomera]]'''
***[[Whalleyanoidea]]
***[[Immoidea]]
***[[Copromorphoidea]]
***[[Hyblaeoidea]]
***[[Pyraloidea]]
***[[Thyridoidea]]
***'''[[Macrolepidoptera]]'''
****[[Mimallonoidea]]
****[[Lasiocampoidea]]
****[[Bombycoidea]]
****[[Noctuoidea]]
****[[Drepanoidea]]
****[[Geometroidea]]
****[[Calliduloidea]]
****'''[[Butterfly|Rhopalocera]]''' (butterfly)
*****[[Hedyloidea]]
*****[[Papilionoidea]]
}}

The '''Ditrysia''' are a natural group or [[Cladistics|clade]] of [[insect]]s in the [[lepidoptera]]n [[Scientific classification|order]] containing both [[butterfly|butterflies]] and [[moth]]s. They are so named because the female has two distinct sexual openings: one for [[mating]], and the other for laying [[egg (biology)|eggs]] (in contrast to the [[Monotrysia]]).

About 98% of [[Binomial nomenclature|described]] species of Lepidoptera belong to Ditrysia. As larvae, they initially feed on plants until they grow to become adults and feed on nectar. They function as herbivores, pollinators, and prey in terrestrial ecosystems, while also being extremely damaging to the development of agriculture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Regier|first1=Jerome C.|last2=Zwick|first2=Andreas|last3=Cummings|first3=Michael P.|last4=Kawahara|first4=Akito Y.|last5=Cho|first5=Soowon|last6=Weller|first6=Susan|last7=Roe|first7=Amanda|last8=Baixeras|first8=Joaquin|last9=Brown|first9=John W.|last10=Parr|first10=Cynthia|last11=Davis|first11=Donald R.|date=2009-12-02|title=Toward reconstructing the evolution of advanced moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an initial molecular study|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-280|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=280|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-280|pmid=19954545|issn=1471-2148|pmc=2796670}}</ref> The Lepidoptera group can be divided into the primitive but [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] "micromoths" and the derived [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] '''Apoditrysia''', which include mostly larger moths, as well as the butterflies.
Those with a dorsal heart vessel belong in section [[Cossina]].<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Capinera J | date = 2008 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&q=Ditrysia | title = Encyclopedia of Entomology | edition = 2nd | publisher = Springer Verlag | location = New York | page = 657 | isbn = 9781402062421 }}</ref> Others, having a ventral heart vessel, belong in section Tineina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tineina - Wiktionary|url=https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tineina|access-date=2021-02-17|website=en.m.wiktionary.org}}</ref> While it is difficult to pinpoint the origin of affinities between clades, Tineoidea are found to be useful in understanding the vast diversity in Ditrysia. Obstecomera and Macrolepidoptera are other examples of Ditrysia's subclades.{{explain|date=February 2023}} Apoditrysia, Obtectomera, and Macrolepidoptera will be considered monophyletic if one or more organisms are either included or excluded from the clade.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mutanen M, Wahlberg N, Kaila L | title = Comprehensive gene and taxon coverage elucidates radiation patterns in moths and butterflies | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 277 | issue = 1695 | pages = 2839–48 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20444718 | pmc = 2981981 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.0392 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lepidoptera#Phylogeny|Lepidoptera]]
* [[Taxonomy of Lepidoptera]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Kristensen NP, Skalski AW | date = 1999 | chapter = Phylogeny and paleontology | pages = 7–25 | title = Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. | series = Handbook of Zoology | volume = IV | issue = 35 | veditors = Kristensen NP | publisher = De Gruyter | location = Berlin and New York }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Regier JC, Mitter C, Davis DR, Harrison TL, Sohn JC, Cummings MP, Zwick A, Mitter KT | title = A molecular phylogeny and revised classification for the oldest ditrysian moth lineages (L epidoptera: T ineoidea), with implications for ancestral feeding habits of the mega‐diverse D itrysia. | journal = Systematic Entomology | date = April 2015 | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 409–32 | doi = 10.1111/syen.12110 | s2cid = 85287782 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Ditrysia&contgroup=Neolepidoptera Tree of Life project page: Ditrysia]
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Lepidopteran superfamilies}}
{{Lepidoptera}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q843246}}

[[Category:Ditrysia| ]]
[[Category:Protostome unranked clades]]

{{Ditrysia-stub}}

Kidney

2022-01-14T21:35:23Z

GTBacchus: Fixing sentence order: "Nephron" should be defined before taking about what kidneys do independently of it.

{{short description|Vertebrate organ that filters blood and produces urine}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Kidneys
| Latin = Ren
| Greek = Nephros
| Image = Blausen 0592 KidneyAnatomy 01.png
| Caption = The kidneys lie in the [[retroperitoneal space]] behind the abdomen, and act to filter blood to create [[urine]].
| Image2 = Gray1123.png
| Caption2 = View of the kidneys from behind, showing their blood supply and drainage.
| Precursor =
| System = [[Urinary system]] and [[endocrine system]]
| Artery = [[Renal artery]]
| Vein = [[Renal vein]]
| Nerve = [[Renal plexus]]
| Lymph =
}}

The '''kidneys''' are two reddish-brown bean-shaped [[organ (anatomy)|organs]] found in [[vertebrate]]s. They are located on the left and right in the [[retroperitoneal space]], and in adult humans are about {{convert|12|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=off}} in length.<ref name="lote">{{cite book |last=Lote |first=Christopher J. |title= Principles of Renal Physiology, 5th edition|page=21|year=2012|publisher=Springer}}</ref><ref name="junqueiras">{{cite book |last=Mescher |first=Anthony L. |year=2016 |title=Junqueira's Basic Histology, 14th edition |publisher=Lange |page=393}}</ref> They receive blood from the paired [[renal artery|renal arteries]]; blood exits into the paired [[renal vein]]s. Each kidney is attached to a [[ureter]], a tube that carries excreted [[urine]] to the [[urinary bladder|bladder]].

The kidney participates in the control of the volume of various [[body fluid]]s, fluid [[osmolality]], [[acid–base balance]], various [[electrolyte]] concentrations, and removal of [[toxins]]. Filtration occurs in the [[glomerulus (kidney)|glomerulus]]: one-fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered. Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute-free [[water]], [[sodium]], [[bicarbonate]], [[glucose]], and [[amino acid]]s. Examples of substances secreted are [[hydrogen]], [[ammonium]], [[potassium]] and [[uric acid]]. The [[nephron]] is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each adult human kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, while a mouse kidney contains only about 12,500 nephrons. The kidneys also carry out functions independent of the nephrons. For example, they convert a precursor of [[vitamin D]] to its active form, [[calcitriol]]; and synthesize the [[hormone]]s [[erythropoietin]] and [[renin]].

[[Chronic kidney disease]] (CKD) has been recognized as a leading public health problem worldwide. The global estimated prevalence of CKD is 13.4%, and patients with [[kidney failure]] needing [[renal replacement therapy]] are estimated between 5 and 7 million.<ref name="Ji Cheng">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence and Disease Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease|journal=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology|volume=1165 |year=2019 |pmid=31399958 |isbn=978-981-13-8871-2 |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_1 |vauthors=Lv JC, Zhang LX|pages=3–15|s2cid=199519437}}</ref> Procedures used in the management of kidney disease include chemical and microscopic examination of the urine ([[urinalysis]]), measurement of [[kidney function]] by calculating the estimated [[glomerular filtration rate]] (eGFR) using the [[serum creatinine]]; and [[kidney biopsy]] and [[CT scan]] to evaluate for abnormal anatomy. [[Dialysis]] and [[kidney transplantation]] are used to treat [[kidney failure]]; one (or both sequentially) of these are almost always used when renal function drops below 15%. [[Nephrectomy]] is frequently used to cure [[renal cell carcinoma]].

[[Renal physiology]] is the study of [[kidney function]]. [[Nephrology]] is the medical specialty which addresses diseases of kidney ''function'': these include CKD, [[nephritic syndrome|nephritic]] and [[nephrotic syndrome]]s, [[acute kidney injury]], and [[pyelonephritis]]. [[Urology]] addresses diseases of kidney (and urinary tract) ''anatomy'': these include [[kidney cancer|cancer]], [[renal cyst]]s, [[kidney stones]] and [[ureteral stones]], and [[urinary tract obstruction]].<ref name="robbins">{{cite book |author1=Cotran, RS S. |author2=Kumar, Vinay |author3=Fausto, Nelson |author4=Robbins, Stanley L. |author5=Abbas, Abul K. |title=Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=St. Louis, MO |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7216-0187-8 }}</ref> The word “[[renal]]” is an adjective meaning “relating to the kidneys”, and its roots are French or late Latin. Whereas according to some opinions, "renal" should be replaced with "kidney" in scientific writings such as "kidney artery", other experts have advocated preserving the use of [[renal]] as appropriate including in "renal artery".<ref>{{cite journal | title=Nomenclature in nephrology: preserving 'renal' and 'nephro' in the glossary of kidney health and disease. |journal=J. Nephrol. |volume=34|date=Mar 13, 2021 |pmid=33713333 |doi=10.1007/s40620-021-01011-3 |last1=Kalantar-Zadeh |first1=Kamyar |last2=McCullough |first2=Peter A. |last3=Agarwal |first3=Sanjay Kumar |last4=Beddhu |first4=Srinivasan |last5=Boaz |first5=Mona |last6=Bruchfeld |first6=Annette |last7=Chauveau |first7=Philippe |last8=Chen |first8=Jing |last9=De Sequera |first9=Patricia |last10=Gedney |first10=Nieltje |last11=Golper |first11=Thomas A. |last12=Gupta |first12=Malini |last13=Harris |first13=Tess |last14=Hartwell |first14=Lori |last15=Liakopoulos |first15=Vassilios |last16=Kopple |first16=Joel D. |last17=Kovesdy |first17=Csaba P. |last18=MacDougall |first18=Iain C. |last19=Mann |first19=Johannes F. E. |last20=Molony |first20=Donald |last21=Norris |first21=Keith C. |last22=Perlmutter |first22=Jeffrey |last23=Rhee |first23=Connie M. |last24=Riella |first24=Leonardo V. |last25=Weisbord |first25=Steven D. |last26=Zoccali |first26=Carmine |last27=Goldsmith |first27=David |issue=3 |pages=639–648 |pmc=8192439 }}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Structure==
[[File:Surface projections of the organs of the trunk.png|thumb|300px|Images showing the human [[trunk (anatomy)|trunk]], with positions of the organs show, and kidneys seen at the [[vertebral level]] of T12 to L3. ]]
In humans, the kidneys are located high in the [[abdominal cavity]], one on each side of the [[vertebral column|spine]], and lie in a [[retroperitoneal]] position at a slightly oblique angle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human-biology/kidney.htm |title=HowStuffWorks How Your Kidney Works|date=2001-01-10}}</ref> The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity, caused by the position of the [[liver]], typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left, and being placed slightly more to the middle than the left kidney.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexedvisuals.com/scripts/ivstock/pic.asp?id=118-100 |title=Kidneys Location Stock Illustration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927221414/http://www.indexedvisuals.com/scripts/ivstock/pic.asp?id=118-100 |archive-date=2013-09-27 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.bioportfolio.com/indepth/Kidney.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210070807/http://www.bioportfolio.com/indepth/Kidney.html|date=February 10, 2008}}</ref><ref name="pmid20030823">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glodny B, Unterholzner V, Taferner B, etal |title=Normal kidney size and its influencing factors – a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients |journal=BMC Urology |volume=9 |issue= 1|page=19 |year=2009 |pmid=20030823 |pmc=2813848 |doi=10.1186/1471-2490-9-19 }}</ref> The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level [[thoracic vertebrae|T12]] to [[lumbar vertebrae|L3]],<ref>Bålens ytanatomy (Superficial anatomy of the trunk). Anca Dragomir, Mats Hjortberg and Godfried M. Romans. Section for human anatomy at the Department of Medical Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden.</ref> and the right is slightly lower. The right kidney sits just below the [[thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]] and posterior to the [[liver]]. The left kidney sits below the diaphragm and posterior to the [[spleen]]. On top of each kidney is an [[adrenal gland]]. The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the 11th and 12th [[rib]]s. Each kidney, with its adrenal gland is surrounded by two layers of fat: the [[adipose capsule of kidney|perirenal fat]] present between renal fascia and renal capsule and [[pararenal fat]] superior to the [[renal fascia]].

The kidney is a bean-shaped structure with a [[wikt:convex|convex]] and a [[wikt:concave|concave]] border. A recessed area on the concave border is the [[renal hilum]], where the [[renal artery]] enters the kidney and the [[renal vein]] and [[ureter]] leave. The kidney is surrounded by tough fibrous tissue, the [[renal capsule]], which is itself surrounded by [[adipose capsule of kidney|perirenal fat]], [[renal fascia]], and [[pararenal fat]]. The anterior (front) surface of these tissues is the [[peritoneum]], while the posterior (rear) surface is the [[transversalis fascia]].

The superior pole of the right kidney is adjacent to the liver. For the left kidney, it is next to the [[spleen]]. Both, therefore, move down upon inhalation.

{|class="wikitable"
|rowspan=2| '''Sex''' ||colspan=2 align="center"| '''Weight''', standard [[reference range]]
|-
|align="center"| '''Right kidney''' ||align="center"| '''Left kidney'''
|-
| Male<ref name="MolinaDiMaio2012">{{cite journal|last1=Molina|first1=D. Kimberley|last2=DiMaio|first2=Vincent J.M.|title=Normal Organ Weights in Men|journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology|volume=33|issue=4|year=2012|pages=368–372|issn=0195-7910|doi=10.1097/PAF.0b013e31823d29ad|pmid=22182984|s2cid=32174574}}</ref> || {{convert|80-160|g|oz|frac=4|abbr=on}} || {{convert|80-175|g|oz|frac=4|abbr=on}}
|-
| Female<ref name="MolinaDiMaio2015">{{cite journal|last1=Molina|first1=D. Kimberley|last2=DiMaio|first2=Vincent J. M.|title=Normal Organ Weights in Women|journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology|volume=36|issue=3|year=2015|pages=182–187|issn=0195-7910|doi=10.1097/PAF.0000000000000175|pmid=26108038|s2cid=25319215}}</ref> || {{convert|40-175|g|oz|frac=4|abbr=on}} || {{convert|35-190|g|oz|frac=4|abbr=on}}
|}
A Danish study measured the median renal length to be {{convert|11.2|cm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} on the left side and {{convert|10.9|cm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} on the right side in adults. Median renal volumes were {{cvt|146|cm3|cuin|frac=16}} on the left and {{cvt|134|cm3|cuin|frac=16}} on the right.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol|year=1993|volume=160|issue=1|pages=83–6|title=Kidney dimensions at sonography: correlation with age, sex, and habitus in 665 adult volunteers.|vauthors=Emamian SA, Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF, Ytte L |doi=10.2214/ajr.160.1.8416654|pmid=8416654|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Gross anatomy===
[[File:KidneyStructures PioM.svg|thumb|300px|right|
<center>
1. [[Renal pyramid]] •
2. [[Interlobular artery]] •
3. [[Renal artery]] •
4. [[Renal vein]]
5. [[Renal hilum]] •
6. [[Renal pelvis]] •
7. [[Ureter]] •
8. [[Minor calyx]] •
9. [[Renal capsule]] •
10. [[Inferior renal capsule]] •
11. [[Superior renal capsule]] •
12. [[Interlobular vein]] •
13. [[Nephron]] •
14. [[Renal sinus]] •
15. [[Major calyx]] •
16. [[Renal papilla]] •
17. [[Renal column]]
</center>]]
The functional substance, or [[Parenchyma#Renal parenchyma|parenchyma]], of the kidney is divided into two major structures: the outer [[renal cortex]] and the inner [[renal medulla]]. Grossly, these structures take the shape of eight to 18 cone-shaped [[renal lobe]]s, each containing renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a [[renal pyramid]].<ref name="boron">{{cite book |author=Walter F. Boron |title=Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4160-2328-9 }}</ref> Between the renal pyramids are projections of cortex called [[renal column]]s. [[Nephron]]s, the urine-producing functional structures of the kidney, span the cortex and medulla. The initial filtering portion of a nephron is the [[renal corpuscle]], which is located in the cortex. This is followed by a [[renal tubule]] that passes from the cortex deep into the medullary pyramids. Part of the renal cortex, a [[medullary ray (anatomy)|medullary ray]] is a collection of renal tubules that drain into a single [[collecting duct]].

The tip, or [[renal papilla|papilla]], of each pyramid empties urine into a [[minor calyx]]; minor calyces empty into [[major calyces]], and major calyces empty into the [[renal pelvis]]. This becomes the ureter. At the hilum, the ureter and renal vein exit the kidney and the renal artery enters. Hilar fat and lymphatic tissue with lymph nodes surround these structures. The hilar fat is contiguous with a fat-filled cavity called the [[renal sinus]]. The renal sinus collectively contains the renal pelvis and calyces and separates these structures from the renal medullary tissue.<ref>Clapp, WL. "Renal Anatomy". In: Zhou XJ, Laszik Z, Nadasdy T, D'Agati VD, Silva FG, eds. ''Silva's Diagnostic Renal Pathology''. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2009.</ref>

The kidneys possess no overtly moving structures.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:CTscankidney.jpg|A [[CT scan]] of the abdomen showing the position of the kidneys. The left cross-section in the upper abdomen shows the [[liver]] on the left side of scan (right side of body). Center: cross-section showing the kidneys below the liver and spleen. Right: further cross-section through the left kidney.
File:Slide42222.JPG|Image showing the structures that the kidney lies near.
File:Left kidney.jpg|Cross-section through a [[cadaver]]ic specimen showing the position of the kidneys.
</gallery>

=== Blood supply ===
{{main|Renal circulation}}
The kidneys receive blood from the [[renal artery|renal arteries]], left and right, which branch directly from the [[abdominal aorta]]. Despite their relatively small size, the kidneys receive approximately 20% of the [[cardiac output]].<ref name="boron"/> Each renal artery branches into segmental arteries, dividing further into [[interlobar arteries]], which penetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns between the renal pyramids. The interlobar arteries then supply blood to the [[arcuate arteries]] that run through the boundary of the cortex and the medulla. Each arcuate artery supplies several [[interlobular]] arteries that feed into the [[afferent arteriole]]s that supply the glomeruli.

Blood drains from the kidneys, ultimately into the [[inferior vena cava]]. After filtration occurs, the blood moves through a small network of small veins ([[venules]]) that converge into [[interlobular veins]]. As with the arteriole distribution, the veins follow the same pattern: the interlobular provide blood to the [[arcuate veins]] then back to the [[interlobar veins]], which come to form the [[renal vein]]s which exiting the kidney .

===Nerve supply===
The kidney and [[nervous system]] communicate via the [[renal plexus]], whose fibers course along the renal arteries to reach each kidney.<ref name="Bard">{{cite book |author1=Bard, Johnathan |author2=Vize, Peter D. |author3=Woolf, Adrian S. |title=The kidney: from normal development to congenital disease |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=2003 |page=154 |isbn=978-0-12-722441-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctOm-cPwo60C&pg=PA154 }}</ref> Input from the [[sympathetic nervous system]] triggers [[vasoconstriction]] in the kidney, thereby reducing [[renal blood flow]].<ref name="Bard"/> The kidney also receives input from the [[parasympathetic nervous system]], by way of the renal branches of the [[vagus nerve]]; the function of this is yet unclear.<ref name="Bard"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schrier|first1=Robert W.|title=Mechanism of the Antidiuretic Effect Associated with Interruption of Parasympathetic Pathways|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|year=1972|pmc=332960|pmid=5056657|doi=10.1172/JCI107079|volume=51|issue=10|pages=2613–20|last2=Berl|first2=Tomas|last3=Harbottle|first3=Judith A.}}</ref> Sensory input from the kidney travels to the T10-11 levels of the [[spinal cord]] and is sensed in the corresponding [[dermatome (anatomy)|dermatome]].<ref name="Bard"/> Thus, pain in the flank region may be referred from corresponding kidney.<ref name="Bard"/>

===Microanatomy===
Renal [[histology]] is the study of the [[microscopic]] structure of the kidney. Distinct [[cell type]]s include:
*Kidney glomerulus parietal cell
*[[Kidney glomerulus podocyte]]
*[[Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell]]
*[[Loop of Henle thin segment cell]]
*[[Thick ascending limb]] cell
*[[Kidney distal tubule cell]]
*[[Collecting duct system#Principal cell|Collecting duct principal cell]]
*[[Collecting duct system#Intercalated cell|Collecting duct intercalated cell]]
*Interstitial kidney cells

=== Gene and protein expression ===
{{Further |Bioinformatics#Gene and protein expression}}
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and almost 70% of these genes are expressed in normal, adult kidneys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/kidney|title=The human proteome in kidney – The Human Protein Atlas|website=www.proteinatlas.org|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Uhlén|first1=Mathias|last2=Fagerberg|first2=Linn|last3=Hallström|first3=Björn M.|last4=Lindskog|first4=Cecilia|last5=Oksvold|first5=Per|last6=Mardinoglu|first6=Adil|last7=Sivertsson|first7=Åsa|last8=Kampf|first8=Caroline|last9=Sjöstedt|first9=Evelina|date=2015-01-23|title=Tissue-based map of the human proteome|journal=Science|language=en|volume=347|issue=6220|pages=1260419|doi=10.1126/science.1260419|issn=0036-8075|pmid=25613900|s2cid=802377}}</ref> Just over 300 genes are more specifically expressed in the kidney, with only some 50 genes being highly specific for the kidney. Many of the corresponding kidney specific proteins are expressed in the cell membrane and function as transporter proteins. The highest expressed kidney specific protein is [[Tamm–Horsfall protein|uromodulin]], the most abundant protein in urine with functions that prevent calcification and growth of bacteria. Specific proteins are expressed in the different compartments of the kidney with [[podocin]] and [[nephrin]] expressed in glomeruli, Solute carrier family protein [[SLC22A8]] expressed in proximal tubules, [[calbindin]] expressed in distal tubules and [[aquaporin 2]] expressed in the collecting duct cells.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Habuka|first1=Masato|last2=Fagerberg|first2=Linn|last3=Hallström|first3=Björn M.|last4=Kampf|first4=Caroline|last5=Edlund|first5=Karolina|last6=Sivertsson|first6=Åsa|last7=Yamamoto|first7=Tadashi|last8=Pontén|first8=Fredrik|last9=Uhlén|first9=Mathias|date=2014-12-31|title=The Kidney Transcriptome and Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=12|pages=e116125|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116125|pmid=25551756|pmc=4281243|issn=1932-6203|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k6125H|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Development===
{{Main|Kidney development}}

The mammalian kidney develops from [[intermediate mesoderm]]. [[Kidney development]], also called ''nephrogenesis'', proceeds through a series of three successive developmental phases: the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros are primordia of the permanent kidney.<ref>{{cite book | author = Bruce M. Carlson | title = Human Embryology and Developmental Biology | publisher = Mosby | location = Saint Louis | edition = 3rd | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-323-03649-8}}</ref>

==Function==
[[File:Kidney Nephron.png|thumb|The [[nephron]], shown here, is the functional unit of the kidneys. Its parts are labelled except the (gray) ''connecting tubule'' located after the (dark red) distal convoluted tubule and before the large (gray) collecting duct (mislabeled ''collection'' duct).]]
{{main|Renal physiology}}

The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by [[metabolism]] into the urine. The microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the [[nephron]]. It processes the blood supplied to it via filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion; the consequence of those processes is the production of [[urine]]. These include the nitrogenous wastes [[urea]], from protein [[catabolism]], and [[uric acid]], from [[nucleic acid]] metabolism. The ability of mammals and some birds to concentrate wastes into a volume of urine much smaller than the volume of blood from which the wastes were extracted is dependent on an elaborate [[countercurrent multiplication]] mechanism. This requires several independent nephron characteristics to operate: a tight hairpin configuration of the tubules, water and ion permeability in the descending limb of the loop, water impermeability in the ascending loop, and active ion transport out of most of the ascending limb. In addition, passive [[countercurrent exchange]] by the vessels carrying the blood supply to the nephron is essential for enabling this function.

The kidney participates in whole-body [[homeostasis]], regulating [[acid-base balance|acid–base balance]], [[electrolyte]] concentrations, [[extracellular fluid volume]], and [[blood pressure]]. The kidney accomplishes these homeostatic functions both independently and in concert with other organs, particularly those of the [[endocrine system]]. Various endocrine hormones coordinate these endocrine functions; these include [[renin]], [[angiotensin II]], [[aldosterone]], [[antidiuretic hormone]], and [[atrial natriuretic peptide]], among others.

===Formation of urine===
[[File:Physiology of Nephron.png|thumb|260px|Four main processes are involved in the creation of [[urine]].]]

====Filtration====
Filtration, which takes place at the [[renal corpuscle]], is the process by which cells and large proteins are retained while materials of smaller molecular weights are<ref>Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition</ref> filtered from the blood to make an [[Ultrafiltration (kidney)|ultrafiltrate]] that eventually becomes urine. The kidney generates 180 liters of filtrate a day. The process is also known as hydrostatic filtration due to the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the capillary walls.

====Reabsorption====
[[File:2618 Nephron Secretion Reabsorption.jpg|thumb|Secretion and reabsorption of various substances throughout the nephron]]
Reabsorption is the transport of molecules from this ultrafiltrate and into the peritubular capillary. It is accomplished via selective [[Cell surface receptor|receptor]]s on the luminal cell membrane. Water is 55% reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Glucose at normal plasma levels is completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. The mechanism for this is the Na+/glucose cotransporter. A plasma level of 350 mg/dL will fully saturate the transporters and glucose will be lost in the urine. A plasma glucose level of approximately 160 is sufficient to allow glucosuria, which is an important clinical clue to diabetes mellitus.

Amino acids are reabsorbed by sodium dependent transporters in the proximal tubule. [[Hartnup disease]] is a deficiency of the tryptophan amino acid transporter, which results in [[pellagra]].<ref name="Tao p 1">Le, Tao. ''First Aid for the USMLE Step 1'' 2013. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2013. Print.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location of Reabsorption !! Reabsorbed nutrient !! Notes
|-
| Early proximal tubule || Glucose (100%), amino acids (100%), bicarbonate (90%), Na+ (65%), Cl− (65%), phosphate (65%) and H2O (65%) ||
* [[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]] will inhibit phosphate reabsorption.
* [[Angiotensin II|AT II]] stimulates Na+, H2O and HCO3− reabsorption.
|-
| Thin descending loop of Henle || H2O ||
* Reabsorbs via medullary hypertonicity and makes urine hypertonic.
|-
| Thick ascending loop of Henle || Na+ (10–20%), K+, Cl−; indirectly induces para cellular reabsorption of Mg2+, Ca2+ ||
* This region is impermeable to H2O and the urine becomes less concentrated as it ascends.
|-
| Early distal convoluted tubule || Na+, Cl− ||
* PTH causes Ca2+ reabsorption.
|-
| Collecting tubules || Na+(3–5%), H2O ||
* Na+ is reabsorbed in exchange for K+, and H+, which is regulated by aldosterone.
* ADH acts on the V2 receptor and inserts [[aquaporins]] on the luminal side
|-
! colspan="3" |Examples of substances that are reabsorbed in the kidneys, and the hormones that influence those processes.<ref name="Tao p 1"/>
|}

====Secretion====
Secretion is the reverse of reabsorption: molecules are transported from the peritubular capillary through the interstitial fluid, then through the renal tubular cell and into the ultrafiltrate.

==== Excretion ====
The last step in the processing of the ultrafiltrate is ''excretion'': the ultrafiltrate passes out of the nephron and travels through a tube called the ''collecting duct'', which is part of the [[collecting duct system]], and then to the ureters where it is renamed ''urine''. In addition to transporting the ultrafiltrate, the collecting duct also takes part in reabsorption.

===Hormone secretion===
The kidneys secrete a variety of [[hormones]], including [[erythropoietin]], [[calcitriol]], and [[renin]]. [[Erythropoietin]] is released in response to [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] (low levels of oxygen at tissue level) in the renal circulation. It stimulates [[erythropoiesis]] (production of red blood cells) in the [[bone marrow]]. [[Calcitriol]], the activated form of [[vitamin D]], promotes intestinal absorption of [[calcium]] and the renal [[reabsorption]] of [[phosphate]]. Renin is an [[enzyme]] which regulates [[angiotensin]] and [[aldosterone]] levels.

===Blood pressure regulation===
{{main|Blood pressure regulation|Renin–angiotensin system}}

Although the kidney cannot directly sense blood, long-term regulation of [[blood pressure]] predominantly depends upon the kidney. This primarily occurs through maintenance of the [[extracellular fluid]] compartment, the size of which depends on the plasma [[sodium]] concentration. Renin is the first in a series of important chemical messengers that make up the [[renin–angiotensin system]]. Changes in renin ultimately alter the output of this system, principally the hormones [[angiotensin II]] and [[aldosterone]]. Each hormone acts via multiple mechanisms, but both increase the kidney's absorption of [[sodium chloride]], thereby expanding the extracellular fluid compartment and raising blood pressure. When renin levels are elevated, the concentrations of angiotensin II and aldosterone increase, leading to increased sodium chloride reabsorption, expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment, and an increase in blood pressure. Conversely, when renin levels are low, angiotensin II and aldosterone levels decrease, contracting the extracellular fluid compartment, and decreasing blood pressure.

===Acid–base balance===
{{main|Acid–base homeostasis}}

Two organ systems, the kidneys and lungs, maintain acid–base homeostasis, which is the maintenance of [[pH]] around a relatively stable value. The lungs contribute to acid–base homeostasis by regulating [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) concentration. The kidneys have two very important roles in maintaining the acid–base balance: to reabsorb and regenerate bicarbonate from urine, and to excrete [[hydrogen]] ions and fixed acids (anions of acids) into urine.

=== Regulation of osmolality ===
The kidneys help maintain the water and salt level of the body. Any significant rise in [[plasma osmolality]] is detected by the [[hypothalamus]], which communicates directly with the [[posterior pituitary gland]]. An increase in osmolality causes the gland to secrete [[antidiuretic hormone]] (ADH), resulting in water reabsorption by the kidney and an increase in urine concentration. The two factors work together to return the plasma osmolality to its normal levels.

===Measuring function===
{{main|Kidney function}}
Various calculations and methods are used to try to measure kidney function. [[Renal clearance]] is the volume of plasma from which the substance is completely cleared from the blood per unit time. The [[filtration fraction]] is the amount of plasma that is actually filtered through the kidney. This can be defined using the equation. The kidney is a very complex organ and [[mathematical model]]ling has been used to better understand kidney function at several scales, including fluid uptake and secretion.<ref>{{cite journal |author=A.M. Weinstein |title=Mathematical models of tubular transport |journal=Annual Review of Physiology |volume=56 |pages=691–709 |year=1994 |doi=10.1146/annurev.physiol.56.1.691|pmid=8010757 }}</ref><ref name=SRT>{{cite journal |author=S.R. Thomas |title=Modelling and simulation of the kidney |journal=Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry |volume=5 |issue=2/3 |pages=70–83 |year=2005 |doi=10.4024/230503.jbpc.05.02}}</ref>

==Clinical significance==
{{Main|Kidney disease}}
[[Nephrology]] is the subspeciality under [[Internal Medicine]] that deals with kidney function and disease states related to renal malfunction and their management including [[dialysis]] and kidney [[Organ transplantation|transplantation]]. [[Urology]] is the specialty under [[Surgery]] that deals with kidney structure abnormalities such as kidney [[cancer]] and [[cysts]] and problems with [[urinary tract]]. [[Nephrologists]] are [[internists]], and [[urologists]] are [[surgeons]], whereas both are often called "kidney doctors". There are overlapping areas that both [[nephrologists]] and [[urologists]] can provide care such as [[kidney stones]] and kidney related [[infections]].

There are many causes of [[kidney disease]]. Some causes are acquired over the course of life, such as [[diabetic nephropathy]] whereas others are [[congenital]], such as [[polycystic kidney disease]].

Medical terms related to the kidneys commonly use terms such as ''renal'' and the prefix ''nephro-''. The [[adjective]] ''renal'', meaning related to the kidney, is from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''rēnēs'', meaning kidneys; the prefix ''nephro-'' is from the [[Ancient Greek]] word for kidney, ''nephros (νεφρός)''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Maton | first = Anthea | author2 = Jean Hopkins | author3 = Charles William McLaughlin | author4 = Susan Johnson | author5 = Maryanna Quon Warner | author6 = David LaHart | author7 = Jill D. Wright | title = Human Biology and Health | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 1993 | location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA | url = https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho | isbn = 978-0-13-981176-0 | url-access = registration }}</ref> For example, surgical removal of the kidney is a ''[[nephrectomy]]'', while a reduction in kidney function is called ''renal dysfunction''.

===Acquired===

*[[Diabetic nephropathy]]
*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Hydronephrosis]] is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction of the flow of urine.
*[[Interstitial nephritis]]
*[[Kidney stone]]s (nephrolithiasis) are a relatively common and particularly painful disorder. A chronic condition can result in scars to the kidneys. The removal of kidney stones involves [[ultrasound]] treatment to break up the stones into smaller pieces, which are then passed through the urinary tract. One common symptom of kidney stones is a sharp to disabling pain in the middle and sides of the lower back or groin.
*[[Kidney tumour]]
**[[Wilms tumor]]
**[[Renal cell carcinoma]]
*[[Lupus nephritis]]
*[[Minimal change disease]]
*In [[nephrotic syndrome]], the [[glomerulus (kidney)|glomerulus]] has been damaged so that a large amount of [[protein]] in the blood enters the [[urine]]. Other frequent features of the nephrotic syndrome include swelling, low serum albumin, and high cholesterol.
*[[Pyelonephritis]] is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a [[urinary tract infection]].
*[[Kidney failure]]
** [[Acute kidney failure]]
** [[Chronic kidney disease|Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease]]
* [[Renal artery stenosis]]
* [[Renovascular hypertension]]

===Kidney injury and failure===
{{main|Acute kidney injury|Chronic kidney disease|Kidney failure}}

Generally, humans can live normally with just one kidney, as one has more functioning renal tissue than is needed to survive. Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop [[chronic kidney disease]]. [[Renal replacement therapy]], in the form of [[dialysis]] or [[kidney transplantation]], is indicated when the [[glomerular filtration rate]] has fallen very low or if the renal dysfunction leads to severe symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, Neuen BL, Perkovic V |title=Chronic Kidney Disease |journal=Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10302 |pages=786–802 |date=Aug 28, 2021 |pmid=34175022|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00519-5|s2cid=235631509}}</ref>

===Dialysis===
[[File:Peritoneal dialysis.jpg|thumb|258x258px|A depiction of [[peritoneal dialysis]].]]
{{main|Dialysis}}
Dialysis is a treatment that substitutes for the function of normal kidneys. Dialysis may be instituted when approximately 85%-90% of kidney function is lost, as indicated by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15. Dialysis removes metabolic waste products as well as excess water and sodium (thereby contributing to regulating blood pressure); and maintains many chemical levels within the body. Life expectancy is 5–10 years for those on dialysis; some live up to 30 years. Dialysis can occur via the blood (through a [[central venous catheter|catheter]] or [[arteriovenous fistula]]), or through the [[peritoneum]] ([[peritoneal dialysis]]) Dialysis is typically administered three times a week for several hours at free-standing dialysis centers, allowing recipients to lead an otherwise essentially normal life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dialysis|url=https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/dialysisinfo|website=National Kidney Foundation|access-date=8 November 2017|date=2015-12-24}}</ref>

===Congenital disease===
*Congenital [[hydronephrosis]]
*Congenital obstruction of urinary tract
*Duplex kidneys, or double kidneys, occur in approximately 1% of the population. This occurrence normally causes no complications, but can occasionally cause urinary tract infections.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/feb/19/health |title=How many people have four kidneys? |work= The Guardian|location=London |first=Ian |last=Sample |date=2008-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/girls-kidneys-fail-doctors-find-double-valves-saving/story?id=10668525 |title=Kidneys Fail, Girl Survives with Spare Parts|publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=2010-05-18 |access-date=2011-01-03}}</ref>
*[[Duplicated ureter]] occurs in approximately one in 100 live births
*[[Horseshoe kidney]] occurs in approximately one in 400 live births
*[[Nephroblastoma]] (Syndromic Wilm's tumour)
* [[Nutcracker syndrome]]
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]]
**[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]] afflicts patients later in life. Approximately one in 1000 people will develop this condition
**[[Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease]] is far less common, but more severe, than the dominant condition. It is apparent ''in utero'' or at birth.
*[[Renal agenesis]]. Failure of one kidney to form occurs in approximately one in 750 live births. Failure of both kidneys to form used to be fatal; however, medical advances such as amnioinfusion therapy during pregnancy and peritoneal dialysis have made it possible to stay alive until a transplant can occur.
*[[Renal dysplasia]]
*Unilateral small kidney
*[[Multicystic dysplastic kidney]] occurs in approximately one in every 2400 live births
*Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction or UPJO; although most cases are congenital, some are acquired.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Operative Urology at the Cleveland Clinic|last=Stephen Jones|first=J.|author2=Inderbir S. Gill|author3=Raymond Rackley|journal=Urology Annals|publisher=Humana Press|others=Andrew C. Novick, Inderbir S. Gill, Eric A. Klein, Jonathan H. Ross (eds.)|year=2006|isbn=978-1-58829-081-6|volume=8|location=Totowa, NJ|pages=S102–S108|doi=10.1007/978-1-59745-016-4_16|pmc=4869439|issue=Suppl 2}}</ref>

=== Diagnosis ===
Many renal diseases are diagnosed on the basis of a detailed [[medical history]], and [[physical examination]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=GAITONDE |first1=David Y |title=Chronic Kidney Disease: Detection and Evaluation |journal=Am Fam Physician |date=15 December 2017 |volume=12 |issue=96 |pages=776–783 |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/1215/p776.html}}</ref> The medical history takes into account present and past symptoms, especially those of kidney disease; recent infections; exposure to substances toxic to the kidney; and family history of kidney disease.

[[Renal function|Kidney function]] is tested by using [[blood test]]s and [[Clinical urine tests|urine tests]]. The most common blood test are [[creatinine]], [[urea]] and [[electrolyte]]s. Urine tests such as [[Clinical urine tests|urinalysis]] can evaluate for pH, protein, glucose, and the presence of blood. Microscopic analysis can also identify the presence of [[urinary cast]]s and crystals.<ref name="uptodate.com"/> The [[glomerular filtration rate]] (GFR) can be directly measured ("measured GFR", or mGFR) but this rarely done in everyday practice. Instead, special equations are used to calculate GFR ("estimated GFR", or eGFR).<ref>{{cite journal |title=KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease |journal=Kidney Int Suppl |date=2013 |volume=3 |pages=1–150 |url=https://kdigo.org/guidelines/ckd-evaluation-and-management/}}</ref><ref name="uptodate.com">{{cite web|author=Post TW, Rose BD, auths and Curhan GC, Sheridan AM, eds. |title=Diagnostic Approach to the Patient With Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Kidney Failure) or Chronic Kidney Disease|website= www.uptodate.com|date= December 2012|url= http://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-the-patient-with-acute-kidney-injury-acute-renal-failure-or-chronic-kidney-disease?source=preview&anchor=H12&selectedTitle=1~150#H12}}</ref>

==== Imaging ====
[[Renal ultrasonography]] is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases.<ref name=Hansen2015>Content initially copied from: {{cite journal|last1=Hansen|first1=Kristoffer|last2=Nielsen|first2=Michael|last3=Ewertsen|first3=Caroline|title=Ultrasonography of the Kidney: A Pictorial Review|journal=Diagnostics|volume=6|issue=1|year=2015|pages=2|issn=2075-4418|doi=10.3390/diagnostics6010002|pmid=26838799|pmc=4808817|doi-access=free}} [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (CC-BY 4.0)]</ref> Other modalities, such as [[CT scan|CT]] and [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], should always be considered as supplementary imaging modalities in the assessment of renal disease.<ref name=Hansen2015/>

==== Biopsy ====
The role of the renal biopsy is to diagnose renal disease in which the etiology is not clear based upon noninvasive means (clinical history, past medical history, medication history, physical exam, laboratory studies, imaging studies). In general, a renal pathologist will perform a detailed morphological evaluation and integrate the morphologic findings with the clinical history and laboratory data, ultimately arriving at a pathological diagnosis. A renal [[pathologist]] is a physician who has undergone general training in anatomic pathology and additional specially training in the interpretation of renal biopsy specimens.

Ideally, multiple core sections are obtained and evaluated for adequacy (presence of glomeruli) intraoperatively. A pathologist/pathology assistant divides the specimen(s) for submission for light microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy.

The pathologist will examine the specimen using light microscopy with multiple staining techniques (hematoxylin and eosin/H&E, PAS, trichrome, silver stain) on multiple level sections. Multiple immunofluorescence stains are performed to evaluate for antibody, protein and complement deposition. Finally, ultra-structural examination is performed with electron microscopy and may reveal the presence of electron-dense deposits or other characteristic abnormalities that may suggest an etiology for the patient's renal disease.

==Other animals==

In the majority of vertebrates, the [[mesonephros]] persists into the adult, albeit usually fused with the more advanced [[metanephros]]; only in [[amniote]]s is the mesonephros restricted to the embryo. The kidneys of [[fish]] and [[amphibian]]s are typically narrow, elongated organs, occupying a significant portion of the trunk. The collecting ducts from each cluster of nephrons usually drain into an ''archinephric duct'', which is [[homology (biology)|homologous]] with the [[vas deferens]] of amniotes. However, the situation is not always so simple; in [[cartilaginous fish]] and some amphibians, there is also a shorter duct, similar to the amniote ureter, which drains the posterior (metanephric) parts of the kidney, and joins with the archinephric duct at the [[bladder]] or [[cloaca]]. Indeed, in many cartilaginous fish, the anterior portion of the kidney may degenerate or cease to function altogether in the adult.<ref name=VB/>

In the most primitive vertebrates, the [[hagfish]] and [[lamprey]]s, the kidney is unusually simple: it consists of a row of nephrons, each emptying directly into the archinephric duct. Invertebrates may possess excretory organs that are sometimes referred to as "kidneys", but, even in ''[[Amphioxus]]'', these are never homologous with the kidneys of vertebrates, and are more accurately referred to by other names, such as [[nephridia]].<ref name=VB/> In [[amphibian]]s, kidneys and the [[urinary bladder]] harbour specialized [[parasite]]s, [[monogenea]]ns of the family Polystomatidae.<ref name=Theunissen>{{cite journal | last1 = Theunissen | first1 = M. | last2 = Tiedt | first2 = L. | last3 = Du Preez | first3 = L. H. | year = 2014 | title = The morphology and attachment of ''Protopolystoma xenopodis'' (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) infecting the African clawed frog ''Xenopus laevis'' | journal = Parasite | volume = 21 | page = 20 | doi = 10.1051/parasite/2014020 | pmid=24823278 | pmc=4018937}}</ref>

The kidneys of [[reptile]]s consist of a number of lobules arranged in a broadly linear pattern. Each lobule contains a single branch of the ureter in its centre, into which the collecting ducts empty. Reptiles have relatively few nephrons compared with other amniotes of a similar size, possibly because of their lower [[metabolic rate]].<ref name=VB>{{cite book |author=Romer, Alfred Sherwood|author2=Parsons, Thomas S.|year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |publisher=Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|pages= 367–376|isbn= 978-0-03-910284-5}}</ref>

[[Bird]]s have relatively large, elongated kidneys, each of which is divided into three or more distinct lobes. The lobes consists of several small, irregularly arranged, lobules, each centred on a branch of the ureter. Birds have small glomeruli, but about twice as many nephrons as similarly sized mammals.<ref name=VB/>

The human kidney is fairly typical of that of [[mammal]]s. Distinctive features of the mammalian kidney, in comparison with that of other vertebrates, include the presence of the renal pelvis and renal pyramids and a clearly distinguishable cortex and medulla. The latter feature is due to the presence of elongated [[Loop of Henle|loops of Henle]]; these are much shorter in birds, and not truly present in other vertebrates (although the nephron often has a short ''intermediate segment'' between the convoluted tubules). It is only in mammals that the kidney takes on its classical "kidney" shape, although there are some exceptions, such as the multilobed [[reniculate kidney]]s of [[pinniped]]s and [[cetacea]]ns.<ref name=VB/>

===Evolutionary adaptation===
Kidneys of various animals show evidence of evolutionary [[adaptation]] and have long been studied in [[ecophysiology]] and [[comparative physiology]]. Kidney morphology, often indexed as the relative medullary thickness, is associated with habitat [[aridity]] among species of mammals<ref name='Al-kahtani2004'>{{cite journal|last1=Al-kahtani|first1=M. A.|last2=Zuleta|first2=C.|last3=Caviedes-Vidal|first3=E.|last4=Garland, Jr.|first4=T.|year=2004|title=Kidney mass and relative medullary thickness of rodents in relation to habitat, body size, and phylogeny| url=http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/Al-kahtaniEA2004.pdf|journal=Physiological and Biochemical Zoology|volume=77|issue=3|pages=346–365|doi=10.1086/420941|pmid=15286910|citeseerx=10.1.1.407.8690|s2cid=12420368}}</ref> and diet (e.g., carnivores have only long loops of Henle).<ref name=SRT/>

==Society and culture==

===Significance===

====Egyptian====
In [[ancient Egypt]], the kidneys, like the heart, were left inside the mummified bodies, unlike other organs which were removed. Comparing this to the biblical statements, and to drawings of human body with the heart and two kidneys portraying a set of scales for weighing justice, it seems that the Egyptian beliefs had also connected the kidneys with judgement and perhaps with moral decisions.<ref name="zzz">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salem ME, Eknoyan G |title=The kidney in ancient Egyptian medicine: where does it stand? |journal=American Journal of Nephrology |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=140–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10213808 |doi=10.1159/000013440|s2cid=35305403 }}</ref>

====Hebrew====
According to studies in modern and ancient Hebrew, various body organs in humans and animals served also an emotional or logical role, today mostly attributed to the [[brain]] and the [[endocrine system]]. The kidney is mentioned in several biblical verses in conjunction with the heart, much as the [[bowels]] were understood to be the "seat" of emotion – grief, joy and pain.<ref name="adath">{{Cite web|url=http://www.adath-shalom.ca/body_metaphors_bib_hebrew.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030322082801/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/body_metaphors_bib_hebrew.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 22, 2003|title=Body Part Metaphors in Biblical Hebrew by David Steinberg|date=March 22, 2003|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref> Similarly, the [[Talmud]] (''Berakhoth'' 61.a) states that one of the two kidneys counsels what is good, and the other evil.

In the sacrifices offered at the biblical [[Tabernacle]] and later on at the temple in [[Jerusalem]], the priests were instructed<ref>Leviticus 3: 4, 10 and 15</ref> to remove the kidneys and the adrenal gland covering the kidneys of the sheep, goat and cattle offerings, and to burn them on the altar, as the holy part of the "offering for God" never to be eaten.<ref>ie Deut 3:4,9,10,15... or the Babylonian Talmud, Bechorot (39a) Ch6:Tr2...</ref>

====India: Ayurvedic system====
In ancient India, according to the [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medical systems]], the kidneys were considered the beginning of the excursion channels system, the 'head' of the ''Mutra Srota''s, receiving from all other systems, and therefore important in determining a person's health balance and temperament by the balance and mixture of the three 'Dosha's – the three health elements: Vatha (or Vata) – air, Pitta – [[bile]], and Kapha – [[mucus]]. The temperament and health of a person can then be seen in the resulting color of the urine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ayurvedacollege.com/articles/drhalpern/Vata_Doshas|title=What is Vata Dosha? Tips and diet for balancing vata | CA College of Ayurveda|website=www.ayurvedacollege.com|date=7 April 2010|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref>

Modern Ayurveda practitioners, a practice which is characterized as pseudoscience,<ref>[[List of topics characterized as pseudoscience]], according to the [[American Medical Association]]'s Report 12 of the Council of Scientific Affairs (A-97) and [http://www.skepdic.com/ayurvedic.html claims by skeptics] ('The Skeptics Dictionary' website)</ref> have attempted to revive these methods in medical procedures as part of Ayurveda [[Urine therapy]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sangu PK, Kumar VM, Shekhar MS, Chagam MK, Goli PP, Tirupati PK |title=A study on Tailabindu pariksha – An ancient Ayurvedic method of urine examination as a diagnostic and prognostic tool |journal=Ayu |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=76–81 | date=January 2011 |pmid=22131762 |pmc=3215423 |doi=10.4103/0974-8520.85735}}</ref> These procedures have been called "nonsensical" by skeptics.<ref>A Few Thoughts on Ayurvedic Mumbo-Jumbo, [[Stephen Barrett]], M.D, head of the [[National Council Against Health Fraud]] NGO and owner of the QuackWatch website.</ref>

====Medieval Christianity====
The Latin term ''renes'' is related to the English word "reins", a synonym for the kidneys in [[Shakespearean English]] (e.g. ''[[Merry Wives of Windsor]]'' 3.5), which was also the time when the [[King James Version]] of the [[Bible]] was translated. Kidneys were once popularly regarded as the seat of the [[conscience]] and reflection,<ref>''The Patient as Person: Explorations in Medical Ethics'' p. 60 by Paul Ramsey, Margaret Farley, Albert Jonsen, William F. May (2002)</ref><ref>''History of Nephrology 2'' p. 235 by International Association for the History of Nephrology Congress, Garabed Eknoyan, Spyros G. Marketos, Natale G. De Santo, 1997; Reprint of ''American Journal of Nephrology''; v. 14, no. 4–6, 1994.</ref> and a number of verses in the Bible (e.g. Ps. 7:9, Rev. 2:23) state that God searches out and inspects the kidneys, or "reins", of humans, together with the heart.

===As food===
[[File:1407871818 5c7f215934 o.jpg|thumb|{{ill|Hökarpanna|sv}}, Swedish pork and kidney stew]]
The kidneys, like other [[offal]], can be [[cooking|cooked]] and eaten.

Kidneys are usually grilled or sautéed, but in more complex dishes they are stewed with a sauce that will improve their flavor. In many preparations, kidneys are combined with pieces of meat or liver, as in [[mixed grill]]. Dishes include the [[British cuisine|British]] [[steak and kidney pie]], the [[Swedish cuisine|Swedish]] ''hökarpanna'' (pork and kidney stew), the [[French cuisine|French]] ''rognons de veau sauce moutarde'' (veal kidneys in [[mustard (condiment)|mustard]] sauce) and the [[Spanish cuisine|Spanish]] ''riñones al Jerez'' (kidneys stewed in [[sherry]] sauce) .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cuisine.notrefamille.com/recettes-cuisine/rognons-recette.html|title=Rognons dans les recettes|access-date=July 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018204734/http://cuisine.notrefamille.com/recettes-cuisine/rognons-recette.html|archive-date=October 18, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Kidney stones have been identified and recorded about as long as written historical records exist.<ref name="Tefekli2013">{{cite journal |last1=Tefekli |first1=Ahmet |last2=Cezayirli |first2=Fatin |title=The History of Urinary Stones: In Parallel with Civilization |journal=The Scientific World Journal |date=2013 |volume=2013 |page=423964 |doi=10.1155/2013/423964|pmid=24348156 |pmc=3856162 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The urinary tract including the ureters, as well as their function to drain urine from the kidneys, has been described by [[Galen]] in the second century AD.<ref name="Nahon2011">{{cite journal |last1=Nahon |first1=I |last2=Waddington |first2=G |last3=Dorey |first3=G |last4=Adams |first4=R |title=The history of urologic surgery: from reeds to robotics. |journal=Urologic Nursing |date=2011 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=173–80 |doi=10.7257/1053-816X.2011.31.3.173 |pmid=21805756}}</ref>

The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was [[Hampton Young]] in 1929.<ref name="Tefekli2013" /> This was improved on by [[VF Marshall]] who is the first published use of a flexible [[endoscope]] based on [[fiber optics]], which occurred in 1964.<ref name="Tefekli2013" /> The insertion of a drainage tube into the [[renal pelvis]], bypassing the uterers and urinary tract, called [[nephrostomy]], was first described in 1941. Such an approach differed greatly from the [[open surgery|open surgical]] approaches within the urinary system employed during the preceding two millennia.<ref name="Tefekli2013" />

==Additional images==
<gallery>
File:Slide4nn.JPG|Right Kidney
File:Slide5pp.JPG|Kidney
File:Slide3ppp.JPG|Right Kidney
File:Right kidney.jpg|Right kidney
File:Left kidneys.jpg|Left kidney
File:Kidneys.jpg|Kidneys
File:Left kidney.jpg|Left kidney
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Artificial kidney]]
*[[Holonephros]]
*[[Nephromegaly]]
*[[Organ donation]]
*[[Organ harvesting]]
*[[Pelvic kidney]]
*[[World Kidney Day]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|title=Ganong's review of medical physiology| first1 = Kim E | last1 = Barrett | first2 = Susan M | last2 = Barman | first3 = Jason X-J | last3 = Yuan | first4 = Heddwen | last4 = Brooks |isbn=9781260122404 |edition=26th |location=New York |oclc=1076268769 |year=2019 |ref={{harvid|Ganong's Physiology|2019}}}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kidneys}}
* [https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/kidney Kidney at the Human Protein Atlas]
* [http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMNiereE.html electron microscopic images of the kidney (Dr. Jastrow's EM-Atlas)]

{{Urinary system anatomy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kidney| ]]
[[Category:Endocrine system]]

Percy Faith

2021-07-21T19:01:11Z

GTBacchus: /* Singles */ fixing out-of-order list item

{{More citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Percy Faith
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| image =Percy Faith 1949.jpg
| caption =Faith at work in 1949
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = April 7, 1908
|birth_place =[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|2|9|1908|4|7|mf=y}}|death_place=[[Encino, California]], U.S.
| occupation = [[Bandleader]], [[orchestrator]], [[composer]]
}}

'''Percy Faith''' (April 7, 1908 – February 9, 1976) was a Canadian [[bandleader]], [[orchestrator]], [[composer]] and [[conducting|conductor]],<ref name="Larkin50">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Fifties Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=2002|edition=Third|isbn=1-85227-937-0|page=131}}</ref> known for his lush arrangements of pop and [[Christmas music|Christmas]] standards. He is often credited with popularizing the "[[easy listening]]" or "mood music" format. Faith became a staple of American popular music in the 1950s and continued well into the 1960s.<ref name="Larkin50"/> Though his professional orchestra-leading career began at the height of the swing era, Faith refined and rethought orchestration techniques, including use of large string sections, to soften and fill out the brass-dominated popular music of the 1940s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

==Biography==
Faith was born and raised in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada.<ref name="Larkin50"/> He was the oldest of eight children. His parents, Abraham Faith and Minnie, née Rottenberg, were [[Jewish]]. He played violin and piano as a child, and played in theatres and at [[Massey Hall]]. After his hands were badly burned in a fire, he turned to conducting, and his live orchestras used the new medium of radio broadcasting. Percy moved from Canada to [[Great Neck, New York|Great Neck]], New York and became a U.S. citizen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Percy Faith album: Percy Faith Program|url=https://www.percyfaith.info/discography/original/Percy-Faith-Program|access-date=2020-10-13|website=www.percyfaith.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Great Neck Online {{!}} Some Famous Great Neckers|url=https://www.westegg.com/greatneck/famous-people.html|access-date=2020-10-13|website=www.westegg.com}}</ref>

Beginning with stations [[CJBC (AM)|CKNC]] and [[CHKT|CKCL]], Faith was a staple of the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]'s live-music broadcasting from 1933 to 1940, when he resettled in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="Larkin50"/> In the early 1940s, Faith was orchestra leader for the Carnation Contented program on [[NBC]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Say Hello to ...|journal=Radio and Television Mirror|date=February 1941|volume=15|issue=4|page=39}}</ref> From 1948-1949 he also served as the orchestra leader on the [[CBS]] radio network program ''The [[Coca-Cola]] Hour'' (also called ''The Pause That Refreshes''). The orchestral accordionist [[John Serry Sr.]] collaborated with Faith in these broadcasts.<ref>''Sold on Radio-Advertisers in the Golden Age of Broadcasting'' Cox, Jim. [[McFarland & Co.]], North Carolina, USA & London, UK, 2008, P. 119. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-3391-9}}</ref>

In 1945, he became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the [[United States]]. He made many recordings for [[Voice of America]]. After working briefly for [[Decca Records]], he worked for [[Mitch Miller]] at [[Columbia Records]], where he turned out dozens of albums and provided arrangements for many of the pop singers of the 1950s, including [[Tony Bennett]], [[Doris Day]], [[Johnny Mathis]] for Mathis's 1958 Christmas album titled ''[[Merry Christmas (Johnny Mathis album)|Merry Christmas]]'', and [[Guy Mitchell]] for whom Faith co-wrote with [[Carl Sigman]] Mitchell's number-one single, "[[My Heart Cries for You]]".<ref name="Larkin50"/>

His most famous and remembered recordings are "[[Delicado (song)|Delicado]]" (1952), "[[The Song from Moulin Rouge|The Song from ''Moulin Rouge'']]" (1953) and "[[Theme from A Summer Place|Theme from ''A Summer Place'']]" (1959),<ref name="Larkin50"/> which won the [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] in 1961. Faith remains the only artist to have the best selling single of the year during both the pop singer era ("Song from ''Moulin Rouge''") and the rock era ("Theme from ''A Summer Place''"); and he is one of only three artists, along with [[Elvis Presley]] and [[The Beatles]], to have the best selling single of the year twice. The [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] of "[[Song from the Moulin Rouge]]" was "[[Swedish Rhapsody No. 1|Swedish Rhapsody]]" by [[Hugo Alfvén]]. In 1961 his fame in Sweden rose exponentially as his work ''Mucho Gusto'' became the [[theme music]] for the sports broadcasts of [[Sveriges Radio]].

Though Faith initially mined the worlds of Broadway, Hollywood and Latin music for many of his top-selling 1950s recordings, he enjoyed popularity starting in 1962 with his orchestral versions of popular rock and pop hits of the day. His ''Themes for Young Lovers'' album was a top seller during this era and introduced the Faith sound to a younger generation of listeners. With the success of Columbia record-mate [[Ray Conniff]]'s chorus and orchestra during this same time, Faith began using a chorus (usually all female in most of his recordings, but used a mixed chorus on his albums ''Leaving on a Jet Plane'' and ''I Think I Love You'', which were released in 1970 and 1971 respectively) in several popular albums from the mid-1960s on. Faith's first single with a female chorus, "Yellow Days," was a substantial hit in the [[Middle of the road (music)|MOR]] (Middle of the Road) [[easy listening]] radio format of the mid-1960s. Faith continued to enjoy airplay and consistent album sales throughout the early 1970s, and received a second Grammy award in 1969 for his album ''Love Theme from 'Romeo and Juliet'.''

Though best known for his recording career, Faith also occasionally scored motion pictures, and received an Academy Award nomination for his adaptation of the song score for the [[Doris Day]] musical feature, ''[[Love Me or Leave Me (film)|Love Me or Leave Me]]''.<ref name="Larkin50"/> His other film scores included romantic comedies and dramatic features such as ''[[Tammy Tell Me True]]'' (1961), ''[[I'd Rather Be Rich]]'' (1964), ''[[The Third Day]]'' (1965) and ''[[The Oscar (film)|The Oscar]]'' (1966).<ref name="Larkin50"/> Faith also composed the theme for the NBC series ''[[The Virginian (TV series)|The Virginian]].''

With the advent of harder rock sounds in the 1970s, Faith's elegant arrangements fell out of favour with the listening and record-buying public, although he continued to release albums as diverse and contemporary as ''Jesus Christ Superstar'' and ''Black Magic Woman''. He released one album of country music and two albums of disco-oriented arrangements toward the end of his forty-year career, his last recording being a disco-style reworking of "Theme from a Summer Place", titled "Summer Place '76", which was a minor and posthumous hit. Faith died of [[cancer]] in [[Encino, California]],<ref name="Larkin50"/> and was interred in the [[Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery]] in [[Culver City, California]].

Faith had two children, Marilyn and Peter, with his wife Mary (née Palange), whom he married in 1928. She died in Los Angeles in 1997.

==Discography==
===Albums===
Percy Faith placed 21 albums on the [[Billboard Hot 200|''Billboard'' Hot 200]] best sellers chart through 1972, making him one of the more successful easy listening acts sales wise. 1963's ''Themes for Young Lovers'' was by far his biggest seller, peaking at #32 on the chart and followed by three sequel albums "for young lovers".
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*''Continental Music'' (1953)
*''Delicado'' (1953)
*''Music from "Kismet"'' (1954)
*''Music from Hollywood'' (1954)
*''Music of Christmas'' (1954)
*''Music Until Midnight'' (1954)
*''Percy Faith Plays Romantic Music'' (1954)
*''Amour, Amor, Amore'' (1955)
*''Girl Meets Boy'' (with [[Jerry Vale]], [[Peggy King]], and [[Felicia Sanders]]) (1955)
*''Music for Her'' (1955)
*''Wish Upon a Star'' (with [[Peggy King]]) (1955)
*''It's So Peaceful in the Country'' (with [[Mitch Miller]]) (1956)
*''The Most Happy Fella'' (1956)
*''My Fair Lady'' (1956)
*''Passport to Romance'' (1956)
*''Swing Low in Hi-Fi'' (1956)
*''Adventure in the Sun'' (1957)
*''The Columbia Album of [[George Gershwin]]'' (1957)
*''Li'l Abner'' (1957)
*''Viva: The Music of Mexico'' (1957)
*''The CBS Album of [[Victor Herbert]]'' (2 record set, 1958)
*''Hallelujah!'' (1958)
*''South Pacific'' (1958)
*''Touchdown!'' (1958)
*''North and South of the Border'' (1958)
*''Bouquet'' (1959)
*''Malagueña: Music of Cuba'' (1959)
*''A Night with [[Sigmund Romberg]]'' (1959)
*''[[Porgy and Bess]]'' (1959)
*''Music of Christmas'' (re-recorded in stereo, 1959)
*''Bon Voyage!: Continental Souvenirs'' (1960)
*''Jealousy'' (1960)
*''A Night with [[Jerome Kern]]'' (1960)
*''Greatest Hits'' (1960)
*''The Sound of Music'' (1960)
*''Camelot'' (1961)
*''Carefree'' (1961)
*''Mucho Gusto! More Music of Mexico'' (1961)
*''Subways Are for Sleeping'' (1961)
*''Tara's Theme from [[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone With The Wind]]'' (1961)
*''This Fling Called Love'' (with [[Eileen Farrell]]) (1961)
*''Bouquet of Love'' (1962)
*''Exotic Strings'' (1962)
*''Hollywood's Great Themes'' (1962)
*''The Music of Brazil!'' (1962)
*''American Serenade'' (1963)
*''[[A Look at Monaco (album)|A Look at Monaco]]'' (1963)
*''Shangri-La!'' (1963) #80 Hot 200
*''Themes for Young Lovers'' (1963) #32 Hot 200
*''Great Folk Themes'' (1964) #103 Hot 200
*''The Love Goddesses'' (1964)
*''More Themes for Young Lovers'' (1964) #110 Hot 200
*''Broadway Bouquet'' (1965) #101 Hot 200
*''Do I Hear a Waltz?'' (1965)
*''Latin Themes for Young Lovers'' (1965)
*''Bim! Bam!! Boom!!!'' (1966)
*''Christmas Is...'' (1966)
*''The Oscar'' (1966)
*''Themes for the "In" Crowd'' (1966)
*''Born Free and Other Great Movie Themes'' (1967) #152 Hot 200
*''Today's Themes for Young Lovers'' (1967) #111 Hot 200
*''Angel of the Morning'' (1968) #95 Hot 200
*''For Those in Love'' (1968) #121 Hot 200
*''I Concentrate On You'' (1968)
*''Love Theme from "Romeo and Juliet"'' (1969) #134 Hot 200
*''Those Were the Days'' (1969) #88 Hot 200
*''Windmills of Your Mind'' (1969) #194 Hot 200
*''The Beatles Album'' (1970) #179 Hot 200
*''Held Over! Today's Great Movie Themes'' (1970) #196 Hot 200
*''Leaving on a Jet Plane'' (1970) #88 Hot 200
*''Younger Than Springtime'' (1970)
*''Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head'' (1971)
*''Black Magic Woman'' (1971) #184 Hot 200
*''I Think I Love You'' (1971) #198 Hot 200
*''Jesus Christ Superstar'' (1971) #186 Hot 200
*''Day By Day'' (1972) #197 Hot 200
*''Joy'' (1972) #176 Hot 200
*''All-Time Greatest Hits'' (1972) #200 Hot 200
*''Clair'' (1973)
*''Corazon'' (1973)
*''My Love'' (1973)
*''The Entertainer'' (1974) (withdrawn/reissued)
*''Chinatown Featuring the Entertainer'' (1974)
*''Clair'' (1974)
*''Country Bouquet'' (1974)
*''The Great Concert'' (1974)
*''New Thing'' (1974)
*''[[Disco Party (album)|Disco Party]]'' (1975)
*''Viva!/Mucho Gusto!'' (1975)
*''Summer Place '76'' (1976)
}}

===Singles===
Faith produced the following singles:<ref>{{cite book|title=Joel Whitburn Presents Billboard Top Adult Songs (1961–2006)|year=2007|publisher=Record Research|isbn=9780898201697|editor=Whitburn, Joel|editor-link=Joel Whitburn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Joel Whitburn's Pop memories, 1890–1954|year=1986|publisher=Record Research|isbn=9780898200836|editor=Whitburn, Joel|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/joelwpopmemories00whit}}</ref>
*I Cross My Fingers {Vocal: Russ Emery} US #20, 1950
*[[All My Love (Patti Page song)|All My Love]] (US #7, 1950)
*[[Christmas in Killarney]] {Vocals: Shillelagh Singers} US #28 – December 1950
*[[On Top of Old Smoky|On Top of Old Smokey]] {Vocals: [[Burl Ives]]} US #10, 1951
*[[When the Saints Go Marching In]] / (US #29 – September 1951)
*I Want to Be Near You (US #30 – September 1951)
*[[Delicado (song)|Delicado]] (US #1, 1952)
*[[Swedish Rhapsody No. 1|Swedish Rhapsody (Midsummer Vigil)]] / (US #21, 1953)
*[[The Song from Moulin Rouge|Moulin Rouge Theme]] {Vocals: Felicia Sanders} US #1, 1953
*Return to Paradise (US #19 – June 1953)
*Many Times (US #30 – December 1953)
*Dream, Dream, Dream (US #25 – May 1954)
*The Bandit (US #25 – October 1954)
*Valley Valparaiso (US #53, 1956)
*We All Need Love (US #67, 1956)
*[[With a Little Bit of Luck]] (US #82, 1956)
*[[Till (song)|Till]] (US #63, 1957)
*[[Theme from A Summer Place]] (US #1, 1960)
*[[Theme for Young Lovers]] (US #35, 1960)
*Theme from "The Dark at the Top of the Stairs" (US #101 – November 1960)
*Sons and Lovers (US #111 – September 1963)
*The Sound of Surf (US #111 – September 1963)
*Yellow Days (AC #13, 1967)
*Can't Take My Eyes Off You (AC #24, 1967)
*For Those in Love (1968)
*Zorba (AC #36, 1969)
*Theme from A Summer Place (instrumental) US #111 – July 1969 – AC #26, 1969
*The April Fools (1969)
*Airport Love Theme (1970)
*Everything's All Right (AC #31 – February 1971)
*Theme from Summer of '42 (1971)
*Bach's Lunch (1972)
*[[Crunchy Granola Suite]] (AC #16, 1973)
*Hill Where the Lord Hides (AC #44, 1974)
*Theme from "Chinatown" (AC #35, 1974)
*Summer Place '76 (AC #13, 1976)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Percy Faith}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090513084630/http://www.music-city.org/Percy-Faith/complete-discography/ Percy Faith discography, general information (Music City)]
*[http://www.spaceagepop.com/faith.htm Brief biography]
*[http://www.percyfaithpages.org/ Percy Faith webpages]
*[http://www.pelstream.co.uk/pfdiscography.htm Alan Bunting, "Percy Faith Discography"]
*[https://www.percyfaith.info/ All About Percy Faith], discography and reference
* {{IMDb name|id=0265703}}

{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1960s}}
{{Billboard Year-End number one singles 1946–1959}}
{{Billboard Year-End number one singles 1960–1979}}
{{Portal bar|Music|Canada}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faith, Percy}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian composers]]
[[Category:American conductors (music)]]
[[Category:American male composers]]
[[Category:American male conductors (music)]]
[[Category:American music arrangers]]
[[Category:Burials at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery]]
[[Category:Canadian bandleaders]]
[[Category:Canadian conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Canadian male composers]]
[[Category:Canadian music arrangers]]
[[Category:Columbia Records artists]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in California]]
[[Category:Easy listening musicians]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Jewish Canadian musicians]]
[[Category:Jewish composers]]
[[Category:Male conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Musicians from Toronto]]
[[Category:Orchestra leaders]]

To Know Him Is to Love Him

2021-07-20T12:12:00Z

GTBacchus: /* Other versions */ +Winehouse version - Did I do the citations right? It's been a minute...

{{short description|1958 single by The Teddy Bears}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox song
| name = To Know Him Is to Love Him
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[The Teddy Bears]]
| album =
| B-side = "[[Don't You Worry My Little Pet]]"
| released = September 1958<ref>Classic Tracks, Back To Back Singles; Thunder Bay Press, 2008.</ref>
| recorded = 1958
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| length = 2:18
| label = [[Doré Records|Doré]]
| writer = [[Phil Spector]]<ref name=popc/>
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = I Don't Need You Anymore
| next_year = 1959
}}

"'''To Know Him Is to Love Him'''" is a song written by [[Phil Spector]], inspired by words on his father's tombstone, "To Know Him Was to Love Him."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crime.about.com/od/famousdiduno/p/philspector.htm|title=Profile of Phil Spector|author=Charles Montaldo|work=About.com|access-date=September 25, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6JO7jWXJX?url=http://crime.about.com/od/famousdiduno/p/philspector.htm|archive-date=September 4, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> It was first recorded by the only vocal group of which he was a member,<ref name=popc>{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19763/m1/ |title=Show 14 – Big Rock Candy Mountain: Rock 'n' roll in the late fifties. [Part 4] : UNT Digital Library |publisher=Digital.library.unt.edu |date=April 27, 1969 |work=[[Pop Chronicles]] |access-date=September 9, 2010}}</ref> [[the Teddy Bears]]. Their recording spent three weeks at No. 1 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[record chart|chart]] in 1958,<ref name="Whitburn">[[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]] (1987). ''The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits''. Billboard Publications, Inc. p. 301.</ref> while reaching No. 2 on the UK's ''[[New Musical Express]]'' chart.<ref>[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6763/teddy-bears/ Teddy Bears – Full Official Chart History], ''[[Official Charts Company]]''. Accessed October 27, 2015</ref> [[Peter & Gordon]] and [[Bobby Vinton]] later had hits with the song, with its title and lyrics changed to "To Know You Is to Love You". In 1987, the song was resurrected by [[Dolly Parton]], [[Linda Ronstadt]], and [[Emmylou Harris]], whose ''[[Trio (1987 album)|Trio]]'' recording topped the U.S. country singles chart. The song is in 12/8 time.

==Chart performance==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="left"|Chart (1958)
! style="text-align:center;"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|align="left"|UK (''[[New Musical Express]]'')
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Hot R&B Sides]]<ref>"[http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/50s/1958/Billboard%201958-12-08.pdf Hot R&B Sides]", ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', December 8, 1958. p. 34. Accessed October 27, 2015</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
|}
{{col-2}}

===All-time charts===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Chart (1958–2018)
! Position
|-
|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100-60th-anniversary|title=Billboard Hot 100 60th Anniversary Interactive Chart|work=Billboard |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|168
|}

{{col-end}}

==Peter and Gordon version==
{{Infobox song
| name = To Know You Is to Love You
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Peter and Gordon]]
| album =
| B-side = "I Told You So"
| released = 1965
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Pop rock]]
| length = {{Duration|m=2|s=33}}
| label = [[Capitol Records|Capitol]]
| writer = [[Phil Spector]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
In 1965, [[Peter and Gordon]] released a version of the song, titled "To Know You Is to Love You". Peter and Gordon's version spent 10 weeks on the [[UK Singles Chart]], peaking at No. 5,<ref>[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/11023/peter-and-gordon/ Peter & Gordon – Full Official Chart History], ''[[Official Charts Company]]''. Accessed October 27, 2015</ref> while also reaching No. 5 on Canada's "''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'' Play Sheet".<ref>"[http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=10169& R.P.M. Play Sheet]", ''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM Weekly]]'', Volume 3, Ed. 25, August 16, 1965. Accessed October 27, 2015</ref> In the United States, the song spent seven weeks on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart, peaking at No. 24.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/artist/328816/peter-gordon/chart Peter & Gordon – Chart History – The Hot 100], ''Billboard.com''. Accessed October 27, 2015</ref>

===Charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (1965)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|{{singlechart|Ireland2|5|song=To Know Him Is to Love Him|access-date=April 14, 2020}}
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Canada – ''RPM'' Play Sheet
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|US – ''Billboard'' Hot 100
|align="center"|24
|}

{{clear}}

==Bobby Vinton version==
{{Infobox song
| name = To Know You Is to Love You
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Bobby Vinton]]
| album = [[Vinton (Bobby Vinton album)|Vinton]]
| B-side = "The Beat of My Heart"
| released = 1969
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = Pop
| length = {{Duration|m=2|s=21}}
| label = [[Epic Records|Epic]]
| writer = [[Phil Spector]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[I Love How You Love Me]]
| prev_year = 1968
| next_title = [[The Days of Sand and Shovels]]
| next_year = 1969
}}
In 1969, [[Bobby Vinton]] released a version of the song, titled "To Know You Is to Love You". Vinton's version spent seven weeks on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart, peaking at No. 34,<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/artist/295525/bobby-vinton/chart?page=1&f=379 Bobby Vinton – Chart History – The Hot 100], ''Billboard.com''. Accessed October 25, 2015</ref> while reaching No. 8 on ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|Easy Listening]] chart,<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/artist/295525/bobby-vinton/chart?page=2&f=341 Bobby Vinton – Chart History – Adult Contemporary], ''Billboard.com''. Accessed October 25, 2015</ref> No. 16 on Canada's ''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'' 100,<ref>"[http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=4848& The RPM 100]", ''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM Weekly]]'', Volume 11, Ed. 11, May 12, 1969. Accessed October 25, 2015</ref> and No. 6 on ''RPM''{{'}}s Adult Contemporary chart.<ref>"[http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=10495& Young Adult]", ''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM Weekly]]'', Volume 11, Ed. 11, May 12, 1969. Accessed October 25, 2015</ref>

===Charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (1969)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|US – ''Billboard'' Hot 100
|align="center"|34
|-
|align="left"|US – ''Billboard'' Easy Listening
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|Canada – ''RPM'' 100
|align="center"|16
|-
|align="left"|Canada – ''RPM'' Adult Contemporary
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Canada – [[CHUM Chart|CHUM 30]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1050chum.com/charts/chartview.aspx?img=19690517 |title=CHUM 30 – May 17, 1969 |access-date=2015-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107215659/http://www.1050chum.com/charts/chartview.aspx?img=19690517 |archive-date=November 7, 2006 |publisher=[[CHUM (AM)|CHUM]] |df=mdy-all }} Collector's issue No. 41.</ref>
|align="center"|14
|}

{{clear}}

==Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt, and Emmylou Harris version==
{{Infobox song
| name = To Know Him Is to Love Him
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Dolly Parton]], [[Linda Ronstadt]], and [[Emmylou Harris]]
| album = [[Trio (1987 album)|Trio]]
| B-side = "Farther Along"
| released = January 26, 1987
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Country music|Country]]
| length = 3:48
| label = [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
| writer = Phil Spector
| producer = [[George Massenburg]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = Dolly Parton
| type = singles
| prev_title = [[We Had It All (song)|We Had It All]]
| prev_year = 1986
| title = To Know Him Is to Love Him
| year = 1987
| next_title = [[Telling Me Lies]]
| next_year = 1987
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = Linda Ronstadt
| type = singles
| prev_title = I Knew You When
| prev_year = 1983
| title = To Know Him Is to Love Him
| year = 1987
| next_title = Telling Me Lies
| next_year = 1987
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = Emmylou Harris
| type = singles
| prev_title = Today I Started Loving You Again
| prev_year = 1986
| title = To Know Him Is to Love Him
| year = 1987
| next_title = Telling Me Lies
| next_year = 1987
}}
}}

In 1987, [[Dolly Parton]], [[Linda Ronstadt]], and [[Emmylou Harris]] covered the song, including it on their Grammy Award-winning, multi-million selling ''[[Trio (1987 album)|Trio]]'' album, and releasing it as the album's first single. Their version hit No. 1 on the U.S. [[Hot Country Songs]] chart on May 16, 1987. The accompanying music video was played continuously on [[CMT (U.S. TV channel)|CMT]] and directed by [[George Lucas]] – Ronstadt's boyfriend at that time.<ref>{{cite book |title= Linda Ronstadt: A Life In Music, Second edition|last=Lewry |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?wid=-1q_BAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=en&pg=PT133#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2010 |publisher=Andrews UK Limited }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people=Newton, Dione (Director) | date=2016 | title=Sisters in Country: Dolly, Linda and Emmylou |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b081sx50|time=47:50 |medium=Documentary | location=UK | publisher=ВВС}}</ref>

===Charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="left"|Chart (1987)
! style="text-align:center;"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Country Singles<ref>{{cite book |title= The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944–2006, Second edition|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=152}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|align="left"|Canadian ''RPM'' Country Tracks
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|}

== Other versions ==
*[[The Beatles]] recorded two versions, both retitled "To Know Her Is to Love Her". One version was on their January 1962 audition tapes with Decca, not released during the band's existence and not included on ''[[Anthology 1]]''. The second version was recorded on 16 July 1963 for the ''[[Pop Go The Beatles]]'' radio show and was not officially released until 1994, on their ''[[Live at the BBC (The Beatles album)|Live at the BBC]]'' compilation album. [[John Lennon]] recorded his own version of the song in 1973 ("To Know Her Is to Love Her"), but it would not see release until the 1986 [[posthumous work|posthumous]] compilation ''[[Menlove Ave.]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beatlesbible.com/songs/to-know-her-is-to-love-her/|title=To Know Her Is to Love Her |website=Beatlesbible.com|access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref>
*In 1972, [[Jody Miller]] released her version as a single and on the album ''There's a Party Goin' On''.<ref>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=wigEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false Billboard Album Reviews]", ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''. September 2, 1972. p. 34. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</ref> Miller's version reached No. 18 on ''Billboard''{{'}}s [[Hot Country Singles]] chart,<ref>"[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1972/BB-1972-12-23.pdf Hot Country Singles]", ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''. December 23, 1972. p. 28. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</ref> No. 20 on ''[[Record World]]''{{'}}s Country Singles Chart,<ref>"[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/72/RW-1972-12-16.pdf The Country Singles Chart]", ''[[Record World]]''. December 16, 1972. p. 62. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</ref> and No. 21 on the ''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]'' Country Top 75 chart.<ref>"[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1972/Cash-Box-1972-12-16.pdf Cash Box Country Top 75]", ''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]''. December 16, 1972. p. 38. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</ref> It also reached No. 12 on Canada's ''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'' Country Playlist.<ref>"[https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=7355& The Programmers Country Playlist]", ''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]''. Volume 18, No. 19. December 23, 1972. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</ref>
*In 2006, [[Amy Winehouse]] included her recording of the song as the B-side to the UK release of her single, "[[You Know I'm No Good]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/aug/29/amy-winehouse-made-to-know-him-her-own |title=How Amy Winehouse made 'To Know Him is to Love Him' her own |last=Marcus |first=Greil |date=29 August 2014 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |publisher= |access-date=20 July 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/amy-winehouse/you-know-im-no-good |title=You Know I'm No Good by Amy Winehouse |author= |date= |website=[[Songfacts]] |publisher= |access-date=20 July 2021 |quote=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dollyon-line.com/archives/lyrics/tkhitlh.shtml "To Know Him Is to Love Him" lyrics @ Dollyon-line.com]
* {{MetroLyrics song|amy-winehouse|to-know-him-is-to-love-him}}

{{Phil Spector}}
{{Bobby Vinton}}
{{Emmylou Harris}}
{{Dolly Parton}}
{{Linda Ronstadt}}{{Jody Miller|state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1958 singles]]
[[Category:1987 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Cashbox number-one singles]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Phil Spector]]
[[Category:Peter and Gordon songs]]
[[Category:Emmylou Harris songs]]
[[Category:The Beatles songs]]
[[Category:Jill Johnson songs]]
[[Category:Jody Miller songs]]
[[Category:Dolly Parton songs]]
[[Category:Linda Ronstadt songs]]
[[Category:Bobby Vinton songs]]
[[Category:Amy Winehouse songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Spector]]
[[Category:Warner Records singles]]
[[Category:1958 songs]]
[[Category:Kikki Danielsson songs]]
[[Category:Doré Records singles]]

Yellow-rumped warbler

2021-01-01T03:46:31Z

GTBacchus: like --> such as

{{Speciesbox
| name = Yellow-rumped warbler
| image = Audubon's Warbler Setophaga auduboni.jpg
| image_caption = Adult male "Audubon's" yellow-rumped warbler in alternate plumage, ''S. coronata'', ''auduboni'' group
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22721676/0 |title=''Dendroica coronata'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
| genus = Setophaga
| species = coronata
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)
| synonyms =
*''Motacilla coronata'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}}
*''Dendroica coronata'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1766)}}
| range_map = Yellow-rumped Warbler-rangemap.gif
| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Summer only range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Winter only range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#00BE03|Year-round range|outline=gray}}Goldman's warbler range not included in map
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =
*''S. c. coronata'' – [[myrtle warbler]]
*''S. c. auduboni'' – [[Audubon's warbler]]
*''S. c. nigrifrons'' – [[black-fronted warbler]]
*''S. c. goldmani'' – [[Goldman's warbler]]
}}

The '''yellow-rumped warbler''' (''Setophaga coronata'') is a regular North American bird species that can be commonly observed all across the continent. Its extensive distribution range connects both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. as well as Canada and [[Central America]], with the population concentrating in the continent's northern parts during the breeding season and migrating southwards to southern North and Central America in Winter. The species generally prefers [[coniferous forests]] or mixed coniferous-deciduous forests as its breeding habitat, while during the winter it can be found inhabiting more open areas such as shrublands that offer food resources. The diet of the yellow-rumped warbler is based primarily on insects, though the species does eat fruits such as [[Juniper berry|juniper berries]] as well, especially in winter.

The species combines four closely related forms: the eastern [[myrtle warbler]] (spp. ''coronata''); its western counterpart, [[Audubon's warbler]] (spp. group ''auduboni''); the northwest [[Mexico|Mexican]] black-fronted warbler (spp. ''nigrifrons''); and the [[Guatemala|Guatemalan]] Goldman's warbler (spp. ''goldmani''). All subspecies groups of the yellow-rumped warbler are characterized by the yellow rump as its name implies, while intra-group and inter-group variations in appearance exist in spite of many similarities. The myrtle and Audubon's groups, as two major subspecies, are distinguished by noticeable features such as different color of throat, etc.

==Etymology==

The genus name ''Setophaga'' is from [[ancient Greek]] ''ses'', "moth", and ''{{lang|grc-Latn|phagos}}'', "eating", and the specific ''coronata'' means "crowned".<ref name =job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n118 118], 355 }}</ref>

[[File:Myrtle Warbler - Houston, TX 2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|In summer, adult females have streaked backs of black on blue-green and conspicuous yellow patches on the crown, flank, and rump. This individual is a myrtle warbler, as shown by the white throat.]]

==Classification==
Since 1973, the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] has elected to merge these [[passerine]] [[bird]]s as one species. A 2017 proposal to split the yellow-rumped warbler into separate species failed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017 Proposals|url=https://americanornithology.org/nacc/current-prior-proposals/2017-proposals/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=American Ornithological Society|language=en-US}}</ref> In contrast, the International IOC World Bird List v. 10.2 classifies the myrtle, Audubon's, and Goldman's as separate species (''Setophaga coronata'', ''Setophaga auduboni'', and ''Setophaga goldmani'', respectively), and the black-fronted warbler as a subspecies of ''S. auduboni''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IOC World Bird List|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=www.worldbirdnames.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Proper taxonomic treatments remain a matter of debate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Toews|first=David P. L.|last2=Brelsford|first2=Alan|last3=Grossen|first3=Christine|last4=Milá|first4=Borja|last5=Irwin|first5=Darren E.|date=2016|title=Genomic variation across the Yellow-rumped Warbler species complex|url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/133/4/698-717/5149236|journal=The Auk|language=en|volume=133|issue=4|pages=698–717|doi=10.1642/AUK-16-61.1|issn=0004-8038|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The myrtle form was apparently separated from the others by glaciation during the [[Pleistocene]], and the Audubon's form may have originated more recently through hybridization between the myrtle warbler and the Mexican ''nigrifrons'' form.<ref name="Toews et al. 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Toews|first1=David P.|last2=Mandic|first2=Milica|last3=Richards|first3=Jeffrey G.|last4=Irwin|first4=Darren E.|title=Migration, mitochondria and the Yellow-rumped Warbler |journal=Evolution|date=2013|issue=68-1|pages=241–255|doi=10.1111/evo.12260|volume=68|pmid=24102562}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Brelsford | first1 = Alan
| last2 = Milá | first2 = Borja
| last3 = Irwin | first3 = Darren E.
| title = Hybrid origin of Audubon's warbler
| journal = Molecular Ecology
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05055.x | volume=20 | pages=2380–2389 | pmid=21435063}}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[File:Yellow-rump-capisic-spring-2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Summer adult male yellow-rumped warblers have slate-blue backs and yellow crowns (barely visible here). As a male myrtle warbler, this individual has a black "mask."]]
The yellow-rumped warbler breeds from eastern North America west to the Pacific, and southward from there into Western Mexico. "Goldman's" yellow-rumped warbler is a non-migratory endemic within the highlands of [[Guatemala]] and the black-fronted warbler is also a non-migratory Mexican endemic.<ref name="Toews et al. 20132">{{cite journal|last1=Toews|first1=David P.|last2=Mandic|first2=Milica|last3=Richards|first3=Jeffrey G.|last4=Irwin|first4=Darren E.|date=2013|title=Migration, mitochondria and the Yellow-rumped Warbler |journal=Evolution|volume=68|issue=68-1|pages=241–255|doi=10.1111/evo.12260|pmid=24102562}}</ref> The myrtle and Audubon's forms are [[Bird migration|migratory]], traveling to the southern U.S., Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean for winters.

The breeding area of the [[myrtle warbler]] group ranges from eastern Alaska all the way across Canada towards [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], and to the south, from [[Alberta]] in Canada towards the New England region of the U.S., also including the northern Great Lakes region.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Yellow-Rumped Warbler {{!}} The Texas Breeding Bird Atlas|url=https://txtbba.tamu.edu/species-accounts/yellow-rumped-warbler/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=txtbba.tamu.edu}}</ref> As a migratory form of the yellow-rumped warbler, the myrtle warbler group spent the winter in a wide variety of places outside its aforementioned breeding area. On the U.S. West Coast, in winter, the myrtle group ranges from the state of Washington all the way to California; it can also be found in the state of New Mexico, as well as the region extending from southern Nebraska towards the Gulf of Mexico. On the U.S. East Coast, the myrtle group most commonly winters along the Atlantic Coast north to Massachusetts, but can also be found in other places such as Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio, etc., though the exact population tend to vary on an annual basis.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Pamela D.|last2=Flaspohler|first2=David J.|date=2020-03-04|title=Yellow-rumped Warbler (''Setophaga coronata'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/yerwar/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World}}</ref> Part of the myrtle group may also choose to spend the winter further to the south of the U.S., in many areas of Mexico and [[Central America]], including the Bahamas, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.<ref name=":02" />

The [[Audubon's warbler]] group's breeding area concurs with many mountain terrains, which ranges from British Columbia and Alberta in Canada towards [[Baja California]] in Mexico, as well as certain parts of many states in the U.S., including Arizona, Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, etc.; some other isolated subspecies belonging to this group can be found in northwest Mexico and in Central America, Guatemala in particular.<ref name=":02" /> Among warblers, the Audubon's is by far the most widespread in North America in winter, and in the northern and central parts of the continent, it is among the last to leave in the fall and among the first to return and is an occasional vagrant to the [[British Isles]] and [[Iceland]]. Similar to the myrtle group, the Audubon's is a migratory group as well. Studies have shown that its northern subspecies spends the winter in the area along the Pacific Coast of the North American continent, ranging from British Columbia and [[Vancouver Island]] in Canada to several southwest states of the U.S., including California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and New Mexico, etc.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /> Some parts of the Audubon's group may also spend their winter further to the south of the U.S., too, in Mexico and several other Caribbean states, including Guatemala and Honduras.<ref name=":12" />

==Habitat==

=== Habitat in breeding range ===
During the breeding season, the yellow-rumped warbler is generally known to be residing in either exclusively [[Coniferous forests|coniferous]] areas across the North American continent, or mixed coniferous-[[deciduous]] habitats where coniferous forests merge with trees like [[aspen]] (''Populus'' spp.) and [[willow]] (''Salix'' spp.), etc.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Pamela D.|last2=Flaspohler|first2=David J.|date=2020-03-04|title=Yellow-rumped Warbler (''Setophaga coronata'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/yerwar/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|language=en}}</ref> Many of its habitats in the western U.S. tend to be mountainous, but it can also inhabit places at the sea level as long as there are conifers present—which is the case of its habitats in the Pacific Northwest and the Northeast of the United States.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Yellow-rumped Warbler Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Yellow-rumped_Warbler/lifehistory|access-date=2020-11-13|website=www.allaboutbirds.org}}</ref> Studies indicate that the yellow-rumped warbler is generally adaptive to changes in its breeding habitat's tree density (usually as a result of selective logging), as its population densities are found to remain largely unaffected in areas where the logging regime leads to decreasing densities of trees; the yellow-rumped warbler is believed to be capable of maintaining its breeding density in habitats as long as there still exists some mature trees, which may be used for nesting.<ref name=":1" /> The nest of the Audubon's warbler group is known to have the shape of a deep cup: its frame is built out of twigs, barks, and fiber, etc.; the surrounding rim of the "cup" is woven by softer materials such as grass, hair, and feather, etc., structured in a way to conceal the eggs from predator when parent warblers are absent from the nest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yellow-Rumped Warbler {{!}} The Texas Breeding Bird Atlas|url=https://txtbba.tamu.edu/species-accounts/yellow-rumped-warbler/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=txtbba.tamu.edu}}</ref>

=== Habitat in non-breeding range ===
During the winter, when the yellow-rumped warbler is not in breeding season, it often inhabit resourceful open areas with shrubs or scattered the trees, that can provide it with some source of food supply, such as bayberries and insects, etc.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Project MUSE - The Sonoran Desert|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/44432|access-date=2020-11-11|website=muse.jhu.edu}}</ref> Open areas preferred by the yellow-rumped warbler may include agricultural and residential areas, [[Secondary forest|secondary forests]], and [[Shrubland|shrublands]], etc., these habitats generally do not have very dense vegetation; the species can also inhabit forests that are relatively open, such as [[Mangrove|mangroves]], [[pine]] forests, and even coffee plantations, etc.<ref name=":1" /> The yellow-rumped warbler tends to have more diversified habitats during the migration process, though it is sometimes found in desert areas of the U.S. southwest, it is more common for the species to inhabit alpine habitats during migration as it tends to arid lowland areas.<ref name=":1" />

==Description==
[[File:Yellow-rumped warbler (31956047207).jpg|thumb|A yellow-rumped warbler belonging to the ''auduboni'' group because of its yellow throat.]]
The yellow-rumped warbler has an average length of 14 cm and weight of 12.5 g, its appearance is known to be different across its subspecies groups, especially the two major ones: the coronata group (myrtle warbler) and the ''auduboni'' group (Audubon's warbler); intra-group variations are also observed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Pamela D.|last2=Flaspohler|first2=David J.|date=2020-03-04|title=Yellow-rumped Warbler (''Setophaga coronata'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/yerwar/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|language=en}}</ref> In spite of varying appearances, the yellow rump (as suggested by its name) is present in all subspecies and thus characterizes the yellow-rumped warbler.<ref name=":13" /> Within the myrtle warbler group, adult males during the breeding season have gray backs with dark streaks, while females have brown backs in contrast; male and female myrtle warblers can also be distinguished by their different cheek colors, with the former's being black and the latter having brown or gray cheeks.<ref name=":13" /> The Audubon's subspecies group is not very dissimilar to the myrtle: in summers, males of both forms have streaked backs of black on slate blue, white wing patches, a streaked breast, and conspicuous yellow patches on the crown, flank, and rump (the latter giving rise to the species's nickname "butter butt" among birdwatchers<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Dave|date=October 31, 2014|title=Meet the Butter Butt, One Tough Bird|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/31/meet-the-butter-butt-one-tough-bird/|accessdate=July 9, 2016|website=The New York Times}}</ref>). Yet the color of the ''coronata'' and ''auduboni'' groups' throat patches differs and distinguishes them, as the Audubon's warbler sports a yellow throat patch while the myrtle warbler has a white throat and eye stripe, and a contrasting black cheek patch. Females of both forms are more dull, with brown streaking front and back, but still have noticeable yellow rumps. Goldman's warbler, found in [[Guatemala]], resembles Audubon's but has a white lower border to the yellow throat and otherwise darker plumage; males replace the slate blue of Audubon's with black.

Comprising most of the species of the [[New World warbler]] family, for a mid-sized ''[[Setophaga]]'' coronata (formerly ''Dendroica''), the total length of the species can range from {{convert|12|to|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, with a wingspan of {{convert|19|to|24|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Body mass can vary from {{convert|9.9|to|17.7|g|oz|abbr=on}}, though averages between {{convert|11|and|14|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{convert|6.3|to|8.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[tail]] is {{convert|5|to|6.6|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[Beak|bill]] is {{convert|0.8|to|1.1|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{convert|1.8|to|2.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>''New World Warblers (Helm Field Guides)'' by Jon Curson. Christopher Helm Publishers (1993). {{ISBN|978-0713639322}}.</ref>

==Behavior==

=== Diet and foraging ===
Audubon's and the myrtle are among North America's most abundant neotropical migrants. They are primarily insectivorous. The species is perhaps the most versatile foragers of all warblers. Beyond gleaning from leaves like other New World warblers, they often flit, [[Tyrant flycatcher|flycatcher]]-like, out from their perches in short loops, to catch flying insects. Other places yellow-rumped warblers have been spotted foraging include picking at insects on washed-up seaweed at the beach, skimming insects from the surface of rivers and the ocean, picking them out of spiderwebs, and grabbing them off piles of manure. Common foods include [[caterpillar]]s and other larvae, [[leaf beetle]]s, [[bark beetle]]s, [[weevil]]s, [[ant]]s, [[scale insect]]s, [[aphid]]s, [[grasshopper]]s, [[caddisflies]], [[craneflies]], and [[gnat]]s, as well as [[spider]]s. They also eat [[spruce budworm]], a serious forest pest, during outbreaks.<ref name="Cornell">[http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/yellow-rumped_warbler/lifehistory]</ref>

When bugs are scarce, the myrtle warbler also eats fruit, including the [[Myrica|wax-myrtle]] berries which gave it its name. It is the only warbler able to digest such waxy material. The ability to use these fruits allows it to winter farther north than other warblers, sometimes as far north as [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. Other commonly eaten fruits may include [[juniper]] berries, [[poison ivy]], [[poison oak]], [[Smilax|greenbrier]], [[grape]]s, [[Virginia creeper]] and [[dogwood]]. They eat wild seeds such as from beach grasses and [[goldenrod]], and they may come to feeders, where they'll take [[sunflower seed]]s, [[raisin]]s, [[peanut butter]], and [[suet]]. On their wintering grounds in Mexico they've been seen sipping the sweet honeydew liquid excreted by [[aphid]]s. Male yellow-rumped warblers tend to forage higher in the trees than females do. While foraging with other warbler species, they sometimes aggressively displace other species, including [[pine warbler]]s and [[Blackburnian warbler]]s.<ref name= Cornell/>

=== Migratory behaviors ===
The yellow-rumped warbler's migratory behaviors vary greatly across different groups and subspecies. Some individuals in Central America, such as in Mexico and Guatemala, migrate only limitedly or do not migrate at all; while individuals in the northern parts of the continent may either choose to migrate all the way towards Central America or winter near their breeding area along the [[Pacific coast|Pacific Coast]] of the U.S.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Pamela D.|last2=Flaspohler|first2=David J.|date=2020-03-04|title=Yellow-rumped Warbler (''Setophaga coronata'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/yerwar/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World}}</ref> The species's migratory behaviors are generally [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]], as individuals tend to travel at night; accordingly, during the yellow-rumped warbler's migration in spring, it often relies on skylight polarization as a way to navigate and orient at dusk.<ref name=":14" /> The general direction of its migratory route maintains southwards during winter, as more individuals are present in Central America and southern parts of North America during the season, while less are observed in the north.<ref name=":14" /> Every year, fall migration usually takes place from September to November, spring migration from April to May, and the species known to depart from its winter habitats from March to April.<ref name=":14" /> Research shows that before migration, the yellow-rumped warbler intentionally gains weight and accrues more fat in its body: as a preparation for this energy-intensive activity, it consumes more food than other times for the purpose of increasing net energy intake from feeding, along with a refined diet that gives priority to food that supplies more energy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=Frank R.|last2=Simm|first2=Patricia A.|date=1985|title=Migratory Disposition and Choice of Diet by the Yellow-Rumped Warbler (''Dendroica coronata'')|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4086719|journal=The Auk|volume=102|issue=4|pages=820–826|issn=0004-8038}}</ref>

=== Nesting and vocal behaviors ===
Audubon's and the myrtle nest in coniferous and mixed woodlands, and lay 4–5 eggs. Females build the nest, sometimes using material the male carries to her. The nest is a cup of twigs, pine needles, grasses, and rootlets. She may also use moose, horse, and deer hair, moss, and lichens. She lines this cup with fine hair and feathers, sometimes woven into the nest in such a way that they curl up and over the eggs. The nest takes about 10 days to build. Nests are located on the horizontal branch of a conifer, anywhere from {{convert|1.2|to|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} high. Tree species include [[Tsuga|hemlock]], [[spruce]], [[Thuja occidentalis|white cedar]], [[pine]], [[Douglas-fir]], and [[larch]] or [[tamarack]]. They may build their nests far out on a main branch or tuck it close to the trunk in a secure fork of two or more branches. Occasionally nest are built in a deciduous tree such as a [[maple]], [[oak]] or [[birch]]. The eggs are incubated for 12 to 13 days. Nestlings are helpless and naked at hatching but grow quickly. The young are brooded for 10 to 14 days, at which point they can fledge.<ref name= Cornell/>

The yellow-rumped warbler has a trill-like song of 4–7 syllables (''{{not a typo|tyew-tyew-tyew-tyew, tew-tew-tew}}'') and an occasional ''check'' or ''chip'' call note.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Setophaga coronata|Yellow-rumped warbler}}
{{Wikispecies|Setophaga coronata}}
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Yellow-rumped_Warbler.html Yellow-rumped warbler species account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* {{InternetBirdCollection|yellow-rumped-warbler-dendroica-coronata|Yellow-rumped warbler}}
* {{VIREO|Yellow-rumped+Warbler|Yellow-rumped warbler}}



{{Taxonbar|from=Q18390024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:warbler, yellow-rumped}}
[[Category:Setophaga|yellow-rumped warbler]]
[[Category:Birds of North America]]
[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1766|yellow-rumped warbler]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|yellow-rumped warbler]]

Yellow-rumped warbler

2021-01-01T03:45:38Z

GTBacchus: wrong word: inhibiting --> inhabiting

{{Speciesbox
| name = Yellow-rumped warbler
| image = Audubon's Warbler Setophaga auduboni.jpg
| image_caption = Adult male "Audubon's" yellow-rumped warbler in alternate plumage, ''S. coronata'', ''auduboni'' group
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22721676/0 |title=''Dendroica coronata'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
| genus = Setophaga
| species = coronata
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)
| synonyms =
*''Motacilla coronata'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}}
*''Dendroica coronata'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1766)}}
| range_map = Yellow-rumped Warbler-rangemap.gif
| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Summer only range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Winter only range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#00BE03|Year-round range|outline=gray}}Goldman's warbler range not included in map
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =
*''S. c. coronata'' – [[myrtle warbler]]
*''S. c. auduboni'' – [[Audubon's warbler]]
*''S. c. nigrifrons'' – [[black-fronted warbler]]
*''S. c. goldmani'' – [[Goldman's warbler]]
}}

The '''yellow-rumped warbler''' (''Setophaga coronata'') is a regular North American bird species that can be commonly observed all across the continent. Its extensive distribution range connects both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. as well as Canada and [[Central America]], with the population concentrating in the continent's northern parts during the breeding season and migrating southwards to southern North and Central America in Winter. The species generally prefers [[coniferous forests]] or mixed coniferous-deciduous forests as its breeding habitat, while during the winter it can be found inhabiting more open areas such as shrublands that offer food resources. The diet of the yellow-rumped warbler is based primarily on insects, though the species does eat fruits like [[Juniper berry|juniper berries]] as well, especially in winter.

The species combines four closely related forms: the eastern [[myrtle warbler]] (spp. ''coronata''); its western counterpart, [[Audubon's warbler]] (spp. group ''auduboni''); the northwest [[Mexico|Mexican]] black-fronted warbler (spp. ''nigrifrons''); and the [[Guatemala|Guatemalan]] Goldman's warbler (spp. ''goldmani''). All subspecies groups of the yellow-rumped warbler are characterized by the yellow rump as its name implies, while intra-group and inter-group variations in appearance exist in spite of many similarities. The myrtle and Audubon's groups, as two major subspecies, are distinguished by noticeable features such as different color of throat, etc.

==Etymology==

The genus name ''Setophaga'' is from [[ancient Greek]] ''ses'', "moth", and ''{{lang|grc-Latn|phagos}}'', "eating", and the specific ''coronata'' means "crowned".<ref name =job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n118 118], 355 }}</ref>

[[File:Myrtle Warbler - Houston, TX 2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|In summer, adult females have streaked backs of black on blue-green and conspicuous yellow patches on the crown, flank, and rump. This individual is a myrtle warbler, as shown by the white throat.]]

==Classification==
Since 1973, the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] has elected to merge these [[passerine]] [[bird]]s as one species. A 2017 proposal to split the yellow-rumped warbler into separate species failed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017 Proposals|url=https://americanornithology.org/nacc/current-prior-proposals/2017-proposals/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=American Ornithological Society|language=en-US}}</ref> In contrast, the International IOC World Bird List v. 10.2 classifies the myrtle, Audubon's, and Goldman's as separate species (''Setophaga coronata'', ''Setophaga auduboni'', and ''Setophaga goldmani'', respectively), and the black-fronted warbler as a subspecies of ''S. auduboni''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IOC World Bird List|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=www.worldbirdnames.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Proper taxonomic treatments remain a matter of debate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Toews|first=David P. L.|last2=Brelsford|first2=Alan|last3=Grossen|first3=Christine|last4=Milá|first4=Borja|last5=Irwin|first5=Darren E.|date=2016|title=Genomic variation across the Yellow-rumped Warbler species complex|url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/133/4/698-717/5149236|journal=The Auk|language=en|volume=133|issue=4|pages=698–717|doi=10.1642/AUK-16-61.1|issn=0004-8038|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The myrtle form was apparently separated from the others by glaciation during the [[Pleistocene]], and the Audubon's form may have originated more recently through hybridization between the myrtle warbler and the Mexican ''nigrifrons'' form.<ref name="Toews et al. 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Toews|first1=David P.|last2=Mandic|first2=Milica|last3=Richards|first3=Jeffrey G.|last4=Irwin|first4=Darren E.|title=Migration, mitochondria and the Yellow-rumped Warbler |journal=Evolution|date=2013|issue=68-1|pages=241–255|doi=10.1111/evo.12260|volume=68|pmid=24102562}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Brelsford | first1 = Alan
| last2 = Milá | first2 = Borja
| last3 = Irwin | first3 = Darren E.
| title = Hybrid origin of Audubon's warbler
| journal = Molecular Ecology
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05055.x | volume=20 | pages=2380–2389 | pmid=21435063}}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[File:Yellow-rump-capisic-spring-2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Summer adult male yellow-rumped warblers have slate-blue backs and yellow crowns (barely visible here). As a male myrtle warbler, this individual has a black "mask."]]
The yellow-rumped warbler breeds from eastern North America west to the Pacific, and southward from there into Western Mexico. "Goldman's" yellow-rumped warbler is a non-migratory endemic within the highlands of [[Guatemala]] and the black-fronted warbler is also a non-migratory Mexican endemic.<ref name="Toews et al. 20132">{{cite journal|last1=Toews|first1=David P.|last2=Mandic|first2=Milica|last3=Richards|first3=Jeffrey G.|last4=Irwin|first4=Darren E.|date=2013|title=Migration, mitochondria and the Yellow-rumped Warbler |journal=Evolution|volume=68|issue=68-1|pages=241–255|doi=10.1111/evo.12260|pmid=24102562}}</ref> The myrtle and Audubon's forms are [[Bird migration|migratory]], traveling to the southern U.S., Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean for winters.

The breeding area of the [[myrtle warbler]] group ranges from eastern Alaska all the way across Canada towards [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], and to the south, from [[Alberta]] in Canada towards the New England region of the U.S., also including the northern Great Lakes region.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Yellow-Rumped Warbler {{!}} The Texas Breeding Bird Atlas|url=https://txtbba.tamu.edu/species-accounts/yellow-rumped-warbler/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=txtbba.tamu.edu}}</ref> As a migratory form of the yellow-rumped warbler, the myrtle warbler group spent the winter in a wide variety of places outside its aforementioned breeding area. On the U.S. West Coast, in winter, the myrtle group ranges from the state of Washington all the way to California; it can also be found in the state of New Mexico, as well as the region extending from southern Nebraska towards the Gulf of Mexico. On the U.S. East Coast, the myrtle group most commonly winters along the Atlantic Coast north to Massachusetts, but can also be found in other places such as Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio, etc., though the exact population tend to vary on an annual basis.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Pamela D.|last2=Flaspohler|first2=David J.|date=2020-03-04|title=Yellow-rumped Warbler (''Setophaga coronata'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/yerwar/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World}}</ref> Part of the myrtle group may also choose to spend the winter further to the south of the U.S., in many areas of Mexico and [[Central America]], including the Bahamas, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.<ref name=":02" />

The [[Audubon's warbler]] group's breeding area concurs with many mountain terrains, which ranges from British Columbia and Alberta in Canada towards [[Baja California]] in Mexico, as well as certain parts of many states in the U.S., including Arizona, Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, etc.; some other isolated subspecies belonging to this group can be found in northwest Mexico and in Central America, Guatemala in particular.<ref name=":02" /> Among warblers, the Audubon's is by far the most widespread in North America in winter, and in the northern and central parts of the continent, it is among the last to leave in the fall and among the first to return and is an occasional vagrant to the [[British Isles]] and [[Iceland]]. Similar to the myrtle group, the Audubon's is a migratory group as well. Studies have shown that its northern subspecies spends the winter in the area along the Pacific Coast of the North American continent, ranging from British Columbia and [[Vancouver Island]] in Canada to several southwest states of the U.S., including California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and New Mexico, etc.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /> Some parts of the Audubon's group may also spend their winter further to the south of the U.S., too, in Mexico and several other Caribbean states, including Guatemala and Honduras.<ref name=":12" />

==Habitat==

=== Habitat in breeding range ===
During the breeding season, the yellow-rumped warbler is generally known to be residing in either exclusively [[Coniferous forests|coniferous]] areas across the North American continent, or mixed coniferous-[[deciduous]] habitats where coniferous forests merge with trees like [[aspen]] (''Populus'' spp.) and [[willow]] (''Salix'' spp.), etc.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Pamela D.|last2=Flaspohler|first2=David J.|date=2020-03-04|title=Yellow-rumped Warbler (''Setophaga coronata'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/yerwar/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|language=en}}</ref> Many of its habitats in the western U.S. tend to be mountainous, but it can also inhabit places at the sea level as long as there are conifers present—which is the case of its habitats in the Pacific Northwest and the Northeast of the United States.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Yellow-rumped Warbler Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Yellow-rumped_Warbler/lifehistory|access-date=2020-11-13|website=www.allaboutbirds.org}}</ref> Studies indicate that the yellow-rumped warbler is generally adaptive to changes in its breeding habitat's tree density (usually as a result of selective logging), as its population densities are found to remain largely unaffected in areas where the logging regime leads to decreasing densities of trees; the yellow-rumped warbler is believed to be capable of maintaining its breeding density in habitats as long as there still exists some mature trees, which may be used for nesting.<ref name=":1" /> The nest of the Audubon's warbler group is known to have the shape of a deep cup: its frame is built out of twigs, barks, and fiber, etc.; the surrounding rim of the "cup" is woven by softer materials such as grass, hair, and feather, etc., structured in a way to conceal the eggs from predator when parent warblers are absent from the nest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yellow-Rumped Warbler {{!}} The Texas Breeding Bird Atlas|url=https://txtbba.tamu.edu/species-accounts/yellow-rumped-warbler/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=txtbba.tamu.edu}}</ref>

=== Habitat in non-breeding range ===
During the winter, when the yellow-rumped warbler is not in breeding season, it often inhabit resourceful open areas with shrubs or scattered the trees, that can provide it with some source of food supply, such as bayberries and insects, etc.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Project MUSE - The Sonoran Desert|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/44432|access-date=2020-11-11|website=muse.jhu.edu}}</ref> Open areas preferred by the yellow-rumped warbler may include agricultural and residential areas, [[Secondary forest|secondary forests]], and [[Shrubland|shrublands]], etc., these habitats generally do not have very dense vegetation; the species can also inhabit forests that are relatively open, such as [[Mangrove|mangroves]], [[pine]] forests, and even coffee plantations, etc.<ref name=":1" /> The yellow-rumped warbler tends to have more diversified habitats during the migration process, though it is sometimes found in desert areas of the U.S. southwest, it is more common for the species to inhabit alpine habitats during migration as it tends to arid lowland areas.<ref name=":1" />

==Description==
[[File:Yellow-rumped warbler (31956047207).jpg|thumb|A yellow-rumped warbler belonging to the ''auduboni'' group because of its yellow throat.]]
The yellow-rumped warbler has an average length of 14 cm and weight of 12.5 g, its appearance is known to be different across its subspecies groups, especially the two major ones: the coronata group (myrtle warbler) and the ''auduboni'' group (Audubon's warbler); intra-group variations are also observed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Pamela D.|last2=Flaspohler|first2=David J.|date=2020-03-04|title=Yellow-rumped Warbler (''Setophaga coronata'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/yerwar/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|language=en}}</ref> In spite of varying appearances, the yellow rump (as suggested by its name) is present in all subspecies and thus characterizes the yellow-rumped warbler.<ref name=":13" /> Within the myrtle warbler group, adult males during the breeding season have gray backs with dark streaks, while females have brown backs in contrast; male and female myrtle warblers can also be distinguished by their different cheek colors, with the former's being black and the latter having brown or gray cheeks.<ref name=":13" /> The Audubon's subspecies group is not very dissimilar to the myrtle: in summers, males of both forms have streaked backs of black on slate blue, white wing patches, a streaked breast, and conspicuous yellow patches on the crown, flank, and rump (the latter giving rise to the species's nickname "butter butt" among birdwatchers<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Dave|date=October 31, 2014|title=Meet the Butter Butt, One Tough Bird|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/31/meet-the-butter-butt-one-tough-bird/|accessdate=July 9, 2016|website=The New York Times}}</ref>). Yet the color of the ''coronata'' and ''auduboni'' groups' throat patches differs and distinguishes them, as the Audubon's warbler sports a yellow throat patch while the myrtle warbler has a white throat and eye stripe, and a contrasting black cheek patch. Females of both forms are more dull, with brown streaking front and back, but still have noticeable yellow rumps. Goldman's warbler, found in [[Guatemala]], resembles Audubon's but has a white lower border to the yellow throat and otherwise darker plumage; males replace the slate blue of Audubon's with black.

Comprising most of the species of the [[New World warbler]] family, for a mid-sized ''[[Setophaga]]'' coronata (formerly ''Dendroica''), the total length of the species can range from {{convert|12|to|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, with a wingspan of {{convert|19|to|24|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Body mass can vary from {{convert|9.9|to|17.7|g|oz|abbr=on}}, though averages between {{convert|11|and|14|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{convert|6.3|to|8.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[tail]] is {{convert|5|to|6.6|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[Beak|bill]] is {{convert|0.8|to|1.1|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{convert|1.8|to|2.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>''New World Warblers (Helm Field Guides)'' by Jon Curson. Christopher Helm Publishers (1993). {{ISBN|978-0713639322}}.</ref>

==Behavior==

=== Diet and foraging ===
Audubon's and the myrtle are among North America's most abundant neotropical migrants. They are primarily insectivorous. The species is perhaps the most versatile foragers of all warblers. Beyond gleaning from leaves like other New World warblers, they often flit, [[Tyrant flycatcher|flycatcher]]-like, out from their perches in short loops, to catch flying insects. Other places yellow-rumped warblers have been spotted foraging include picking at insects on washed-up seaweed at the beach, skimming insects from the surface of rivers and the ocean, picking them out of spiderwebs, and grabbing them off piles of manure. Common foods include [[caterpillar]]s and other larvae, [[leaf beetle]]s, [[bark beetle]]s, [[weevil]]s, [[ant]]s, [[scale insect]]s, [[aphid]]s, [[grasshopper]]s, [[caddisflies]], [[craneflies]], and [[gnat]]s, as well as [[spider]]s. They also eat [[spruce budworm]], a serious forest pest, during outbreaks.<ref name="Cornell">[http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/yellow-rumped_warbler/lifehistory]</ref>

When bugs are scarce, the myrtle warbler also eats fruit, including the [[Myrica|wax-myrtle]] berries which gave it its name. It is the only warbler able to digest such waxy material. The ability to use these fruits allows it to winter farther north than other warblers, sometimes as far north as [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. Other commonly eaten fruits may include [[juniper]] berries, [[poison ivy]], [[poison oak]], [[Smilax|greenbrier]], [[grape]]s, [[Virginia creeper]] and [[dogwood]]. They eat wild seeds such as from beach grasses and [[goldenrod]], and they may come to feeders, where they'll take [[sunflower seed]]s, [[raisin]]s, [[peanut butter]], and [[suet]]. On their wintering grounds in Mexico they've been seen sipping the sweet honeydew liquid excreted by [[aphid]]s. Male yellow-rumped warblers tend to forage higher in the trees than females do. While foraging with other warbler species, they sometimes aggressively displace other species, including [[pine warbler]]s and [[Blackburnian warbler]]s.<ref name= Cornell/>

=== Migratory behaviors ===
The yellow-rumped warbler's migratory behaviors vary greatly across different groups and subspecies. Some individuals in Central America, such as in Mexico and Guatemala, migrate only limitedly or do not migrate at all; while individuals in the northern parts of the continent may either choose to migrate all the way towards Central America or winter near their breeding area along the [[Pacific coast|Pacific Coast]] of the U.S.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Pamela D.|last2=Flaspohler|first2=David J.|date=2020-03-04|title=Yellow-rumped Warbler (''Setophaga coronata'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/yerwar/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World}}</ref> The species's migratory behaviors are generally [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]], as individuals tend to travel at night; accordingly, during the yellow-rumped warbler's migration in spring, it often relies on skylight polarization as a way to navigate and orient at dusk.<ref name=":14" /> The general direction of its migratory route maintains southwards during winter, as more individuals are present in Central America and southern parts of North America during the season, while less are observed in the north.<ref name=":14" /> Every year, fall migration usually takes place from September to November, spring migration from April to May, and the species known to depart from its winter habitats from March to April.<ref name=":14" /> Research shows that before migration, the yellow-rumped warbler intentionally gains weight and accrues more fat in its body: as a preparation for this energy-intensive activity, it consumes more food than other times for the purpose of increasing net energy intake from feeding, along with a refined diet that gives priority to food that supplies more energy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=Frank R.|last2=Simm|first2=Patricia A.|date=1985|title=Migratory Disposition and Choice of Diet by the Yellow-Rumped Warbler (''Dendroica coronata'')|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4086719|journal=The Auk|volume=102|issue=4|pages=820–826|issn=0004-8038}}</ref>

=== Nesting and vocal behaviors ===
Audubon's and the myrtle nest in coniferous and mixed woodlands, and lay 4–5 eggs. Females build the nest, sometimes using material the male carries to her. The nest is a cup of twigs, pine needles, grasses, and rootlets. She may also use moose, horse, and deer hair, moss, and lichens. She lines this cup with fine hair and feathers, sometimes woven into the nest in such a way that they curl up and over the eggs. The nest takes about 10 days to build. Nests are located on the horizontal branch of a conifer, anywhere from {{convert|1.2|to|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} high. Tree species include [[Tsuga|hemlock]], [[spruce]], [[Thuja occidentalis|white cedar]], [[pine]], [[Douglas-fir]], and [[larch]] or [[tamarack]]. They may build their nests far out on a main branch or tuck it close to the trunk in a secure fork of two or more branches. Occasionally nest are built in a deciduous tree such as a [[maple]], [[oak]] or [[birch]]. The eggs are incubated for 12 to 13 days. Nestlings are helpless and naked at hatching but grow quickly. The young are brooded for 10 to 14 days, at which point they can fledge.<ref name= Cornell/>

The yellow-rumped warbler has a trill-like song of 4–7 syllables (''{{not a typo|tyew-tyew-tyew-tyew, tew-tew-tew}}'') and an occasional ''check'' or ''chip'' call note.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Setophaga coronata|Yellow-rumped warbler}}
{{Wikispecies|Setophaga coronata}}
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Yellow-rumped_Warbler.html Yellow-rumped warbler species account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* {{InternetBirdCollection|yellow-rumped-warbler-dendroica-coronata|Yellow-rumped warbler}}
* {{VIREO|Yellow-rumped+Warbler|Yellow-rumped warbler}}



{{Taxonbar|from=Q18390024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:warbler, yellow-rumped}}
[[Category:Setophaga|yellow-rumped warbler]]
[[Category:Birds of North America]]
[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1766|yellow-rumped warbler]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|yellow-rumped warbler]]

Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 June 2

2020-06-02T11:12:25Z

GTBacchus: /* Characters of Blood+ (other characters) */ del

<noinclude>{{rfd log header|2020|June 1|2020|June 3}}</noinclude>
===[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 June 2|June 2]]===
<noinclude>This is a list of redirects that have been proposed for deletion or other action on June 2, 2020.</noinclude>


====Steiermark Grand Prix====
*{{no redirect|1 = Steiermark Grand Prix }} → [[:2020 Formula One World Championship]]  ([[Talk:Steiermark Grand Prix|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Steiermark Grand Prix|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steiermark_Grand_Prix&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Steiermark_Grand_Prix stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Steiermark Grand Prix|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Steiermark Grand Prix|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Steiermark Grand Prix|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]

*{{no redirect|1 = 2020 Steiermark Grand Prix }} → [[:2020 Formula One World Championship]]  ([[Talk:2020 Steiermark Grand Prix|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/2020 Steiermark Grand Prix|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Steiermark_Grand_Prix&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=2020_Steiermark_Grand_Prix stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:2020 Steiermark Grand Prix|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#2020 Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:2020 Steiermark Grand Prix|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#2020 Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:2020 Steiermark Grand Prix|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#2020 Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

These redirects were created as placeholders when the new {{f1|2020}} F1 season calendar was announced per convention. However, the name has since been corrected to Styrian GP rather than Steiermark GP so these redirects are no longer necessary. No articles point to them. '''[[User:5225C|5225C]]''' ([[User_talk:5225C|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/5225C|contributions]]) 10:40, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====Goidelic (Gaelic) languages====
*{{no redirect|1 = Goidelic (Gaelic) languages }} → [[:Goidelic languages]]  ([[Talk:Goidelic (Gaelic) languages|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Goidelic (Gaelic) languages|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goidelic_(Gaelic)_languages&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Goidelic_%28Gaelic%29_languages stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Goidelic (Gaelic) languages|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Goidelic (Gaelic) languages]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Goidelic (Gaelic) languages|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Goidelic (Gaelic) languages]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Goidelic (Gaelic) languages|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Goidelic (Gaelic) languages]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Unnecessary disambiguation. See [[Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2020_February_12#Goidelic_(Gaelic)_language|this]] and [[Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2020_February_12#Goidelic_(Gaelic)|this]]. [[User:Soumya-8974|Soumya-8974]] [[User talk:Soumya-8974|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Soumya-8974|contribs]] [[Special:PrefixIndex/User:Soumya-8974|subpages]] 10:34, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. This formatting does have some usage. Some examples for attestation purposes include: [https://www.newgrangetours.com/articles/the-discovery-of--bru-na-boinne][https://www.clanmurray.family/languages][https://coveredrachel.wordpress.com/2013/05/07/gaelic-tuesdays][https://bladeforums.com/threads/great-music-traditional-music.812650/#post-9189026]. For what it's worth, this was suggested to be the title of the article [[talk:Goidelic languages/Archive 1|back in 2005.]] --[[User:Tavix| '''T'''avix]] ([[User talk:Tavix|talk]]) 11:05, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====C0r0na====
*{{no redirect|1 = C0r0na }} → [[:Coronavirus disease 2019]]  ([[Talk:C0r0na|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/C0r0na|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C0r0na&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=C0r0na stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:C0r0na|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#C0r0na]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:C0r0na|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#C0r0na]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:C0r0na|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#C0r0na]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

I'm pretty sure this redirect is unnecessary, I don't believe that anyone writes "C0r0na". [[User:TheImaCow|TheImaCow]] ([[User talk:TheImaCow|talk]]) 09:28, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' unusual mis-spelling therefore not in scope for redirect. The target is also too specific for a vague misspelling. If one wanted to make the case to keep the redirect, it should probably point to [[Corona]].pseudonym [[User:Jake Brockman|Jake Brockman]] [[User talk:Jake Brockman|talk]]
*'''Speedy delete''' R3. Pointless and was just created a couple minutes ago. [[User:Spicy|Spicy]] ([[User talk:Spicy|talk]]) 09:53, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Retarget''' to [[Corona]]. --[[User:Soumya-8974|Soumya-8974]] [[User talk:Soumya-8974|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Soumya-8974|contribs]] [[Special:PrefixIndex/User:Soumya-8974|subpages]] 11:08, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA) }} → [[:Red Line (CTA)#History]]  ([[Talk:Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%E2%80%93Englewood%E2%80%93Jackson_Park_Line_(CTA)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Howard%E2%80%93Englewood%E2%80%93Jackson_Park_Line_%28CTA%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Previously used only in a template, this redirect is no longer used, and not useful. Punctuation (dashes) is right but unlikely to be used; case is wrong (Line is never capped in this context in sources); unnecessary disambiguator (CTA) would never be used in a link. Might as well remove the temptation. [[User:Dicklyon|Dicklyon]] ([[User talk:Dicklyon|talk]]) 06:23, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
====Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA) }} → [[:Red Line (CTA)#History]]  ([[Talk:Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard-Englewood-Jackson_Park_Line_(CTA)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Howard-Englewood-Jackson_Park_Line_%28CTA%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Previously used only in a template, this redirect is no longer used, and not useful. Punctuation is wrong (hyphens should be dashes); case is wrong (Line is never capped in this context in sources); unnecessary disambiguator (CTA) would never be used in a link. Might as well remove the temptation. [[User:Dicklyon|Dicklyon]] ([[User talk:Dicklyon|talk]]) 06:22, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
====Characters of Negima (other characters)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Characters of Negima (other characters) }} → [[:List of Negima! Magister Negi Magi characters]]  ([[Talk:Characters of Negima (other characters)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Characters of Negima (other characters)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_of_Negima_(other_characters)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Characters_of_Negima_%28other_characters%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (other characters)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (other characters)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (other characters)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (other characters)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = Characters of Negima (Other characters) }} → [[:List of Negima! Magister Negi Magi characters]]  ([[Talk:Characters of Negima (Other characters)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Characters of Negima (Other characters)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_of_Negima_(Other_characters)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Characters_of_Negima_%28Other_characters%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (Other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (Other characters)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (Other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (Other characters)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (Other characters)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (Other characters)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

These redirects don't specify what characters are meant to be excluded (there is a section about other antagonists, but I'm not sure about refining there), and could potentially confuse readers. Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]]''[[User talk:Sonic678|678]]'' 04:58, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

'''Delete''' I don't see any useful purpose in the existence of this redirect. -[[User:GTBacchus|GTBacchus]]([[User talk:GTBacchus|talk]]) 11:11, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====Characters of Blood+ (other characters)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Characters of Blood+ (other characters) }} → [[:List of Blood+ characters#Minor characters]]  ([[Talk:Characters of Blood+ (other characters)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Characters of Blood+ (other characters)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_of_Blood%2B_(other_characters)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Characters_of_Blood%2B_%28other_characters%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Characters of Blood+ (other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Blood+ (other characters)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Blood+ (other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Blood+ (other characters)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Blood+ (other characters)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Blood+ (other characters)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2019 February 15#Characters of Blood+ (Other characters)|Last year in February, this redirect's "Other characters" sister was deleted]], and this one's section...doesn't seem to exist, at least anymore. Like the other one, it's still unclear what "other" characters it's meant to exclude. Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]]''[[User talk:Sonic678|678]]'' 04:40, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

'''Delete''' - I don't see any useful purpose in the existence of this redirect. -[[User:GTBacchus|GTBacchus]]([[User talk:GTBacchus|talk]]) 11:12, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====Smash the House redirects====
*{{no redirect|1 = Magic Wand (DJ) }} → [[:Smash the House]]  ([[Talk:Magic Wand (DJ)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Magic Wand (DJ)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_Wand_(DJ)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Magic_Wand_%28DJ%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Magic Wand (DJ)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Magic Wand (DJ)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Magic Wand (DJ)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Magic Wand (DJ)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Magic Wand (DJ)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Magic Wand (DJ)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = Dave Till }} → [[:Smash the House]]  ([[Talk:Dave Till|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Dave Till|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Till&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dave_Till stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Dave Till|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dave Till]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Dave Till|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dave Till]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Dave Till|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dave Till]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = BL3R }} → [[:Smash the House]]  ([[Talk:BL3R|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/BL3R|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BL3R&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=BL3R stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:BL3R|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BL3R]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:BL3R|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BL3R]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:BL3R|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BL3R]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned in the target. No reasonable target can be found that describes these artists. More abandoned redirects by {{noping|Zawl}}, and were formerly listed here but removed by {{u|Alexf}} per [[WP:NLIST]]. [[User:JalenFolf|Jalen Folf]] [[User talk:JalenFolf|(talk)]] 03:00, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' unless some information about the subject of the redirect, with at least one reliable source, can be added to the target. I did a Google search for Dave Till, and didn't find such a source connecting him to Smash the House.—[[User:Anne Delong|Anne Delong]] ([[User talk:Anne Delong|talk]]) 04:33, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====National Democrats (Norway)====
*{{no redirect|1 = National Democrats (Norway) }} → [[:Norwegian Patriots]]  ([[Talk:National Democrats (Norway)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/National Democrats (Norway)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Democrats_(Norway)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-24&end=2020-05-23&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=National_Democrats_%28Norway%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:National Democrats (Norway)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#National Democrats (Norway)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:National Democrats (Norway)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#National Democrats (Norway)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:National Democrats (Norway)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#National Democrats (Norway)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

There is no indication in the target article that this party was known by this title, which is ambiguous (see [[National Democrats (Norway, 1991)]]) [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 12:59, 24 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' to encourage article creation. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Democrats_(Norway)&oldid=303191135 first revision of the redirect] says this was another party that formed in 2006 and in 2007 merged with the one that the target article centers on. I did find [https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11829170 a copy of the article on enacademic.com], which lists some sources. If it can't plausibly be expanded into an article, '''merge''' any relevant history if it's deleted. Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]]''[[User talk:Sonic678|678]]'' 14:44, 24 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep and revert from redirect to article'''. When a redirect was made, an article about a political party was deleted. Such a deletion should be conducted after an AFD discussion, or not at all. [[User:Geschichte|Geschichte]] ([[User talk:Geschichte|talk]]) 10:17, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:40, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>
====Beacon Communications====
*{{no redirect|1 = Beacon Communications }} → [[:Beacon Pictures]]  ([[Talk:Beacon Communications|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Beacon Communications|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beacon_Communications&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Beacon_Communications stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Beacon Communications|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Beacon Communications]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Beacon Communications|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Beacon Communications]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Beacon Communications|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Beacon Communications]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

The article does not mention why this redirects here, and there is no mention of "Beacon Communications" at [https://beaconpictures.com]. The term is ambiguous with [[Beacon Communications Corporation]] and [[Beacon Communications (publisher)]]. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 09:39, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

: '''Comment''' The page for the filmmaker was originally at Beacon Communications because that was the company's former name (see, e.g., the IMDB page for [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118571/?ref_=adv_li_tt Air Force One] -- scroll down to "Company Credits". I created this redirect more than a decade ago when working on articles about newspapers because even with the name change, I figured more people would know "Beacon Communications" as the producer of blockbuster films than would know about a couple very small publishers of local newspapers. Some connection to the filmmaking company should be kept -- perhaps this should be a dab page with links to all three articles. ``` [[User:Toll Booth Willie|t b '''w i l l i e''']] ` [[User Talk:Toll Booth Willie|$1.25]] ` 23:58, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
* '''Create Disambiguation page''' It seems to me that there is no primary topic, so a disambiguation page might be the best bet, as suggested by [[User:Toll Booth Willie|t b '''w i l l i e''']]. --[[User:Bejnar|Bejnar]] ([[User talk:Bejnar|talk]]) 03:24, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:39, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>
**{{re|Toll Booth Willie}}{{re|Bejnar}} it may be better to use [[Beacon (disambiguation)#Businesses and organisations]]. I would support a redirect there. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 09:58, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====Digital content creation tools====
*{{no redirect|1 = Digital content creation tools }} → [[:3D computer graphics]]  ([[Talk:Digital content creation tools|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Digital content creation tools|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_content_creation_tools&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Digital_content_creation_tools stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Digital content creation tools|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Digital content creation tools]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Digital content creation tools|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Digital content creation tools]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Digital content creation tools|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Digital content creation tools]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Way too vague, could refer to dozens of things besides 3d graphics. Suggest deleting. [[User:SpicyMilkBoy|SpicyMilkBoy]] ([[User talk:SpicyMilkBoy|talk]]) 04:35, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

*'''Dab''' maybe? --Stay safe, [[User:Prahlad balaji|◊PRAHLAD]][[User talk:Prahlad balaji|balaji]] ([[User:Prahlad balaji/C|M•T•A]]•[[Special:Contribs/Prahlad balaji|C]]) This message was left at 19:06, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

* '''Delete''' for now, as too amorphous for DAB, no good target hence no navigational value. --[[User:Bejnar|Bejnar]] ([[User talk:Bejnar|talk]]) 04:15, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:37, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>

====Sharktooth Hill====
*{{no redirect|1 = Sharktooth Hill }} → [[:Temblor Formation]]  ([[Talk:Sharktooth Hill|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Sharktooth Hill|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharktooth_Hill&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Sharktooth_Hill stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Sharktooth Hill|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Sharktooth Hill]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Sharktooth Hill|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Sharktooth Hill]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Sharktooth Hill|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Sharktooth Hill]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

This term is not mentioned in the target article except in a reference. Is it the same as [[Sharktooth Peak]], also in California? [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 08:37, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
:'''note''' STH is a fairly well known fossil site in the Temblor of Kern County, CA. References to the site can be found in both scholarly journals and general online searches. It is distinct from [[Sharktooth Peak]]. [[User:Ryan shell|Ryan shell]] ([[User talk:Ryan shell|talk]]) 14:21, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
::'''Comment''' Perhaps [[User:Ryan shell|Ryan shell]] would be willing to use some of those [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] to add to the target an appropriate paragraph (or sentence) on significant outcrops of the [[:Temblor Formation]]. --[[User:Bejnar|Bejnar]] ([[User talk:Bejnar|talk]]) 03:36, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
:::There is a line in the intro referencing STH as a significant outcrop within the formation; I can reinforce that with a few academic refs [[User:Ryan shell|Ryan shell]] ([[User talk:Ryan shell|talk]]) 20:11, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:36, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>

====Butt stuff====
*{{no redirect|1 = Butt stuff }} → [[:Anal sex]]  ([[Talk:Butt stuff|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Butt stuff|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butt_stuff&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Butt_stuff stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Butt stuff|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Butt stuff]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Butt stuff|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Butt stuff]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Butt stuff|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Butt stuff]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]

Not mentioned at target article and could also technically mean [[Poop]]. Not sure what to do with this one. [[User:OcelotCreeper|OcelotCreeper]] ([[User talk:OcelotCreeper|talk]]) 18:41, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' as ambiguous, I'm not sure this is really a plausible synonym for "poop" but it could also refer to [[Anal masturbation]], [[Analingus]], [[Anal porn]], etc. [[User:SpicyMilkBoy|SpicyMilkBoy]] ([[User talk:SpicyMilkBoy|talk]]) 18:53, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Dab''' as it could mean a lot of things. --Stay safe, [[User:Prahlad balaji|◊PRAHLAD]][[User talk:Prahlad balaji|balaji]] ([[User:Prahlad balaji/C|M•T•A]]•[[Special:Contribs/Prahlad balaji|C]]) This message was left at 22:54, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' (or '''disambig''' as a second choice) despite being theoretically ambiguous in actual use it is used almost exclusively as a synonym of [[Anal sex]], which is the only definition given at [[wikt:butt stuff]]. There is minor use to mean [[Anal masturbation]], so that could be added as a hatnote, but I see no evidence of use to mean [[Analingus]], [[Anal porn]], etc. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 11:11, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:35, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>

====Anial sex====
*{{no redirect|1 = Anial sex }} → [[:Anal sex]]  ([[Talk:Anial sex|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Anial sex|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anial_sex&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Anial_sex stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Anial sex|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Anial sex]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Anial sex|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Anial sex]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Anial sex|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Anial sex]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

The "i" is far from the "n" and "a" on the [[QWERTY]] keyboard making this look like an unlikely search term. Delete unless a justification can be proven. [[User:OcelotCreeper|OcelotCreeper]] ([[User talk:OcelotCreeper|talk]]) 18:51, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

*'''Delete''', probably a misspelling. --Stay safe, [[User:Prahlad balaji|◊PRAHLAD]][[User talk:Prahlad balaji|balaji]] ([[User:Prahlad balaji/C|M•T•A]]•[[Special:Contribs/Prahlad balaji|C]]) This message was left at 22:50, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' as misspelt and ambiguous: could also be a typo for [[animal sex]]. [[User:Narky Blert|Narky Blert]] ([[User talk:Narky Blert|talk]]) 07:55, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. This is a misspelling (and should be tagged as such), but based on 106 page views last year and no shortage of google hits for the exact term it appears to be a common one. While "animal sex" might seem equally plausible, the google results show it is not used in that sense. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 10:43, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*:A misspelling from which? One too many letters or one too few? [[User:Narky Blert|Narky Blert]] ([[User talk:Narky Blert|talk]]) 13:17, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*::As I said, a misspelling from "Anal sex" is the only one that actually sees usage. This might be because "anal sex" is a much more frequently used term than "animal sex" but it doesn't matter why one is used and the other not, only that in practice this isn't ambiguous. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 13:49, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*:::How do you know? [[User:Narky Blert|Narky Blert]] ([[User talk:Narky Blert|talk]]) 17:28, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
*::::Because in 100% of the uses I found in searches the meaning was very clearly anal sex not animal sex - as I said initially. If you can find significant use to mean "animal sex" then I will reconsider, but as it stands the evidence is clear. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 18:36, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:34, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>

====Public Service (TV series)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Public Service (TV series) }} → [[:Parks and Recreation]]  ([[Talk:Public Service (TV series)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Public Service (TV series)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Service_(TV_series)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Public_Service_%28TV_series%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Public Service (TV series)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Public Service (TV series)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Public Service (TV series)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Public Service (TV series)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Public Service (TV series)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Public Service (TV series)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

[https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&redirects=0&start=2019-05-24&end=2020-05-24&pages=Public_Service_(TV_series) Virtually no page history in the last year]. It is mentioned in the Conception section of the article so either retarget to there or delete. [[User:OcelotCreeper|OcelotCreeper]] ([[User talk:OcelotCreeper|talk]]) 19:21, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' to [[Public broadcasting]] (where [[public service television]] redirects) as a misnomer for that, with a hatnote to [[Parks and Recreation]]. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 10:35, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' as {{tl|R from working title}}. '''Oppose''' retarget to [[public broadcasting]], that's not a TV series. --[[User:Tavix| '''T'''avix]] ([[User talk:Tavix|talk]]) 00:19, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:33, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>

Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 June 2

2020-06-02T11:11:41Z

GTBacchus: /* Characters of Negima (other characters) */ del

<noinclude>{{rfd log header|2020|June 1|2020|June 3}}</noinclude>
===[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 June 2|June 2]]===
<noinclude>This is a list of redirects that have been proposed for deletion or other action on June 2, 2020.</noinclude>


====Steiermark Grand Prix====
*{{no redirect|1 = Steiermark Grand Prix }} → [[:2020 Formula One World Championship]]  ([[Talk:Steiermark Grand Prix|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Steiermark Grand Prix|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steiermark_Grand_Prix&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Steiermark_Grand_Prix stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Steiermark Grand Prix|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Steiermark Grand Prix|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Steiermark Grand Prix|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]

*{{no redirect|1 = 2020 Steiermark Grand Prix }} → [[:2020 Formula One World Championship]]  ([[Talk:2020 Steiermark Grand Prix|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/2020 Steiermark Grand Prix|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Steiermark_Grand_Prix&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=2020_Steiermark_Grand_Prix stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:2020 Steiermark Grand Prix|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#2020 Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:2020 Steiermark Grand Prix|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#2020 Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:2020 Steiermark Grand Prix|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#2020 Steiermark Grand Prix]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

These redirects were created as placeholders when the new {{f1|2020}} F1 season calendar was announced per convention. However, the name has since been corrected to Styrian GP rather than Steiermark GP so these redirects are no longer necessary. No articles point to them. '''[[User:5225C|5225C]]''' ([[User_talk:5225C|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/5225C|contributions]]) 10:40, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====Goidelic (Gaelic) languages====
*{{no redirect|1 = Goidelic (Gaelic) languages }} → [[:Goidelic languages]]  ([[Talk:Goidelic (Gaelic) languages|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Goidelic (Gaelic) languages|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goidelic_(Gaelic)_languages&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Goidelic_%28Gaelic%29_languages stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Goidelic (Gaelic) languages|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Goidelic (Gaelic) languages]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Goidelic (Gaelic) languages|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Goidelic (Gaelic) languages]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Goidelic (Gaelic) languages|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Goidelic (Gaelic) languages]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Unnecessary disambiguation. See [[Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2020_February_12#Goidelic_(Gaelic)_language|this]] and [[Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2020_February_12#Goidelic_(Gaelic)|this]]. [[User:Soumya-8974|Soumya-8974]] [[User talk:Soumya-8974|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Soumya-8974|contribs]] [[Special:PrefixIndex/User:Soumya-8974|subpages]] 10:34, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. This formatting does have some usage. Some examples for attestation purposes include: [https://www.newgrangetours.com/articles/the-discovery-of--bru-na-boinne][https://www.clanmurray.family/languages][https://coveredrachel.wordpress.com/2013/05/07/gaelic-tuesdays][https://bladeforums.com/threads/great-music-traditional-music.812650/#post-9189026]. For what it's worth, this was suggested to be the title of the article [[talk:Goidelic languages/Archive 1|back in 2005.]] --[[User:Tavix| '''T'''avix]] ([[User talk:Tavix|talk]]) 11:05, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====C0r0na====
*{{no redirect|1 = C0r0na }} → [[:Coronavirus disease 2019]]  ([[Talk:C0r0na|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/C0r0na|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C0r0na&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=C0r0na stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:C0r0na|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#C0r0na]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:C0r0na|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#C0r0na]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:C0r0na|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#C0r0na]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

I'm pretty sure this redirect is unnecessary, I don't believe that anyone writes "C0r0na". [[User:TheImaCow|TheImaCow]] ([[User talk:TheImaCow|talk]]) 09:28, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' unusual mis-spelling therefore not in scope for redirect. The target is also too specific for a vague misspelling. If one wanted to make the case to keep the redirect, it should probably point to [[Corona]].pseudonym [[User:Jake Brockman|Jake Brockman]] [[User talk:Jake Brockman|talk]]
*'''Speedy delete''' R3. Pointless and was just created a couple minutes ago. [[User:Spicy|Spicy]] ([[User talk:Spicy|talk]]) 09:53, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Retarget''' to [[Corona]]. --[[User:Soumya-8974|Soumya-8974]] [[User talk:Soumya-8974|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Soumya-8974|contribs]] [[Special:PrefixIndex/User:Soumya-8974|subpages]] 11:08, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA) }} → [[:Red Line (CTA)#History]]  ([[Talk:Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%E2%80%93Englewood%E2%80%93Jackson_Park_Line_(CTA)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Howard%E2%80%93Englewood%E2%80%93Jackson_Park_Line_%28CTA%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard–Englewood–Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Previously used only in a template, this redirect is no longer used, and not useful. Punctuation (dashes) is right but unlikely to be used; case is wrong (Line is never capped in this context in sources); unnecessary disambiguator (CTA) would never be used in a link. Might as well remove the temptation. [[User:Dicklyon|Dicklyon]] ([[User talk:Dicklyon|talk]]) 06:23, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
====Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA) }} → [[:Red Line (CTA)#History]]  ([[Talk:Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard-Englewood-Jackson_Park_Line_(CTA)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Howard-Englewood-Jackson_Park_Line_%28CTA%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Howard-Englewood-Jackson Park Line (CTA)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Previously used only in a template, this redirect is no longer used, and not useful. Punctuation is wrong (hyphens should be dashes); case is wrong (Line is never capped in this context in sources); unnecessary disambiguator (CTA) would never be used in a link. Might as well remove the temptation. [[User:Dicklyon|Dicklyon]] ([[User talk:Dicklyon|talk]]) 06:22, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
====Characters of Negima (other characters)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Characters of Negima (other characters) }} → [[:List of Negima! Magister Negi Magi characters]]  ([[Talk:Characters of Negima (other characters)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Characters of Negima (other characters)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_of_Negima_(other_characters)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Characters_of_Negima_%28other_characters%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (other characters)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (other characters)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (other characters)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (other characters)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = Characters of Negima (Other characters) }} → [[:List of Negima! Magister Negi Magi characters]]  ([[Talk:Characters of Negima (Other characters)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Characters of Negima (Other characters)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_of_Negima_(Other_characters)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Characters_of_Negima_%28Other_characters%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (Other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (Other characters)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (Other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (Other characters)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Negima (Other characters)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Negima (Other characters)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

These redirects don't specify what characters are meant to be excluded (there is a section about other antagonists, but I'm not sure about refining there), and could potentially confuse readers. Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]]''[[User talk:Sonic678|678]]'' 04:58, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

'''Delete''' I don't see any useful purpose in the existence of this redirect. -[[User:GTBacchus|GTBacchus]]([[User talk:GTBacchus|talk]]) 11:11, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====Characters of Blood+ (other characters)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Characters of Blood+ (other characters) }} → [[:List of Blood+ characters#Minor characters]]  ([[Talk:Characters of Blood+ (other characters)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Characters of Blood+ (other characters)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_of_Blood%2B_(other_characters)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Characters_of_Blood%2B_%28other_characters%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Characters of Blood+ (other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Blood+ (other characters)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Blood+ (other characters)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Blood+ (other characters)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Characters of Blood+ (other characters)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Characters of Blood+ (other characters)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2019 February 15#Characters of Blood+ (Other characters)|Last year in February, this redirect's "Other characters" sister was deleted]], and this one's section...doesn't seem to exist, at least anymore. Like the other one, it's still unclear what "other" characters it's meant to exclude. Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]]''[[User talk:Sonic678|678]]'' 04:40, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
====Smash the House redirects====
*{{no redirect|1 = Magic Wand (DJ) }} → [[:Smash the House]]  ([[Talk:Magic Wand (DJ)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Magic Wand (DJ)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_Wand_(DJ)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Magic_Wand_%28DJ%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Magic Wand (DJ)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Magic Wand (DJ)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Magic Wand (DJ)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Magic Wand (DJ)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Magic Wand (DJ)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Magic Wand (DJ)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = Dave Till }} → [[:Smash the House]]  ([[Talk:Dave Till|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Dave Till|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Till&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Dave_Till stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Dave Till|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dave Till]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Dave Till|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dave Till]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Dave Till|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Dave Till]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = BL3R }} → [[:Smash the House]]  ([[Talk:BL3R|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/BL3R|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BL3R&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-05-03&end=2020-06-01&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=BL3R stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:BL3R|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BL3R]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:BL3R|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BL3R]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:BL3R|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BL3R]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned in the target. No reasonable target can be found that describes these artists. More abandoned redirects by {{noping|Zawl}}, and were formerly listed here but removed by {{u|Alexf}} per [[WP:NLIST]]. [[User:JalenFolf|Jalen Folf]] [[User talk:JalenFolf|(talk)]] 03:00, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' unless some information about the subject of the redirect, with at least one reliable source, can be added to the target. I did a Google search for Dave Till, and didn't find such a source connecting him to Smash the House.—[[User:Anne Delong|Anne Delong]] ([[User talk:Anne Delong|talk]]) 04:33, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====National Democrats (Norway)====
*{{no redirect|1 = National Democrats (Norway) }} → [[:Norwegian Patriots]]  ([[Talk:National Democrats (Norway)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/National Democrats (Norway)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Democrats_(Norway)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-24&end=2020-05-23&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=National_Democrats_%28Norway%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:National Democrats (Norway)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#National Democrats (Norway)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:National Democrats (Norway)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#National Democrats (Norway)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:National Democrats (Norway)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#National Democrats (Norway)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

There is no indication in the target article that this party was known by this title, which is ambiguous (see [[National Democrats (Norway, 1991)]]) [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 12:59, 24 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' to encourage article creation. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Democrats_(Norway)&oldid=303191135 first revision of the redirect] says this was another party that formed in 2006 and in 2007 merged with the one that the target article centers on. I did find [https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11829170 a copy of the article on enacademic.com], which lists some sources. If it can't plausibly be expanded into an article, '''merge''' any relevant history if it's deleted. Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]]''[[User talk:Sonic678|678]]'' 14:44, 24 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep and revert from redirect to article'''. When a redirect was made, an article about a political party was deleted. Such a deletion should be conducted after an AFD discussion, or not at all. [[User:Geschichte|Geschichte]] ([[User talk:Geschichte|talk]]) 10:17, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:40, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>
====Beacon Communications====
*{{no redirect|1 = Beacon Communications }} → [[:Beacon Pictures]]  ([[Talk:Beacon Communications|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Beacon Communications|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beacon_Communications&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Beacon_Communications stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Beacon Communications|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Beacon Communications]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Beacon Communications|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Beacon Communications]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Beacon Communications|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Beacon Communications]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

The article does not mention why this redirects here, and there is no mention of "Beacon Communications" at [https://beaconpictures.com]. The term is ambiguous with [[Beacon Communications Corporation]] and [[Beacon Communications (publisher)]]. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 09:39, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

: '''Comment''' The page for the filmmaker was originally at Beacon Communications because that was the company's former name (see, e.g., the IMDB page for [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118571/?ref_=adv_li_tt Air Force One] -- scroll down to "Company Credits". I created this redirect more than a decade ago when working on articles about newspapers because even with the name change, I figured more people would know "Beacon Communications" as the producer of blockbuster films than would know about a couple very small publishers of local newspapers. Some connection to the filmmaking company should be kept -- perhaps this should be a dab page with links to all three articles. ``` [[User:Toll Booth Willie|t b '''w i l l i e''']] ` [[User Talk:Toll Booth Willie|$1.25]] ` 23:58, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
* '''Create Disambiguation page''' It seems to me that there is no primary topic, so a disambiguation page might be the best bet, as suggested by [[User:Toll Booth Willie|t b '''w i l l i e''']]. --[[User:Bejnar|Bejnar]] ([[User talk:Bejnar|talk]]) 03:24, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:39, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>
**{{re|Toll Booth Willie}}{{re|Bejnar}} it may be better to use [[Beacon (disambiguation)#Businesses and organisations]]. I would support a redirect there. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 09:58, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

====Digital content creation tools====
*{{no redirect|1 = Digital content creation tools }} → [[:3D computer graphics]]  ([[Talk:Digital content creation tools|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Digital content creation tools|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_content_creation_tools&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Digital_content_creation_tools stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Digital content creation tools|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Digital content creation tools]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Digital content creation tools|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Digital content creation tools]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Digital content creation tools|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Digital content creation tools]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Way too vague, could refer to dozens of things besides 3d graphics. Suggest deleting. [[User:SpicyMilkBoy|SpicyMilkBoy]] ([[User talk:SpicyMilkBoy|talk]]) 04:35, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

*'''Dab''' maybe? --Stay safe, [[User:Prahlad balaji|◊PRAHLAD]][[User talk:Prahlad balaji|balaji]] ([[User:Prahlad balaji/C|M•T•A]]•[[Special:Contribs/Prahlad balaji|C]]) This message was left at 19:06, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

* '''Delete''' for now, as too amorphous for DAB, no good target hence no navigational value. --[[User:Bejnar|Bejnar]] ([[User talk:Bejnar|talk]]) 04:15, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:37, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>

====Sharktooth Hill====
*{{no redirect|1 = Sharktooth Hill }} → [[:Temblor Formation]]  ([[Talk:Sharktooth Hill|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Sharktooth Hill|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharktooth_Hill&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Sharktooth_Hill stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Sharktooth Hill|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Sharktooth Hill]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Sharktooth Hill|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Sharktooth Hill]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Sharktooth Hill|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Sharktooth Hill]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

This term is not mentioned in the target article except in a reference. Is it the same as [[Sharktooth Peak]], also in California? [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 08:37, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
:'''note''' STH is a fairly well known fossil site in the Temblor of Kern County, CA. References to the site can be found in both scholarly journals and general online searches. It is distinct from [[Sharktooth Peak]]. [[User:Ryan shell|Ryan shell]] ([[User talk:Ryan shell|talk]]) 14:21, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
::'''Comment''' Perhaps [[User:Ryan shell|Ryan shell]] would be willing to use some of those [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] to add to the target an appropriate paragraph (or sentence) on significant outcrops of the [[:Temblor Formation]]. --[[User:Bejnar|Bejnar]] ([[User talk:Bejnar|talk]]) 03:36, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
:::There is a line in the intro referencing STH as a significant outcrop within the formation; I can reinforce that with a few academic refs [[User:Ryan shell|Ryan shell]] ([[User talk:Ryan shell|talk]]) 20:11, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:36, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>

====Butt stuff====
*{{no redirect|1 = Butt stuff }} → [[:Anal sex]]  ([[Talk:Butt stuff|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Butt stuff|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butt_stuff&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Butt_stuff stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Butt stuff|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Butt stuff]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Butt stuff|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Butt stuff]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Butt stuff|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Butt stuff]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ]

Not mentioned at target article and could also technically mean [[Poop]]. Not sure what to do with this one. [[User:OcelotCreeper|OcelotCreeper]] ([[User talk:OcelotCreeper|talk]]) 18:41, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' as ambiguous, I'm not sure this is really a plausible synonym for "poop" but it could also refer to [[Anal masturbation]], [[Analingus]], [[Anal porn]], etc. [[User:SpicyMilkBoy|SpicyMilkBoy]] ([[User talk:SpicyMilkBoy|talk]]) 18:53, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Dab''' as it could mean a lot of things. --Stay safe, [[User:Prahlad balaji|◊PRAHLAD]][[User talk:Prahlad balaji|balaji]] ([[User:Prahlad balaji/C|M•T•A]]•[[Special:Contribs/Prahlad balaji|C]]) This message was left at 22:54, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' (or '''disambig''' as a second choice) despite being theoretically ambiguous in actual use it is used almost exclusively as a synonym of [[Anal sex]], which is the only definition given at [[wikt:butt stuff]]. There is minor use to mean [[Anal masturbation]], so that could be added as a hatnote, but I see no evidence of use to mean [[Analingus]], [[Anal porn]], etc. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 11:11, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:35, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>

====Anial sex====
*{{no redirect|1 = Anial sex }} → [[:Anal sex]]  ([[Talk:Anial sex|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Anial sex|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anial_sex&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Anial_sex stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Anial sex|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Anial sex]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Anial sex|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Anial sex]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Anial sex|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Anial sex]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

The "i" is far from the "n" and "a" on the [[QWERTY]] keyboard making this look like an unlikely search term. Delete unless a justification can be proven. [[User:OcelotCreeper|OcelotCreeper]] ([[User talk:OcelotCreeper|talk]]) 18:51, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

*'''Delete''', probably a misspelling. --Stay safe, [[User:Prahlad balaji|◊PRAHLAD]][[User talk:Prahlad balaji|balaji]] ([[User:Prahlad balaji/C|M•T•A]]•[[Special:Contribs/Prahlad balaji|C]]) This message was left at 22:50, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' as misspelt and ambiguous: could also be a typo for [[animal sex]]. [[User:Narky Blert|Narky Blert]] ([[User talk:Narky Blert|talk]]) 07:55, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. This is a misspelling (and should be tagged as such), but based on 106 page views last year and no shortage of google hits for the exact term it appears to be a common one. While "animal sex" might seem equally plausible, the google results show it is not used in that sense. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 10:43, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*:A misspelling from which? One too many letters or one too few? [[User:Narky Blert|Narky Blert]] ([[User talk:Narky Blert|talk]]) 13:17, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*::As I said, a misspelling from "Anal sex" is the only one that actually sees usage. This might be because "anal sex" is a much more frequently used term than "animal sex" but it doesn't matter why one is used and the other not, only that in practice this isn't ambiguous. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 13:49, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*:::How do you know? [[User:Narky Blert|Narky Blert]] ([[User talk:Narky Blert|talk]]) 17:28, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
*::::Because in 100% of the uses I found in searches the meaning was very clearly anal sex not animal sex - as I said initially. If you can find significant use to mean "animal sex" then I will reconsider, but as it stands the evidence is clear. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 18:36, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:34, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>

====Public Service (TV series)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Public Service (TV series) }} → [[:Parks and Recreation]]  ([[Talk:Public Service (TV series)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Public Service (TV series)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Service_(TV_series)&action=history history] · [https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-04-25&end=2020-05-24&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Public_Service_%28TV_series%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Public Service (TV series)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Public Service (TV series)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Public Service (TV series)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Public Service (TV series)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Public Service (TV series)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Public Service (TV series)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

[https://tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&redirects=0&start=2019-05-24&end=2020-05-24&pages=Public_Service_(TV_series) Virtually no page history in the last year]. It is mentioned in the Conception section of the article so either retarget to there or delete. [[User:OcelotCreeper|OcelotCreeper]] ([[User talk:OcelotCreeper|talk]]) 19:21, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' to [[Public broadcasting]] (where [[public service television]] redirects) as a misnomer for that, with a hatnote to [[Parks and Recreation]]. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 10:35, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' as {{tl|R from working title}}. '''Oppose''' retarget to [[public broadcasting]], that's not a TV series. --[[User:Tavix| '''T'''avix]] ([[User talk:Tavix|talk]]) 00:19, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 02:33, 2 June 2020 (UTC)</div>

Kuehneotheriidae

2020-06-01T16:40:08Z

GTBacchus: little more context in first sentence

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Kuehneotheriids
| taxon = Kuehneotheriidae
| fossil_range = [[Late Triassic]] - [[Early Jurassic]], {{fossilrange|220|195}}
| type_species = {{extinct}}''[[Kuehneotherium praecursoris]]''
| type_species_authority = Kermack, Kermack, & Mussett, 1968
| authority = Kermack, Kermack, & Mussett, 1968
| display_parents = 2
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
{{extinct}}''[[Fluctuodon]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Debuysschere |first=Maxime |date=2016 |title=The Kuehneotheriidae (Mammaliaformes) from Saint-Nicolas-de-Port (Upper Triassic, France): a Systematic Review |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=24 |pages=127-146 |doi=10.1007/s10914-016-9335-z}}</ref> 
{{extinct}}''[[Indotherium]]''? 
{{extinct}}''[[Kotatherium]]''? 
{{extinct}}''[[Kuehneon]]''? 
{{extinct}}''[[Kuehneotherium]]'' 
{{extinct}}''[[Trishulotherium]]''? 
{{extinct}}''[[Woutersia]]''
}}

'''Kuehneotheriidae''' is an extinct family of [[mammal]]s traditionally placed within '[[Symmetrodonta]]', though now generally considered more basal than true symmetrodonts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bi |first1=Shundong |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaoting |last3=Meng |first3=Jin |last4=Wang |first4=Xiaoli |last5=Robinson |first5=Nicole |last6=Davis |first6=Brian |date=2016 |title=A new symmetrodont mammal (Trechnotheria: Zhangheotheriidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China and trechnotherian character evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |page=26668 |doi=10.1038/srep26668|doi-access=free }}</ref> All members of Kuehneotheriidae which have been found so far are represented only by teeth, but these teeth have features which have led [[paleontology|paleontologists]] to classify Kuehneotheriidae as very close relatives of the first true [[mammals]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/mammaliformes/mammaliformes3.html#Kuehneotheriidae | title=Kuehneotheriidae — Palaeos}}</ref> But fossil clades based solely on teeth often lead to difficulties ([[Ausktribosphenidae]] being a good example), and it is not possible to draw significant conclusions about [[mammalian evolution]] from the Kuehneotheriidae unless some more complete skeletons are found.

==See also==
* [[Evolution of mammals]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mammaliaformes|H.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6441860}}

[[Category:Mammaliaformes]]
[[Category:Late Triassic first appearances]]
[[Category:Early Jurassic extinctions]]

{{paleo-mammal-stub}}

Wikipedia talk:Automated taxobox system

2020-05-29T17:37:47Z

GTBacchus: /* Not sure where to request fix */ re

{{WikiProject Tree of Life|class=}}
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This talk page can be used to discuss issues with the automated taxobox system that are common to the entire system, not just one of its templates. Discussions of this nature prior to 2017 can be found at [[Template talk:Automatic taxobox]]

''Those familiar with the system prior to mid-2016 are advised to read [[WP:Automated taxobox system/notes|Notes for "old hands"]].''

== Collapse functionality? ==

I noticed on ''[[Sarcocystis]]'' that the subdivision field is really huge. It covers about half of the page. Can't we implement an optional 'collapsed' functionality to the 'Species' part? With a show/hide button? Cheers, [[User:Manifestation|Manifestation]] ([[User talk:Manifestation|talk]]) 15:24, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
:[[MOS:DONTHIDE]]. – [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] ([[User talk:Jonesey95|talk]]) 15:31, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
:{{u|Manifestation}}, you can repeat the content in the text and say "see text" in the speciesbox. If the content is repeated in the text, you could keep it in the speciesbox with [[Template:Collapsed infobox section begin]]. Or you could even create [[List of Sarcocystis species]] [[User:Enwebb|Enwebb]] ([[User talk:Enwebb|talk]]) 15:50, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

::{{re|Jonesey95}} That's nonsense. I can think of several instances in which you might collapse chunks of content to make the article more viewer friendly.
::{{re|Enwebb}} Ok thanks. I have tried [[Template:Collapsed infobox section begin]], see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarcocystis&diff=947643495 here]. The results are... reasonable. But can't the functionality be a default part of the box? [[List of Sarcocystis species]] might not pass the notability threshold, since only four ''Sarcocystis'' species have their own article. Cheers, [[User:Manifestation|Manifestation]] ([[User talk:Manifestation|talk]]) 16:08, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
:::I would oppose collapsed text being a default part of the infobox, per MOS. If you have an objection to the current text at [[MOS:DONTHIDE]], which is a community guideline, please take it up on the talk page for the Manual of Style, [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style]]. – [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] ([[User talk:Jonesey95|talk]]) 16:46, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
::::I too would strongly oppose collapsible text, per [[MOS:DONTHIDE]]. There's no reason whatsoever to have a hidden list in the taxobox. Reasonable length species lists, say up to 50, can be put in the text with a wikilink from the taxobox, longer ones can have their own list article. Since species are inherently notable, I've never seen any sustained objection to a separate list article. [[User:Peter coxhead|Peter coxhead]] ([[User talk:Peter coxhead|talk]]) 17:32, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

:I also don't recommend the collapsible text, but the original point is valid, it's far too large for an infobox. I think the species should be moved to the body of the text (it can be in columns to save space) and just have that section of the infobox deleted. [[User:Mattximus|Mattximus]] ([[User talk:Mattximus|talk]]) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added at 17:48, 27 March 2020‎ (UTC)

::Ok, fine. How is [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarcocystis&oldid=947665404#Species this]? - [[User:Manifestation|Manifestation]] ([[User talk:Manifestation|talk]]) 18:51, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

:::Much better. There is some advice in the Template Data (used in Visual Editor) not to add long lists of subdivisions to a taxobox. But there are other documentation pages that don't have that advice. [[User:Plantdrew|Plantdrew]] ([[User talk:Plantdrew|talk]]) 22:25, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

*Picking up on the "don't have collapsed content in boxes" bit - I have several times added pre-collapsed ''synonym'' lists to taxoboxes when the number of entries hits a dozen or more. Seems to be a reasonably common practice, and I can't remember ever seeing a synonyms list present in the main body instead. What's the take on this? --[[User:Elmidae|Elmidae]] ([[User talk:Elmidae|talk]] · [[Special:contributions/Elmidae|contribs]]) 16:55, 17 April 2020 (UTC)
::I also routinely collapse large synonym lists in taxoboxes. [[User:Loopy30|Loopy30]] ([[User talk:Loopy30|talk]]) 22:38, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

==Automatic cladogram==
Since we already have taxa in correct order with [[Template:Automatic taxobox]], can we use this info to create something like <nowiki>{{Automatic cladogram}}</nowiki>? The idea is you put two parameters, name and depth and it would automatically draw a [[cladogram]] for you.
For example: <nowiki>{{Automatic cladogram|Dinosauria|2}}</nowiki> would create a cladogram with [[Dinosaur]] as parent and two taxon ranks below. {{nbsp}}'''[[User:Khủng Long|Dinosaur]]{{nbsp}}[[User talk:Khủng Long|(talk)]]'''{{nbsp}}🌴🦕🦖{{nbsp}}-- 20:34, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
:That sounds like a good idea. Of course, this wouldn't be used for taxa with volatile classification schemes or chronospecies, like [[belemnite]] which has 4 cladograms, or [[Homo floresiensis]] where the cladogram uses the ''|label='' parameter to denote direct ancestry   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  01:56, 16 April 2020 (UTC)
::I don't think any classifications are stable enough that this would be beneficial. The automatic taxobox templates are themselves changed all the time, and they don't reflect one simple classification scheme, so a resulting cladogram would be a hodgepodge of different schemes, therefore [[WP:synth]]. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:41, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

This won't work for the reason that {{U|FunkMonk}} gave. There used to be code that would automatically generate the child taxa of a given taxon from the taxonomy templates. However, it had to be removed because of the way taxonomy templates are used. In summary, taxonomy templates encode a particular upwards classification used in a given case; they cannot be used downwards because multiple inconsistent upwards classifications may end at the same taxon. 
Let me explain in more detail. Some taxa are represented by more than one taxonomy template ("variants"). This enables the system to encode different classifications for the same taxon. The best known example is in fact in dinosaurs. The 'dinosaur' system and the 'bird' system are different. If you go to [[Template:Taxonomy/Aves]], you'll see that the parent is "Ornithurae/skip", which works its way up to "Sauropsida", leaving gaps. This is what bird editors want. If you go to [[Template:Taxonomy/Ornithurae]], you'll see a much fuller hierarchy, but it also works its way up to "Sauropsida". If you try to generate a cladogram downwards from "Sauropsida", you need first to find all taxa whose taxonomy templates have {{para|parent|Sauropsida}}. Ignoring a sandbox version, there are five, which would give you the start of the cladogram as:
{{clade
|label1=Sauropsida
|1={{clade
|1=Reptilia
|2=Archosauria (via Archosauria/skip)
|3=Avemetatarsalia (via Avemetatarsalia/skip)
|4=Lisboasaurus (a genus)
|5=''incertae sedis''
}}
}}
Going down from Reptilia, you would eventually find Archosauria and below it Avemetatarsalia. You'd also find Avemetatarsalia going directly down from Archosauria. I can give many other examples. Taxonomy templates do not encode a tree, but a network. 
It has been suggested that to get a cladogram, you just ignore the variants and follow the main taxonomy templates (i.e. those without "/qualifier"), but this doesn't work either, because which version has a qualifier is largely historical: the first created version will be the plain one, later ones will be variants, but the later ones may be the most up-to-date. [[User:Peter coxhead|Peter coxhead]] ([[User talk:Peter coxhead|talk]]) 05:59, 16 April 2020 (UTC)
: In short the taxonomy templates work upwards so, even if the other issues on variable taxonomy were resolved, are only suitable for a cladogram showing an article taxon as a terminal. If you want a cladogram with the article as the root the taxonomy templates don't have the relevant information in a form accessible from a template or module. Hypothetically there two ways it could be done.
:# If the {{para|subdivisions}} parameters were well-formed and had the child branches, it would be possible to extract this information with Lua in a module using the child taxa in {{para|subdivisions}} and then reiteratively getting subsequent child taxa using title objects to get the {{para|subdivisions}} content from the taxoboxes in the pages for the child taxa. Given the variety of formats in the {{para|subdivisions}} this is impractical and editing the pages to generate a standard format in {{para|subdivisions}} would be more effort than constructing a cladogram from scratch.
:# The taxonomy template information can be extracted in a downwards direction using Javascript to access the API. I already have a script that does that and can generate a list of the taxonomy. This could be used to generate a draft cladogram using the {{tl|clade}} template, but it would likely need editing anyway, as it couldn't handle alternative taxonomies. And any method using Javascript can only be a tool or an added extra; it can't be used for the standard page output.
: But that is all hypothetical. I agree with the above that getting automated cladograms from the taxonomy templates is impractical at best. I think any effort to systematize the cladograms would be better used to generate a series of standard accepted and/or consensus cladograms in templates and then reuse those in articles. —  [[User:Jts1882|Jts1882]] |[[User talk:Jts1882| talk]]  10:15, 16 April 2020 (UTC)
::@{{u|Jts1882}} About the javascript method, what is your opinion if the code is modified so that if it finds A is the parent of B and C, and B is the parent of C then it would change its former A-C line to A-B-C? This would fix the problem that {{u|Peter coxhead}} raised. I agree with {{u|FunkMonk}} this method would be synthetic, have little scientific value and the resulting cladograms should not be included (or included but with a warning) in articles. A situation where this could be useful is when someone with limited expertise in an area just wants to have some quick general idea about where a particular taxon stands. Offical cladograms are usually small, only cover some branches, he cannot "zoom out" to see the bigger picture. If time allows it, could you modify your code to make it a gadget {{u|Jts1882}}? {{nbsp}}'''[[User:Khủng Long|Dinosaur]]{{nbsp}}[[User talk:Khủng Long|(talk)]]'''{{nbsp}}🌴🦕🦖{{nbsp}}-- 02:58, 17 April 2020 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Khủng Long}} just to be clear, it's not only that the taxonomic "tree" reduces to a net, it's also that incompatible classifications are encoded in the taxonomy templates. Compare upwards from [[Template:Taxonomy/Embryophytes/Plantae]] (used by every single flowering plant taxobox), which treats Plantae as a kingdom, and [[Template:Taxonomy/Embryophytes]] (used mainly in taxoboxes for "algae"), which does not include any kingdoms, replacing Plantae by Archaeplastida and Viridiplantae – roughly, Plantae ''sensu lato'' and Plantae ''sensu stricto'' respectively.
:::(It's sometimes thought that Wikidata could be used instead, but this makes even more explicit the fact that there are variant taxonomies, since a taxon item can have multiple parents: see, for example, {{Q|14293890}}.) [[User:Peter coxhead|Peter coxhead]] ([[User talk:Peter coxhead|talk]]) 06:26, 17 April 2020 (UTC)
::::Even if this kind of template is technically feasible, I don't see any reason to use it and I don't think it's a good idea to use it anyways. Most cladograms currently in use on articles are based on the results of specific papers, not some well-resolved consensus which can be summarized easily in one universal cladogram. If this system is used, it would generate cladograms which have never appeared in the literature and therefore would not be congruent with our policies on sourcing our information and not generating original research. In addition, the automatic taxobox template does not make use of unnamed clades, while cladograms need to, a disconnect which would create artificial and unsourced polytomies in any cladogram derived from the taxobox. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 02:32, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
:::::Exactly right. [[User:Peter coxhead|Peter coxhead]] ([[User talk:Peter coxhead|talk]]) 06:30, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

== Not sure where to request fix ==

The page [[Phlaeothripidae]] uses an automatic taxobox which appeare to be somehow malfunctioning. If I'm not signed in, the page doesn't load properly, and the preview text that accompanies the Google hit ([https://www.google.com/search?q=phlaeothripidae+thrips Google search here]), itself contains taxobox error message copy:

::Phlaeothripidae is a family of thrips with hundreds of genera.
::They are the only family of the suborder Tubulifera, and are
::themselves ordered into two subfamilies, the Idolothripinae
::with 80 genera, and the Phlaeothripinae with almost 400.
:: 
::Family: Phlaeothripidae; Uzel, 1895
::Missing taxonomy template (fix): Tubulifera
::'''Phlaeothripidae - Wikipedia'''

I am not familiar enough with Automatic taxboxes to fix it myself, or even to diagnose the problem, and I'm too busy remodeling a garage to learn about it right now. I'm guessing it's an easy fix for someone who just knows how the system works, so I chose to report it here. If you read this far, thanks. :) -[[User:GTBacchus|GTBacchus]]([[User talk:GTBacchus|talk]]) 19:26, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

:Is it just the Google snippet that's the problem? The taxobox in the article looks fine to me, even when not logged in, but I do see the error in the Google snippet. I guess Google just happened to take a snapshot of the page at an inopportune time. 19:44, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

:: The taxobox and google search seem in order for me. Is it still a problem for you? Sometimes there are strange caching issues. —  [[User:Jts1882|Jts1882]] |[[User talk:Jts1882| talk]]  19:48, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
:::I think that the parent of Phlaeothripidae was changed before the parent's taxonomy template was set up, so there was a transient error in the taxobox, which got picked up by Google and also got cached. Experience shows that you need at least a null edit to force a full refresh of the hierarchy of taxonomy templates. [[User:Peter coxhead|Peter coxhead]] ([[User talk:Peter coxhead|talk]]) 21:45, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

:Previously, the taxobox appeared normal, but other parts of the page were broken, like all the links along the top right corner of the page, and all the links on the left side of the page, were smashed together in groups. It just looked like broken HTML somewhere in the mix, but I could still read the article. Now, that's not happening, and only the Google snippet is being weird, but I'll try clearing my browser cache or something. -[[User:GTBacchus|GTBacchus]]([[User talk:GTBacchus|talk]]) 17:37, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Automated taxobox system

2020-05-28T19:26:59Z

GTBacchus: /* Not sure where to request fix */ new section

Spider taxonomy

2020-05-16T19:57:13Z

GTBacchus: /* Overview of phylogeny */ link for one unlinked item in cladogram

[[File:Araneus-angulatus-figure1757.jpg|thumb|Paintings of ''[[Araneus angulatus]]'' from ''[[Svenska Spindlar]]'' of 1757, the first major work on spider taxonomy]]
'''Spider taxonomy''' is that part of [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] that is concerned with the science of naming, defining and classifying all [[spider]]s, members of the Araneae [[order (biology)|order]] of the [[Arthropoda|arthropod]] [[class (biology)|class]] [[Arachnida]] with about 46,000 described [[species]]. However, there are likely many species that have escaped the human eye to this day, and many [[specimen (biology)|specimens]] stored in [[collection (museum)|collections]] waiting to be described and classified. It is estimated that only one third to one half of the total number of existing species have been described.{{sfnp|Platnick|Raven|2013|p=600}}

[[Arachnology|Arachnologists]] currently divide [[spider]]s into two [[suborder (biology)|suborder]]s with about 114 [[family (taxonomy)|families]].

Due to constant research, with new species being discovered every month and others being recognized as [[synonym (zoology)|synonyms]], the number of species in the families is bound to change and can never reflect the present status with total accuracy. Nevertheless, the species numbers given here are useful as a guideline – see the [[Spider taxonomy#Table of families|table of families]] at the end of the article.

==History==
Spider taxonomy can be traced to the work of Swedish naturalist [[Carl Alexander Clerck]], who in 1757 published the first [[binomial nomenclature|binomial scientific names]] of some 67 spiders species in his ''[[Svenska Spindlar]]'' ("Swedish Spiders"), one year before [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] named over 30 spiders in his [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|''Systema Naturae'']]. In the ensuing 250 years, thousands more species have been described by researchers around the world, yet only a dozen taxonomists are responsible for more than a third of all species described. The most prolific authors include [[Eugène Simon]] of France, [[Norman Platnick]] and [[Herbert Walter Levi]] of the United States, [[Embrik Strand]] of Norway, and [[Tamerlan Thorell]] of Sweden, each having described well over 1,000 species.{{sfnp|Platnick|Raven|2013|p=597}}

==Overview of phylogeny==
At the very top level, there is broad agreement on the [[phylogeny]] and hence classification of spiders, which is summarized in the [[cladogram]] below. The three main [[clade]]s into which spiders are divided are shown in bold; {{as of|2015|lc=yes}}, they are usually treated as one suborder, [[Mesothelae]], and two infraorders, [[Mygalomorphae]] and [[Araneomorphae]], grouped into the suborder [[Opisthothelae]].{{sfnp|Bond|Garrison|Hamilton|Godwin|2014}}{{sfnp|Coddington|2005}} The Mesothelae, with only 9 species, make up an insignificant proportion of the total of around 45,000 known species. Mygalomorphae species comprise around 6% of the total, the remaining 94% being in the Araneomorphae.<ref group=note name=Note1>Species counts from {{Harvtxt|Platnick|Raven|2013|loc=Table 1}}, family classification from {{Harvtxt|Coddington|2005|p=20}}.</ref>

{{clade |style=line-height:100%;
|label1=Araneae (spiders)
|1={{clade
|1='''[[Mesothelae]]'''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Opisthothelae]]
|1={{clade
|1='''[[Mygalomorphae]]'''
|2={{clade
|label1='''[[Araneomorphae]]'''
|1={{clade
|1=[[Hypochiloidea]]
|2=[[Austrochiloidea]]
|3=[[Haplogynae]]
|4=[[Entelegynae]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

The Araneomorphae are divided into two main groups: the [[Haplogynae]] and the [[Entelegynae]]. The Haplogynae make up about 10% of the total number of spider species, the Entelegynae about 83%.<ref group=note name=Note1/> The phylogenetic relationships of the Haplogynae, Entelegynae and the two smaller groups [[Hypochiloidea]] and [[Austrochiloidea]] remain uncertain {{as of|2015|lc=yes}}. Some analyses place both Hypochiloidea and Austrochiloidea outside Haplogynae;{{sfnp|Coddington|2005|p=20}} others place the Austrochiloidea between the Haplogynae and the Entelegynae;{{sfnp|Griswold|Ramirez|Coddington|Platnick|2005}}{{sfnp|Blackledge|Scharff|Coddington|Szüts|2009|p=5232}} the Hypochiloidea have also been grouped with the Haplogynae.{{sfnp|Bond|Garrison|Hamilton|Godwin|2014|p=1766}} Earlier analyses regarded the Hypochiloidea as the sole representatives of a group called the Paleocribellatae, with all other araneomorphs placed in the Neocribellatae.{{sfnp|Coddington|Levi|1991|p=577}}

The Haplogynae are a group of araneomorph spiders with simpler male and female reproductive anatomy than the Entelegynae. Like the mesotheles and mygalomorphs, females have only a single genital opening ([[gonopore]]), used both for copulation and egg-laying;{{sfnp|Eberhard|Huber|2010|pp=256–257}} males have less complex [[palpal bulb]]s than those of the Entelegynae.{{sfnp|Eberhard|Huber|2010|p=250}} Although some studies based on both morphology and [[DNA]] suggest that the Haplogynae form a [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] group (i.e. they comprise all the descendants of a common ancestor),{{sfnp|Coddington|2005|p=22}}{{sfnp|Bond|Garrison|Hamilton|Godwin|2014|p=1766}} this hypothesis has been described as "weakly supported", with most of the distinguishing features of the group being inherited from ancestors shared with other groups of spiders, rather than being clearly indicative of a separate common origin (i.e. being [[synapomorphies]]).{{sfnp|Michalik|Ramírez|2014|p=312}} One phylogenetic hypothesis based on molecular data shows the Haplogynae as a [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] group leading to the Austrochilidae and Entelegynae.{{sfnp|Agnarsson|Coddington|Kuntner|2013|p=40}}

The Entelegynae have a more complex reproductive anatomy: females have two "copulatory pores" in addition to the single genital pore of other groups of spiders; males have complex palpal bulbs, matching the female genital structures ([[epigyne]]s).{{sfnp|Coddington|2005|p=22}} The monophyly of the group is well supported in both morphological and molecular studies. The internal phylogeny of the Entelegynae has been the subject of much research. Two groups within this clade contain the only spiders that make vertical orb webs: the [[Deinopoidea]] are [[cribellum|cribellate]] – the adhesive properties of their webs are created by packets of thousands of extremely fine loops of dry silk; the [[Araneoidea]] are ecribellate – the adhesive properties of their webs are created by fine droplets of "glue". In spite of these differences, the webs of the two groups are similar in their overall geometry.{{sfnp|Hormiga|Griswold|2014|p=488}} The evolutionary history of the Entelegynae is thus intimately connected with the evolutionary history of orb webs. One hypothesis is that there is a single clade, Orbiculariae, uniting the orb web makers, in whose ancestors orb webs evolved. A review in 2014 concluded that there is strong evidence that orb webs evolved only once, although only weak support for the monophyly of the Orbiculariae.{{sfnp|Hormiga|Griswold|2014|p=505}} One possible phylogeny is shown below; the type of web made is shown for each terminal node in order of the frequency of occurrence.{{sfnp|Blackledge|Scharff|Coddington|Szüts|2009|loc=Fig. 3}}

{{clade
|label1=Entelegynae
|1={{cladex
|1=Eresoidea, [[RTA clade]] – no web; substrate-defined web|state1=double
|label2=[[Orbiculariae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Deinopoidea]] – orb web
|2={{clade
|1=[[Nicodamidae]] – aerial sheet web
|2=[[Araneoidea]] – orb web; aerial sheet web; cobweb; no web
}}
}}
}}
}}

If this is correct, the earliest members of the Entelegynae made webs defined by the substrate on which they were placed (e.g. the ground) rather than suspended orb webs. True orb webs evolved once, in the ancestors of the Orbiculariae, but were then modified or lost in some descendants.

An alternative hypothesis, supported by some molecular phylogenetic studies, is that the Orbiculariae are [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]], with the phylogeny of the Entelegynae being as shown below.{{sfnp|Bond|Garrison|Hamilton|Godwin|2014|loc=Fig 3|ps=. Web types defined as {{Harvtxt|Blackledge|Scharff|Coddington|Szüts|2009|loc=Fig. 3}}}}

{{clade
|label1=Entelegynae
|1={{clade
|1=[[Araneoidea]] – orb web; aerial sheet web; cobweb; no web
|2={{clade
|1=[[RTA clade]] – no web; substrate-defined web
|2=[[Deinopoidea]], [[Oecobiidae]]– orb web; substrate-defined web
}}
}}
}}

On this view, orb webs evolved earlier, being present in the early members of the Entelegynae, and were then lost in more groups,{{sfnp|Bond|Garrison|Hamilton|Godwin|2014|p=1768}} making web evolution more convoluted, with different kinds of web having evolved separately more than once.{{sfnp|Hormiga|Griswold|2014|p=505}} Future advances in technology, including whole-genome sampling, should lead to "a clearer image of the evolutionary chronicle and the underlying diversity patterns that have resulted in one of the most extraordinary radiations of animals".{{sfnp|Hormiga|Griswold|2014|p=505}}

==Suborder Mesothelae==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2015}}
[[Image:Sphodros rufipes non-crossing chel.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Digitally enhanced image of a ''Sphodros rufipes'' that shows the nearly perfectly vertical orientation of the chelicerae, a prime characteristic of the Mygalomorphae.]]
[[Mesothelae]] resemble the [[Solifugae]] ("wind scorpions" or "sun scorpions") in having segmented plates on their abdomens that create the appearance of the segmented abdomens of these other arachnids. They are both few in number and also limited in geographical range.
*[[Arthrolycosidae]] (primitive spiders, extinct)
*[[Arthromygalidae]] (primitive spiders, extinct)
*[[Liphistiidae]] (primitive burrowing spiders)

==Suborder Opisthothelae==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2015}}
Suborder [[Opisthothelae]] contains the spiders that have no plates on their abdomens. It can be somewhat difficult on casual inspection to determine whether the chelicerae of members are of the sort that would classify them as mygalomorphs or araneomorphs. The spiders that are called "[[tarantulas]]" in English are so large and hairy that inspection of their chelicerae is hardly necessary to categorize one of them as a mygalomorph. Other, smaller, members of this suborder, however, look little different from the araneomorphs. (See the picture of ''Sphodros rufipes'' below.) Many araneomorphs are immediately identifiable as such since they are found on webs designed for the capture of prey or exhibit other habitat choices that eliminate the possibility that they could be mygalomorphs.

===Infraorder Mygalomorphae===
[[Image:Megaphobema robustum 1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''Megaphobema robustum'', one of the many kinds of spiders called "[[tarantula]]s"]]
Spiders in infraorder [[Mygalomorphae]] are characterized by the vertical orientation of their chelicerae and the possession of four book lungs.

===Infraorder Araneomorphae===
[[File:Cheiracanthium punctorium frei 1 17 Forst Jungfernhdeide Jg 46 070920.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Photograph showing orientation of the chelicerae of the Araneomorphae.]]
Most, if not all, of the spiders one is likely to encounter in everyday life belong to infraorder [[Araneomorphae]]. It includes a wide range from the spiders that weave their distinctive orb webs in the garden, the more chaotic-looking webs of the cobweb spiders that frequent window frames and the corners of rooms, the crab spiders that lurk waiting for nectar- and pollen-gathering insects on flowers, to the jumping spiders that patrol the outside walls of a dwelling, and so on. They are characterized by having [[chelicerae]] whose tips approach each other as they bite, and (usually) having one pair of book lungs.

Some important spider families are :
*Pholcidae ([[daddy long-legs spider]]s)
These spiders are frequently seen in cellars. When light contact disturbs their web their characteristic response is to set the entire web moving the way a person would jump up and down on a trampoline. It is unclear why they cause their webs to vibrate in this way; moving their webs back and forward may increase the possibility that insects flying close by may be ensnared, or the rapid gyrations caused by the spider in its web may make the spider harder to target by predators.

*Salticidae ([[jumping spider]]s)
The family Salticidae, commonly called jumping spiders, have a characteristic cephalothorax shape, as shown in the diagram below. They have eight eyes, two of them very prominent, and excellent vision. Their maximum size is perhaps 13/16 inch (20 mm), but many species are much smaller than that. The largest North American species such as Phidippus regius, P. octopunctatis, etc., are so heavy bodied that they cannot jump far. The smaller species of jumping spider can jump many times their own body length. They hunt by first getting within range of a prey animal such as a fly, securing a silken "climbing rope" to their current perch, and then jumping onto their prey and biting it. Many seem to take unerring aim at the neck of their prey. Should they jump from one twig to another in an attempt to capture prey and miss or get knocked off the second twig by their struggling prey then they are protected from falling by their silken lifeline. At night these spiders usually retreat to a silken "puptent" that they construct for their own protection and, when needed, as a place to deposit their eggs. They are frequently seen in sunlit areas on walls, tree trunks, and other such vertical surfaces.
{|
|-
|[[Image:Salticidae cephalothorax di.svg|thumb|62px|"Squared-off" cephalothorax of the jumping spiders.]]
|[[Image:Salticidae eyes diag.svg|thumb|62px|Eye pattern of the jumping spiders.]]
|}

{{clear|right}}

==Classification above families==
Spiders were long classified into families that were then grouped into superfamilies, some of which were in turn placed into a number of higher taxa below the level of infraorder. When more rigorous approaches, such as [[cladistics]], were applied to spider classification, it became clear that most of the major groupings used in the 20th century were not supported. Many were based on shared characters inherited from the ancestors of multiple [[clade]]s ([[Plesiomorphy|plesiomorphies]]), rather than being distinctive characters originating in the ancestors of that clade only ([[Apomorphy|apomorphies]]). According to [[Jonathan A. Coddington]] in 2005, "books and overviews published prior to the last two decades have been superseded".{{sfnp|Coddington|2005|p=24}} Listings of spiders, such as the [[World Spider Catalog]], currently ignore classification above the family level.{{sfnp|Coddington|2005|p=24}}{{sfnp|World Spider Catalog|2018}}

At the higher level, the phylogeny of spiders is now often discussed using informal clade names, such as the "[[RTA clade]]",{{sfnp|Hormiga|Griswold|2014|p=491}} the "Oval Calmistrum" clade or the "Divided Cribellum" clade.{{sfnp|Ramírez|2014|p=4}} Older names previously used formally are used as clade names, e.g. [[Entelegynae]] and [[Orbiculariae]].{{sfnp|Hormiga|Griswold|2014|pp=490–491}}

==Table of families==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|Genera||bgcolor="lightblue" | 1 || bgcolor="lightgreen" | ≥2 || bgcolor="#FFA" | ≥10 || bgcolor="pink" | ≥100
|-
|Species||bgcolor="lightblue" | 1–9 || bgcolor="lightgreen" | ≥10 || bgcolor="#FFA" | ≥100 || bgcolor="pink" | ≥1000
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Spider families{{refn|group=note|name=Note2|Unless otherwise shown, currently accepted families and counts based on the [[World Spider Catalog]] version 19.0 {{as of|lc=yes|2018|July|11}}.{{sfnp|World Spider Catalog|2018|loc=[http://wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ Currently valid spider genera and species]}} In the World Spider Catalog, "species" counts include subspecies. Assignment to sub- and infraorders based on {{Harvtxt|Coddington|2005|p=20}} (when given there).}}
|-
!Family||Genera||Species||Common name||Example
|-
|colspan=5|'''[[Mesothelae]]'''
|-
|[[Liphistiidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|8||bgcolor="#FFA"|116||segmented spiders ||''Heptathela kimurai'' ([[Kimura spider]])
|-
|colspan=5|'''[[Opisthothelae]]: [[Mygalomorphae]]'''
|-
|[[Actinopodidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="lightgreen"|69|| ||''[[Missulena bradleyi]]'' (eastern mouse spider)
|-
|[[Antrodiaetidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|35||folding trapdoor spiders ||''[[Antrodiaetus riversi]]''
|-
|[[Atracidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="lightgreen"|35||Australian funnel-web spiders||''Atrax robustus'' ([[Sydney funnel-web spider]])
|-
|[[Atypidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="lightgreen"|54||purse web spiders ||'' [[Sphodros rufipes]]'' (red legged purseweb spider)
|-
|[[Barychelidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|42||bgcolor="#FFA"|295||trapdoor baboon spiders ||''[[Sason sundaicum]]''
|-
|[[Ctenizidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="lightgreen"|53||cork-lid trapdoor spiders ||''[[Cteniza sauvagesi]]''
|-
|[[Cyrtaucheniidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|11||bgcolor="#FFA"|107||wafer trapdoor spiders ||''[[Amblyocarenum nuragicus]]''
|-
|[[Dipluridae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|25||bgcolor="#FFA"|189||funnel-web tarantulas ||''Microhexura montivaga'' ([[spruce-fir moss spider]])
|-
|[[Euctenizidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|7||bgcolor="lightgreen"|76|| ||''[[Aptostichus simus]]''
|-
|[[Halonoproctidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|6||bgcolor="lightgreen"|84|| ||''[[Bothriocyrtum californicum]]'' (California trapdoor spider)
|-
|[[Hexathelidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|7||bgcolor="lightgreen"|45||funnel-web tarantulas ||''[[Porrhothele antipodiana]]'' (black tunnelweb spider)
|-
|[[Idiopidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|22||bgcolor="#FFA"|344||armored trapdoor spiders||''[[Idiosoma nigrum]]'' (black rugose trapdoor spider)
|-
|[[Macrothelidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightgreen"|29|| ||''[[Macrothele calpeiana]]'' (Spanish funnel-web spider)
|-
|[[Mecicobothriidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightblue"|9||dwarf tarantulas ||''[[Megahexura fulva]]''
|-
|[[Microstigmatidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|7||bgcolor="lightgreen"|17|| ||''[[Envia garciai]]''
|-
|[[Migidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|11||bgcolor="lightgreen"|97||tree trapdoor spiders ||''[[Calathotarsus simoni]]''
|-
|[[Nemesiidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|46||bgcolor="#FFA"|413|| ||''[[Aname atra]]'' (black wishbone spider)
|-
|[[Paratropididae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|11||baldlegged spiders ||''[[Paratropis tuxtlensis]]''
|-
|[[Porrhothelidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|5|| ||''[[Porrhothele antipodiana]]'' (black tunnelweb spider)
|-
|[[Theraphosidae]]||bgcolor="pink"|144||bgcolor="#FFA"|974||tarantulas ||''Theraphosa blondi'' ([[Goliath birdeater]])
|-
|colspan=5|'''Opisthothelae: [[Araneomorphae]]'''
|-
|[[Agelenidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|78||bgcolor="pink"|1282||araneomorph funnel-web spiders ||[[Hobo spider]]
|-
|[[Amaurobiidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|49||bgcolor="#FFA"|274||tangled nest spiders ||''[[Callobius claustrarius]]''
|-
|[[Ammoxenidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|18|| ||
|-
|[[Anapidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|58||bgcolor="#FFA"|223|| ||
|-
|[[Anyphaenidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|56||bgcolor="#FFA"|563||anyphaenid sac spiders ||[[Yellow ghost spider]]
|-
|[[Araneidae]]||bgcolor="pink"|174||bgcolor="pink"|3128||orb-weaver spiders ||''[[Zygiella x-notata]]''
|-
|[[Archaeidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|5||bgcolor="lightgreen"|90||pelican spiders ||''[[Eriauchenius gracilicollis]]''
|-
|[[Arkyidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|37|| ||
|-
|[[Austrochilidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="lightgreen"|10|| ||[[Tasmanian cave spider]]
|-
|[[Caponiidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|18||bgcolor="#FFA"|119|| ||''[[Diploglena capensis]]''
|-
|[[Cithaeronidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightblue"|8|| ||
|-
|[[Clubionidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|15||bgcolor="#FFA"|618||sac spiders ||''[[Clubiona trivialis]]''
|-
|[[Corinnidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|67||bgcolor="#FFA"|779||dark sac spiders ||''[[Castianeira]]'' sp.
|-
|[[Ctenidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|47||bgcolor="#FFA"|525||tropical wolf spiders ||[[Brazilian wandering spider]]s
|-
|[[Cyatholipidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|23||bgcolor="lightgreen"|58|| ||
|-
|[[Cybaeidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|19||bgcolor="#FFA"|259|| ||
|-
|[[Cycloctenidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|8||bgcolor="lightgreen"|80|| ||
|-
|[[Deinopidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|65||net-casting spiders ||[[Rufous net-casting spider]]
|-
|[[Desidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|60||bgcolor="#FFA"|297||intertidal spiders ||''[[Phryganoporus candidus]]''
|-
|[[Dictynidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|52||bgcolor="#FFA"|464|| ||''[[Nigma walckenaeri]]''
|-
|[[Diguetidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|15||coneweb spiders ||
|-
|[[Drymusidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|17||false violin spiders ||
|-
|[[Dysderidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|24||bgcolor="#FFA"|564||woodlouse hunter spiders ||[[Woodlouse spider]]
|-
|[[Eresidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|9||bgcolor="lightgreen"|98||velvet spiders ||''[[Eresus sandaliatus]]''
|-
|[[Eutichuridae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|12||bgcolor="#FFA"|351|| ||''[[Cheiracanthium mildei]]''
|-
|[[Filistatidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|19||bgcolor="#FFA"|164||crevice weavers ||[[Southern house spider]]
|-
|[[Gallieniellidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|10||bgcolor="lightgreen"|56|| ||
|-
|[[Gnaphosidae]]{{refn|group=note|name=Note3|June 2019 data}}||bgcolor="pink"|158||bgcolor="pink"|2532||flat-bellied ground spiders ||''[[Drassodes cupreus]]''
|-
|[[Gradungulidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|7||bgcolor="lightgreen"|16||large-clawed spiders ||[[Carrai cave spider]]
|-
|[[Hahniidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|23||bgcolor="#FFA"|346||dwarf sheet spiders ||
|-
|[[Hersiliidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|16||bgcolor="#FFA"|181||tree trunk spiders ||''[[Hersilia savignyi]]''
|-
|[[Homalonychidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|3|| ||
|-
|[[Huttoniidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|1|| ||''[[Huttonia palpimanoides]]''
|-
|[[Hypochilidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|12||lampshade spiders ||''[[Hypochilus thorelli]]''
|-
|[[Lamponidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|23||bgcolor="#FFA"|192|| ||[[White-tailed spider]]
|-
|[[Leptonetidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|21||bgcolor="#FFA"|346|| ||[[Tooth cave spider]]
|-
|[[Linyphiidae]]||bgcolor="pink"|607||bgcolor="pink"|4566||dwarf / money spiders ||''[[Linyphia triangularis]]''
|-
|[[Liocranidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|31||bgcolor="#FFA"|272||liocranid sac spiders ||
|-
|[[Lycosidae]]||bgcolor="pink"|124||bgcolor="pink"|2419||wolf spiders ||''[[Lycosa tarantula]]''
|-
|[[Malkaridae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|11||bgcolor="lightgreen"|46||shield spiders ||
|-
|[[Mecysmaucheniidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|7||bgcolor="lightgreen"|25|| ||
|-
|[[Megadictynidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightblue"|2|| ||
|-
|[[Mimetidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|12||bgcolor="#FFA"|152||pirate spiders ||''[[Oarces reticulatus]]''
|-
|[[Miturgidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|29||bgcolor="#FFA"|130||long-legged sac spiders ||
|-
|[[Mysmenidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|13||bgcolor="#FFA"|137||spurred orb-weavers ||
|-
|[[Nesticidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|16||bgcolor="#FFA"|278||cave cobweb spiders ||''[[Nesticella marapu]]''
|-
|[[Nicodamidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|7||bgcolor="lightgreen"|27|| ||
|-
|[[Ochyroceratidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|20||bgcolor="#FFA"|216||midget ground weavers ||''[[Theotima minutissima]]''
|-
|[[Oecobiidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|6||bgcolor="#FFA"|113||disc web spiders ||''[[Oecobius navus]]''
|-
|[[Oonopidae]]||bgcolor="pink"|114||bgcolor="pink"|1801||dwarf hunting spiders ||''[[Oonops domesticus]]''
|-
|[[Orsolobidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|30||bgcolor="#FFA"|188|| ||
|-
|[[Oxyopidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|9||bgcolor="#FFA"|457||lynx spiders ||[[Green lynx spider]]
|-
|[[Pacullidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|38|| ||
|-
|[[Palpimanidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|18||bgcolor="#FFA"|150||palp-footed spiders ||
|-
|[[Penestomidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|9|| ||
|-
|[[Periegopidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|3|| ||
|-
|[[Philodromidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|30||bgcolor="#FFA"|539||philodromid crab spiders ||''[[Philodromus dispar]]''
|-
|[[Pholcidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|77||bgcolor="pink"|1666||daddy long-legs spiders ||''[[Pholcus phalangioides]]''
|-
|[[Phrurolithidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|13||bgcolor="#FFA"|205|| ||
|-
|[[Physoglenidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|13||bgcolor="lightgreen"|72|| ||
|-
|[[Phyxelididae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|14||bgcolor="lightgreen"|64|| ||
|-
|[[Pimoidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|41|| ||''[[Pimoa cthulhu]]''
|-
|[[Pisauridae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|51||bgcolor="#FFA"|356||nursery web spiders ||''[[Pisaura mirabilis]]''
|-
|[[Plectreuridae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|31|| ||
|-
|[[Psechridae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|61|| ||
|-
|[[Salticidae]]||bgcolor="pink"|635||bgcolor="pink"|6080||jumping spiders ||[[Zebra spider]]
|-
|[[Scytodidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|5||bgcolor="#FFA"|248||spitting spiders ||''[[Scytodes thoracica]]''
|-
|[[Segestriidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="#FFA"|130||tubeweb spiders ||''[[Segestria florentina]]''
|-
|[[Selenopidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|10||bgcolor="#FFA"|257||wall spiders ||''[[Selenops radiatus]]''
|-
|[[Senoculidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightgreen"|31|| ||
|-
|[[Sicariidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="#FFA"|1623||recluse spiders ||[[Brown recluse]]
|-
|[[Sparassidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|88||bgcolor="pink"|1224||huntsman spiders ||[[Avondale spider]]
|-
|[[Stenochilidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|13|| ||
|-
|[[Stiphidiidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|20||bgcolor="#FFA"|125|| ||''[[Tartarus mullamullangensis]]''
|-
|[[Symphytognathidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|8||bgcolor="lightgreen"|73||dwarf orb-weavers ||''[[Patu digua]]''
|-
|[[Synaphridae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="lightgreen"|13|| ||
|-
|[[Synotaxidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightgreen"|11|| ||
|-
|[[Telemidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|10||bgcolor="lightgreen"|79||long-legged cave spiders ||
|-
|[[Tetrablemmidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|27||bgcolor="#FFA"|129||armored spiders ||
|-
|[[Tetragnathidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|48||bgcolor="#FFA"|996||long jawed orb-weavers ||[[Orchard spider]]
|-
|[[Theridiidae]]||bgcolor="pink"|124||bgcolor="pink"|2503||cobweb spiders ||[[Redback spider]]
|-
|[[Theridiosomatidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|19||bgcolor="#FFA"|124||ray spiders ||''[[Theridiosoma gemmosum]]''
|-
|[[Thomisidae]]||bgcolor="pink"|170||bgcolor="pink"|2171||crab spiders ||[[Goldenrod spider]]
|-
|[[Titanoecidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|5||bgcolor="lightgreen"|53|| ||''[[Goeldia obscura]]''
|-
|[[Toxopidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|14||bgcolor="lightgreen"|82|| ||
|-
|[[Trachelidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|18||bgcolor="#FFA"|232|| ||
|-
|[[Trechaleidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|16||bgcolor="#FFA"|120|| ||
|-
|[[Trochanteriidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|19||bgcolor="#FFA"|153|| ||
|-
|[[Trogloraptoridae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|1|| ||''[[Trogloraptor marchingtoni]]''
|-
|[[Udubidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|15|| ||
|-
|[[Uloboridae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|19||bgcolor="#FFA"|283||hackled orb-weavers||''[[Uloborus walckenaerius]]''
|-
|[[Viridasiidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightblue"|9|| ||
|-
|[[Xenoctenidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|33|| ||
|-
|[[Zodariidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|85||bgcolor="pink"|1141||ant spiders||''[[Zodarion germanicum]]''
|-
|[[Zoropsidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|26||bgcolor="#FFA"|180|| ||''[[Zoropsis spinimana]]''
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|refs=
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Agnarsson |first=Ingi |last2=Coddington |first2=Jonathan A. |last3=Kuntner |first3=Matjaž |year=2013 |editor-last=Penney |editor-first=David |contribution=Systematics : Progress in the study of spider diversity and evolution |title=Spider research in the 21st century: trends & perspectives |location=Manchester, UK |publisher=Siri Scientific Press |isbn=978-0-9574530-1-2 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Blackledge |first=Todd A. |last2=Scharff |first2=Nikolaj |last3=Coddington |first3=Jonathan A. |last4=Szüts |first4=Tamas |last5=Wenzel |first5=John W. |last6=Hayashi |first6=Cheryl Y. |last7=Agnarsson |first7=Ingi |year=2009 |title=Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=13 |pages=5229–5234 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0901377106 |pmid=19289848 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv |pmc=2656561|bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5229B }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Bond |first=Jason E. |last2=Garrison |first2=Nicole L. |last3=Hamilton |first3=Chris A. |last4=Godwin |first4=Rebecca L. |last5=Hedin |first5=Marshal |last6=Agnarsson |first6=Ingi |year=2014 |title=Phylogenomics Resolves a Spider Backbone Phylogeny and Rejects a Prevailing Paradigm for Orb Web Evolution |journal=Current Biology |volume=24 |issue=15 |pages=1765–1771 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.034 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv |pmid=25042592|doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite book |last=Coddington |first=Jonathan A. |year=2005 |editor1-last=Ubick |editor1-first=D. |editor2-last=Paquin |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Cushing |editor3-first=P.E. |editor4-last=Roth |editor4-first=V. |contribution=Phylogeny and classification of spiders |title=Spiders of North America: an identification manual |pages=18–24 |publisher=American Arachnological Society |accessdate=2015-09-24 |contribution-url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4365/CoddingtonSNAPhylogeny05.pdf |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Coddington |first=Jonathan A. |last2=Levi |first2=Herbert W. |year=1991 |title=Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae) |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |volume=22 |pages=565–592 |jstor=2097274 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv|doi=10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025}}
*{{Cite book |last=Eberhard |first=W.G. |last2=Huber |first2=B.A. |year=2010 |editor-last=Leonard |editor-first=Janet L. |editor2-last=Córdoba-Aguilar |editor2-first=Alex |contribution=Spider genitalia: precise manoeuvers with a numb structure in a complex lock |title=The evolution of primary sexual characters in animals |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971703-3 |contribution-url=http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/2010_spider_chapter_Leonard-Cordoba_Ch12_D.pdf |accessdate=2015-09-20 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Griswold |first1=C.E. |last2=Ramirez |first2=M.J. |last3=Coddington |first3=J.A. |last4=Platnick |first4=N.I. |date=2005 |title=Atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae: Entelegynae) with comments on their phylogeny |journal=Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences |volume=56 |issue=Suppl. 2 |pages=1–324 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14866/ent_Griswold__2005_Atlas_Entelegynae.pdf |accessdate=2015-10-11 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Hormiga |first=Gustavo |last2=Griswold |first2=Charles E. |year=2014 |title=Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=487–512 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 |pmid=24160416 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Michalik |first=Peter |last2=Ramírez |first2=Martín J. |year=2014 |title=Evolutionary morphology of the male reproductive system, spermatozoa and seminal fluid of spiders (Araneae, Arachnida)–Current knowledge and future directions |journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=291–322 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv |doi=10.1016/j.asd.2014.05.005|pmid=24907603 }}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Platnick |first1=Norman I. |last2=Raven |first2=Robert J. |title=Spider Systematics: Past and Future |journal=Zootaxa |date=2013 |volume=3683 |issue=5 |pages=595–600 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3683.5.8 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ramírez |first=Martín J. |year=2014 |title=The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae) |series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=390 |ref=harv|hdl=2246/6537 }}
*{{cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |author-link=World Spider Catalog |date=2018 |title=World Spider Catalog version 19.0 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://wsc.nmbe.ch |accessdate=2018-07-11 |ref=harv }}

==External links==
*[http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codens-inst.html Abbreviations for Insect and Spider Collections of the World]
*[http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp?article=23&nfv=#9 International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw European and Australian spiders - info and identification]
*[http://www.jorgenlissner.dk/ Spiders of Europe and Greenland]
*[http://www.largestspider.info/ Information about the largest spider]
{{Spider nav}}
{{Araneae|0}}

[[Category:Spiders|Taxonomy]]

Spider phylogeny

2020-05-16T18:20:58Z

GTBacchus: Likely search term, encountered because I used it to search XD

#REDIRECT [[Spider taxonomy]]

{{R from synonym}}

Whitemargin unicornfish

2020-04-09T14:42:09Z

GTBacchus: Reverted edits by 2A00:23C5:930B:4300:25E1:9C95:801F:811A (talk) to last version by Plantdrew

{{Speciesbox
| name = Whitemargin unicornfish
| image = Naso annulatus.JPG
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Naso
| species = annulatus
| authority = ([[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|Gaimard]], 1825).
}}

The '''whitemargin unicornfish''' (''Naso annulatus'') is a tropical fish found throughout the [[Indo-Pacific]].<ref>{{FishBase_species|genus=Naso|species=annulatus|year=2006|month=12}}</ref> It can reach a length of 100 cm, making it one of the largest members of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Acanthuridae]].

==Description==
It is brown in color and has a large, distinguishing "nasal" protrusion. The [[tail]] is black surrounded by a white margin. It is often found in large [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] off [[tropical]] [[reefs]], and it feeds on [[zooplankton]]. The fish has two [[scutes]] on the left side. These are found on the [[caudal peduncle]] near the tail.
[[Image:Naso annulatus2.JPG|thumb|left|Whitemargin unicornfish]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sealifephotos|219673}}

{{wikispecies|Naso annulatus}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1934944}}

[[Category:Fish of the Red Sea]]
[[Category:Naso (fish)]]
[[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1825]]

{{Acanthuridae-stub}}

Cubic equation

2020-01-05T12:37:07Z

GTBacchus: /* Cardano's formula */ reword awkward phrasing

{{about|cubic equations in one variable|cubic equations in ''two'' variables|cubic plane curve}}
{{short description|Polynomial equation of degree 3}}

[[Image:Polynomialdeg3.svg|thumb|right|210px|Graph of a cubic function with 3 [[real number|real]] [[root of a function|roots]] (where the curve crosses the horizontal axis at {{math|''y'' {{=}} 0}}). The case shown has two [[critical point (mathematics)|critical points]]. Here the function is {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} (''x''3 + 3''x''2 − 6''x'' − 8)/4}}.]]

In [[algebra]], a '''cubic equation''' in one variable is an [[equation]] of the form
:<math>ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0</math>
in which {{mvar|a}} is nonzero.

The solutions of this equation are called [[root of a function|roots]] of the [[cubic function]] defined by the left-hand side of the equation. If all of the [[coefficients]] {{mvar|a}}, {{mvar|b}}, {{mvar|c}}, and {{mvar|d}} of the cubic equation are [[real number]]s, then it has at least one real root (this is true for all odd-degree [[polynomial function]]s). All of the roots of the cubic equation can be found by the following means:

* [[Algebraic function|algebraically]], that is, they can be expressed by a '''cubic formula''' involving the four coefficients, the four basic [[arithmetic operation]]s and [[nth root|{{mvar|n}}th roots (radicals)]]. (This is also true of [[quadratic function|quadratic]] (second-degree) and [[quartic function|quartic]] (fourth-degree) equations, but not of higher-degree equations, by the [[Abel–Ruffini theorem]].)
* [[Trigonometry|trigonometrically]]
* [[numerical approximation]]s of the roots can be found using [[root-finding algorithm]]s such as [[Newton's method]].

The coefficients do not need to be real numbers. Much of what is covered below is valid for coefficients in any [[Field (mathematics)|field]] with [[Characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] other than 2 and 3. The solutions of the cubic equation do not necessarily belong to the same field as the coefficients. For example, some cubic equations with rational coefficients have roots that are irrational (and even non-real) [[complex number]]s.

==History==

Cubic equations were known to the ancient Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, Indians, and Egyptians.<ref>{{Citation|last = Høyrup|first = Jens|title = Amphora: Festschrift for Hans Wussing on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday|chapter = The Babylonian Cellar Text BM 85200 + VAT 6599 Retranslation and Analysis|pages = 315–358|publisher = [[Birkhäuser]]|year = 1992|doi = 10.1007/978-3-0348-8599-7_16|isbn = 978-3-0348-8599-7}}</ref><ref name="oxf"/><ref name=wae/> [[Babylonia]]n (20th to 16th centuries BC) cuneiform tablets have been found with tables for calculating cubes and cube roots.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cooke|first=Roger|title=The History of Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CFDaj0WUvM8C&pg=PT63|date=8 November 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-46029-0|page=63}}</ref><ref name="nen">{{cite book|last= Nemet-Nejat|first=Karen Rhea|title=Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lbmXsaTGNKUC&pg=PA306|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29497-6|page=306}}</ref> The Babylonians could have used the tables to solve cubic equations, but no evidence exists to confirm that they did.<ref name=co>{{cite book|last=Cooke|first=Roger|title=Classical Algebra: Its Nature, Origins, and Uses|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JG-skeT1eWAC&pg=PA64|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-27797-3|page=64}}</ref> The problem of [[doubling the cube]] involves the simplest and oldest studied cubic equation, and one for which the ancient Egyptians did not believe a solution existed.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Guilbeau|1930|p=8}} states that "the Egyptians considered the solution impossible, but the Greeks came nearer to a solution."</ref> In the 5th century BC, [[Hippocrates of Chios|Hippocrates]] reduced this problem to that of finding two mean proportionals between one line and another of twice its length, but could not solve this with a [[compass and straightedge construction]],<ref name=Guilbeau>{{Harvtxt|Guilbeau|1930|pp=8–9}}</ref> a task which is now known to be impossible. Methods for solving cubic equations appear in ''[[The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art]]'', a [[Chinese mathematics|Chinese mathematical]] text compiled around the 2nd century BC and commented on by [[Liu Hui]] in the 3rd century.<ref name="oxf">{{cite book|last=Crossley|first=John|last2=W.-C. Lun|first2=Anthony|title=The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/?id=eiTJHRGTG6YC&pg=PA176|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-853936-0|page=176}}</ref> In the 3rd century AD, the [[Greek mathematics|Greek mathematician]] [[Diophantus]] found integer or rational solutions for some bivariate cubic equations ([[Diophantine equation]]s).<ref name=wae>Van der Waerden, Geometry and Algebra of Ancient Civilizations, chapter 4, Zurich 1983 {{ISBN|0-387-12159-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Diophantus of Alexandria: A Study in the History of Greek Algebra|last=Heath|first=Thomas L.|author-link=Thomas_Little_Heath|pages=87–91|url=https://archive.org/details/diophantusofalex00heatiala|date=April 30, 2009|isbn=978-1578987542|publisher=Martino Pub}}</ref> [[Hippocrates of Chios|Hippocrates]], [[Menaechmus]] and [[Archimedes]] are believed to have come close to solving the problem of doubling the cube using intersecting [[conic sections]],<ref name=Guilbeau/> though historians such as Reviel Netz dispute whether the Greeks were thinking about cubic equations or just problems that can lead to cubic equations. Some others like [[T. L. Heath]], who translated all [[Archimedes]]' works, disagree, putting forward evidence that Archimedes really solved cubic equations using intersections of two [[Conic section|conics]], but also discussed the conditions where the [[root]]s are 0, 1 or 2.<ref>{{cite book|title=The works of Archimedes|author=Archimedes|author-link=Archimedes|others=Translation by T. L. Heath|date=October 8, 2007|isbn= 978-1603860512|publisher=Rough Draft Printing}}</ref>
[[Image:Graph of cubic polynomial.svg|200px|left|thumb|[[Graph of a function|Graph]] of the cubic function ''f''(''x'') = 2''x''3 − 3''x''2 − 3''x'' + 2 =
(''x'' + 1) (2''x'' − 1) (''x'' − 2)]]

In the 7th century, the [[Tang dynasty]] astronomer mathematician [[Wang Xiaotong]] in his mathematical treatise titled [[Jigu Suanjing]] systematically established and solved [[Numerical analysis|numerically]] 25 cubic equations of the form {{math|''x''3 + ''px''2 + ''qx'' {{=}} ''N''}}, 23 of them with {{math|''p'', ''q'' ≠ 0}}, and two of them with {{math|''q'' {{=}} 0}}.<ref>{{Citation
|first= Yoshio
|last= Mikami
|author-link= Yoshio Mikami
|title= The Development of Mathematics in China and Japan
|chapter= Chapter 8 Wang Hsiao-Tung and Cubic Equations
|pages= 53–56
|publisher= Chelsea Publishing Co.
|location= New York
|year= 1974
|edition= 2nd
|origyear= 1913
|isbn= 978-0-8284-0149-4
|doi=}}</ref>

In the 11th century, the Persian poet-mathematician, [[Omar Khayyam]] (1048–1131), made significant progress in the theory of cubic equations. In an early paper, he discovered that a cubic equation can have more than one solution and stated that it cannot be solved using compass and straightedge constructions. He also found a [[#Omar Khayyám's solution|geometric solution]].<ref>A paper of Omar Khayyam, Scripta Math. 26 (1963), pages 323–337</ref><ref>In {{MacTutor|id=Khayyam|title=Omar Khayyam}} one may read ''This problem in turn led Khayyam to solve the cubic equation'' {{math|''x''3 + 200''x'' {{=}} 20''x''2 + 2000}} ''and he found a positive root of this cubic by considering the intersection of a rectangular hyperbola and a circle. An approximate numerical solution was then found by interpolation in trigonometric tables''. The ''then'' in the last assertion is erroneous and should, at least, be replaced by ''also''. The geometric construction was perfectly suitable for Omar Khayyam, as it occurs for solving a problem of geometric construction. At the end of his article he says only that, for this geometrical problem, if approximations are sufficient, then a simpler solution may be obtained by consulting [[Generating trigonometric tables|trigonometric tables]]. Textually: ''If the seeker is satisfied with an estimate, it is up to him to look into the table of chords of Almagest, or the table of sines and versed sines of Mothmed Observatory.'' This is followed by a short description of this alternate method (seven lines).</ref> In his later work, the ''Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra'', he wrote a complete classification of cubic equations with general geometric solutions found by means of intersecting [[conic section]]s.<ref>J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson (1999), [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Khayyam.html Omar Khayyam], [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]], states, "Khayyam himself seems to have been the first to conceive a general theory of cubic equations."</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Guilbeau|1930|p=9}} states, "Omar Al Hay of Chorassan, about 1079 AD did most to elevate to a method the solution of the algebraic equations by intersecting conics."</ref>

In the 12th century, the Indian mathematician Bhaskara II attempted the solution of cubic equations without general success. However, he gave one example of a cubic equation: {{math|''x''3 + 12''x'' {{=}} 6''x''2 + 35}}.<ref>{{Citation|last = Datta|first = Bibhutibhushan|author-link = Bibhutibhushan Datta|last2 = Singh|first2 = Avadhesh Narayan|title = History of Hindu Mathematics: A Source Book|volume = 2|page = 76|chapter = Equation of Higher Degree|publisher = Bharattya Kala Prakashan|location = Delhi, India|year = 2004|isbn = 81-86050-86-8|title-link = History of Hindu Mathematics: A Source Book}}</ref> In the 12th century, another [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|Persian]] mathematician, [[Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī]] (1135–1213), wrote the ''Al-Muʿādalāt'' (''Treatise on Equations''), which dealt with eight types of cubic equations with positive solutions and five types of cubic equations which may not have positive solutions. He used what would later be known as the "[[Ruffini's rule|Ruffini]]-[[Horner scheme|Horner]] method" to [[Numerical analysis|numerically]] approximate the [[root of a function|root]] of a cubic equation. He also used the concepts of [[maxima and minima]] of curves in order to solve cubic equations which may not have positive solutions.<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Al-Tusi_Sharaf|title=Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi}}</ref> He understood the importance of the [[discriminant]] of the cubic equation to find algebraic solutions to certain types of cubic equations.<ref>{{Citation |first=J. L. |last=Berggren |year=1990 |title=Innovation and Tradition in Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī's Muʿādalāt |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=304–309 |doi= 10.2307/604533|jstor = 604533}}</ref>

In his book ''Flos'', Leonardo de Pisa, also known as [[Fibonacci]] (1170–1250), was able to closely approximate the positive solution to the cubic equation {{math|''x''3 + 2''x''2 + 10''x'' {{=}} 20}}. Writing in [[Babylonian numerals]] he gave the result as 1,22,7,42,33,4,40 (equivalent to 1 + 22/60 + 7/602 + 42/603 + 33/604 + 4/605 + 40/606), which has a [[relative error]] of about 10−9.<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Fibonacci|title=Fibonacci}}</ref>

In the early 16th century, the Italian mathematician [[Scipione del Ferro]] (1465–1526) found a method for solving a class of cubic equations, namely those of the form {{math|''x''3 + ''mx'' {{=}} ''n''}}. In fact, all cubic equations can be reduced to this form if we allow {{mvar|m}} and {{mvar|n}} to be negative, but [[negative number]]s were not known to him at that time. Del Ferro kept his achievement secret until just before his death, when he told his student [[Antonio Fiore]] about it.
[[Image:Niccolò Tartaglia.jpg|thumb|160px|Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia]]
In 1530, [[Niccolò Tartaglia]] (1500–1557) received two problems in cubic equations from [[Zuanne da Coi]] and announced that he could solve them. He was soon challenged by Fiore, which led to a famous contest between the two. Each contestant had to put up a certain amount of money and to propose a number of problems for his rival to solve. Whoever solved more problems within 30 days would get all the money. Tartaglia received questions in the form {{math|''x''3 + ''mx'' {{=}} ''n''}}, for which he had worked out a general method. Fiore received questions in the form {{math|''x''3 + ''mx''2 {{=}} ''n''}}, which proved to be too difficult for him to solve, and Tartaglia won the contest.

Later, Tartaglia was persuaded by [[Gerolamo Cardano]] (1501–1576) to reveal his secret for solving cubic equations. In 1539, Tartaglia did so only on the condition that Cardano would never reveal it and that if he did write a book about cubics, he would give Tartaglia time to publish. Some years later, Cardano learned about Ferro's prior work and published Ferro's method in his book ''[[Ars Magna (Gerolamo Cardano)|Ars Magna]]'' in 1545, meaning Cardano gave Tartaglia six years to publish his results (with credit given to Tartaglia for an independent solution). Cardano's promise to Tartaglia said that he would not publish Tartaglia's work, and Cardano felt he was publishing del Ferro's, so as to get around the promise. Nevertheless, this led to a challenge to Cardano from Tartaglia, which Cardano denied. The challenge was eventually accepted by Cardano's student [[Lodovico Ferrari]] (1522–1565). Ferrari did better than Tartaglia in the competition, and Tartaglia lost both his prestige and his income.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Victor |title=A History of Mathematics |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00katz/page/220 220] |location=Boston |publisher=Addison Wesley |year=2004 |isbn=9780321016188 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00katz/page/220 }}</ref>

Cardano noticed that Tartaglia's method sometimes required him to extract the square root of a negative number. He even included a calculation with these [[complex number]]s in ''Ars Magna'', but he did not really understand it. [[Rafael Bombelli]] studied this issue in detail<ref name="Bombelli">{{Citation|last2 = Mazur|first2 = Barry|author2-link = Barry Mazur|last = La Nave|first = Federica|journal = [[The Mathematical Intelligencer]]|title = Reading Bombelli|volume = 24|issue = 1|pages = 12–21|year = 2002|doi = 10.1007/BF03025306}}</ref> and is therefore often considered as the discoverer of complex numbers.

[[François Viète]] (1540–1603) independently derived the trigonometric solution for the cubic with three real roots, and [[René Descartes]] (1596–1650) extended the work of Viète.<ref name=Nickalls/>

==Factorization==

If the coefficients of a cubic equation are [[rational number]]s, one can obtain an equivalent equation with integer coefficients, by multiplying all coefficients by a [[common multiple]] of their denominators. Such an equation
:<math>ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0,</math>
with integer coefficients, is said to be [[reducible polynomial|reducible]] if the polynomial of the left-hand side is the product of polynomials of lower degrees. By [[Gauss's lemma (polynomial)|Gauss's lemma]], if the equation is reducible, one can suppose that the factors have integer coefficients.

Finding the roots of a reducible cubic equation is easier than solving the general case. In fact, if the equation is reducible, one of the factors must have the degree one, and have thus the form
:<math>qx-p</math>
with {{mvar|q}} and {{mvar|p}} being [[coprime integers]]. The [[rational root test]] allows finding {{mvar|q}} and {{mvar|p}} by examining a finite number of cases (because {{mvar|q}} must be a divisor of {{mvar|a}}, and {{mvar|p}} must be a divisor of {{mvar|d}}).

Thus, one root is <math>\textstyle x_1= \frac pq,</math> and the other roots are the roots of the other factor, which can be found by [[polynomial long division]]. This other factor is
:<math>\frac aq x^2+ \frac{bq+ap}{q^2}x+\frac{cq^2+bpq+ap^2}{q^3}</math>
(The coefficients seem not to be integers, but must be integers if {{math|''p'' / ''q''}} is a root.)

Then, the other roots are the roots of this [[quadratic polynomial]] and can be found by using the [[quadratic formula]].

==Depressed cubic{{anchor|Reduction to a depressed cubic}}==
Cubics of the form
:<math>t^3+pt+q</math>
are said to be depressed. They are much simpler than general cubics, but are fundamental, because the study of any cubic may be reduced by a simple [[change of variable]] to that of a depressed cubic.

Let
:<math>ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d = 0</math>
be a cubic equation. The change of variable
:<math>x=t-\frac b{3a}</math>
results into a cubic that has no term in {{math|''t''2}}. After dividing by {{mvar|a}} one gets the ''depressed cubic equation''
:<math>t^3+pt+q=0,</math>
with
:<math>\begin{align}
t=&x+\frac b{3a}\\
p=&\frac{3ac-b^2}{3a^2} \\
q=&\frac{2b^3-9abc+27a^2d}{27a^3}.
\end{align}
</math>

The [[zero of a function|roots]] <math>x_1, x_2, x_3</math> of the original equation are related to the roots <math>t_1,t_2,t_3</math> of the depressed equation by the relations
::<math>x_i=t_i-\frac b{3a},</math>
for <math>i = 1, 2, 3</math>.

==Discriminant and nature of the roots==
The nature (real or not, distinct or not) of the [[zero of a function|roots]] of a cubic can be determined without computing them explicitly, by using the [[discriminant]].

===Discriminant===
The [[discriminant]] of a [[polynomial]] is a function of its coefficients that is zero if and only if the polynomial has a [[multiple root]], or, if it is divisible by the square of a non-constant polynomial. In other words, the discriminant is nonzero if and only if the polynomial is [[square-free polynomial|square-free]].

If {{math|''r''{{sub|1}}, ''r''{{sub|2}}, ''r''{{sub|3}}}} are the three [[root of a function|roots]] (not necessarily distinct nor [[real number|real]]) of the cubic <math>ax^3+bx^2+cx+d,</math> then the discriminant is
:<math>a^4(r_1-r_2)^2(r_1-r_3)^2(r_2-r_3)^2.</math>

The discriminant of the depressed cubic <math>t^3+pt+q</math> is
:<math>-\left(4\,p^3+27\,q^2\right).</math>

The discriminant of the general cubic <math>ax^3+bx^2+cx+d</math> is
:<math>18\,abcd - 4\,b^3d + b^2c^2 - 4\,ac^3 - 27\,a^2d^2.</math>
It is the product of <math>a^4</math> and the discriminant of the corresponding depressed cubic. It follows that one of these two discriminants is zero if and only if the other is also zero, and, if the coefficients are [[real number|real]], the two discriminants have the same sign. In summary, the same information can be deduced from these two discriminants.

To prove the preceding formulas, one can use [[Vieta's formulas]] to express everything as polynomials in {{math|''r''{{sub|1}}, ''r''{{sub|2}}, ''r''{{sub|3}}}}, and {{mvar|a}}. The proof then results in the verification of the equality of two polynomials.

===Nature of the roots===
If the coefficients of the polynomial are [[real number]]s and the discriminant <math>\Delta</math> is not zero, there are two cases:

*If <math>\Delta>0,</math> the cubic has three distinct real [[zero of a function|roots]]
*If <math>\Delta<0,</math> the cubic has one real root and two non-real [[complex conjugate]] roots.

This can be proved as follows. First, if {{mvar|r}} is a root of a polynomial with real coefficients, then its [[complex conjugate]] is also a root. So the non-real roots, if any, occur as pairs of complex conjugate roots. As a cubic polynomial has three roots (not necessarily distinct) by the [[fundamental theorem of algebra]], at least one root must be real.

As stated above, if {{math|''r''{{sub|1}}, ''r''{{sub|2}}, ''r''{{sub|3}}}} are the three roots of the cubic <math>ax^3+bx^2+cx+d</math>, then the discriminant is
:<math>\Delta=a^4(r_1-r_2)^2(r_1-r_3)^2(r_2-r_3)^2</math>

If the three roots are real and distinct, the discriminant is a product of positive reals, that is <math>\Delta>0.</math>

If only one root, say {{math|''r''{{sub|1}}}}, is real, then {{math|''r''{{sub|2}}}} and {{math|''r''{{sub|3}}}} are complex conjugates, which implies that {{math|''r''{{sub|2}} – ''r''{{sub|3}}}} is a [[purely imaginary number]], and thus that {{math|(''r''{{sub|2}} – ''r''{{sub|3}}){{sup|2}}}} is real and negative. On the other hand, {{math|''r''{{sub|1}} – ''r''{{sub|2}}}} and {{math|''r''{{sub|1}} – ''r''{{sub|3}}}} are complex conjugates, and their product is real and positive. Thus the discriminant is the product of a single negative number and several positive ones. That is <math>\Delta<0.</math>

===Multiple root===

If the discriminant of a cubic is zero, the cubic has a [[Multiplicity (mathematics)#Multiplicity of a root of a polynomial|multiple root]], and all of its roots are real.

The discriminant of the depressed cubic <math>t^3+pt+q</math> equals zero if <math>4p^3+27q^2=0.</math> If {{mvar|p}} is also zero, then {{math|1=''p'' = ''q'' = 0}}, and 0 is a triple root of the cubic. If <math>4p^3+27q^2=0,</math> and {{math|''p'' ≠ 0}}, then the cubic has a simple root
:<math>t_1=\frac {3q}p</math>
and a double root
:<math>t_2=t_3=\frac {-3q}{2p}.</math>
In other words,
:<math>t^3+pt+q=\left(t-\frac {3q}p\right)\left(t+\frac{3q}{2p}\right)^2.</math>

This result can be proved by expanding the latter product or retrieved by solving the rather simple [[system of equations]] resulting from [[Vieta's formulas]].

By using the [[#Depressed cubic|reduction of a depressed cubic]], these results can be extended to the general cubic. This gives: if the discriminant of the cubic <math>ax^3+bx^2+cx+d</math> is zero, then
*either, if <math>b^2=3ac,</math> the cubic has a triple root
::<math>x_1=x_2=x_3=\frac {-b}{3a},</math>
:and
::<math>ax^3+bx^2+cx+d = a\left(x+\frac {b}{3a}\right)^3</math>
*or, if <math>b^2\ne 3ac,</math> the cubic has a double root
::<math>x_2=x_3=\frac{9ad-bc}{2(b^2-3ac)},</math>
:and a simple root,
::<math>x_1=\frac{4abc-9a^2d-b^3}{a(b^2-3ac)}.</math>
:and thus
::<math>ax^3+bx^2+cx+d = a\left(x-x_1\right)\left(x-x_2\right)^2.</math>

===Characteristic 2 and 3===
The above results are valid when the coefficients belong to a [[field (mathematics)|field]] of [[characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] other than 2 or 3, but must be modified for characteristic 2 or 3, because of the involved divisions by 2 and 3.

The reduction to a depressed cubic works for characteristic 2, but not for characteristic 3. However, in both cases, it is simpler to establish and state the results for the general cubic. The main tool for that is the fact that a multiple root is a common root of the polynomial and its [[formal derivative]]. In these characteristics, if the derivative is not a constant, it has a single root, being linear in characteristic 3, or the square of a linear polynomial in characteristic 2. This allows computing the multiple root, and the third root can be deduced from the sum of the roots, which is provided by [[Vieta's formulas]].

A difference with other characteristics is that, in characteristic 2, the formula for a double root involves a square root, and, in characteristic 3, the formula for a triple root involves a cube root.


==Cardano's formula==

[[Gerolamo Cardano]] is credited of the first formula for solving cubic equation. His formula applies to depressed cubics, but, as shown in {{slink||Depressed cubic}}, it allows solving all cubic equations.

Cardano's original result is that, if
:<math>x^3+px+q=0</math>
is a cubic equation such that {{mvar|p}} and {{mvar|q}} are [[real number]]s such that <math>4p^3+27q^2 >0,</math> then the equation has the real root
:<math>\sqrt[3]{-\frac q2+\sqrt{\frac{q^2}4+\frac{p^3}{27}}} +\sqrt[3]{-\frac q2-\sqrt{\frac{q^2}4+\frac{p^3}{27}}}.</math>

See {{slink||Derivation of the roots}}, below, for several methods for getting this result.

As shown in {{slink||Nature of the roots}}, the two other roots are non-real [[complex conjugate]] numbers, in this case. It was later shown (Cardano did not know [[complex number]]s) that the two other roots are obtained by multiplying one of the cube root by the [[primitive root of unity|primitive cube root of unity]] <math>\frac{-1+i\sqrt 3} 2,</math> and the other cube root by <math>\frac{-1-i\sqrt 3} 2.</math>

If <math>4p^3+27q^2 < 0,</math> there are three real roots, but [[Galois theory]] allows proving that they cannot be expressed by an [[algebraic expression]] involving only real numbers. Therefore, the equation cannot be solved in this case with the knowledge of Cardano's time. This case has thus been called ''[[casus irreducibilis]]'', meaning ''irreducible case'' in Latin.

In ''casus irreducibilis'', Cardano's formula can still be used, but some care is needed in the use cube roots. A first method is to define the symbols <math>\sqrt{{~}^{~}}</math> and <math>\sqrt[3]{{~}^{~}}</math> as representing the [[principal value]]s of the root function (that is the root that has the largest real part). With this convention Cardano's formula for the three roots remains valid, but is not purely algebraic, as the definition of a principal part is not purely algebraic, since it involves inequalities for comparing real parts. Also, the use of principal cube root may give a wrong result if the coefficients are non-real complex numbers. Moreover, if the coefficients belong to another [[field (mathematics)|field]], the principal cube root is not defined in general.

The second way for making Cardano's formula always correct, is to remark that the product of the two cube roots must be {{math|–''p'' / 3}}. It results that a root of the equation is
:<math>C-\frac p{3C}\quad\text{with}\quad C=\sqrt[3]{-\frac q2+\sqrt{\frac{q^2}4+\frac{p^3}{27}}}. </math>
In this formula, the symbols <math>\sqrt{{~}^{~}}</math> and <math>\sqrt[3]{{~}^{~}}</math> denote any square root and any cube root. The other roots of the equation are obtained either by changing of cube root or, equivalently, by multiplying the cube root by a primitive cube root of the unity, that is <math>\textstyle \frac{-1\pm \sqrt{-3}}2.</math>

This formula for the roots is always correct except when {{math|1=''p'' = ''q'' = 0}}, under the condition, if {{math|1=''q'' = 0}}, of chosing the square root for having {{math|''C'' ≠ 0}}. However, the formula is useless in these cases as the roots can be expressed without any cube root. Similarly, the formula is also useless in the other cases where no cube root is needed, that is when <math>4p^3+27q^2=0</math> and when the cubic polynomial is not [[irreducible polynomial|irreducible]].

This formula is also correct when {{mvar|p}} and {{mvar|q}} belong to any [[field (mathematics)|field]] of [[characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] other than 2 or 3.

==General cubic formula==

A ''cubic formula'' for the roots of the general cubic equation (with {{math|''a'' ≠ 0}})
:<math>ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0</math>
can be deduced from every variant of Cardano's formula by reduction to a [[#Depressed cubic|depressed cubic]]. The variant that is presented here is valid not only for real coefficients, but also for coefficients {{math|''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d''}} belonging to any [[field (mathematics)|field]] of [[characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] different of 2 and 3.

The formula being rather complicated, it is worth splitting it in smaller formulas.

Let
:<math>\begin{align}
\Delta_0 &= b^2 - 3ac,\\
\Delta_1 &= 2b^3 - 9abc + 27a^2d,
\end{align}</math>
and
:<math>C = \sqrt[3]{\frac{\Delta_1 \pm \sqrt{\Delta_1^2 - 4 \Delta_0^3}}2},</math>
where the symbols <math>\sqrt{{~}^{~}}</math> and <math>\sqrt[3]{{~}^{~}}</math> denote any square root and any cube root, respectively. The sign "{{math|±}}" before the square root is either "{{math|+}}" or "{{math|–}}"; the choice is almost arbitrary, and changing it amounts to change of square root. However, if one choice leads to {{math|1=''C'' = 0}}, the other sign must be selected.
Then, one of the roots is
:<math>x = - \frac{1}{3a}\left(b+C+\frac{\Delta_0}{C}\right)\text{.}</math>

The other two roots can be obtained by changing the choice of the cube root in the definition of {{mvar|C}}, or, equivalently by multiplying {{math|C}} by a [[primitive root of unity|primitive cube root of unity]], that is {{math|{{sfrac|–1 ± {{sqrt|–3}}|2}}}}. In other words, the three roots are
:<math>x_k = - \frac{1}{3a}\left(b+\xi^kC+\frac{\Delta_0}{\xi^kC}\right), \qquad k \in \{0,1,2\} \text{,}</math>
where {{math|''ξ'' {{=}} {{sfrac|–1 + {{sqrt|–3}}|2}}}}.

As for the special case of a depressed cubic, this formula applies but is useless when the roots can be expressed without cube roots.

==Trigonometric and hyperbolic solutions==

===Trigonometric solution for three real roots===

When a cubic equation with real coefficients has three real roots, the formulas expressing these roots in terms of radicals involve complex numbers. [[Galois theory]] allows proving that when the three roots are real, and none is rational (''[[casus irreducibilis]]''), one cannot express the roots in terms of real radicals. Nevertheless, purely real expressions of the solutions may be obtained using [[trigonometry|trigonometric functions]], specifically in terms of [[cosine]]s and [[arccosine]]s.<ref>Zucker, I. J., "The cubic equation — a new look at the irreducible case", ''Mathematical Gazette'' 92, July 2008, 264–268.</ref> More precisely, the root of the [[#dDepressed cubic|depressed cubic]]
:<math>t^3+pt+q</math>
are<ref name="crc">{{citation
|title=CRC Standard Mathematical Tables
|first=Samuel
|last=Shelbey
|publisher=CRC Press
|year=1975
|isbn=0-87819-622-6
|url=https://archive.org/details/crcstandardmathe00selb
}}</ref>
:<math>t_k=2\sqrt{-\frac{p}{3}}\cos\left(\frac{1}{3}\arccos\left(\frac{3q}{2p}\sqrt{\frac{-3}{p}}\right)-\frac{2\pi k}{3}\right) \quad \text{for} \quad k=0,1,2.</math>

This formula is due to [[François Viète]].<ref name=Nickalls>{{Citation |last=Nickalls |first=R. W. D. |title=Viète, Descartes and the cubic equation |url=http://www.nickalls.org/dick/papers/maths/descartes2006.pdf |journal=[[Mathematical Gazette]] |volume=90 |issue=518 |date=July 2006 |pages=203–208 |doi= 10.1017/S0025557200179598}}</ref> It is purely real when the equation has three real roots (that is <math>4p^3 +27q^2 < 0</math>). Otherwise, it is still correct but involves complex cosines and arccosines when there is only one real root, and it is nonsensical (division by zero) when {{math|''p'' {{=}} 0)}}.

This formula can be straightforwardly transformed into a formula for the roots of a general cubic equation, using the back substitution described in {{slink||Depressed cubic}}. It can be proved as follows.

Starting from the equation {{math|''t''3 + ''pt'' + ''q'' {{=}} 0}}, let us set {{math|''t'' {{=}} ''u'' cos ''θ''}}. The idea is to choose {{mvar|u}} to make the equation coincide with the identity
:<math>4\cos^3\theta-3\cos\theta-\cos(3\theta)=0\,.</math>
For this, choose <math>u=2\sqrt{-\frac{p}{3}},</math> and divide the equation by <math>\frac{u^3}{4}.</math> This gives
:<math>4\cos^3\theta-3\cos\theta-\frac{3q}{2p}\sqrt{\frac{-3}{p}}=0\,.</math>
Combining with the above identity, one gets
:<math>\cos(3\theta)=\frac{3q}{2p}\sqrt{\frac{-3}{p}},</math>
and the roots are thus
:<math>t_k=2\sqrt{-\frac{p}{3}}\cos\left(\frac{1}{3}\arccos\left(\frac{3q}{2p}\sqrt{\frac{-3}{p}}\right)-\frac{2\pi k}{3}\right) \quad \text{for} \quad k=0,1,2 \,.</math>

===Hyperbolic solution for one real root===

When there is only one real root (and {{math|''p'' ≠ 0}}), this root can be similarly represented using [[hyperbolic function]]s, as<ref>These are Formulas (80) and (83) of Weisstein, Eric W. 'Cubic Formula'. From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CubicFormula.html, rewritten for having a coherent notation.</ref><ref>Holmes, G. C., "The use of hyperbolic cosines in solving cubic polynomials", ''[[Mathematical Gazette]]'' 86. November 2002, 473–477.</ref>
:<math>\begin{align}t_0&=-2\frac{|q|}{q}\sqrt{-\frac{p}{3}}\cosh\left(\frac{1}{3}\operatorname{arcosh}\left(\frac{-3|q|}{2p}\sqrt{\frac{-3}{p}}\right)\right) \quad \text{if } \quad 4p^3+27q^2>0 \text{ and } p<0\,,\\
t_0&=-2\sqrt{\frac{p}{3}}\sinh\left(\frac{1}{3}\operatorname{arsinh}\left(\frac{3q}{2p}\sqrt{\frac{3}{p}}\right)\right) \quad \text{if } \quad p>0\,.\end{align}</math>
If {{math|''p'' ≠ 0}} and the inequalities on the right are not satisfied (the case of three real roots), the formulas remain valid but involve complex quantities.

When {{math|''p'' {{=}} ±3}}, the above values of {{math|''t''0}} are sometimes called the '''Chebyshev cube root.'''<ref>Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A., eds. ''Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables'', Dover (1965), chap. 22 p. 773</ref> More precisely, the values involving cosines and hyperbolic cosines define, when {{math|''p'' {{=}} −3}}, the same [[analytic function]] denoted {{math|''C''1/3(''q'')}}, which is the proper Chebyshev cube root. The value involving hyperbolic sines is similarly denoted {{math|''S''1/3(''q'')}}, when {{math|''p'' {{=}} 3}}.

==Geometric solutions==

===Omar Khayyám's solution===
[[File:Omar Kayyám - Geometric solution to cubic equation.svg|thumb|right|200px|Omar Khayyám's geometric solution of a cubic equation, for the case {{math|''m'' {{=}} 2}}, {{math|''n'' {{=}} 16}}, giving the root {{math|2}}. The intersection of the vertical line on the {{mvar|x}}-axis at the center of the circle is happenstance of the example illustrated.]]
For solving the cubic equation {{math|''x''3 + ''m''2''x'' {{=}} ''n''}} where {{math|''n'' > 0}}, [[Omar Khayyám]] constructed the parabola {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''2/''m''}}, the circle that has as a diameter the [[line segment]] {{math|[0, ''n''/''m''2]}} on the positive {{mvar|x}}-axis, and a vertical line through the point where the circle and the parabola intersect above the {{mvar|x}}-axis. The solution is given by the length of the horizontal line segment from the origin to the intersection of the vertical line and the {{mvar|x}}-axis (see the figure).

A simple modern proof is as follows. Multiplying the equation by {{mvar|x}} and regrouping the terms gives
:<math>\frac{x^4}{m^2}= x\left(\frac{n}{m^2}-x\right).</math>
The left-hand side is the value of {{math|''y''2}} on the parabola. The equation of the circle being {{math|''y''2 + ''x''(''x'' − {{sfrac|''n''|''m''2}}) {{=}} 0}}, the right hand side is the value of {{math|''y''2}} on the circle.

===Solution with angle trisector===
A cubic equation with real coefficients can be solved geometrically using [[compass-and-straightedge construction|compass, straightedge]], and an [[angle trisection|angle trisector]] if and only if it has three real roots.<ref name="Gleason">{{cite journal|last=Gleason|first=Andrew Mattei|title=Angle trisection, the heptagon, and the triskaidecagon |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|date=March 1988|volume=95|issue=3 |pages=185–194|url=http://apollonius.math.nthu.edu.tw/d1/ne01/jyt/linkjstor/regular/1.pdf#3 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219180208/http://apollonius.math.nthu.edu.tw/d1/ne01/jyt/linkjstor/regular/7.pdf#3 |doi= 10.2307/2323624|archivedate=2015-12-19 |url-status=dead|jstor=2323624}}</ref>{{rp|Thm. 1}}

A cubic equation can be solved by compass-and-straightedge construction (without trisector) if and only if it has a [[rational number|rational]] root. This implies that the old problems of [[angle trisection]] and [[doubling the cube]], set by [[Greek mathematics|ancient Greek mathematicians]], cannot be solved by compass-and-straightedge construction.

==Geometric interpretation of the roots==

===Three real roots===
[[File:Trigonometric interpretation of a cubic equation with three real roots.svg|thumb|right|150px|For the cubic '''({{EquationNote|1}})''' with three real roots, the roots are the projection on the {{mvar|x}}-axis of the vertices {{mvar|A}}, {{mvar|B}}, and {{mvar|C}} of an [[equilateral triangle]]. The center of the triangle has the same [[abscissa]] as the [[inflection point]].]]

Viète's trigonometric expression of the roots in the three-real-roots case lends itself to a geometric interpretation in terms of a circle.<ref name=Nickalls/><ref>{{Citation
|first= R. W. D.
|last= Nickalls
|date= November 1993
|title= A new approach to solving the cubic: Cardan's solution revealed
|url= http://www.nickalls.org/dick/papers/maths/cubic1993.pdf
|journal= The Mathematical Gazette
|volume= 77
|issue= 480
|pages= 354–359
|issn= 0025-5572
|doi=10.2307/3619777
|jstor= 3619777 }} See esp. Fig. 2.</ref> When the cubic is written in depressed form '''({{EquationNote|2}})''', {{math|''t''3 + ''pt'' + ''q'' {{=}} 0}}, as shown above, the solution can be expressed as

:<math>t_k=2\sqrt{-\frac{p}{3}}\cos\left(\frac{1}{3}\arccos\left(\frac{3q}{2p}\sqrt{\frac{-3}{p}}\right)-k\frac{2\pi}{3}\right) \quad \text{for} \quad k=0,1,2 \,.</math>

Here <math>\arccos\left(\frac{3q}{2p}\sqrt{\frac{-3}{p}}\right)</math> is an angle in the unit circle; taking {{math|{{sfrac|1|3}}}} of that angle corresponds to taking a cube root of a complex number; adding {{math|−''k''{{sfrac|2{{pi}}|3}}}} for {{math|''k'' {{=}} 1, 2}} finds the other cube roots; and multiplying the cosines of these resulting angles by <math>2\sqrt{-\frac{p}{3}}</math> corrects for scale.

For the non-depressed case '''({{EquationNote|1}})''' (shown in the accompanying graph), the depressed case as indicated previously is obtained by defining {{mvar|t}} such that {{math|''x'' {{=}} ''t'' − {{sfrac|''b''|3''a''}}}} so {{math|''t'' {{=}} ''x'' + {{sfrac|''b''|3''a''}}}}. Graphically this corresponds to simply shifting the graph horizontally when changing between the variables {{mvar|t}} and {{mvar|x}}, without changing the angle relationships. This shift moves the point of inflection and the centre of the circle onto the {{mvar|y}}-axis. Consequently, the roots of the equation in {{mvar|t}} sum to zero.

===One real complex root===

====In the Cartesian plane====
[[File:Graphical interpretation of the complex roots of cubic equation.svg|thumb|right|300px|The slope of line RA is twice that of RH. Denoting the complex roots of the cubic as {{math|''g'' ± ''hi''}}, {{math|''g'' {{=}} {{overline|''OM''}}}} (negative here) and {{mvar|h}} = {{math|{{sqrt|tan ''ORH''}}}} = {{math|{{sqrt|slope of line ''RH''}}}} = {{math|{{overline|''BE''}}}} = {{math|{{overline|''DA''}}}}.]]

When the graph of a [[cubic function]] is plotted in the [[Cartesian plane]], if there is only one real root, it is the [[abscissa]] ({{mvar|x}}-coordinate) of the horizontal intercept of the curve (point R on the figure). Further,<ref>{{Citation
|last=Henriquez
|first=Garcia
|title=The graphical interpretation of the complex roots of cubic equations
|journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]]
|volume=42
|issue=6
|pages=383–384
|date=June–July 1935
|doi=10.2307/2301359
|jstor=2301359
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
|last=Barr
|first=C. F.
|title= Discussions: Relating to the Graph of a Cubic Equation Having Complex Roots
|journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]]
|volume=25
|issue=6
|pages=268–269
|year=1918
|doi= 10.2307/2972885
|jstor=2972885
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
|last1=Irwin
|first1=Frank
|last2=Wright
|first2=H. N.
|journal=Annals of Mathematics
|volume=19
|issue=2
|pages=152–158
|year=1917
|doi= 10.2307/1967772
|title=Some Properties of Polynomial Curves.
|jstor=1967772
}}</ref> if the complex conjugate roots are written as {{math|''g'' ± ''hi''}}, then the [[real part]] {{mvar|g}} is the abscissa of the tangency point H of the [[tangent line]] to cubic that passes through {{mvar|x}}-intercept R of the cubic (that is the signed length RM, negative on the figure). The [[imaginary part]]s {{mvar|±h}} are the square roots of the tangent of the angle between this tangent line and the horizontal axis.{{clarify|reason=Some hints must be given for the proof of the result, as well as how the line RACB is constructed|date=September 2019}}

====In the complex plane====

With one real and two complex roots, the three roots can be represented as points in the complex plane, as can the two roots of the cubic's derivative. There is an interesting geometrical relationship among all these roots.

The points in the complex plane representing the three roots serve as the vertices of an isosceles triangle. (The triangle is isosceles because one root is on the horizontal (real) axis and the other two roots, being complex conjugates, appear symmetrically above and below the real axis.) [[Marden's theorem]] says that the points representing the roots of the derivative of the cubic are the [[focus (geometry)|foci]] of the [[Steiner inellipse]] of the triangle—the unique ellipse that is tangent to the triangle at the midpoints of its sides. If the angle at the vertex on the real axis is less than {{math|{{sfrac|{{pi}}|3}}}} then the major axis of the ellipse lies on the real axis, as do its foci and hence the roots of the derivative. If that angle is greater than {{math|{{sfrac|{{pi}}|3}}}}, the major axis is vertical and its foci, the roots of the derivative, are complex conjugates. And if that angle is {{math|{{sfrac|{{pi}}|3}}}}, the triangle is equilateral, the Steiner inellipse is simply the triangle's incircle, its foci coincide with each other at the incenter, which lies on the real axis, and hence the derivative has duplicate real roots.

==Galois group==

Given a cubic [[irreducible polynomial]] over a field {{mvar|k}} of [[characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] different from 2 and 3, the [[Galois theory#Permutation group approach to Galois theory|Galois group]] over {{mvar|k}} is the group of the [[field automorphism]]s that fix {{mvar|k}} of the smallest extension of {{mvar|k}} ([[splitting field]]). As these automorphismes must permute the roots of the polynomials, this group is either the group {{math|''S''3}} of all six permutations of the three roots, or the group {{math|''A''3}} of the three circular permutations.

The discriminant {{math|Δ}} of the cubic is the square of
:<math>\sqrt \Delta =a^2(r_1-r_2)(r_1-r_3)(r_2-r_3),</math>
where {{mvar|a}} is the leading coefficient of the cubic, and {{math|''r''1}}, {{math|''r''2}} and {{math|''r''3}} are the three roots of the cubic. As <math>\sqrt \Delta</math> changes of sign if two roots are exchanged, <math>\sqrt \Delta</math> is fixed by the Galois group only if the Galois group is
{{math|''A''3}}. In other words, the Galois group is {{math|''A''3}} if and only if the discriminant is the square of an element of {{mvar|k}}.

As most integers are not squares, when working over the field {{math|'''Q'''}} of the [[rational number]]s, the Galois group of most irreducible cubic polynomials is the group {{math|''S''3}} with six elements. An example of a Galois group {{math|''A''3}} with three elements is given by {{math|''p''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''3 − 3''x'' − 1}}, whose discriminant is {{math|81 {{=}} 92}}.

==Derivation of the roots==

This section regroup several methods for deriving [[#Cardano's formula|Cardano's formula]].

===Cardano's method===
This method is due to [[Scipione del Ferro]] and [[Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia|Tartaglia]], but is named after [[Gerolamo Cardano]] who first published it in his book [[Ars Magna (Gerolamo Cardano)|''Ars Magna'']] (1545).

This method applies to a depressed cubic {{math|''t''3 + ''pt'' + ''q'' {{=}} 0}}. The idea is to introduce two variables {{mvar|u}} and {{mvar|v}} such that {{math|''u'' + ''v'' {{=}} ''t''}} and to substitute this in the depressed cubic, giving
:<math>u^3 + v^3 + (3uv + p)(u+v)+ q= 0.</math>

At this point Cardano imposed the condition {{math|3''uv'' + ''p'' {{=}} 0}}. This removes the third term in previous equality, leading to the system of equations
:<math>\begin{align}u^3 + v^3&=-q \\ uv&=-\frac p3.\end{align}</math>

Knowing the sum and the product of {{math|''u''3}} and {{math|''v''3}}, one deduces that they are the two solutions of the [[quadratic equation]]
:<math>(x - u^3)(x - v^3) = x^2 - (u^3 + v^3)x + u^3v^3 = x^2 - (u^3 + v^3)x + (uv)^3 = 0,</math>
so
:<math>x^2 + qx -\frac {p^3}{27}=0,</math>
The discriminant of this equation is <math>\Delta = q^2 + \frac{4p^3}{27}</math>, and assuming it is positive, real solutions to this equations are (after folding division by 4 under the square root):
:<math>-\frac q2 \pm \sqrt {\frac {q^2}{4} +\frac {p^3}{27}}.</math>
So (without loss of generality in choosing u or v):
:<math>u = \sqrt[3]{-\frac q2 + \sqrt {\frac {q^2}{4} +\frac {p^3}{27}}}.</math>
:<math>v = \sqrt[3]{-\frac q2 - \sqrt {\frac {q^2}{4} +\frac {p^3}{27}}}.</math>
As {{math|''u'' + ''v'' {{=}} ''t''}}, the sum of the cube roots of these solutions is a root if the equation. That is
:<math>t=\sqrt[3]{-{q\over 2}+\sqrt{{q^{2}\over 4}+{p^{3}\over 27}}} +\sqrt[3]{-{q\over 2}-\sqrt{{q^{2}\over 4}+{p^{3}\over 27}}}</math>
is a root of the equation; this is Cardano's formula.

This works well when <math>4p^3+27q^2 > 0,</math> but, if <math>4p^3+27q^2 < 0,</math> the square root appearing in the formula is not real. As a [[complex number]] has three cube roots, using Cardano's formula without care would provide nine roots, while a cubic equation cannot have more three roots. This has been clarified first by [[Rafael Bombelli]] in his book ''L'Algebra'' (1572). The solution is to use the fact that {{math|1=''uv'' = {{sfrac|–''p''|3}}}}, that is {{math|1=''v'' = {{sfrac|–''p''|3''u''}}}}. This means that only one cube root need to be computed, and leads to the second formula given in {{slink||Cardano's formula}}.

The other roots of the equation can be obtained by changing of cube root, or, equivalently, by multiplying the cube root by each of the two [[primitive root of unity|primitive cube roots of unity]], which are <math>\frac {-1\pm \sqrt{-3}}2.</math>

=== Vieta's substitution ===
Vieta's substitution is a method introduced by [[François Viète]] (Vieta is his Latin name) in a text published posthumously in 1615, which provides directly the second formula of {{slink||Cardano's method}}, and avoids the problem of computing two different cube roots.<ref>{{Citation|last = van der Waerden|first = Bartel Leenert|author-link = Bartel Leendert van der Waerden|title = A History of Algebra: From al-Khwārizmī to Emmy Noether|publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]]|year = 1985|chapter = From Viète to Descartes|isbn = 3-540-13610-X}}</ref>

Starting from the depressed cubic {{math|''t''3 + ''pt'' + ''q'' {{=}} 0}}, Vieta's substitution is {{math|''t'' {{=}} ''w'' – {{sfrac|''p''|3''w''}}}}.<ref>More precisely, Vieta introduced a new variable {{mvar|w}} and imposed the condition {{math|''w''(''t'' + ''w'') {{=}} {{sfrac|''p''|3}}}}. This is equivalent with the substitution {{math|''t'' {{=}} {{sfrac|''p''|3''w''}} – ''w''}}, and differs from the substitution that is used here only by a change of sign of {{mvar|w}}. This change of sign allows getting directly the formulas of {{slink||Cardano's formula}}.</ref>

The substitution {{math|''t'' {{=}} ''w'' – {{sfrac|''p''|3''w''}}}} transforms the depressed cubic into
:<math>w^3+q-\frac{p^3}{27w^3}=0.</math>

Multiplying by {{math|''w''3}}, one gets a quadratic equation in {{mvar|w{{sup|3}}}}:
:<math>(w^3)^2+q(w^3)-\frac{p^3}{27}=0.</math>

Let
:<math>W=-\frac q 2\pm\sqrt{\frac{p^3}{27} + \frac {q^2} 4}</math>
be any nonzero root of this quadratic equation. If {{math|''w''1}}, {{math|''w''2}} and {{math|''w''3}} are the three [[cube root]]s of {{mvar|W}}, then the roots of the original depressed cubic are {{math|''w''1 − {{sfrac|''p''|3''w''1}}}}, {{math|''w''2 − {{sfrac|''p''|3''w''2}}}}, and {{math|''w''3 − {{sfrac|''p''|3''w''3}}}}. The other root of the quadratic equation is <math>\textstyle -\frac {p^3}{27W}.</math> This implies that changing the sign of the square root exchanges {{math|''w''''i''}} and {{math|− {{sfrac|''p''|3''w''''i''}}}} for {{math|1=''i'' = 1, 2, 3}}, and therefore does not change the roots. This method only fails when both roots of the quadratic equation are zero, that is when {{math|''p'' {{=}} ''q'' {{=}} 0}}, in which case the only root of the depressed cubic is {{math|0}}.

===Lagrange's method===
In his paper ''Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations'' ("Thoughts on the algebraic solving of equations"),<ref>{{Citation|last = Lagrange|first = Joseph-Louis|author-link = Joseph Louis Lagrange|chapter = Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations|title = Œuvres de Lagrange|editor-last = Serret|editor-first = Joseph-Alfred|editor-link = Joseph Alfred Serret|year = 1869|origyear = 1771|publisher = Gauthier-Villars|pages = 205–421|volume = III}}</ref> [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]] introduced a new method to solve equations of low degree in a uniform way, with the hope that he could generallize it for higher degrees. This method works well for cubic and [[quartic equation]]s, but Lagrange did not succeed in applying it to a [[quintic equation]], because it requires solving a resolvent polynomial of degree at least six.<ref name="efei">{{citation
|title=Elliptic functions and elliptic integrals
|first1=Viktor
|last1=Prasolov
|first2=Yuri
|last2=Solovyev
|publisher=AMS Bookstore
|year=1997
|isbn=978-0-8218-0587-9
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=fcp9IiZd3tQC
}}, [https://books.google.com/?id=fcp9IiZd3tQC&pg=PA134#PPA134,M1 §6.2, p. 134]</ref><ref>{{citation
|first=Morris
|last=Kline
|title=Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
|publisher=Oxford University Press US
|year=1990
|isbn=978-0-19-506136-9
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aO-v3gvY-I8C
}}, [https://books.google.com/?id=aO-v3gvY-I8C&printsec=frontcover#PPA597,M1 Algebra in the Eighteenth Century: The Theory of Equations]</ref><ref name="laz">Daniel Lazard, "Solving quintics in radicals", in [[Olav Arnfinn Laudal]], [[Ragni Piene]], ''The Legacy of Niels Henrik Abel'', pp. 207–225, Berlin, 2004. {{isbn|3-540-43826-2}}</ref>
Except that nobody succeeded before to solve the problem, this was the first indication of the non-existence of an algebraic formula for degrees 5 and higher. This has been proved later, and named [[Abel–Ruffini theorem]]. Nevertheless, the modern methods for solving solvable quintic equations are mainly based on Lagrange's method.<ref name="laz" />

In the case of cubic equations, Lagrange's method gives the same solution as Cardano's. Lagrange's method can be applied directly to the general cubic equation {{math|''ax''3 + ''bx''2 + ''cx'' + ''d'' {{=}} 0}}, but the computation is simpler with the depressed cubic equation, {{math|''t''3 + ''pt'' + ''q'' {{=}} 0}}.

Lagrange's main idea was to work with the [[discrete Fourier transform]] of the roots instead with the roots themselves. More precisely, let {{mvar|ξ}} be a [[primitive root of unity|primitive third root of unity]], that is a number such that {{math|''ξ''3 {{=}} 1}} and {{math|''ξ''2 + ''ξ'' + 1 {{=}} 0}} (when working in the space of [[complex number]]s, one has <math>\textstyle \xi=\frac{-1\pm i\sqrt 3}2=e^{2i\pi/3},</math> but this complex interpretation is not used here). Denoting {{math|''x''0}}, {{math|''x''1}} and {{math|''x''2}} the three roots of the cubic equation to be solved, let
:<math>\begin{align}
s_0 &= x_0 + x_1 + x_2,\\
s_1 &= x_0 + \xi x_1 + \xi^2 x_2,\\
s_2 &= x_0 + \xi^2 x_1 + \xi x_2,
\end{align}</math>
be the discrete Fourier transform of the roots. If {{math|''s''0}}, {{math|''s''1}} and {{math|''s''2}} are known, the roots may be recovered from them with the inverse Fourier transform consisting of inverting this linear transformation; that is,
:<math>\begin{align}
x_0 &= \tfrac13(s_0 + s_1 + s_2),\\
x_1 &= \tfrac13(s_0 + \xi^2 s_1 + \xi s_2),\\
x_2 &= \tfrac13(s_0 + \xi s_1 + \xi ^2 s_2).
\end{align}</math>

By [[Vieta's formulas]], {{math|''s''0}} is known to be zero in the case of a depressed cubic, and {{math|−{{sfrac|''b''|''a''}}}} for the general cubic. So, only {{math|''s''1}} and {{math|''s''2}} need to be computed. They are not [[symmetric polynomial|symmetric functions]] of the roots (exchanging {{math|''x''1}} and {{math|''x''2}} exchanges also {{math|''s''1}} and {{math|''s''2}}), but some simple symmetric functions of {{math|''s''1}} and {{math|''s''2}} are also symmetric in the roots of the cubic equation to be solved. Thus these symmetric functions can be expressed in terms of the (known) coefficients of the original cubic, and this allows eventually expressing the {{mvar|s{{sub|i}}}} as roots of a polynomial with known coefficients.

In the case of a cubic equation, {{math|1=''P''=''s''1''s''2}}, and {{math|1=''S''=''s''13 + ''s''23}} are such symmetric polynomials (see below). It follows that {{math|''s''13}} and {{math|''s''23}} are the two roots of the quadratic equation {{math|''z''2 − ''Sz'' + ''P''3 {{=}} 0}}. Thus the resolution of the equation may be finished exactly as with Cardano's method, with {{math|''s''1}} and {{math|''s''2}} in place of {{mvar|u}} and {{mvar|v}}.

In the case of the depressed cubic, one has {{math|''x''0 {{=}} {{sfrac|1|3}}(''s''1 + ''s''2)}} and {{math|''s''1''s''2 {{=}} −3''p''}}, while in Cardano's method we have set {{math|''x''0 {{=}} ''u'' + ''v''}} and {{math|''uv'' {{=}} −{{sfrac|1|3}}''p''}}. Thus we have, up to the exchange of {{mvar|u}} and {{mvar|v}}, {{math|''s''1 {{=}} 3''u''}} and {{math|''s''2 {{=}} 3''v''}} . In other words, in this case, Cardano's method and Lagrange's method compute exactly the same things, up to a factor of three in the auxiliary variables, the main difference being that Lagrange's method explains why these auxiliary variables appear in the problem.

====Computation of {{mvar|S}} and {{mvar|P}}====

A straightforward computation using the relations {{math|''ξ''3 {{=}} 1}} and {{math|''ξ''2 + ''ξ'' + 1 {{=}} 0}} gives
:<math>\begin{align}
P&=s_1s_2=x_0^2+x_1^2+x_2^2-(x_0x_1+x_1x_2+x_2x_0),\\
S&=s_1^3+s_2^3=2(x_0^3+x_1^3+x_2^3)-3(x_0^2x_1+x_1^2x_2+x_2^2x_0+x_0x_1^2+x_1x_2^2+x_2x_0^2)+12x_0x_1x_2.
\end{align}</math>
This shows that {{mvar|P}} and {{mvar|Q}} are symmetric functions of the roots. Using [[Newton's identities]], it is straightforward to express them in terms of the [[elementary symmetric polynomial|elementary symmetric functions]] of the roots, giving
:<math>\begin{align}
P&=e_1^2-3e_2,\\
S&=2e_1^3-9e_1e_2+27e_3,
\end{align}</math>
with {{math|''e''1 {{=}} 0}}, {{math|''e''2 {{=}} ''p''}} and {{math|''e''3 {{=}} −''q''}} in the case of a depressed cubic, and {{math|''e''1 {{=}} −{{sfrac|''b''|''a''}}}}, {{math|''e''2 {{=}} {{sfrac|''c''|''a''}}}} and {{math|''e''3 {{=}} −{{sfrac|''d''|''a''}}}}, in the general case.

==Applications==

Cubic equations arise in various other contexts.

=== In mathematics ===
* [[Angle trisection]] and [[doubling the cube]] are two ancient problems of [[geometry]] that have been proved to not be solvable by [[straightedge and compass construction]], because they are equivalent to solving a cubic equation.
* [[Marden's theorem]] states that the [[focus (geometry)|foci]] of the [[Steiner inellipse]] of any triangle can be found by using the cubic function whose roots are the coordinates in the [[complex plane]] of the triangle's three vertices. The roots of the [[first derivative]] of this cubic are the complex coordinates of those foci.
* The [[area]] of a regular [[heptagon]] can be expressed in terms of the roots of a cubic. Further, the ratios of the long diagonal to the side, the side to the short diagonal, and the negative of the short diagonal to the long diagonal all satisfy a particular cubic equation. In addition, the ratio of the [[inradius]] to the [[circumradius]] of a [[heptagonal triangle]] is one of the solutions of a cubic equation. The values of trigonometric functions of angles related to <math>2\pi/7</math> satisfy cubic equations.
* Given the cosine (or other trigonometric function) of an arbitrary angle, the cosine of [[angle trisection|one-third of that angle]] is one of the roots of a cubic.
* The solution of the general [[quartic equation]] relies on the solution of its [[resolvent cubic]].
* The [[eigenvalue]]s of a 3×3 [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] are the roots of a cubic polynomial which is the [[characteristic polynomial]] of the matrix.
* The [[characteristic equation (calculus)|characteristic equation]] of a third-order constant coeffecients [[linear differential equation]] or [[difference equation]] is a cubic equation.
* Intersection points of cubic [[Bézier curve]] and straight line can be computed using direct cubic equation representing Bézier curve.

=== In other sciences ===
* In [[analytical chemistry]], the [[Charlot equation]], which can be used to find the pH of [[buffer solution]]s, can be solved using a cubic equation.
* In [[chemical engineering]] and [[thermodynamics]], [[equation of state#Cubic equations of state|equations of state]] (which relate pressure, volume, and temperature of a substances) are cubic in the volume.
* [[kinematics|Kinematic equations]] involving changing [[jerk (physics)|rates of acceleration]] are cubic.
* The speed of seismic Rayleigh waves is a solution of the [[Rayleigh wave#Rayleigh wave dispersion|Rayleigh wave]] cubic equation.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{Citation
|first= Lucye
|last= Guilbeau
|year= 1930
|title= The History of the Solution of the Cubic Equation
|journal= Mathematics News Letter
|volume= 5
|issue= 4
|pages= 8–12
|doi=10.2307/3027812
|jstor= 3027812}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation
|first= W. S.
|last= Anglin
|first2= Joachim
|last2= Lambek
|title= The Heritage of Thales
|year= 1995
|chapter= Mathematics in the Renaissance
|pages= 125–131
|publisher= Springers
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=mZfXHRgJpmQC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=%22mathematics+in+the+renaissance%22+heritage+thales&q
|isbn= 978-0-387-94544-6
|ref=none}} Ch. 24.
* {{Citation |last=Dence |first=T. |title=Cubics, chaos and Newton's method |journal=Mathematical Gazette |volume=81 |issue= 492|date=November 1997 |pages=403–408 |publisher=[[Mathematical Association]] |issn=0025-5572 |doi= 10.2307/3619617 |ref=none|jstor=3619617 }}
* {{Citation |last=Dunnett |first=R. |title=Newton–Raphson and the cubic |journal=Mathematical Gazette |volume=78 |issue= 483|date=November 1994 |pages=347–348 |publisher=[[Mathematical Association]] |issn=0025-5572 |doi=10.2307/3620218 |ref=none|jstor=3620218 }}
* {{Citation| last=Jacobson| first=Nathan| author-link=Nathan Jacobson| year=2009| title=Basic algebra| edition=2nd| volume = 1 |series= |publisher=Dover| isbn = 978-0-486-47189-1 |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last=Mitchell |first=D. W. |title=Solving cubics by solving triangles |journal=Mathematical Gazette |volume=91 |issue= |date=November 2007 |pages=514–516 |publisher=[[Mathematical Association]] |issn=0025-5572 |doi= 10.1017/S0025557200182178|ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last=Mitchell |first=D. W. |title=Powers of φ as roots of cubics |journal=Mathematical Gazette |volume=93 |issue= |date=November 2009 |pages= |publisher=[[Mathematical Association]] |issn=0025-5572 |doi= |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last1=Press |first1=W. H. |last2=Teukolsky |first2=S. A. |last3=Vetterling |first3=W. T. |last4=Flannery |first4=B. P. |year=2007 |title=Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing |edition=3rd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-88068-8 |chapter=Section 5.6 Quadratic and Cubic Equations |chapter-url=http://apps.nrbook.com/empanel/index.html?pg=227 |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Edgar |title=Real roots of cubics: Explicit formula for quasi-solutions |journal=Mathematical Gazette |volume=92 |issue= |date=July 2008 |pages=268–276 |publisher=[[Mathematical Association]] |issn=0025-5572 |doi= 10.1017/S0025557200183147|ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last=Zucker |first=I. J. |title=The cubic equation – a new look at the irreducible case |journal=Mathematical Gazette |volume=92 |issue= |date=July 2008 |pages=264–268 |publisher=[[Mathematical Association]] |issn=0025-5572 |doi= 10.1017/S0025557200183135|ref=none}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Cubic functions}}
* {{springer|title=Cardano formula|id=p/c020350|ref=none}}
*[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Quadratic_etc_equations.html History of quadratic, cubic and quartic equations] on [[MacTutor archive]].
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-KXStupwsc 500 years of NOT teaching THE CUBIC FORMULA. What is it they think you can't handle?] – [[YouTube]] video by [[Mathologer]] about the history of cubic equations and Cardano's solution, as well as Ferrari's solution to [[quartic equations]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cubic equation}}
[[Category:Elementary algebra]]
[[Category:Equations]]
[[Category:Polynomials]]

Squonk

2019-12-28T19:00:03Z

GTBacchus: /* Cultural references */ moving one entry to better chronological position, bit of a mess here

{{about||the performance art company|Squonk Opera|the song by Genesis|Squonk (song)}}
{{lead too short|date=August 2013}}
[[File:Squonk.png|thumb|300px|The squonk as illustrated by Coert Du Boifrom ''Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods''.]]

The '''Squonk''' is a [[mythical creature]] reputed to live in the [[Tsuga|Hemlock]] forests of northern [[Pennsylvania]] in the [[United States]].<ref name=cox /><ref name=tryon>[http://www.lumberwoods.com/p49.htm Tryon, Henry Harrington. Fearsome Critters. (Cornwall, NY: Idlewild Press, 1939) ]</ref> Legends of squonks probably originated in the late nineteenth century, at the height of Pennsylvania's importance in the potential [[timber]] industry.

==In folklore==
The legend holds that the creature's [[skin]] is ill-fitting, being covered with [[wart]]s and other [[wikt:blemish|blemish]]es and that because it is ashamed of its appearance, it hides from plain sight and spends much of its time weeping.<ref name=tryon /> Hunters who have attempted to catch squonks have found that the creature is capable of evading capture by dissolving completely into a pool of tears and bubbles when cornered. A certain J.P. Wentling is supposed to have coaxed one into a bag, which, while he was carrying it home suddenly lightened. On inspection, he found that the bag contained only the [[liquid]] remains of the sad animal.

The earliest known written account of squonks comes from a book by [[William T. Cox]] called ''[[Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods, With a Few Desert and Mountain Beasts]]'' (1910). Cox's account is reprinted in [[Jorge Luis Borges]]' ''[[Book of Imaginary Beings]]'' (1969).

The "[[Binomial nomenclature|scientific name]]" of the squonk, ''Lacrimacorpus dissolvens'', comes from [[Latin language|Latin]] words meaning "tear", "body", and "dissolve".<ref name=cox>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fearsomecreaturesofthelumberwoods.com/home.htm |title=Cox, William T. with Latin Classifications by George B. Sudworth. Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods. (Washington, D.C.: Judd & Detweiler Inc., 1910) |access-date=2010-09-06 |archive-url=http://www.lib.lumberwoods.com/fclw/squonk.html |archive-date=2010-08-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Cultural references==
* [[Mario Bava]]'s 1971 film, ''[[Twitch of the Death Nerve]]'' (also known as ''Carnage''), written by Bava, [[Giuseppe Zaccariello]] and [[Filippo Ottoni]], features dialogue around the 10-minute mark describing the squonk and its attributes.
* The rock band [[Steely Dan]] mention the creature in the song "[[Any Major Dude Will Tell You]]" on their 1974 [[Long play|LP]] ''[[Pretzel Logic]]'' with the lyric "Have you ever seen a squonk's tears? Well, look at mine."
* [[Michael Chabon]]'s novel ''[[Wonder Boys]]'' contains a reference to the main characters, Grady Tripp and Terry Crabtree, "speculating for hours on the meaning of a certain enigmatic question in the lyrics to 'Any Major Dude'".
* The third track on [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]'s 1976 album ''[[A Trick of the Tail]]'' is titled "[[Squonk (song)|Squonk]]". The song recounts the legend of the hunter who captured a squonk, as described above, and the creature is described as having a retiring disposition.
* A 1996 short story by Nancy Springer titled "Byrd Song" centers around an outcast girl who meets a squonk (presented here as a bird), and was published in ''[[Bruce Coville's Book of Magic]]''. In the climax of the story, the squonk takes the protagonist to see the phoenix's funeral; overcome with grief, it forgets its self-consciousness and weeps on the ashes left behind, which creates baby squonks that reform out of their puddle when they dissolve.
* A 2002 short story by [[Glen David Gold]] entitled "The Tears of Squonk, and What Happened Thereafter" alludes to the myth and gives the name to the deceitful clown of the story, who cries "heedless [[crocodile tears]]".
* Playwright Daniel Caffrey's play ''Gregor and the Squonk''<ref>[http://www.missingsquonk.com ''Gregor and the Squonk'' website]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is loosely based on the tale of J. P. Wentling. Initially written for the short play festival at [[Florida State University]], it was later mounted at [[Bailiwick Repertory Theatre]] in Fall 2008, by Tympanic Theatre Company.<ref name="tympanic-baliwick">[http://www.bailiwick.org/calendar/show_detail.php?ID=301 ''Gregor and the Squonk'' at the Bailiwick, Fall 2008]</ref>
* The [[PlayStation 2]] game ''[[Culdcept]]'' features the Squonk as a playable creature card.
* Rapper [[MC Frontalot]] mentions the creature in the song "[[Scare Goat]]", with the lines "Got a [[Mongolian death worm]] at my house, right next to Squonk and the Aqueous Mouse..."
* A [[Pittsburgh, PA|Pittsburgh]]-based performance art collective is known as [[Squonk Opera]], though they profess that they named themselves "after a description of a jazz saxophonist's playing as a 'squonk-fest', rather than the legendary creature of the same name".
* In a 2013 episode of ''[[Lost Girl]]'' titled "Fae-ge Against the Machine" Bo rescues a teenage squonk (who looks like a normal teenage girl other than the fact that she is constantly crying) from a dark Fae who was selling her tears.
* The Squonks appear in the Disney XD sitcom ''[[Pair of Kings]]''. They are depicted as a race of dwarfish trolls who keep Kinkow's population of Mukarats.
* In ''Scissor Kisses'' by [[Devon Monk]], Myra’s Neighbor, Jonah, is a squonk newly moved to Ordinary, Oregon from Pennsylvania.

==Scientific usage==
Squonks are also known in [[chemistry]] and [[biology]]. Some substances are stable in solution or some other "wild" form but cannot be isolated or captured without actually catalyzing their own [[polymerization]] or [[decomposition]] ("dissolving in their own tears"). For example, a [[molecule]] containing a [[carboxylic acid]] [[Moiety (chemistry)|moiety]] and an acid labile moiety might be stable when initially prepared as the salt (e.g., barium [[prephenate]]) but unstable as the free acid ([[prephenic acid]]).

Other examples can be found in: Toby J. Sommer, "Chemical Squonks", ''Chemical Innovation'', '''2000''', ''30'' (April 2000), 24-32. ISSN 1527-4799. ''Chemical Abstracts'': '''133''':73580 ; ''CAPlus'': '''2000''':254494.

==See also==
*[[Fearsome critters]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lib.lumberwoods.com/fclw/squonk.html The Squonk from ''Fearsome Creatures Of The Lumberwoods'']

{{American tall tales}}

[[Category:Pennsylvania culture]]
[[Category:American folklore]]
[[Category:Fearsome Critters]]

Little Sister

2019-12-28T02:56:24Z

GTBacchus: /* Music */ rm italics from band name

{{wiktionary|little sister}}
'''Little Sister''' may refer to:

{{TOC right}}
==Literature==
* ''[[The Little Sister]]'', a 1949 novel by Raymond Chandler
* ''[[Kana: Little Sister]]'', a 1999 Japanese visual novel

==Film and television==
* [[The Little Sister (1911 film)|''The Little Sister'' (1911 film)]], a short
* [[The Little Sister (1914 film)|''The Little Sister'' (1914 film)]], a short starring [[Tom Mix]]
* [[Little Sister (1921 film)|''Little Sister'' (1921 film)]], a 1921 Italian silent film
* [[The Little Sister (1986 film)|''The Little Sister'' (1986 film)]]
* [[Little Sister (1992 film)|''Little Sister'' (1992 film)]], a comedy starring Jonathan Silverman and Alyssa Milano
* [[Little Sister (1995 film)|''Little Sister'' (1995 film)]], a Dutch film
* [[Little Sister (2010 film)|''Little Sister'' (2010 film)]], directed and written by Richard Bowen
* [[Little Sister (2016 film)|''Little Sister'' (2016 film)]], directed and written by Zach Clark
* [[The Little Sister (Roseanne)|The Little Sister (''Roseanne'')]], a 1989 episode of the TV sitcom ''Roseanne''
* [[Little Sister (Golden Girls episode)|"Little Sister" (''Golden Girls'' episode)]]

==Music==
* [[Little Sister (band)]], Sly & the Family Stone's background vocalists
* [[Little Sister (Elvis Presley song)|"Little Sister" (Elvis Presley song)]], a song released by Elvis Presley in 1961, and later covered by Ry Cooder and by Dwight Yoakam
* [[Little Sister (Queens of the Stone Age song)|"Little Sister" (Queens of the Stone Age song)]]
* "Little Sister", a song by Jewel from ''[[Pieces of You]]''
* "Little Sister", a song by the Runaways from ''[[Waitin' for the Night]]''
* "Little Sister", a song by Lou Reed from the [[Get Crazy#Soundtrack|''Get Crazy'' soundtrack]]
* "Little Sister", a song by Nico from ''[[Chelsea Girl (album)|Chelsea Girl]]''
* "Little Sister", a song by [[Your Favorite Enemies]]
* "Little Sister", a song by [[Cheap Trick]] from ''[[Standing on the Edge (Cheap Trick album)|Standing on the Edge]]''
* "[[Bonnie Jean (Little Sister)]]", by David Lynn Jones
* "Look at Little Sister", a song by [[Hank Ballard]], covered by Stevie Ray Vaughan on [[Soul to Soul (album)|Soul to Soul]]
* "Little Sister", a song by [[Trixie Mattel]] from ''[[One Stone]]''

==Religion==
* [[Little Sisters of the Assumption]], a Roman Catholic religious institute
* [[Little Sisters of Jesus]], a Roman Catholic congregation
** [[Little Sister Magdeleine of Jesus]] (1898–1989), founder of the ''Little Sisters of Jesus''
* [[Little Sisters of the Lamb]], a branch of a Roman Catholic religious institute, shaped both by Dominican and by Franciscan spirituality
* [[Little Sisters of the Poor]], founded in France, a Roman Catholic religious institute for women
* ''Little Sisters of the Poor'', alternative name of [[Little Sisters of the Abandoned Elderly]], founded in Spain, a Roman Catholic religious congregation
* [[Little Sisters of the Poor of St Francis]], a religious congregation which is an independent branch from the Congregation of the ''Poor Sisters of St. Francis''

==Other uses==
* [[Little Sisters]], an informal name for a group of some of the smaller members of the British Virgin Islands
* [[Little Sister (BioShock)|Little Sister (''BioShock'')]], fictional young girls in ''BioShock'' and ''BioShock 2''
* [[Little Sister's Book and Art Emporium]], a bookstore in Vancouver, Canada
* [[Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada (Minister of Justice)|''Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada'' (Minister of Justice)]], a court case regarding freedom of speech involving the bookstore

==See also==
* [[Nation's Little Sister]], an informal title in the South Korean entertainment industry
* [[Lillasyster]] (Swedish for "little sister"), a Swedish rock band
* "[[Baby Sister]]", a 1985 song by La Toya Jackson
* [[Big Sister (disambiguation)]]
* [[Sister (disambiguation)]]
* [[Sisters (disambiguation)]]
* {{look from}}

{{disambiguation}}

Skotokaryota

2019-12-27T04:23:47Z

GTBacchus: R category

#REDIRECT[[Scotokaryotes]]

{{R from alternative name}}

Skotokaryota

2019-12-27T04:21:01Z

GTBacchus: new redirect

#REDIRECT[[Scotokaryotes]]

Lindale, Texas

2019-10-14T04:14:25Z

GTBacchus: Reverted edits by 74.197.253.237 (talk) to last version by Jackfork

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Lindale, Texas
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Lindale May 2018 08 (N Main Street).jpg
| image_caption = [[U.S. Route 69|Main Street]] in Lindale
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Seal of Lindale, Texas.jpg
| nickname = Blackberry Capital of the World
| motto = Good Country Living
| image_map = Smith County Lindale.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = USA Texas
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Texas
| coordinates = {{coord|32|30|26|N|95|24|30|W|region:US-TX|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Texas]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Texas|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Smith County, Texas|Smith]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1871
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2 = 1905
| government_type =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Jeff Daughtery<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lindaletx.gov/pages/city-government/mayor-and-city-council |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316135202/http://www.lindaletx.gov/pages/city-government/mayor-and-city-council |archivedate=2014-03-16 }}</ref>{{update after|2014|07|01}}
| area_magnitude = 1 E8
| area_total_km2 = 10.4
| area_total_sq_mi = 4
| area_land_km2 = 10.3
| area_land_sq_mi = 3.9
| area_water_km2 = 0.1
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.04
| elevation_m = 168
| elevation_ft = 551
| population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2010|2010]]
| population_total = 4,818
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| timezone = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|CST]]
| utc_offset = -6
| timezone_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = -5
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 75771
| area_code = 903, 430 ([[Overlay plan|overlay]])
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 48-42820<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 1339958<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.lindaletx.gov}}
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Old Mill Museum, Lindale, TX IMG 5303.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Local history is highlighted in the Old Mill Pond Museum in Lindale.]]

[[File:Lindale, TX, City Hall IMG 4910.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Lindale City Hall]]

[[File:Lindale May 2018 18 (Lillie Russell Memorial Library).jpg|200px|right|thumb|Lillie Russell Memorial Library in Lindale]]

'''Lindale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|n|d|eɪ|l}}) is a city in [[Smith County, Texas]], United States. The population was 4,818 in the [[United States Census, 2010|2010 census]]. It is part of the [[Tyler metropolitan area|Tyler, Texas, metropolitan statistical area]].

==History==
The area of Smith County where Lindale sits was inhabited long before the town was founded in 1871. In the early 19th century, the [[Caddo]] Indians were the area's primary inhabitants; their artifacts can still be found along streams in the area. The area also was home to [[Cherokee]] Indians, who were forced out when the [[Republic of Texas]] was founded in 1836.

After the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], [[Richard B. Hubbard]], a former officer in the [[Confederate Army]] and owner of a large plantation on what is today a gated community called [[Hideaway, Texas|Hideaway Lake]], began searching for a more convenient way to ship the produce grown on his land. Hubbard convinced railroad officials to lay track between nearby [[Tyler, Texas|Tyler]] and [[Mineola, Texas|Mineola]]. Hubbard's brother-in-law, Elijah Lindsey, anticipating growth around the new railroad, opened the fledgling community's first general store in 1871, and Lindale had its start; Lindsey was elected the town's first mayor a year later.

Several stories abound locally about how Lindale got its name, but the most common is that Lindsey's name was combined with the suffix "dale" to form "Lindseydale." The name was shortened to Lindale in 1874 when the first [[U.S. Postal Service|Post Office]] opened in town.

A year later, the [[International-Great Northern Railroad]] extended its line through Lindale, and the town's fledgling canning and fruit packing industries took off. By the late 1880s, some 300 people lived in the town, which was gaining fame for its fruit and berry canning industry.

By 1900, the city had its own newspaper, two cotton gins, several shops, churches, a telephone exchange, a doctor and lawyer, as well as the ubiquitous canning factory. In 1905, the town was incorporated; it spanned about a square mile in total.

Produce continued to be the city's main source of income, and by 1950 the town had gained a reputation for being the "[[blackberry]] capital of the world," with tons of berries being canned and shipped each year.

The 1949 comedy film release, ''Strike It Rich'', starring [[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]] and [[Bonita Granville]], was filmed in the Lindale, Tyler, and [[Kilgore, Texas|Kilgore]] area. An exhibit on the picture is found at the Old Mill Museum in Lindale.

In 1996, Lindale's school board banned 32 books from its schools, including ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'', because they "conflicted with the values of the community." According to school board president John Offutt, a Baptist minister, the board's action [[Separation of church and state|was an attempt to make students adhere to Christian beliefs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texnews.com/news/lindale070996.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123014203/http://texnews.com/news/lindale070996.html |archivedate=2008-11-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bannedbooks.world.edu/2012/07/30/banned-books-awareness-to-kill-a-mockingbird/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114201657/http://bannedbooks.world.edu/2012/07/30/banned-books-awareness-to-kill-a-mockingbird/ |archivedate=2014-01-14 }}</ref> Currently, ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' is again required reading in the High School Pre-AP English II class.

==Present day==
Lindale's produce trade has declined significantly over the past two decades, with the closure of its canning factory, allowing other industries to grow, including cattle, hay production, and rose-growing.

Several religious ministries (including [[Teen Mania Ministries]], [[Mercy Ships]], [[Keith Green]] and his Last Days Ministries, [[Youth With A Mission]], and [[David Wilkerson]] and his [[Teen Challenge]] and World Challenge ministries) either are or were located near Lindale.

With the growth of [[Tyler, Texas|Tyler]] and the increased traffic on [[I-20]] and [[US-69]], Lindale has experienced a surge in residential, retail, and other commercial development.

The town is served by the [[Lindale Independent School District]], one of Texas' top public school districts. In 2010, Lindale Independent School District was rated as "[[Texas Education Agency accountability ratings system|Exemplary]]" by the [[Texas Education Agency]].

Since 2008, the nearby [http://www.texasrosehorsepark.com Texas Rose Horse Park] has been the home of the annual [http://www.superride.org Super Ride]: International Festival of the Equestrian Arts. The event hosts the prestigious United States Equestrian Drill Championship (USEDC).

For [http://issuu.com/sportsquestinternational/docs/2014_sponsorship_package Super Ride XII] in June 2014, the format has been expanded to include an International Quadrille Championship, an [https://www.americanvaulting.org American Vaulting Association] recognized Vaulting Celebration and The World Escaramuza Challenge.

==Geography==
Lindale is located at {{coord|32|30|26|N|95|24|30|W|type:city}} (32.507145, −95.408293).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 4.0 square miles (10.4 km²), of which 4.0 square miles (10.4 km²) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km²) (0.50%) is water.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1910= 658
|1920= 701
|1930= 743
|1940= 820
|1950= 1105
|1960= 1285
|1970= 1631
|1980= 2180
|1990= 2428
|2000= 2954
|2010= 4818
|estyear=2018
|estimate=6149
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=September 28, 2019}}</ref>
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 2,954 people, 1,102 households, and 794 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 736.2 people per square mile (284.4/km²). There were 1,186 housing units at an average density of 295.6 per square mile (114.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 88.19% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 6.91% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.54% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.71% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 2.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.49% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 4.47% of the population.

There were 1,102 households out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the city the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,733, and the median income for a family was $38,787. Males had a median income of $31,538 versus $21,250 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,825. About 9.6% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.

==Notable people==
* [[Paul Baloche]] – Christian singer-songwriter
* [[Kelli Finglass]] – director of Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders. Graduated from Lindale High School.
* [[Jim Granberry]] – Orthodonist who served as mayor of [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock]], Texas; [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidate for governor in 1974, born in Lindale in 1932
* [[Dallas Holm]] – Christian singer-songwriter originally from [[St. Paul Park, Minnesota]]
* [[Miranda Lambert]] – [[Grammy Award]]-winning country music singer-songwriter
* [[Pat Mahomes]] – professional baseball pitcher, Lindale High School graduate

==Climate==
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Lindale has a [[humid subtropical climate]], abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=822514&cityname=Lindale%2C+Texas%2C+United+States+of+America&units= Climate Summary for Lindale, Texas]</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category|Lindale, Texas}}
* [http://www.KWJB.com/ KWJB RADIO the official website of the only broadcasting station in Van Zandt County]
* [http://www.lindaletx.gov City of Lindale]
* [http://www.lindalechamber.org Lindale Area Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.lindaleedc.com Lindale Economic Development Corporation]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmc39xuMENQ City of Lindale Promotional Video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOM2t3dXW4Y City of Lindale CBS Commercial]

{{Smith County, Texas}}

[[Category:Cities in Texas]]
[[Category:Cities in Smith County, Texas]]

Privet

2019-10-14T04:13:48Z

GTBacchus: /* Uses and cultivation */ rm unneeded word

{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = Privet
|image = Schurenbachhalde 11 ies.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Ligustrum vulgare]]''
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Ligustrum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
}}
[[File:Wilde liguster (Ligustrum vulgare).jpg|thumb|right|Wild privet, also sometimes known as Common privet or European privet (''[[Ligustrum vulgare]]'')]]

A '''privet''' is a [[flowering plant]] in the [[genus]] '''''Ligustrum'''''. The genus contains about 50 [[species]] of erect, [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]] [[shrubs]], sometimes forming small or medium-sized trees,<ref>Webb, C. J.; Sykes, W. R.; Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. IV. Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. 4. Christchurch, New Zealand, Botany Division, D.S.I.R..</ref> [[native plant|native]] to Europe, north Africa, Asia, many introduced and naturalised in Australasia, where only one species extends as a native into Queensland.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref> Some species have become widely naturalized or invasive where introduced. ''Privet'' was originally the name for the European semi-evergreen [[shrub]] ''[[Ligustrum vulgare]]'', and later also for the more reliably evergreen ''[[Ligustrum ovalifolium]]'' used extensively for privacy [[Hedge|hedging]], though now the name is applied to all members of the genus. The generic name was applied by [[Pliny the Elder]] (23–79 CE) to ''L. vulgare''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mE0z2MnIsloC |title=National Geographic Desk Reference to Nature's Medicine |first=Steven |last=Foster |author2=Rebecca Johnson |year=2008 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-1-4262-0293-3 |page=116}}</ref> It is often suggested that the name ''privet'' is related to ''private'', but the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] states that there is no evidence to support this.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |title=privet, n.1 |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50188940}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>

==Description==
Privet is a group of shrubs and small trees of southern and eastern Asia, from the Himalayas extending into Australia. They may be evergreen or deciduous, and are tolerant of different soil types. They often have conspicuous heads of white flower.<ref name='Hilliers'>{{cite manual|title=The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs}}</ref> followed by black [[Berry (botany)|berries]].

==Uses and cultivation==
In addition to being cultivated to create ornamental hedges and [[leaf|foliage]], privet is also widely used in horticulture and flower arrangements.<ref name="Urbatch">{{cite web |author=Urbatch, L. |title=Chinese Privet: Plant Guide. |publisher=USDA and NRCS |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_lisi.pdf |accessdate=March 15, 2013}}</ref> The Oval leaf privet ''[[Ligustrum ovalifolium]]'' is used for [[hedge]]s, while its flexible twigs are sometimes used as cords for [[Lashing (ropework)|lashing]].<ref name="Urbatch" /> The tree species, especially [[Ligustrum lucidum|Chinese privet]] is frequently used as a street tree in Europe, while other species including ''[[Ligustrum japonicum]]'' and ''[[Ligustrum quihoui]]'' are among the others also sometimes used as [[ornamental plant]]s in gardens.<ref name="EGF">{{cite book|title=European Garden Flora |edition=2 |volume=4}}</ref>
Privet became very popular in Britain as a replacement for ornamental railings around properties, which had been lost to the 1941 Government compulsorily requisitioning of all post-1850 iron gates and railings for the war effort <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/railings.htm|title=Railings|website=www.londongardenstrust.org}}</ref> the idea being that the donated metal would be melted down for use in the manufacture of armaments in WWII, although this ultimately did not happen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/railings3.htm|title=So What Really Happened to our Railings?|website=www.londongardenstrust.org}}</ref> The remaining stubbs of sawn-off railings can still be seen on many garden walls in the UK, often partly obscured by privet bushes.

Chinese privet is used in traditional [[herbal medicine]].<ref name="Nature’s Medicine 2006">{{cite book |title=National Geographic Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mE0z2MnIsloC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=privet+leaves+or+bark+is+helpful+for+treating+diarrhoea,+stomach+ulcers,+chronic+bowel+problems,+chapped+lips,+sore+mouths+and+throats,+and+a+wash+for+skin+problems.&source=bl&ots=52ZdiFT0GR&sig=CuYTZpv15WJEOqOH4Cp2Px5MrEc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WXF0UbsZj6TyBJTDgOgF&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=privet%20leaves%20or%20bark%20is%20helpful%20for%20treating%20diarrhea%2C%20stomach%20ulcers%2C%20chronic%20bowel%20problems%2C%20chapped%20lips%2C%20sore%20mouths%20and%20throats%2C%20and%20a%20wash%20for%20skin%20problems.&f=false |accessdate=March 15, 2013}}</ref> The [[decoction]] of privet leaves or bark helps to treat diarrhea, stomach ulcers, chronic bowel problems, chapped lips, sore mouths and throats, and a wash for skin problems.<ref name="Nature’s Medicine 2006" /> Privet leaves and bark have bitter properties that make a useful tea for improving appetite and digestion in chemotherapy patients.<ref name="Nature’s Medicine 2006" />

Some species produce a fruit, which is mildly toxic to humans.<ref name="Urbatch" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Plants for a Future |url=http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Ligustrum+japonicum}}</ref> Symptoms from eating privet fruit include [[nausea]], [[headache]], [[abdominal pain]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[weakness]], low blood pressure, and low body temperature.<ref name="Urbatch" /> At least some Privet species are known to be toxic to horses. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nine poisonous plants horses should avoid |url=https://www.bluecross.org.uk/pet-advice/nine-poisonous-plants-horses-should-avoid|website=bluecross.org.uk}}</ref>

==Ecology==
A plant may produce thousands of fruits, most of which are eaten by birds.
Privet is used as a food plant by the larvae of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including the [[common emerald]], [[common marbled carpet]], copper underling, [[engrailed (moth)|engrailed]], [[mottled beauty]], [[scalloped hazel]], small angle shades, [[v-pug]], [[privet hawk moth]] and [[willow beauty]].

===Invasiveness===

{{Main|Privet as an invasive plant}}
Privet is a successful invasive species because of its ability to [[competition (biology)|outcompete]] and therefore displace native vegetation, due to its adaptability. Various species are now a problem in North America, Australia and New Zealand.

==Additional information==
Privet (translated into German as Liguster) is a core part of Michael Frayn's novel ''[[Spies (novel)|Spies]]'', which was published in 2002.

==Selected species==
The [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] lists eleven "accepted" species of ''Ligustrum''.<ref>{{cite web |title=ITIS Standard Report Page - Ligustrum |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32973 |accessdate=2011-06-20 |work=Integrated Taxonomic Information System}}</ref> Additional species are listed in other references.<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118549 ''Ligustrum'']</ref><ref name=fot>Flora of Taiwan: [http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/udth/bin/fot1.exe/browse?BID=4&page=137 ''Ligustrum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422141619/http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/udth/bin/fot1.exe/browse?BID=4&page=137 |date=22 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Ligustrum&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Ligustrum'']</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Ligustrum amamianum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum amurense]]'' (Northern China) – Amur privet
*''[[Ligustrum angustum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum australianum]]'' (Wet Tropics, NE. & C. Qld, Australia) – Australian privet <ref name=AustTRFPK6.1>{{AustTRFPK6.1 | url= http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Ligustrum_australianum.htm | name= Ligustrum australianum | accessdate= 27 June 2013 }}</ref>
*''[[Ligustrum chenaultii]]'' (Yunnan Province, China)
*''[[Ligustrum compactum]]'' (Himalayas, southwest China)
*''[[Ligustrum confusum]]'' (Himalayas, Khasi Hills)
*''[[Ligustrum delavayanum]]'' (Southwest China, Myanmar)
*''[[Ligustrum expansum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum glomeratum]]'' (Thailand, Malaysia)
*''[[Ligustrum gracile]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum henryi]]'' (Central China)
*''[[Ligustrum ibota]]'' (Japan)
*''[[Ligustrum indicum]]'' (Himalayas, Indochina)
*''[[Ligustrum japonicum]]'' (Japan, Korea)
*''[[Ligustrum leucanthum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum lianum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum liukiuense]]'' (Taiwan)
*''[[Ligustrum longitubum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum lucidum]]'' (China, Japan, Korea) - Chinese privet, glossy privet
*''[[Ligustrum massalongianum]]'' (Himalayas)
*''[[Ligustrum micranthum]]'' (the [[Bonin Islands]], the [[Volcano Islands]])
*''[[Ligustrum microcarpum]]'' (Taiwan); often included in ''L. sinense''.
*''[[Ligustrum morrisonense]]'' (Taiwan)
*''[[Ligustrum obovatilimbum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum obtusifolium]]'' ([[East Asia]]) – Japanese deciduous privet
*''[[Ligustrum ovalifolium]]'' (Japan) – Japanese privet, oval-leaved privet
*''[[Ligustrum pedunculare]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum pricei]]'' (Taiwan)
*''[[Ligustrum punctifolium]]''
*''[[Ligustrum quihoui]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum retusum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum robustum]]'' (India to Vietnam)
*''[[Ligustrum sempervirens]]'' (Western China)
*''[[Ligustrum sinense]]'' (China, Taiwan) – Chinese privet
*''[[Ligustrum strongylophyllum]]'' (Central China)
*''[[Ligustrum tenuipes]]''. (China)
*''[[Ligustrum tschonoskii]]'' (Japan)
*''[[Ligustrum vulgare]]'' (Europe, northwest Africa, southwest Asia) – common privet, European privet
*''[[Ligustrum xingrenense]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum yunguiense]]'' (China)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ligustrum|''Ligustrum''}}
{{Wikispecies|Ligustrum}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q753099}}

[[Category:Ligustrum| ]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Poisonous plants]]

Privet

2019-10-14T04:11:50Z

GTBacchus: /* Uses and cultivation */ note about toxicity to horses

{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = Privet
|image = Schurenbachhalde 11 ies.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Ligustrum vulgare]]''
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Ligustrum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
}}
[[File:Wilde liguster (Ligustrum vulgare).jpg|thumb|right|Wild privet, also sometimes known as Common privet or European privet (''[[Ligustrum vulgare]]'')]]

A '''privet''' is a [[flowering plant]] in the [[genus]] '''''Ligustrum'''''. The genus contains about 50 [[species]] of erect, [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]] [[shrubs]], sometimes forming small or medium-sized trees,<ref>Webb, C. J.; Sykes, W. R.; Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. IV. Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. 4. Christchurch, New Zealand, Botany Division, D.S.I.R..</ref> [[native plant|native]] to Europe, north Africa, Asia, many introduced and naturalised in Australasia, where only one species extends as a native into Queensland.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref> Some species have become widely naturalized or invasive where introduced. ''Privet'' was originally the name for the European semi-evergreen [[shrub]] ''[[Ligustrum vulgare]]'', and later also for the more reliably evergreen ''[[Ligustrum ovalifolium]]'' used extensively for privacy [[Hedge|hedging]], though now the name is applied to all members of the genus. The generic name was applied by [[Pliny the Elder]] (23–79 CE) to ''L. vulgare''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mE0z2MnIsloC |title=National Geographic Desk Reference to Nature's Medicine |first=Steven |last=Foster |author2=Rebecca Johnson |year=2008 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-1-4262-0293-3 |page=116}}</ref> It is often suggested that the name ''privet'' is related to ''private'', but the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] states that there is no evidence to support this.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |title=privet, n.1 |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50188940}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>

==Description==
Privet is a group of shrubs and small trees of southern and eastern Asia, from the Himalayas extending into Australia. They may be evergreen or deciduous, and are tolerant of different soil types. They often have conspicuous heads of white flower.<ref name='Hilliers'>{{cite manual|title=The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs}}</ref> followed by black [[Berry (botany)|berries]].

==Uses and cultivation==
In addition to being cultivated to create ornamental hedges and [[leaf|foliage]], privet is also widely used in horticulture and flower arrangements.<ref name="Urbatch">{{cite web |author=Urbatch, L. |title=Chinese Privet: Plant Guide. |publisher=USDA and NRCS |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_lisi.pdf |accessdate=March 15, 2013}}</ref> The Oval leaf privet ''[[Ligustrum ovalifolium]]'' is used for [[hedge]]s, while its flexible twigs are sometimes used as cords for [[Lashing (ropework)|lashing]].<ref name="Urbatch" /> The tree species, especially [[Ligustrum lucidum|Chinese privet]] is frequently used as a street tree in Europe, while other species including ''[[Ligustrum japonicum]]'' and ''[[Ligustrum quihoui]]'' are among the others also sometimes used as [[ornamental plant]]s in gardens.<ref name="EGF">{{cite book|title=European Garden Flora |edition=2 |volume=4}}</ref>
Privet became very popular in Britain as a replacement for ornamental railings around properties, which had been lost to the 1941 Government compulsorily requisitioning of all post-1850 iron gates and railings for the war effort <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/railings.htm|title=Railings|website=www.londongardenstrust.org}}</ref> the idea being that the donated metal would be melted down for use in the manufacture of armaments in WWII, although this ultimately did not happen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/railings3.htm|title=So What Really Happened to our Railings?|website=www.londongardenstrust.org}}</ref> The remaining stubbs of sawn-off railings can still be seen on many garden walls in the UK, often partly obscured by privet bushes.

Chinese privet is used in traditional [[herbal medicine]].<ref name="Nature’s Medicine 2006">{{cite book |title=National Geographic Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mE0z2MnIsloC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=privet+leaves+or+bark+is+helpful+for+treating+diarrhoea,+stomach+ulcers,+chronic+bowel+problems,+chapped+lips,+sore+mouths+and+throats,+and+a+wash+for+skin+problems.&source=bl&ots=52ZdiFT0GR&sig=CuYTZpv15WJEOqOH4Cp2Px5MrEc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WXF0UbsZj6TyBJTDgOgF&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=privet%20leaves%20or%20bark%20is%20helpful%20for%20treating%20diarrhea%2C%20stomach%20ulcers%2C%20chronic%20bowel%20problems%2C%20chapped%20lips%2C%20sore%20mouths%20and%20throats%2C%20and%20a%20wash%20for%20skin%20problems.&f=false |accessdate=March 15, 2013}}</ref> The [[decoction]] of privet leaves or bark helps to treat diarrhea, stomach ulcers, chronic bowel problems, chapped lips, sore mouths and throats, and a wash for skin problems.<ref name="Nature’s Medicine 2006" /> Privet leaves and bark have bitter properties that make a useful tea for improving appetite and digestion in chemotherapy patients.<ref name="Nature’s Medicine 2006" />

Some species produce a fruit, which is mildly toxic to humans.<ref name="Urbatch" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Plants for a Future |url=http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Ligustrum+japonicum}}</ref> Symptoms from eating privet fruit include [[nausea]], [[headache]], [[abdominal pain]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[weakness]], low blood pressure, and low body temperature.<ref name="Urbatch" /> At least some Privet species are also known to be toxic to horses. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nine poisonous plants horses should avoid |url=https://www.bluecross.org.uk/pet-advice/nine-poisonous-plants-horses-should-avoid|website=bluecross.org.uk}}</ref>

==Ecology==
A plant may produce thousands of fruits, most of which are eaten by birds.
Privet is used as a food plant by the larvae of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including the [[common emerald]], [[common marbled carpet]], copper underling, [[engrailed (moth)|engrailed]], [[mottled beauty]], [[scalloped hazel]], small angle shades, [[v-pug]], [[privet hawk moth]] and [[willow beauty]].

===Invasiveness===

{{Main|Privet as an invasive plant}}
Privet is a successful invasive species because of its ability to [[competition (biology)|outcompete]] and therefore displace native vegetation, due to its adaptability. Various species are now a problem in North America, Australia and New Zealand.

==Additional information==
Privet (translated into German as Liguster) is a core part of Michael Frayn's novel ''[[Spies (novel)|Spies]]'', which was published in 2002.

==Selected species==
The [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] lists eleven "accepted" species of ''Ligustrum''.<ref>{{cite web |title=ITIS Standard Report Page - Ligustrum |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32973 |accessdate=2011-06-20 |work=Integrated Taxonomic Information System}}</ref> Additional species are listed in other references.<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118549 ''Ligustrum'']</ref><ref name=fot>Flora of Taiwan: [http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/udth/bin/fot1.exe/browse?BID=4&page=137 ''Ligustrum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422141619/http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/udth/bin/fot1.exe/browse?BID=4&page=137 |date=22 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Ligustrum&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Ligustrum'']</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Ligustrum amamianum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum amurense]]'' (Northern China) – Amur privet
*''[[Ligustrum angustum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum australianum]]'' (Wet Tropics, NE. & C. Qld, Australia) – Australian privet <ref name=AustTRFPK6.1>{{AustTRFPK6.1 | url= http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Ligustrum_australianum.htm | name= Ligustrum australianum | accessdate= 27 June 2013 }}</ref>
*''[[Ligustrum chenaultii]]'' (Yunnan Province, China)
*''[[Ligustrum compactum]]'' (Himalayas, southwest China)
*''[[Ligustrum confusum]]'' (Himalayas, Khasi Hills)
*''[[Ligustrum delavayanum]]'' (Southwest China, Myanmar)
*''[[Ligustrum expansum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum glomeratum]]'' (Thailand, Malaysia)
*''[[Ligustrum gracile]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum henryi]]'' (Central China)
*''[[Ligustrum ibota]]'' (Japan)
*''[[Ligustrum indicum]]'' (Himalayas, Indochina)
*''[[Ligustrum japonicum]]'' (Japan, Korea)
*''[[Ligustrum leucanthum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum lianum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum liukiuense]]'' (Taiwan)
*''[[Ligustrum longitubum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum lucidum]]'' (China, Japan, Korea) - Chinese privet, glossy privet
*''[[Ligustrum massalongianum]]'' (Himalayas)
*''[[Ligustrum micranthum]]'' (the [[Bonin Islands]], the [[Volcano Islands]])
*''[[Ligustrum microcarpum]]'' (Taiwan); often included in ''L. sinense''.
*''[[Ligustrum morrisonense]]'' (Taiwan)
*''[[Ligustrum obovatilimbum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum obtusifolium]]'' ([[East Asia]]) – Japanese deciduous privet
*''[[Ligustrum ovalifolium]]'' (Japan) – Japanese privet, oval-leaved privet
*''[[Ligustrum pedunculare]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum pricei]]'' (Taiwan)
*''[[Ligustrum punctifolium]]''
*''[[Ligustrum quihoui]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum retusum]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum robustum]]'' (India to Vietnam)
*''[[Ligustrum sempervirens]]'' (Western China)
*''[[Ligustrum sinense]]'' (China, Taiwan) – Chinese privet
*''[[Ligustrum strongylophyllum]]'' (Central China)
*''[[Ligustrum tenuipes]]''. (China)
*''[[Ligustrum tschonoskii]]'' (Japan)
*''[[Ligustrum vulgare]]'' (Europe, northwest Africa, southwest Asia) – common privet, European privet
*''[[Ligustrum xingrenense]]'' (China)
*''[[Ligustrum yunguiense]]'' (China)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ligustrum|''Ligustrum''}}
{{Wikispecies|Ligustrum}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q753099}}

[[Category:Ligustrum| ]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Poisonous plants]]

Lindale, Texas

2019-10-10T01:42:18Z

GTBacchus: rv unhelpful edits

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Lindale, Texas
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Lindale May 2018 08 (N Main Street).jpg
| image_caption = [[U.S. Route 69|Main Street]] in Lindale
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Seal of Lindale, Texas.jpg
| nickname = Blackberry Capital of the World
| motto = Good Country Living
| image_map = Smith County Lindale.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = USA Texas
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Texas
| coordinates = {{coord|32|30|26|N|95|24|30|W|region:US-TX|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Texas]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Texas|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Smith County, Texas|Smith]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1871
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2 = 1905
| government_type =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Jeff Daughtery<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lindaletx.gov/pages/city-government/mayor-and-city-council |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316135202/http://www.lindaletx.gov/pages/city-government/mayor-and-city-council |archivedate=2014-03-16 }}</ref>{{update after|2014|07|01}}
| area_magnitude = 1 E8
| area_total_km2 = 10.4
| area_total_sq_mi = 4
| area_land_km2 = 10.3
| area_land_sq_mi = 3.9
| area_water_km2 = 0.1
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.04
| elevation_m = 168
| elevation_ft = 551
| population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2010|2010]]
| population_total = 4,818
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| timezone = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|CST]]
| utc_offset = -6
| timezone_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = -5
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 75771
| area_code = 903, 430 ([[Overlay plan|overlay]])
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 48-42820<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 1339958<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.lindaletx.gov}}
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Old Mill Museum, Lindale, TX IMG 5303.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Local history is highlighted in the Old Mill Pond Museum in Lindale.]]

[[File:Lindale, TX, City Hall IMG 4910.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Lindale City Hall]]

[[File:Lindale May 2018 18 (Lillie Russell Memorial Library).jpg|200px|right|thumb|Lillie Russell Memorial Library in Lindale]]

'''Lindale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|n|d|eɪ|l}}) is a city in [[Smith County, Texas]], United States. The population was 4,818 in the [[United States Census, 2010|2010 census]]. It is part of the [[Tyler metropolitan area|Tyler, Texas, metropolitan statistical area]].

==History==
The area of Smith County where Lindale sits was inhabited long before the town was founded in 1871. In the early 19th century, the [[Caddo]] Indians were the area's primary inhabitants; their artifacts can still be found along streams in the area. The area also was home to [[Cherokee]] Indians, who were forced out when the [[Republic of Texas]] was founded in 1836.

After the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], [[Richard B. Hubbard]], a former officer in the [[Confederate Army]] and owner of a large plantation on what is today a gated community called [[Hideaway, Texas|Hideaway Lake]], began searching for a more convenient way to ship the produce grown on his land. Hubbard convinced railroad officials to lay track between nearby [[Tyler, Texas|Tyler]] and [[Mineola, Texas|Mineola]]. Hubbard's brother-in-law, Elijah Lindsey, anticipating growth around the new railroad, opened the fledgling community's first general store in 1871, and Lindale had its start; Lindsey was elected the town's first mayor a year later.

Several stories abound locally about how Lindale got its name, but the most common is that Lindsey's name was combined with the suffix "dale" to form "Lindseydale." The name was shortened to Lindale in 1874 when the first [[U.S. Postal Service|Post Office]] opened in town.

A year later, the [[International-Great Northern Railroad]] extended its line through Lindale, and the town's fledgling canning and fruit packing industries took off. By the late 1880s, some 300 people lived in the town, which was gaining fame for its fruit and berry canning industry.

By 1900, the city had its own newspaper, two cotton gins, several shops, churches, a telephone exchange, a doctor and lawyer, as well as the ubiquitous canning factory. In 1905, the town was incorporated; it spanned about a square mile in total.

Produce continued to be the city's main source of income, and by 1950 the town had gained a reputation for being the "[[blackberry]] capital of the world," with tons of berries being canned and shipped each year.

The 1949 comedy film release, ''Strike It Rich'', starring [[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]] and [[Bonita Granville]], was filmed in the Lindale, Tyler, and [[Kilgore, Texas|Kilgore]] area. An exhibit on the picture is found at the Old Mill Museum in Lindale.

In 1996, Lindale's school board banned 32 books from its schools, including ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'', because they "conflicted with the values of the community." According to school board president John Offutt, a Baptist minister, the board's action [[Separation of church and state|was an attempt to make students adhere to Christian beliefs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texnews.com/news/lindale070996.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123014203/http://texnews.com/news/lindale070996.html |archivedate=2008-11-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bannedbooks.world.edu/2012/07/30/banned-books-awareness-to-kill-a-mockingbird/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114201657/http://bannedbooks.world.edu/2012/07/30/banned-books-awareness-to-kill-a-mockingbird/ |archivedate=2014-01-14 }}</ref> Currently, ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' is again required reading in the High School Pre-AP English II class.

==Present day==
Lindale's produce trade has declined significantly over the past two decades, with the closure of its canning factory, allowing other industries to grow, including cattle, hay production, and rose-growing.

Several religious ministries (including [[Teen Mania Ministries]], [[Mercy Ships]], [[Keith Green]] and his Last Days Ministries, [[Youth With A Mission]], and [[David Wilkerson]] and his [[Teen Challenge]] and World Challenge ministries) either are or were located near Lindale.

With the growth of [[Tyler, Texas|Tyler]] and the increased traffic on [[I-20]] and [[US-69]], Lindale has experienced a surge in residential, retail, and other commercial development.

The town is served by the [[Lindale Independent School District]], one of Texas' top public school districts. In 2010, Lindale Independent School District was rated as "[[Texas Education Agency accountability ratings system|Exemplary]]" by the [[Texas Education Agency]].

Since 2008, the nearby [http://www.texasrosehorsepark.com Texas Rose Horse Park] has been the home of the annual [http://www.superride.org Super Ride]: International Festival of the Equestrian Arts. The event hosts the prestigious United States Equestrian Drill Championship (USEDC).

For [http://issuu.com/sportsquestinternational/docs/2014_sponsorship_package Super Ride XII] in June 2014, the format has been expanded to include an International Quadrille Championship, an [https://www.americanvaulting.org American Vaulting Association] recognized Vaulting Celebration and The World Escaramuza Challenge.

==Geography==
Lindale is located at {{coord|32|30|26|N|95|24|30|W|type:city}} (32.507145, −95.408293).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 4.0 square miles (10.4 km²), of which 4.0 square miles (10.4 km²) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km²) (0.50%) is water.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1910= 658
|1920= 701
|1930= 743
|1940= 820
|1950= 1105
|1960= 1285
|1970= 1631
|1980= 2180
|1990= 2428
|2000= 2954
|2010= 4818
|estyear=2018
|estimate=6149
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=September 28, 2019}}</ref>
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 2,954 people, 1,102 households, and 794 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 736.2 people per square mile (284.4/km²). There were 1,186 housing units at an average density of 295.6 per square mile (114.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 88.19% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 6.91% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.54% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.71% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 2.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.49% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 4.47% of the population.

There were 1,102 households out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the city the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,733, and the median income for a family was $38,787. Males had a median income of $31,538 versus $21,250 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,825. About 9.6% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.

==Notable people==
* [[Paul Baloche]] – Christian singer-songwriter
* [[Kelli Finglass]] – director of Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders. Graduated from Lindale High School.
* [[Jim Granberry]] – Orthodonist who served as mayor of [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock]], Texas; [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidate for governor in 1974, born in Lindale in 1932
* [[Dallas Holm]] – Christian singer-songwriter originally from [[St. Paul Park, Minnesota]]
* [[Miranda Lambert]] – [[Grammy Award]]-winning country music singer-songwriter
* [[Pat Mahomes]] – professional baseball pitcher, Lindale High School graduate
* Casey Rivers – Christian singer-songwriter and Nashville Star contestant <ref>http://www2.usanetwork.com/series/nashvillestar/theshow/characterprofiles/caseyrivers/index.html</ref>

==Climate==
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Lindale has a [[humid subtropical climate]], abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=822514&cityname=Lindale%2C+Texas%2C+United+States+of+America&units= Climate Summary for Lindale, Texas]</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category|Lindale, Texas}}
* [http://www.KWJB.com/ KWJB RADIO the official website of the only broadcasting station in Van Zandt County]
* [http://www.lindaletx.gov City of Lindale]
* [http://www.lindalechamber.org Lindale Area Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.lindaleedc.com Lindale Economic Development Corporation]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmc39xuMENQ City of Lindale Promotional Video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOM2t3dXW4Y City of Lindale CBS Commercial]

{{Smith County, Texas}}

[[Category:Cities in Texas]]
[[Category:Cities in Smith County, Texas]]

Orion's Belt

2019-10-09T03:27:09Z

GTBacchus: /* Component stars */ cleaning up bad run on sentence, and rewording paragraph.The last claim still needs a citation; working on that now.

{{short description|Asterism}}
{{About|the group of stars within the constellation Orion}}
[[Image:Orion Belt.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Orion's Belt and nebulosity, including the [[Flame Nebula]] (left) and [[Horsehead Nebula]] (lower left) named after a relatively small dark cloud, rotated 90° somewhat resembling a seahorse]]

'''Orion's Belt''' or the '''Belt of Orion''', also known as the '''Three Kings''' or '''Three Sisters''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-belt/|title=Orion's Belt: Stars, Facts, Location, Myths {{!}} Constellation Guide|website=www.constellation-guide.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref> is an [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] in the constellation [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]. It consists of the three bright stars [[Alnitak]], [[Alnilam]] and [[Mintaka]].

Looking for Orion's Belt in the [[night sky]] is the easiest way to locate Orion in the sky. The stars are more or less evenly spaced in a straight line, and so can be visualized as the [[belt (clothing)|belt]] of the hunter's clothing. They are best visible in the early night sky during the Northern Winter/Southern Summer, in particular the month of January at around 9:00 pm.<ref name=dolanOrion>{{cite web |url=http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/constellations/Orion.html |title=Orion |first=Chris |last=Dolan |accessdate=2011-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207101513/http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/constellations/Orion.html |archivedate=2011-12-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Component stars==
[[File:Orion Head to Toe.jpg|thumb|In this broader view, the belt (the three stars in the center) is seen in relation to nearby features in the [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]] constellation.]]
The names of the three stars come from Arabic. {{lang|ar-Latn|Alnilam}} ({{lang|ar|النظام}}) means "[[pearl#Pearls in jewelry|string of pearls]]" or is related to the word {{lang|ar-Latn|nilam}} ("[[sapphire]]"); spelling variants include {{lang|ar-Latn|Alnihan}} and {{lang|ar-Latn|Alnitam}},<ref>{{Cite book |first=Richard Hinckley |last=Allen |title=Star-names and their meanings |date=1936 |pages=314–15 }}</ref>, with all three evidently being mistakes in transliteration or copy errors.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The name of epsilon Orionis|last=Knobel |first=E. B.|journal=The Observatory |volume=32 |page=357|date=September 1909|bibcode=1909Obs....32..357K}}</ref> As for the other two, {{lang|ar-Latn|Mintaka}} ({{lang|ar|منطقة}}) has the same root as {{lang|ar-Latn|Alnitak}} ({{lang|ar|النطاق}}).{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

===Alnitak===
{{main|Alnitak}}
Alnitak (ζ Orionis) is a triple star system at the eastern end of Orion's belt and is 1,260 light-years from the [[Earth]]. Alnitak B is a 4th-magnitude B-type star which orbits Alnitak A every 1,500 years. The primary (Alnitak A) is itself a close binary, comprising Alnitak Aa (a blue supergiant of spectral type O9.7 Ibe and an apparent magnitude of 2.0) and Alnitak Ab (a blue dwarf of spectral type O9V and an apparent magnitude of about 4). Alnitak Aa is estimated as being up to 28 times as massive as the Sun, and to have a diameter 20 times greater. It is the brightest star of class O in the night sky.

===Alnilam===
{{main|Alnilam}}
Alnilam (ε Orionis) is a [[supergiant]], approximately 2,000 light-years away from Earth and magnitude 1.70. It is the 29th-brightest star in the sky and the fourth-brightest in Orion. It is 375,000 times more luminous than the Sun.<ref name=alnilam>{{cite web |url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/alnilam.html |title=Alnilam |accessdate=2011-11-28 |work=Jim Kaler's Stars |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] |year=2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124061549/http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/alnilam.html |archivedate=2011-11-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its spectrum serves as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.

===Mintaka===
{{main|Mintaka}}
Mintaka (δ Orionis) is 1,200 light-years away and shines with magnitude 2.21. Mintaka is 90,000 times more luminous than the Sun. Mintaka is a double star. The two stars orbit around each other every 5.73 days.<ref name=kalerMintaka>{{cite web |url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/mintaka.html |title=Mintaka |accessdate=2011-11-28 |work=Jim Kaler's Stars |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] |year=2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124061332/http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/mintaka.html |archivedate=2011-11-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References in history and culture==
[[File:Dunhuang Star Atlas - Orion.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dunhuang Star Chart|Dunhuang Star Atlas]] – Orion]]
[[File:The Orion Nebula, 16.01.2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Orion's belt at top left, [[Orion's sword]] at bottom right]]
[[Richard Hinckley Allen]] lists many folk names for the Belt of Orion. English ones include: [[Jacob]]'s Rod or Jacob's Staff; [[Saint Peter|Peter]]'s Staff; the Golden [[Yard (sailing)|Yard-arm]]; The L, or [[Ell]]; The Ell and [[Yard]]; the Yard-stick, and the Yard-wand; the [[Ellwand]]; [[Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)|Our Lady]]'s Wand; the [[Biblical Magi|Magi]] / the Three Kings; [[the Three Marys]]; or simply the Three Stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/home.html | title=Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning | first=Richard Hinkley | last=Allen}}</ref>

The passage "Canst thou bind the sweet influences of [[Pleiades]], or loose the bands of Orion?" is found in the [[Bible]]'s [[Book of Job]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Job|38:31|9}}</ref> and [[Book of Amos]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Amos|5:8|9}}</ref> [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Tennyson]]'s poem ''[[The Princess (poem)|The Princess]]'' describes Orion's belt as:{{quote|<poem>...those three stars of the airy Giant's zone, That glitter burnished by the frosty dark.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/2313/ |title=Alfred Lord Tennyson's poem: The Princess |website= |access-date=2013-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527161943/http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/2313/ |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref></poem>}}

The three stars of the belt are known in [[Portugal]] and [[South America]] as ''[[The Three Marys|Las Tres Marías]]'' in Spanish, and as "As Três Marias" in Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-belt/|title=Orion's Belt: Stars, Facts, Location, Myths {{!}} Constellation Guide|website=www.constellation-guide.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref> They also mark the northern night sky when the Sun is at its lowest point, and were a clear marker for ancient timekeeping. In the [[Philippines]] and [[Puerto Rico]],{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} they are called the ''[[Biblical Magi|Los Tres Reyes Magos]].''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/s_reyes/reyes.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-04-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215131931/http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/s_reyes/reyes.htm |archivedate=2005-02-15 }}</ref> The stars start appearing in early January around the time of [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], the Christian holiday commemorating the visit of the Magi to the [[Child Jesus]].{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

In [[Finnish mythology]], the Belt of Orion is called ''Väinämöisen vyö'' ([[Väinämöinen]]'s Belt). The stars which appear to "hang" off the [[Belt (clothing)|belt]] form an asterism called ''Kalevanmiekka'' ([[Kalevi (mythology)|Kaleva]]'s [[sword]]).{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} In pre-Christian [[Scandinavia]], the belt was known as [[Frigg]]'s [[Distaff]] (''Friggerock'') or [[Freyja]]'s distaff.<ref>Schön, Ebbe. (2004). ''Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition''. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo. p. 228.</ref> Similarly Jacob's Staff and Peter's Staff were European [[Bible|biblical]] derived terms, as were the Three Magi, or the Three Kings. [[Väinämöinen]]'s Scythe ([[Kalevala]]) and Kalevan Sword are terms from [[Finnish mythology]].<ref name=allen>{{Cite book |first=Richard Hinckley |last=Allen |title=Star-names and their meanings |date=1936 |pages=314–315 }}</ref>

The [[Seri people]] of northwestern Mexico call the three belt stars ''Hapj'' (a name denoting a hunter) which consists of three stars: ''Hap'' (mule deer), ''Haamoja'' (pronghorn), and ''Mojet'' (bighorn sheep). ''Hap'' is in the middle and has been shot by the hunter; its blood has dripped onto [[Tiburón Island]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Moser |first=Mary B. |author2=Stephen A. Marlett |title=Comcáac quih yaza quih hant ihíip hac: Diccionario seri-español-inglés |url=http://lengamer.org/admin/language_folders/seri/user_uploaded_files/links/File/DiccionarioSeri2005.pdf |date=2005 |publisher=Universidad de Sonora and Plaza y Valdés Editores |location=Hermosillo, Sonora and Mexico City|language=Spanish, English|format=PDF}}</ref>

In the film [[Men in Black (1997 film)|''Men in Black'']] (1997) the protagonists look for "the galaxy", a massive energy source which according to an alien "is on Orion's Belt". The celestial Orion's Belt is searched but no galaxy is found there. Eventually they understand that the galaxy is hidden in a jewel on the neck of the alien's cat, named Orion.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
Image:Orion constellation map.png|Map of [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]
Image:Cintura di Orione binocolo.png|Simulated image of Orion's Belt
Image:Spectacular visible light wide-field view of region of Orion's Belt and the Flame Nebula.jpg|The region of Alnitak and Alnilam (upper right) and the [[Flame Nebula]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Orion's Sword]]
*[[Thornborough Henges]]
*[[Orion Correlation Theory]]

==References==
{{Commonscat|Orion's Belt}}
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Orion (constellation)]]
[[Category:Asterisms (astronomy)]]
[[Category:Open clusters]]
[[Category:Stellar associations]]

User:GTBacchus/sandbox/Alice Sweet Alice

2019-10-01T10:50:18Z

GTBacchus: more

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Alice Sweet Alice
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| landscape =
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Alternative rock]]
* [[progressive rock]]
* [[post punk]]<ref name="PMM">{{cite web |url=https://projectmetalmusic.wordpress.com/2019/01/05/alice-sweet-alice-viola-organista-the-macabre-carnival-album-review/ |title=ALICE SWEET ALICE: VIOLA ORGANISTA – THE MACABRE CARNIVAL ALBUM REVIEW |publisher=Project Metal Music |accessdate=September 29, 2019}}</ref>
}}
| years_active = {{Start date|2007}}–present
| label =
* Star One Records [http://www.star1group.com/]
* AMAdea Records [https://www.amadearecords.com/top_sellers.php?genre=1]
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|www.alicesweetalice.com/}}
| current_members =
* Liza Jean
* Scott Martinez
* Felix Theo Wren
| past_members =
* Shadron Dennis
* Brian Kline
* Chris Poje
* Ali Kat
* Billy Brown
* Ron Bales
* Ryan Shaddix
* Bailey Maria Keling
}}

'''Alice Sweet Alice''' is a [[alternative rock]]/[[progressive metal]] band from [[Kansas City, Missouri]], that has been active since 2007. The band consists of Liza Jean ([[vocals]], [[Electronic keyboard|keyboard]]), Scott Martinez ([[bass guitar|bass]], vocals, [[guitar]]) and Theo Wren ([[piano]], vocals, [[violin]]).

== Cultural references ==
* The 2015 novel ''Burning Blossom'' by Grayer Vaughan refers to the band, and their song "M.I.A.".

== External links ==

*World Indie Music Charts Top 100, week of August 11-August 17, 2019. [https://www.worldindiemusiccharts.com/ Alice Sweet Alice at #6 with "Behind the Glass"]
*Announcement of "Behind the Glass" single release on Artistrack.com. "“Behind the Glass”, the first single from Alice Sweet Alice’s upcoming concept album “Circus Maximus – The Modern Bloodshedding”, is a song about the mystique and mystery provided by the Internet." [https://artistrack.com/alice-sweet-alice-behind-the-glass/ "Alice Sweet Alice – Behind The Glass"]
*Review of ''Viola Organista – The Macabre Carnival'' on Bandwagon Network Radio [http://thebandwagonnetwork.net/2018/10/lee-reviews-alice-sweet-alice-the-macabre-carnival/ "Lee Reviews: Alice Sweet Alice-“The Macabre Carnival”"]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Otites nebulosa

2019-09-24T00:58:28Z

GTBacchus: updating broken link, adding 1 synonym

{{Taxobox
| image = Otites bucephala Meigen total dorsal left.jpg
| image_caption = Specimen of ''Otites nebulosa'', H. Loew collection, Berlin
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = '''''O. nebulosa'''''
| binomial = ''Otites nebulosa''
| binomial_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804<ref name="fu">{{cite web |url= https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/9762e729-ae3d-493c-b660-6eb92021b18b|title= Fauna Europaea project|author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Ortalis nebulosa'' [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1830
}}

'''''Otites nebulosa''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7108863}}

[[Category:Otites]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1804]]
[[Category:Diptera of Europe]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Feltia

2019-09-13T11:14:15Z

GTBacchus: + subfamily

{{Taxobox
| image = Feltia jaculifera.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Feltia jaculifera]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Noctuidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Noctuinae]]
| genus = '''''Feltia'''''
| genus_authority = Walker, 1856
| synonyms =
*''[[Trichosilia]]''
}}
'''''Feltia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[moth]]s of the family [[Noctuidae]].
[[Image:Feltia_3_stages.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Larval and pupal stage of a ''Feltia'' species next to what appears to be osmocote plant fertilizer]]

==Species==
* ''[[Feltia austrina]]'' (Lafontaine, 1986)
* ''[[Feltia beringiana]]'' (Lafontaine & Kononenko, 1986)
* ''[[Feltia boreana]]'' (Lafontaine, 1986) 
* ''[[Feltia evanidalis]]'' (Grote, 1878) (syn: ''Feltia californiae'' McDunnough, 1939)
* ''[[Feltia floridensis]]'' Lafontaine, 2004
* ''[[Feltia geniculata]]'' Grote & Robinson, 1868
* ''[[Feltia herilis]]'' (Grote, 1873)
* ''[[Feltia inyoca]]'' Lafontaine, 2004
* ''[[Feltia jaculifera]]'' (Guenée, 1852)
* ''[[Feltia manifesta]]'' (Morrison, 1875)
* ''[[Feltia mollis]]'' (Walker, [1857])
* ''[[Feltia nigrita]]'' (Graeser, 1892) (formerly in ''[[Trichosilia]]'')
* ''[[Feltia repleta]]'' (Walker, 1857)
* ''[[Feltia subgothica]]'' (Haworth, 1809)
* ''[[Feltia subterranea]]'' (Fabricius, 1794)
* ''[[Feltia tricosa]]'' (Lintner, 1874)
* ''[[Feltia troubridgei]]'' Lafontaine, 2004 
* ''[[Feltia woodiana]]'' (Lafontaine, 1986) 

==References==
*[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/butmoth/GenusList3.dsml?searchPageURL=index.dsml&SUPERFAMIL=&FAMILYqtype=starts+with&FAMILY=noctuidae&SUBFAMILYqtype=starts+with&SUBFAMILY=&TRIBEqtype=starts+with&TRIBE=&SUBTRIBEqtype=starts+with&SUBTRIBE=&GENUSqtype=starts+with&GENUS=&AUTHORqtype=starts+with&AUTHOR=&YEARqtype=equals&YEAR=&sort=GENUS Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database]
*[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/noctuidae/noctuinae/feltia/index.html Feltia at funet]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5442653}}

[[Category:Noctuinae]]
[[Category:Moth genera]]

{{Noctuinae-stub}}

User:GTBacchus/sandbox/Alice Sweet Alice

2019-08-24T21:19:10Z

GTBacchus: more

'''Alice Sweet Alice''' is a [[alternative rock]]/[[progressive metal]] band from [[Kansas City, Missouri]], that has been active since 2008. The band consists of Liza Jean ([[vocals]], [[Electronic keyboard|keyboard]]), Scott Martinez ([[bass guitar|bass]], vocals, [[guitar]]) and Theo Wren ([[piano]], vocals, [[violin]]).

== External links ==

*World Indie Music Charts Top 100, week of August 11-August 17, 2019. [https://www.worldindiemusiccharts.com/ Alice Sweet Alice at #6 with "Behind the Glass"]
*Announcement of "Behind the Glass" single release on Artistrack.com. "“Behind the Glass”, the first single from Alice Sweet Alice’s upcoming concept album “Circus Maximus – The Modern Bloodshedding”, is a song about the mystique and mystery provided by the Internet." [https://artistrack.com/alice-sweet-alice-behind-the-glass/ "Alice Sweet Alice – Behind The Glass"]
*Review of ''Viola Organista – The Macabre Carnival'' on Project Metal Music [https://projectmetalmusic.wordpress.com/2019/01/05/alice-sweet-alice-viola-organista-the-macabre-carnival-album-review/ "ALICE SWEET ALICE: VIOLA ORGANISTA – THE MACABRE CARNIVAL ALBUM REVIEW"]
*Review of ''Viola Organista – The Macabre Carnival'' on Bandwagon Network Radio [http://thebandwagonnetwork.net/2018/10/lee-reviews-alice-sweet-alice-the-macabre-carnival/ "Lee Reviews: Alice Sweet Alice-“The Macabre Carnival”"]
*[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Vaughan_Chronicles_Burning_Blossom.html?id=anhoBgAAQBAJ]
*Band site: [http://www.alicesweetalice.com AliceSweetAlice.com]

Hypochra albipennis

2019-08-23T17:52:51Z

GTBacchus: cat fix

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Hypochra]]''
| species = '''''H. albipennis'''''
| binomial = ''Hypochra albipennis''
| binomial_authority = ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1846)
| synonyms = *''Ortalis albipennis'' Loew, 1846
*''Melieria albipennis'' (Loew, 1846)
}}

'''''Hypochra albipennis''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Hypochra]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1523591 |title=Hypochra albipennis |accessdate=December 18, 2018 |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility}}</ref>

They have been observed in and around [[Oslo]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q14666273|from2=Q7104221}}

[[Category:Ulidiidae]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1846]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites nebulosa

2019-08-23T17:50:16Z

GTBacchus: specific cat

{{Taxobox
| image = Otites bucephala Meigen total dorsal left.jpg
| image_caption = Specimen of ''Otites nebulosa'', H. Loew collection, Berlin
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = '''''O. nebulosa'''''
| binomial = ''Otites nebulosa''
| binomial_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804<ref name="fu">{{cite web |url= http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=405951|title= Fauna Europaea project|author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=20 August 2011}}</ref>
}}

'''''Otites nebulosa''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7108863}}

[[Category:Otites]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1804]]
[[Category:Diptera of Europe]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites guttatus

2019-08-23T17:50:15Z

GTBacchus: specific cat

{{Taxobox
| image = Otites-guttata-201205060088.JPG
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| zoosectio = [[Schizophora]]
| zoosubsectio = [[Acalyptratae]]
| superfamilia = [[Tephritoidea]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Otitinae]]
| tribus = [[Otitini]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = ''O. guttatus''
| binomial = ''Otites guttatus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1830)
| synonyms = *''Ortalis guttata'' [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1830<ref name="nbn">http://data.nbn.org.uk/speciesInfo/taxonomy.jsp?searchTerm=Otites%20guttatus&spKey=NBNSYS0100004365</ref>
*''Otites guttata'' ([[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]])<ref name="nbn" />
}}

[[File:Britishentomologyvolume8Plate649.jpg|thumb|left|''Otites guttatus'' and the thistle ''[[Cirsium heterophyllum]]'']]

'''''Otites guttatus''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt]</ref>

This species was originally named ''Ortalis guttata'' but that name is now used for the [[speckled chachalaca]], a species of bird.<ref>http://eol.org/pages/811286/entries/33736694/names</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7108861}}

[[Category:Otites]]
[[Category:Diptera of Europe]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1830]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites angustata

2019-08-23T17:49:06Z

GTBacchus: specific cat

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = '''''O. angustata'''''
| binomial = ''Otites angustata''
| binomial_authority = ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1859)
| synonyms = *''Ortalis angustata'' Loew, 1859
}}

'''''Otites angustata''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5067731|title=Otites angustata|publisher=[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14419238}}

[[Category:Otites]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites atripes

2019-08-23T17:49:05Z

GTBacchus: specific cat

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| zoosectio = [[Schizophora]]
| zoosubsectio = [[Acalyptratae]]
| superfamilia = [[Tephritoidea]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Otitinae]]
| tribus = [[Otitini]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = ''O. atripes''
| binomial = ''Otites atripes''
| binomial_authority = [[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1858<ref name="fu">{{cite web |url= http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=405951|title= Fauna Europaea project|author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=20 August 2011}}</ref>
}}

'''''Otites atripes''''' is a species of picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt]</ref><ref>[http://nomen.at/Otites atripes]</ref><ref>http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/taxon/13143053</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7108852}}

[[Category:Otites]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1858]]
[[Category:Diptera of Europe]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites ornata

2019-08-23T17:49:05Z

GTBacchus: specific cat

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| zoosectio = [[Schizophora]]
| zoosubsectio = [[Acalyptratae]]
| superfamilia = [[Tephritoidea]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Otitinae]]
| tribus = [[Otitini]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = ''O. bacescui''
| binomial = ''Otites bacescui''
| binomial_authority = Gheorghiu, 1987<ref name="fu">{{cite web |url= http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=405951|title= Fauna Europaea project|author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=20 August 2011}}</ref>
}}

'''''Otites bacescui''''' is a species of picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt]</ref><ref>[http://nomen.at/Otites bacescui]</ref><ref>http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/taxon/13143053</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7108853}}

[[Category:Otites]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1987]]
[[Category:Diptera of Europe]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites dominula

2019-08-23T17:49:04Z

GTBacchus: specific cat

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = '''''O. dominula'''''
| binomial = ''Otites dominula''
| binomial_authority = ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1868)<ref name="gbif">{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5067764|title=Otites dominula|publisher=[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Ortalis dominula'' Loew, 1868
}}

'''''Otites dominula''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref name="gbif"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14419236}}

[[Category:Otites]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites formosa

2019-08-23T17:49:04Z

GTBacchus: specific cat

{{Taxobox
| name = ''Otites formosa''
| image = Ulidiidae - Otites formosa.JPG
| image_caption = ''Otites formosa''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| zoosectio = [[Schizophora]]
| zoosubsectio = [[Acalyptratae]]
| superfamilia = [[Tephritoidea]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Otitinae]]
| tribus = [[Otitini]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = ''O. fomosa''
| binomial = ''Otites formosa''
| binomial_authority = ([[Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer|Panzer]], 1798)
| synonyms =
*''Ortalis formosa''
*''Musca formosa'' Scopoli, 1763
*''Scatophaga ruficeps '' Fabricius, 1805
*''Dictya gangraenosa'' Fabricius, 1805
*''Otites elegans'' Latreille, 1805
*''Ortalis ornata'' Meigen, 1826
*''Ortalis genualis'' Loew, 1868
}}

'''''Otites formosa''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].

==Description==
''Otites formosa'' can reach a body length of {{convert|5|-|10|mm}}. The head is orange-red and the large compound eyes are reddish. Mesonotum shows four longitudinal black stripes, while the abdomen has three large transversal black stripes. The wings are decorated with distinctive dark drawings. Adults feed on flowers, specially [[Apiaceae]], while the larvae feed on plants, litter or faeces.

==Distribution==
This species is present in [[Albania]], [[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Italy]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], East [[Palearctic ecozone]] and in the [[Near East]].

==References==
*[http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=405969 Fauna Europaea]
*[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id122347/ Biolib]
*[http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=1061179 Ubio.org]
*[http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/149333 European Environment Agency]

==External links==
*[http://animateur-nature.com/Fiches-invertebres/Fiche-espece-otite-elegante.html Animateur.nature]
*[http://aramel.free.fr/INSECTES15-60.shtml Aramel.free]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2037056}}

[[Category:Otites]]
[[Category:Diptera of Europe]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1798]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites gradualis

2019-08-23T17:49:03Z

GTBacchus: specific cat

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| zoosectio = [[Schizophora]]
| zoosubsectio = [[Acalyptratae]]
| superfamilia = [[Tephritoidea]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Otitinae]]
| tribus = [[Otitini]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = ''O. gradualis''
| binomial = ''Otites gradualis''
| binomial_authority = Carles-Tolra, 1998<ref name="fu">{{cite web |url= http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=405951|title= Fauna Europaea project|author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=20 August 2011}}</ref>
}}

'''''Otites gradualis''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt]</ref><ref>[http://nomen.at/Otites gradualis]</ref><ref>http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/taxon/13143053</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7108860}}

[[Category:Otites]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1998]]
[[Category:Diptera of Europe]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites grata

2019-08-23T17:49:03Z

GTBacchus: specific cat

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = '''''O. grata'''''
| binomial = ''Otites grata''
| binomial_authority = ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1856)<ref name="gbif">{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5067741|title=Otites grata|publisher=[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Ortalis grata'' Loew, 1856
}}

'''''Otites grata''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged [[fly]] in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref name="gbif"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14419234}}

[[Category:Otites]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Ortalis grata

2019-08-23T17:46:17Z

GTBacchus: R cat

#REDIRECT [[Otites grata]]

{{Rcat shell|{{R from alternative scientific name|1=insect}}}}

Talk:Ortalis grata

2019-08-23T17:44:58Z

GTBacchus: GTBacchus moved page Talk:Ortalis grata to Talk:Otites grata: moving to accepted scientific name, per GBIF

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Otites grata]]

{{R from move}}

Talk:Otites grata

2019-08-23T17:44:58Z

GTBacchus: GTBacchus moved page Talk:Ortalis grata to Talk:Otites grata: moving to accepted scientific name, per GBIF

{{WikiProject Insects|class=stub|importance=low}}

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified {{plural:2|one external link|2 external links}} on [[Ortalis grata]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=730093450 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5msYrFIpR to http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150327000000/http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/taxon/13143053 to http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/taxon/13143053

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the ''checked'' parameter below to '''true''' or '''failed''' to let others know (documentation at {{tlx|Sourcecheck}}).

{{sourcecheck|checked=false}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 17:15, 16 July 2016 (UTC)

Ortalis grata

2019-08-23T17:44:57Z

GTBacchus: GTBacchus moved page Ortalis grata to Otites grata: moving to accepted scientific name, per GBIF

#REDIRECT [[Otites grata]]

{{R from move}}

Otites grata

2019-08-23T17:44:57Z

GTBacchus: GTBacchus moved page Ortalis grata to Otites grata: moving to accepted scientific name, per GBIF

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = '''''O. grata'''''
| binomial = ''Otites grata''
| binomial_authority = ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1856)<ref name="gbif">{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5067741|title=Otites grata|publisher=[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Ortalis grata'' Loew, 1856
}}

'''''Otites grata''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged [[fly]] in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref name="gbif"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14419234}}

[[Category:Ulidiidae]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites grata

2019-08-23T17:44:24Z

GTBacchus: preparation for page move

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = '''''O. grata'''''
| binomial = ''Otites grata''
| binomial_authority = ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1856)<ref name="gbif">{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5067741|title=Otites grata|publisher=[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Ortalis grata'' Loew, 1856
}}

'''''Otites grata''''' is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged [[fly]] in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref name="gbif"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14419234}}

[[Category:Ulidiidae]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites erythrocephala

2019-08-22T23:09:01Z

GTBacchus: fixing link to authority

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| zoosectio = [[Schizophora]]
| zoosubsectio = [[Acalyptratae]]
| superfamilia = [[Tephritoidea]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = ''O. erythrocephala''
| binomial = ''Otites erythrocephala''
| binomial_authority = ([[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1911)<ref name="gbif">{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5067766|title=Otites erythrocephala|publisher=[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Ortalis erythrocephala'' Hendel, 1911
}}

'''''Otites erythrocephala''''' is a species of picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref name="gbif"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7108857}}

[[Category:Otites]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Otites

2019-08-22T23:08:29Z

GTBacchus: /* Species */ +authority

{{Taxobox
| image = Ulidiidae fg01.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Otites formosa]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| zoosectio = [[Schizophora]]
| zoosubsectio = [[Acalyptratae]]
| superfamilia = [[Tephritoidea]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Otitinae]]
| tribus = [[Otitini]]
| genus = '''''Otites'''''
| genus_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804
| synonyms = *''Pteropoecila'' [[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1868
*''Ptilonota'' [[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1868 <ref name="Chandler">{{cite book | last = Chandler | first = Peter J. | year = 1998 | title = Checklists of Insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera | journal = [[Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects]] | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | series = New Series | page = 122 | isbn = 0-901546-82-8 | publisher = [[Royal Entomological Society of London]] | location = London }}</ref>
}}

'''''Otites''''' is a genus of picture-winged fly in the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt]</ref><ref>[http://nomen.at/Otites]</ref><ref>http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/taxon/13143053</ref>

==Species==
*''[[Otites angustata|O. angustata]]'' ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1859)<ref name="fu">{{cite web |url= http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=405951|title= Fauna Europaea project|author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=20 August 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Otites anthomyina|O. anthomyina]]'' [[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1911
*''[[Otites approximata|O. approximata]]''
*''[[Otites atripes|O. atripes]]'' [[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1858<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites bacescui|O. bacescui]]'' Gheorghiu, 1987<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites bimaculata|O. bimaculata]]'' [[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1911
*''[[Otites bivittata|O. bivittata]]''
*''[[Otites bradescui|O. bradescui]]''
*''[[Otites centralis|O. centralis]]'' ([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1805)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites cinerosa|O. cinerosa]]''
*''[[Otites dominula|O. dominula]]'' ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1868)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites erythrocephala|O. erythrocephala]]'' ([[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1911)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites erythrosceles|O. erythrosceles]]''
*''[[Otites formosa|O. formosa]]'' ([[Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer|Panzer]], 1798)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites gradualis|O. gradualis]]'' Carles-Tolra, 1998<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites grata|O. grata]]'' ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1856)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites guttatus|O. guttatus]]'' ([[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1830) <ref name="Chandler" /><ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites immaculata|O. immaculata]]'' ([[Camillo Róndani|Róndani]], 1869)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites jucunda|O. jucunda]]'' ([[Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy|Robineau-Desvoidy]], 1830)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites kowarzi|O. kowarzi]]'' ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1873)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites lamed|O. lamed]]'' ([[Franz Paula von Schrank|Schrank]], 1781)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites levigata|O. levigata]]'' ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1873)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites maculipennis|O. maculipennis]]'' ([[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1811)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites michiganus|O. michiganus]]''
*''[[Otites mucescens|O. mucescens]]'' [[Friedrich Georg Hendel|Hendel]], 1911<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites murina|O. murina]]'' ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1864)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites nebulosa|O. nebulosa]]'' ([[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1811)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites obliqua|O. obliqua]]'' ([[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1868)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites pyrrhocephala|O. pyrrhocephala]]''
*''[[Otites rivularis|O. rivularis]]'' ([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1805)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites silvicola|O. silvicola]]'' (Rivosecchi, 1992)<ref name="fu" />
*''[[Otites snowi|O. snowi]]''
*''[[Otites stigma|O. stigma]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7108850}}

[[Category:Ulidiidae]]
[[Category:Otites| ]]
[[Category:Brachycera genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

Talk:Ortalis erythrocephala

2019-08-22T23:06:32Z

GTBacchus: redirect

#REDIRECT[[Talk:Otites erythrocephala]]

Ortalis erythrocephala

2019-08-22T23:05:45Z

GTBacchus: redirect to accepted scientific name

#REDIRECT[[Otites erythrocephala]]

{{Rcat shell|{{R from alternative scientific name|1=insect}}}}

Otites erythrocephala

2019-08-22T23:04:59Z

GTBacchus: authority, synonym, replacing broken links with working one

{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| zoosectio = [[Schizophora]]
| zoosubsectio = [[Acalyptratae]]
| superfamilia = [[Tephritoidea]]
| familia = [[Ulidiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Otites]]''
| species = ''O. erythrocephala''
| binomial = ''Otites erythrocephala''
| binomial_authority = ([[Hendel]], 1911)<ref name="gbif">{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5067766|title=Otites erythrocephala|publisher=[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Ortalis erythrocephala'' Hendel, 1911
}}

'''''Otites erythrocephala''''' is a species of picture-winged fly in the genus ''[[Otites]]'' of the family [[Ulidiidae]].<ref name="gbif"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7108857}}

[[Category:Otites]]

{{Ulidiidae-stub}}

User:GTBacchus/sandbox/Alice Sweet Alice

2019-08-22T12:31:05Z

GTBacchus: some stuff

*World Indie Music Charts Top 100, week of August 11-August 17, 2019. [https://www.worldindiemusiccharts.com/ Alice Sweet Alice at #6 with "Behind the Glass"]
*Announcement of "Behind the Glass" single release on Artistrack.com. "“Behind the Glass”, the first single from Alice Sweet Alice’s upcoming concept album “Circus Maximus – The Modern Bloodshedding”, is a song about the mystique and mystery provided by the Internet." [https://artistrack.com/alice-sweet-alice-behind-the-glass/ "Alice Sweet Alice – Behind The Glass"]
*Review of ''Viola Organista – The Macabre Carnival'' on Project Metal Music [https://projectmetalmusic.wordpress.com/2019/01/05/alice-sweet-alice-viola-organista-the-macabre-carnival-album-review/ "ALICE SWEET ALICE: VIOLA ORGANISTA – THE MACABRE CARNIVAL ALBUM REVIEW"]
*Review of ''Viola Organista – The Macabre Carnival'' on Bandwagon Network Radio [http://thebandwagonnetwork.net/2018/10/lee-reviews-alice-sweet-alice-the-macabre-carnival/ "Lee Reviews: Alice Sweet Alice-“The Macabre Carnival”"]
*[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Vaughan_Chronicles_Burning_Blossom.html?id=anhoBgAAQBAJ]
*Band site: [http://www.alicesweetalice.com AliceSweetAlice.com]