Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Sheikh Hassan Barsane

2012-03-12T10:04:40Z

Alshareeca:

'''Sheikh Hassan Barsane''' (Somali: Sheekh Xasan Barsane, Arabic:الشيخ حسن بارسني ‏‎ (1853-1927)) was a [[Somali people|Somali]] cleric who led a revolt against fascist [[Italy|Italian]] forces after the First World War.<ref>[http://www.baraawepost.com/understanding.htm] Baraawe Posts</ref>

== Profile ==

Sheikh Hassan Barsane was born 1853 in Ubaadi Village 68km west of Jowhar, Shabellaha Dhexe, Somalia. He memorised the Quran when he was young and then He continued his religious education.
Hassan went to Mecca to perform the Hajj and he stayed there for 3 years where he met Sheikh Mohammed salih the leader of the Salihia.

== Armed Struggle against Italians and Ethiopians ==

An estimated 16,000 rifles were in Somali hands led by Sheikh Hassan Barsane.

in 1905 the Sheikh has stopped the Ethiopian expension in Somalia where he defeated them in Gumar Sheel ( 1905 ).

the Sheik and his army have also fought agianst Italians in many places including:

1. Buulo Barde 1922

2. Ceel Dheere 1922 and 1923

3. Hilweyne 1923

4. Jiliyaale 1924

5. Hareeriile 1924

In October 1923, De Vecchi di Val Cismon became the first fascist Governor of Somalia marking a change in Italian strategy in the Horn of Africa.
De Vecchi set out to exterminate all who opposed his government’s desire for total control over what fascist propaganda called ‘La Grande [[Somalia]]'.
However, the Somalis were heavily armed and led by men who had been given advanced training during the preparation for the First World War.
The Governor’s first task, therefore, was to order the confiscation of arms and ammunition from the Somalis, particularly from the clans in the inter-riverine region.

In March 1924, Sheikh Hassan Barsane of the [[Gaaljecel]] clan and a member of the Salihia, a leader of the Shabelle valley movement known as the Barsane Revolt, convoked a Shir (meeting of elders) where the participants, inflamed with millenarian zeal, denounced the Governor’s order. On behalf of the Shir, Barsane wrote the following to the Governor:

"In the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful … I have received your letter and understood its contents, but must advise that we cannot obey your orders and join with you in a covenant . . .

Your government has its laws, and we have ours. We accept no law other than ours. Our law is the law of Allah and his Prophet . . .

We are not like other people, none of us has ever enrolled in the Zaptie (colonial forces), never! … and if you come to our land to fight against us, we will fight you with all possible means …
The world is very close to its end, only 58 years remain. We don’t want to stay in this world. It is better to die while defending our laws."

== His death ==

After some initial success, the Somali resistance crumbled when Barsane was captured by the Italians on 4 April 1924 and he died a prison in Mogadishu after three years in 13 January 1927.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:History of Somalia]]
[[Category:1853]]
[[Category:1927]]
[[so:Sheekh Xasan Barsane]]

{{somalia-bio-stub}}

NationLink Telecom

2012-01-22T22:19:18Z

Alshareeca:

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = NationLink Telecom
| company_logo = [[File:NationLinklogo.jpg|200px]]
| company_type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| company_slogan =
| foundation = 1997
| location = [[Somalia]]
| industry = [[Telecommunication]]s
| products = [[Mobile phone|Mobile services]] [[Internet service provider|Internet services]] [[Landline|Fixed line]]
| homepage = [http://www.nationlinktelecom.com www.nationlinktelecom.com]
}}

'''NationLink Telecom''' is a Multi-Millionaire telecommunication company based in [[Somaliland]]/[[Somalia]].
==Overview==
NationLink Telecom was founded in September 1997 by Abdirizak Ido, a [[Somali people|Somali]] [[Businessman]] who is currently President of the company based in [[East Africa]]. The company is one of the leading [[telecommunications service provider]]s (TSP) in Somalia and offers its services throughout the country.

==Services==
The company's focus is in the core areas of [[Mobile phone|mobile]], [[Internet service provider|internet]] and [[Landline|fixed line]] services. Its overall objective is to supply telecommunication services to all Somalis, and in the process, help improve standards of living.

==See also==
*[[Golis Telecom Somalia]]
*[[Hormuud Telecom]]
*[[Telcom]]
*[[Somali Telecom Group]]
*[[Netco (Somalia)]]
*[[Somafone]]
*[[Telesom Somaliland]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/07-01-2003/0001974623&EDATE= interWAVE, July 1, 2003 – interWAVE to Deliver Additional High Capacity GSM Switches to Nationlink Telecom in Somalia]
*[http://www.mobileafrica.net/net80.htm Mobile Africa – Nationlink Telecom in Somalia]

==External links==
*[http://www.nationlinktelecom.com NationLink Telecom official site]
*[http://www.bintel-ltd.com/ Bintel official site]
*[http://www.nationlinktelecom.com/nation_news.htm Article on President]

[[Category:Companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of Somalia]]

{{Somalia-stub}}
{{Africa-company-stub}}
{{telecom-company-stub}}

[[de:NationLink Telecom]]
[[so:Shirkada Isgaariinta ee Nationlink]]

Telcom (Somalia)

2012-01-22T22:13:33Z

Alshareeca:

{{Infobox_Company
| company_name = Telcom
| company_logo = [[File:Telcomlogo.gif|200px]]
| company_type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| company_slogan =
| foundation =
| location = [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]]
| key_people = Mohammed A. Sheikh
| industry = [[Telecommunication]]s
| products = [[Broadband]] [[Mobile phone|Mobile services]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees = 750
| homepage = [http://www.telcom-somalia.com/ www.telcom-somalia.com]
}}

'''Telcom''' is a [[telephone company|telecommunications network operator]] in [[Somalia]]. It is the first major privately-owned company providing [[telecommunication]]s services to Somali cities.

==Overview==
Telcom is headquartered in [[Bakaara Market]], [[Mogadishu]], and has representative offices in [[Dubai]], [[UAE]] and in [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], where [[accounting]], [[international relations]] and [[Mobile network operator|carrier]] services are handled. The company has 750 employees.

The company President and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] is Luda King. Sheikh. The [[Chief technical officer|CTO]] is Eng. Hassan Ibrahim Mursal.

==See also==
*[[Golis Telecom Somalia]]
*[[Hormuud Telecom]]
*[[NationLink Telecom]]
*[[Somali Telecom Group]]
*[[Netco (Somalia)]]
*[[Somafone]]

==External links==
* [http://www.telcom-somalia.com/ Telcom official site]
{{Somalia-stub}}
{{Africa-company-stub}}
{{telecom-company-stub}}

[[Category:Telecommunications companies of Somalia]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Mogadishu]]

[[bg:Телком]]
[[sk:Telcom]]
[[so:Shirkada Isgaariinta ee Telcom Somalia]]

Somali Football Federation

2012-01-01T00:27:49Z

Alshareeca:

{{National football association
|Logo = Somalia FA.png
|Founded = 1950
|FIFA affiliation = 1960
|Region = [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] (1975) [[Union of Arab Football Associations|UAFA]] (1974)
|Region affiliation =
|President = Mohiadin Hassan Ali
|Coach = {{flagicon|SOM}} [[Abdulahi Xassan]]
|Goalkeeping Coach = Hassan Shah (SOM)
}}

The '''Somali Football Federation''' ('''SFF''') was founded in 1960. In that same year, the SFF became a [[FIFA]] member and has been affiliated with the organization ever since. In 1975, it joined the [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF), an administrative body it is still likewise a member of. It is also a part of the [[Union of Arab Football Associations]] (UAFA), which it joined in 1974. The SFF is responsible for organizing matches between local teams and enforcing rules and regulations of the game during matches. The Federation is also in charge of the [[Somalia national football team|National Football Team]], [[Somalia League|League]] and [[Somalia Cup|Cup]].

==See also==
*[[Somalia national football team]]
*[[Somalia national beach soccer team]]
*[[Somalia League]]
*[[Somalia Cup]]

==External links==
*[http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=som/index.html Somalia] at the FIFA website.
*[http://www.cafonline.com/association/somalia Somalia] at CAF Online

{{Football in Somalia}}
{{International football}}
{{CAF associations}}
{{CECAFA Football}}

{{Somalia-sport-stub}}
{{footy-org-stub}}

[[Category:Confederation of African Football|Somalia]]
[[Category:Football in Somalia]]

[[ar:اتحاد الصومال لكرة القدم]]
[[de:Somali Football Federation]]
[[fr:Fédération de Somalie de football]]
[[it:Federazione calcistica della Somalia]]
[[hu:Szomáli Labdarúgó-szövetség]]
[[ro:Federația Somaleză de Fotbal]]
[[so:Xiriirka Soomaaliyeed ee Kubadda Cagta]]
[[ja:ソマリアサッカー連盟]]
[[vi:Liên đoàn bóng đá Somalia]]

Hussain Bisad

2012-01-01T00:16:40Z

Alshareeca:

'''Hussain Bisad''' is one of the tallest men in the world, at {{height | m=2.32}}. He has the second largest hands of anyone alive after [[Sultan Kösen]]: his hands are 10.59 inches or 26.9 cm long. He has size 26 feet and weighs {{convert|210|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=bio>
{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1847666.stm
|title=Second tallest man has biggest hands
|publisher=[[BBC News website]]
|date=2002-02-28
|accessdate=2008-10-13}}
</ref>

Doctors believe that Bisad is suffering from a condition called [[pituitary]] [[giantism]], that makes growth continue after most people stop developing. Expert in abnormal growth Professor Mike Besser, from Bart’s Hospital, Central London, said he probably has a [[tumour]] in the [[pituitary gland]] behind his eyes.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1827450.stm
|title=Man 'must prove' world record height
|date=2002-02-18
|publisher=[[BBC News website]]
|accessdate=2008-10-13}}
</ref>

Hussein Bisad is originally from [[Somalia]], but fled after being shot, and has been granted [[Right of asylum|asylum]] in [[United Kingdom|Britain]], where he now lives.<ref name=bio />

==See also==
*[[Giantism]]
*[[List of tall men]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

personal life
he is 27 years old. he moved to london with his kids.

{{Persondata
|NAME=Bisad, Hussain
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=world's biggest hands, world's second-tallest man
|DATE OF BIRTH=
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Somalia
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisad, Hussain}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People with gigantism]]
[[Category:Somalian refugees]]
[[Category:Somalian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]

[[so:Xuseen Bisad]]
{{UK-bio-stub}}

Karan District

2011-12-18T10:18:46Z

Alshareeca:

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name =Karan
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type =[[Administrative divisions of Somalia|District]]
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
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|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type =Country
|subdivision_name ={{flag|Somalia}}
|subdivision_type1 =[[Administrative divisions of Somalia|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[Banaadir]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
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|unit_pref =Imperial
|area_footnotes =
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|timezone =[[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|utc_offset =+3
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|latd=|latm= |lats= |latNS=N
|longd=|longm=|longs=|longEW=E
|elevation_footnotes =
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|postal_code_type =
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}}
'''Karan District''' is a [[Administrative divisions of Somalia|district]] in the southeastern [[Banaadir]] region of [[Somalia]]. One of the oldest districts in Mogadishu, it is bordered by [[Shibis District]], [[Yaqshid District]], and [[Abdiaziz District]].
{{Districts of Somalia}}

[[Category:Districts of Somalia]]

{{Somalia-geo-stub}}

{{coord missing|Somalia}}

[[so:Kaaraan]]

Ahmed Gabyow

2011-05-24T16:13:29Z

Alshareeca:

'''Sheekh Ahmed Gabyow''' was a famous [[Somali people|Somali]] poet from the [[Abgaal]] [[Hawiye]] clan who lived in the coastal area north of [[Mogadishu]] in the first decades of the Italian occupation. He was well-known for the [[masafo]], a genre of Somali poetry that is usually composed by religious men.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.mnsu.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/586655.pdf Giorgio Banti and Francesco Giannattasio,'' Music and Metre in Somali Poetry''] (login required)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Gabyow, Sheekh Ahmed
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gabyow, Sheekh Ahmed}}
[[Category:Somalian poets]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[so:Sh. Axmed Wacdiyow]]

{{Somalia-bio-stub}}
{{Africa-writer-stub}}
{{poet-stub}}

Abgaal

2010-06-24T17:16:28Z

Alshareeca:

{{Main|Somali clan}}
{{Infobox Ethnic group|
|group=Abgaal أبغال
|image=
|poptime= |poptime=
|region1 = {{flagcountry|Somalia}}
|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]
|rels= [[Islam]]
|related-c=[[Habar Gidir]], other [[Hawiye]] clans
}}

'''Abgaal''' ({{lang-so|''Abgaal''}}, {{lang-ar|أبغال}}) is a [[Somali clan]], and part of the major [[Hawiye]] clan. Its members live in the [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Galguduud]], [[Banaadir]], [[Mudug]] and [[Shabeellaha Hoose]] regions of Central and southern [[Somalia]]. Abgaals consider ''Xamar'' ([[Mogadishu]]) as their traditional territory.<ref name=wright234>{{cite book |last=Jimale Ahmed |first=Ali |authorlink=Ali Jimale |editor=Derek Wright |title=Emerging Perspectives on Nuruddin Fara |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7IEDpL41t3oC&pg=PA234&vq=abgaal&dq=Emerging+Perspectives+on+Nuruddin+Farah&source=gbs_search_s&sig=ACfU3U3vPIaa6XKJdWIf7gtIUw4C6KQwOg |accessdate=2008-07-02 |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=2002 |month= |publisher=Africa World Press |location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]] |language= |isbn=0865439192|chapter=[[Nuruddin Farah]] and the (Re)Writing of Somali Historiography: Narrative as a Politically Symbolic Act|page=234}}</ref>

Abgaal is one subclan of the Mudulood family, which also includes the Udeejeen or Ciise, Wacweytan, Darandoole, Daroo Mudulood, Hiilebi, Wacdaan Osman, Wadalaan Osman, Moobleen Osman, Lilawaay and Abgaal Osman.<ref>[http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC&pg=PA129&dq=mudulood&sig=ACfU3U3SklgemYDf_Ijgy_X8onQOowOMrA]</ref>

==Yaquub Sultanate==

The emergence of the Imamate of Yaaquub in Mogadishu is related to the tyrannical rule of the [[Ajuran]] in the interior, and the attraction of the growing Mogadishu wealth as a consequence of its thriving trade controlled by the Muzzaffar dynasty which was allied to the Ajuran in the interior.

==Mogadishu Kingdom 900 - 1860 AD==
First Sultan of the Mogadishu Kingdom Rulers from 700 - 1860 AD

* Sultan Daamey Ali (Xume) Axmed
*Sultan Cumar father of Abu bakr
*Sultan Abu Bakr
*Sultan Axmad I
*Sultan Maxammad I
*Sultan Axmad II
*Sultan Maxmud
*Sultan Cali
*Sultan Cismaan
*Sultan Muxammad II
*Sultan Axmad III-1860
*Sultan Hassan Abdulqadir Haji

==Clan tree==
There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the [[World Bank]]'s ''Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics'' from [[2005]] and the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Home Office]] publication, ''Somalia Assessment 2001''.<ref>Worldbank, ''[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics]'', January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1</ref><ref name="ind01b_somalia_ca">http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure], p. 43</ref>

*[[Hawiye]]
**Gaaljal
**Hawadle
**'''Abgaal''' ('''Abgal''')
***Harti
****Angonyar
****Warsangeli
****Abokor
***Wabudhan
**** Eli
****Da'oud
****Rer Mattan
****Mohamed Muse
***Wa'esli
**Murosade
**[[Sheekhaal]] (Sheikal)
**[[Habar Gidir]] (Haber Gedir)
***Sa'ad
***Suleiman
***[[Ayr (clan)|Ayr]]
***Sarur
**Waadan

In the south central part of Somalia the World Bank shows the following clan tree:<ref>Worldbank, ''[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics]'', January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.56 Figure A-2</ref>
*Hawiye
**Karanle
***Murusade
**Gorgate
***'''Abgal'''
***Habargidir (Habar Gidir)
***Sheikhal (Sheekhaal)
***Duduble
***Ujeien
**Gugun-Dhabe
**Rarane
**Haskul
**Jambeele
***Hawadle
***Galje'el
***Ajuran
***Dagodi

In [[Puntland]] the World Bank shows the following:<ref>Worldbank, ''[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics]'', January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.57 Figure A-3</ref>

*Hawiye
**Habar Gidir
**'''Abgall'''
**Biyamaal
**Hawaadle
**Murursade
**Ujuuran

==Traditional==
*[[Imam Mohamud Imam Cumar]] ,Is the Imam Of Mudulood and also carries the dual position of The Traditional Imam of [[Hiraab]].[ref][http://www.etext.org/Politics/Somalia.News.Update/Volume.3/snu-03.003].

==Poetry ==

Abgaal are perhaps the only Somali clan with its own special poetical genres - the guurow and the shirib - that differ from those of the other Somalis. The language of their poets is often characterised by an admixture of dialectal features. As an example of iyo with long -o, consider the following line from a famous guurow by Cabdulle Geedannaar. It scans properly (the same as a gabay) only if iyo counts as v-, which is also how the poet sings it:{{Fact|date=April 2010}}

:''Baasayna haystaan iyo, marasho biid biid ah''
:And they have money and fashionable dresses

Two major poetical genres of the Abgaal are:

===The badar-tumid===

In the farming areas of Middle and Lower Shabeelle women of the Abgaal and related clans often pound sorghum and other edible grains to the tune of a special kind of work song, known as a grain-pounding song or badar-tumid. A few examples of its lines are shown below:{{Fact|date=April 2010}}

:''Kurta loogu shubaa''
:''Caana geel ku caddaaw''
:''Maakhiidaa la yiraa''
:''Keena-keena rag waaye''
:''Karisooy naag waaye''

:(And) it is poured in their dish
:Become white with camel milk!
:She is said to be a good housewife
:Those who always bring things (keena-keene) are the men
:The one who cooks is the woman

===The shirib===

This term is used in several areas inhabited by Somalis for different kinds of short songs, often connected with dancing. Typically, however, it refers to a genre of short verse composed by the Abgaal and related clans in the non-Maay-speaking regions of central Somalia. Shiribs are sung during clan or family meetings as well as other gatherings. Often they are improvised in poetic contests. The best surveys on this genre are Maxamad Cosoble M. and Caasha.

:''Tagtaada tuug haddow yaqaan''
:''Afar walxaad o ta’ ku taal''
:''Dhiishaase ninba meel dhigtaa''
:''Dhicis lagama dhur sugoo''

:If a thief knows your wealth
:Four things that are in it
:But everybody stores his own milk vessel in its proper place
:One doesn’t expect offspring from a stillbirth

==Prominent members of the Abgaal==
* [[Nur Hassan Husein]], former Prime Minister of the Transitional Federal Government
* [[Hussein Kulmiye Afrah]], vice-president of Somalia under the Siad Barre regime.
* [[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]], Major General in the Somali Military, and Chairman of the Somali Revolution
* [[Sharif Ahmed]], President of Somalia, former Commander-in-chief of the Islamic Courts Union
* [[Ismail Jim'ale Osoble]], Somali lawyer and Minister of Information in the government of Aden Abdulle Osman
* [[Mohamed Omar Habeb Dhere]], warlord, governor and mayor of Banadir and Mogadishu
* [[Omar Muhamoud Finnish]], leader of a splinter movement of the United Somali Congress/Somali Salvation Alliance
* [[Ali Mohammed Ghedi]], Former Prime Minister of the Transitional Federal Government.
* [[Daud Abdulle Hirsi|General Daud Abdulle Hirsi]], first commander-in-chief of the Somali National Army Forces
* [[Salad Ali Jelle]], Deputy Minister of Defense of the Transitional Federal Government
* [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]], president of Somalia from January - November 1991
* [[Musa Sudi Yalahow]], warlord who served as Trade Minister in the Transitional Federal Government.
* [[Ali Jimale]], educator at the City University of New York
* [[Ahmed Maxamed Xasan]], Lieutenant Colonel in the Somali Airforce who defused the mig-17 jet fighter bombs.<ref>[http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2008/335/0280.shtml]</ref><ref>[http://www1.somaliuk.com/Forums/index.php?topic=7037.0]</ref>
* [[Mohamud Siad Togane]], Somali-Canadian poet, professor, and political activist
* [[Adde Gabow]] (Mohamed Ali Hassan), politician
* [[Abukar Umar Adani]], Islamist, businessman who used to control the El-ma`an beach area which served as Mogadishu's port since the closure in 1995 of the city's main port.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2006/03/mil-060322-irin04.htm]</ref>
* [[Bashir Raghe Shiiraar]], secular warlord who was a Member of the dysfunctional US-backed Alliance for Peace and the Fight Against International Terrorism.<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/>
* [[Sheikh Ali Dhere]], cleric and the head of the first Islamic Courts Union in northern Mogadishu in 1996.<ref>[http://www.newbanadir.com/somalia_watch.html]</ref>
* [[Farah Weheliye Addow (Sindiko)]], former Vice President of the Confederation of African Football.<ref>[http://www.mareeg.com/fidsan.php?sid=6443&tirsan=3]</ref><ref>[http://www.somaliuk.com/News/archive.php?month=5&year=2003]</ref>
* [[Abdulahi Ahmed Afrah]], Minister of Commerce<ref>[http://www.canadianfriendsofsomalia.org/press01.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2006/08/mil-060821-irin02.htm]</ref>
* [[Abdi Mohamed Ulusso]], Phd holder,intellectual and 2003 somali Presidential candidate.<ref name="mudulood.com">[http://www.mudulood.com/PageDr.%20Abdi%20Ulusso.html]</ref>
* [[Hussein Hagi Bood]], politician and Ex minister of National planning 1977-81 <ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/article/2002-01-01-rival-somali-gunmen-call-it-quits]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/575494.stm | work=BBC News | title=Warlords agree on Mogadishu authority | date=1999-12-22 | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref>
*[[Hilowle Imam Omar]], politician, former co-chairman of the (Somali Reconciliation and Reconstruction Council) (SRRC) Party.<ref name="mudulood.com"/><ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BT7A?OpenDocument]</ref><ref>[http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:vJIJk_Cfq-wJ:www.publicinternationallaw.org/docs/PNW/Peace%2520Negotiation%2520Watch.Sept09_02.doc+DR.Hilowle+iman&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=pk]</ref>
*[[Mohamed Ali Ameriko]], Somali ambassador to Kenya.<ref>[http://www.banadir.com/dr_m_ali.shtml]</ref>
* [[Ayub Daud]], professional Footballer current playing [[Juventus]]
*[[Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare]], orthographer and the inventor of the Kadariya Script.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=LR8A4tEYZUAC&pg=PA87&dq=abgaal&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1q_CuzzwZN4mV77Nr9AQtNl_WCUg]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTPUrGpvHs0C&pg=PA213&dq=abgaal&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1kTjEujx8u4KdehKE5lPY543aA3A]</ref>
*[[Abdulle Geedannaar]], poet<ref name="books.google.com.pk">[http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=i_qlpdkof1oC&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=abgaal&source=web&ots=eAx-vyxc3x&sig=NQ6ovUwKYXFSynRg9vKYd6dlmOU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA87,M1]</ref>
*[[Sheekh Ahmed Gabyow]], poet<ref>[http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=i_qlpdkof1oC&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=abgaal&source=web&ots=eAx-vyxc3x&sig=NQ6ovUwKYXFSynRg9vKYd6dlmOU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA89,M1]</ref>
*[[Abukar Mahdi Mudey]] Qashow Mahdi, Business man & politician <ref name="books.google.com.pk"/>
*[[Mohamed Ali Hassan]] Macali, Frist Coach build Waxool Basketball team man & women<ref>[http://www.google.com.pk/books?%20id=i_qlpdkof1oC&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=abgaal&source=web&ots=eAx-yxc3x&sig=NQ6ovUwKYXFSynRg9vKYd6dlmOU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA87,M1]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Somali clans]]

[[ar:أبقال (قبيلة)]]
[[ca:Abgaal]]
[[it:Abgaal]]
[[so:Abgaal]]

Musa Sudi Yalahow

2010-06-21T21:27:22Z

Alshareeca:

'''Muse Sudi Yalahow''' ({{lang-so|''Muuse Suudi Yalaxoow''}}) is a notorious [[Somalia|Somali]] warlord who served as Trade Minister in the [[Transitional Federal Parliament|Transitional Government]] of [[Ali Mohammed Ghedi]]. He was dismissed in June 2006 after ignoring government requests to halt fighting with the [[Islamic Courts Union]] militia.

==Somali Civil War==

{{main|Somali Civil War}}

===United Somali Congress/Somali Salvation Alliance (USC/SSA)===

Yalahow is a relative of [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]], the interim president of Somalia after the break-down of the Barre government and faction leader in northern Mogadishu. As the deputy Chairman of [[United Somali Congress]]/Somali Salvation Alliance (USC/SSA) of [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]], Yalhow headed the administration in the Medina district of southern Mogadishu when the civil war broke out in the early 90s. Yalahow draws support from the Abgal, one of the largest [[Hawiye]] clans. [[Ethiopia]] initially showed interest in him because of his opposition to [[Hussein Aideed]], and supported the leader in his opposition against the new interim government. Local and international media reports documented the arrival of weapons trucked into [[Mogadishu]] from [[Ethiopia]] for Yalahow. There were many reports of the faction leader visiting the Ethiopian Somali region - particularly Gode, the capital of the [[Ogaden]] area - to receive weapons and meet Ethiopian military and government representatives.

In August 1998, [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]] and South [[Mogadishu]] warlords [[Hussein Aideed]] and [[Mohamed Afrah Qanyare]] set up a joint administration for [[Mogadishu]], which was rejected by Yalahow, [[Osman Ali Atto]] and Hussein Haji Bod. Fighting erupted in early March between loyalists of Yalahow and militiamen funded by the business community in northern [[Mogadishu]] after Yalahow tried to impose taxes at the Karan market in northern [[Mogadishu]]. The fighting claimed 22 lives and subsided March 15 after Abgal elders arranged a cease-fire and resumption of negotiations.

However, fighting flared up again on March 17 and 18, 1999 bringing the total number of casualties to 38 people and 88 injured since the fighting began. The dispute disrupted public transport and telephone lines were cut. Yalahow rejected a plan by elders to end the latest round of fighting and refused to withdraw the tax demand. In addition, another round of clashes was reported between clan militias of Yalahow and those of the [[Mogadishu]] governor Hussein Ali Ahmed. The fighting which began later, in mid-March was more political in nature and not a continuation of the fighting sparked by a dispute over taxation rights. This dispute reportedly ended with Yalahow’s take-over of equipment belonging to a north [[Mogadishu]] radio station which supported [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]], his former ally.<ref>AFP, April 3, 1998</ref> Yalahow, whose militia were now well armed, declared he would never recognise a joint administration established by his rivals. He later changed his mind when offered the post of third deputy chairman of the proposed authority.<ref>The Monitor, July 18–19, 1998</ref><ref>AFP, July 12 & 19, 1998</ref>

In March 2001 his militia kidnapped nine aid workers from [[Medicins sans Frontieres]] who were vaccinating children against [[polio]].<ref name=>{{cite news
|title=Somali gunmen attack aid workers
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1245263.stm
|date=2001-03-27
|publisher=[[BBC]]
|accessdate=2007-02-07}}</ref>

===Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council (SRRC)===

In December 2001 his forces lost control over the Jazira airstrip. He had split from his "right-hand man and deputy," [[Mahmud Muhammad Finish]], who was also of the [[Da'ud]] subclan of the Abgal clan. Yalahow became a senior leader of the [[Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council]] (SRRC), while Finish was loyal to the [[Transitional National Government]] (TNG) movement. The two battled over the control of the airstrip, as well as over control of sections of Mogadishu. On February 26, 2002, fighting broke out between the two warlords again, killing at least twelve people. Yalahow lost a technical and an unarmed pickup to Finish in the fighting.<ref name=AT-LEAST-12-KILLED-IN-MOGADISHU-FIGHTING>{{cite news
|title=SOMALIA: At least 12 killed in Mogadishu fighting
|url=http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/news-monitor/2002feb.htm
|publisher=[[IRIN]]
|date=2002-02-26
|accessdate=2007-02-07}}</ref>

In late May heavy fighting in [[Mogadishu]] left 60 people dead and over 100 wounded, most reportedly non-combatants, as militias of Muhammad Habib and Yalahow, both members of [[SRRC]], attacked the house of Dahir Shaykh Dayah, the Interior Minister of TNG. The fighting had reportedly displaced thousands of families, particularly in north [[Mogadishu]].

Clashes between rivals again flared up in [[Mogadishu]] in July, ahead of the proposed peace talks in [[Nairobi]], leaving 30 people dead and 50 wounded. Most of the victims were civilians caught in the crossfire or killed when artillery shells struck residential houses. The dead included many children.

Renewed fighting was reported in Middle [[Shabelle]], with 20 fatalities in related inter-clan clashes, and again resumed in early September, leaving 15 people dead and over 30 wounded in two days of fighting in north [[Mogadishu]]. Each of the two warlords then claimed to be the head of the [[United Somali Congress|USC]]/SSA and the leadership feud became the cause of further fighting in 2003.<ref>24 July 2002, AFP</ref>

===Transitional Federal Government (TFG)===

When the [[Transitional Federal Government]] (TFG) was organized in 2004, Musa Sudi Yalahow was one of the 275 selected members of the [[Transitional Federal Parliament]] enumerated in the official list of August 29, 2004. His term expires in 2009.<ref name=SELECTED-MEMBERS-TFP>{{cite web
|title=Selected Members of the Transitional Federal Parliament of Somalia (275) 29.08.2004 - 2009
|url=http://somali-civilsociety.org/downloads/Names%20of%20the%20selected%20Members%20of%20Parliament.pdf
|date=2004-08-29
|publisher=[[Somali-CivilSociety.org]]
|accessdate=2007-02-07 }}</ref>

On March 20, 2005, it was reported Yalahow was arrested in [[Kenya]], along with other [[TFG]] members of parliament for brawling over an argument which stemmed from the debate over whether to allow peacekeepers from [[Ethiopia]], [[Djibouti]] and [[Kenya]] to help restore the [[TFG]]to power.<ref name=KENYAN-POLICE-ARREST-SOMALI-WARLORD>{{cite news
| title = Kenyan Police Arrest Somali Warlord, MPs for Brawling
| publisher = AFP
| date = 2005-03-20
| url =http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=60754&d=20&m=3&y=2005
| accessdate =2006-01-06 }}</ref>

Yalahow's militia is based in Mogadishu and he partly controls the lucrative Daynile Airport, which is northeast of [[Mogadishu]]. The airport is a source of income as international aid agencies use it as well as people who are importing or smuggling goods into the capital. In October 2005, the Somali Transitional Federal Government ordered that Daynile be closed. Yalahow, though a Minister in the government, warned that he would shoot down any plane which followed the government's orders not to land there.<ref name=SOMALI-WARLORD-THREATENS-PLANES>{{cite news
|title=Somali warlord threatens planes
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4386904.stm
|date=2005-10-28
|publisher=[[BBC]]
|accessdate=2007-02-07}}</ref>

===Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT)===

In February 2006 Yahalow joined the [[United States]]-backed warlord coalition, the [[Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism]] (ARPCT) in order to fight the [[Islamic Court Union]] (ICU). Fighting between the [[Islamic Courts Union|ICU]] and [[ARPCT]] claimed more than 350 lives and Yalahow's militia occupied the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent]] ([[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]])-run Kensaney hospital. The [[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]] issued a statement that the hospital was taken by Yalahow's fighters, despite repeated calls by the International Committee of the Red Cross ([[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]]) and the Somali Red Crescent Society for medical facilities to be spared, that the hospital was clearly marked with the red crescent emblem and that the military operation impeded the access of new casualties to the hospital. Keysaney hospital was the only medical facility in Mogadishu North offering surgical services for the war-wounded at the time.
The Somali Justice Advocacy Center called on the [[United Nations]] (U.N.) to bring Yalahow to the [[International Criminal Court]] ([[International Criminal Court|ICC]]) for violation of the 48 and 51(5) (b) of additional protocol of deliberate prevention of wounded civilians from receiving medical assistance, the indiscriminate shelling of civilian populations and the complete take over of Keysani Hospital.<ref name=SOMALIA-ICC-ASKED-TO-CHARGE-SOMALI-WARLORD>{{cite news
|title=Somalia; International Criminal Court Asked to Charge Somali Warlord Against War Crimes
|url=http://www.benadir-watch.com/2006%20News/0601_ICC_asked_to_charge_warlords.pdf
|date=2006-06-01
|publisher=[[Shabelle Media Networks]]
|accessdate=2007-02-07}}</ref> Somalia is not a party to the court, and therefore would have to consent or be referred by the [[UN Security Council]] in order for the court to have jurisdiction. In June 2006 the regional body [[IGAD]] threatened to do this to warlords it termed "spoilers". (See also: [[Cases before the International Criminal Court]])

On June 5 Yalahow withdrew from Mogadishu to the warlord stronghold of [[Balad, Somalia|Balad]], a town 30 km north of [[Mogadishu]], which was also taken by the [[Islamic Court Union|ICU]] days later.

The Somali Prime Minister, [[Ali Mohammed Ghedi]] removed Yalahow from office, saying Yalahow had opposed his government and peace initiatives and undermined their reconciliation activities. He said Yalahow's actions fueled violence and unrest and his militia had killed innocent civilians.<ref name=SOMALIA-PM-SACKS-US-BACKED-WARLORDS>{{cite news
|title=Somalia PM sacks US-backed warlords
|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=16642
|date=2006-06-05
|publisher=[[Middle East Online]]
|accessdate=2007-02-07 }}</ref>

===Return to Mogadishu===

On January 6, 2007 Yalahow returned to [[Mogadishu]] from exile.<ref>[http://fr.news.yahoo.com/06012007/74/photo/musa-sudi-yalahow-in-blue-shirt-a-mogadishu-faction-leader.html fr.news.yahoo.com]</ref>

On January 12, 2007, the same day as the [[Battle of Ras Kamboni]] ended marking the last major campaign to defeat the ICU, Somali warlords tentatively agreed with President [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed|Abdullahi Yusuf]] to [[Disarmament in Somalia|disarm their militias]] and to direct their members to apply to join the national army or police forces. An estimated 20,000 militia were said to exist throughout [[Somalia]]. [[Mohamed Qanyare Afrah]] said the clans were "fed up" with militias and agreed to disarm his own men. Muse Sudi Yalahow was less conciliatory and made veiled threats that if dissatisfied, people might oppose the government.<ref name=SOMALI-WARLORDS-AGREE-TO-DISARM-AS-GOVT-TROOPS-CAPTURE-LAST-ISLAMIC-HOLDOUT-IN-SOUTH>{{cite news
|title=Somali warlords agree to disarm as government troops capture last Islamic holdout in south
|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20070112-1327-somalia-optional.html
|publisher=[[Associated Press]]
|date=2007-01-12
|accessdate=2007-01-12 }}</ref>

On January 17, 2007, [[Mohamed Qanyare Afrah]] and Muse Sudi Yalahow were the first warlords of Mogadishu to disarm, turning over their weapons and committing their militiamen to the government, though some of Sudi's arms remained in other locations controlled by Qanyare and Mohammed Dhere. The arms were accepted by the chief commander of the government army, General Naji.<ref name=SOMALIA-WARLORDS-LAY-DOWN-WEAPONS>{{cite web
|title=Somalia: Warlords lay down weapons
|url=http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/6756
|publisher=[[SomaliNet]]
|date=2007-01-17
|accessdate=2007-01-17 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Disarmament in Somalia]]
*[[Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism]]
*[[Rise of the Islamic Courts]]
*[[Cases before the International Criminal Court]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yalahow, Musa Sudi}}
[[Category:Somali politicians]]
[[Category:Somali warlords]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[de:Musa Sudi Yalahow]]
[[so:Muuse Suudi Yalaxow]]

Al-Burda

2010-06-07T10:15:48Z

Alshareeca:

{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}}
'''''Qaṣīdat al-Burda''''' ({{lang-ar|قصيدة البردة}}, "Poem of the Mantle") is an ode of praise for the [[Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] composed by the eminent [[Sufism|Sufi]], [[Imam al-Busiri]] (Muḥammad b. Saʿīd b. Ḥammād b. Muḥsin b. Abū Surūr b. Ḥibbān b. ʿAbdullah b. Mallak al-Sanhajī) of [[Egypt]]. The poem, whose actual title is ''al-Kawākib ad-Durrīya fī Madḥ Khayr al-Barīya'' ("Celestial Lights in Praise of the Best of Creation"), is famous mainly in the Sunni [[Muslim world]]. It is entirely in praise of Muhammad, who cured the poet of paralysis by appearing to him in a dream and wrapping him in a mantle or scarf.<ref>[http://www.alahazrat.net/library/englisharticles/qasida/index.htm Anthology of Arabic Poems about the Prophet and the Faith of Islam Containing the Famous Poem of Al-Busaree]</ref><ref>[http://www.alahazrat.net/library/englisharticles/qasida/index.htm The poem of the scarf by Shaikh Faizullah Bhai B. A. - University of Bombay - Published by Taj Company Ltd.]</ref>

== Biography of al-Busiri ==

Al-Būṣīrī ’s full name is Muḥammad b. Saʿīd b. Ḥammād b. Muḥsin b. Abū Surūr b. Ḥibbān b. ʿAbdullah b. Mallak al-Sanhajī. Different biographers present slightly different versions of his life although certain facts are agreed upon by all. Of North African to the Sanhajī tribe of Morocco. The famous historian al-Maqrīzī, claimed that al-Būṣīrī ’s family was from the Hammād Citadel in Morocco and was a part of the Banū Ḥabnūn tribe.

Little is known about his childhood although scholars surmise that he received the usual education for children of his time; he would have attended a Qur’an school and memorized the entire Qur’an. Kīlānī asserts that al-Būṣīrī ’s family must have been poor as he was forced to search for work from a young age. Sometime during his youth, he made his way to Cairo, where he pursued his studies. There he was exposed to the important Islamic sciences, Arabic language and linguistics, literature, history, and the biography of the Prophet Muḥammad. Even as a young man, al-Būṣīrī began to compose poetry, although not of a religious nature. For example, in the year 637/1240, at the age of 30, he composed a poem to petition the King Najm al-Dīn al-Ayyūbī when he failed to allot a generous endowment to al-Būṣīrī ’s mosque. An accomplished poet, he would often recite his poetry and give lessons at mosques in Cairo. A number of young poets studied under him, such as ʾAthir al-Din Muḥammad Ibn Yusuf Abū Hayyān al-Andalusī (d. 725/1325), Abū al-Fatḥ b. Sayyid al-Nās al-Yaʿmarī (d. 734/1334), and ʿIzz al-Dīn b. Jamāʿah (d. 735/1335).

Al-Būṣīrī: The Misanthropic Poet

While he is best known for the deeply religious Burdah and the Hamziyyah poems, al-Būṣīrī’s complete diwan is still extant and includes poetry that reveals the transition from a rough and terse youth to a mature man with a deeply spiritual disposition. Based on his poetry, one can map out his spiritual development as he records his experiences in life, interactions with people, complaints, and insights. Al-Būṣīrī’s short and slender stature led to his being ridiculed by people and the source of their jokes. Early on in his career, he wrote a number satire poems that revealed his feelings about being ridiculed. He also had a hard time accepting criticism from other poets and even wrote a rebuttal of a poet, one Zayn al-Dīn b. al-Raʿād who had insulted his work. He was known to have a harsh tongue and took pleasure in composing hijaʾ, or satire, poetry to insult his enemies. The historian al-Shehāb Mahmūd, a contemporary of al-Būṣīrī, wrote that he was a misanthrope who would attack others with his words and had a bad reputation in the courts of princes and viziers.

Al-Būṣīrī lived in various locations in Cairo and in the Delta region, working primarily as a scribe and poet for the local rulers. At one time, a ruler offered him the position of a muḥtasib, or market inspector, in Cairo, but he rejected it. From this job offer, we can ascertain that al-Būṣīrī must have had a decent knowledge of Islamic law as the job of market inspector requires a thorough knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence and law. He lived for a long time in the Lower Egypt town of Bilbīs (from around 659-663/1261-1265) and worked there as a scribe and manuscript copyist. He seems to have also been skilled in accounting, although al-Maqrīzī claimed that he made a lot of mistakes and was not competent in this skill. Al-Būṣīrī was interested in religious polemics and read the Hebrew Bible, New Testament, and religious history of Judaism and Christianity primarily in order to defend Islam and the position of the Prophet Muḥammad. Some of his colleagues at work were Jewish and Christian and he was known to engage in fiery debates with them. He was interested in proving to them that the Gospels did not indicate that Jesus was a god and that it contained signs of the coming of the Prophet Muḥammad. He was also concerned with correcting what he held to be mistakes in the Hebrew Bible that told stories of the prophets and of their sins.

In addition to being a poet, al-Būṣīrī was also a fine calligrapher and composer of prose, although nothing of his writing or calligraphy is extant. Coming from a humble background, it was said at one point, he made a living designing the engravings for tombstones. In an attempt to make money, he also opened a Qur’an school for children in Cairo, but this venture failed and he was forced to close it. As for his domestic life, his poems paint a hellish impression of living with his constantly pregnant wife and gaggle of children. He talks of his wife conspiring with his sister-in-law to get him to divorce her by hitting him and pulling out the hairs from his beard. He also complains in detail about old age, his inability to provide his children with enough food and the problem he faced when he could not provide his daughter with furnishings for her home for her marriage.

He spent some time in the central Delta town of al-Maḥallah, where he was the poet and scribe for the mayor and received a monthly wage for composing panegyric poems of the ruler. In al-Maḥallah, al-Būṣīrī clashed with the local Christian scribes, copyists, and poets and wrote verses complaining of his treatment at their hands. Sometime during his stay in al-Maḥallah, it seems he broke his leg on a visit to the public baths and complained bitterly about his leg in a number of poems.

His relation with others was so bad that it reached the point where they wished he would die. Once, when he became very sick, a rumor quickly spread that he had died. Upon recovering from his sickness, he wrote a satirical poem to mock his enemies who had spread rumors of his death:

I am not the one who would die before them
I will survive them and weep over their graves,
It’s true that I had almost lost my life
but the generosity of this vizier gave me a new life.

Al-Būṣīrī didn’t only have enemies among Jews and Christians, but also among his coreligionists, and even those closest to him, including his wife. He wrote satirical poems attacking anyone who criticized or insulted him, recording each event and rebuttal in a poem. According to al-Maqrīzī, al-Būṣīrī would befriend important members of the court, such as the vizier Zayn al-Dīn Yaʿqūb b. al-Zubayr, and would support them no matter if they were just or oppressive rulers. He supported the Mamlūk rulers and wrote zealous panegyric poems praising the Turkish Mamlūks that also affronted the local Arab population. The only positive characteristic of al-Būṣīrī recorded by al-Maqrīzī was that he was generous.

Al-Būṣīrī : The Enlightened Sufi

Although al-Būṣīrī ’s modern biographer, Muḥammad Sayyid Kīlānī, doesn’t seem to present a clear timeline of his spiritual development and mixes in discussions of al-Būṣīrī’s satirical poetry and poor relations with people alongside his practice of Sufism, it seems that a distinction needs to be made. Kīlānī posits that al-Būṣīrī

…as a man could not benefit from the teaching of al-Shādhilī, because in his morals and domestic life, we find things that don’t correspond to Sufi ethics. In addition, he had a large family and was driven to compose poems in praise of the princes and viziers. In these poems [al-Būṣīrī] sometimes praised oppressive rulers who deserved to be rebuked and this has nothing to do with Sufism…As for al-Būṣīrī as a poet, he was greatly influenced by Sufism.

It is not known when exactly al-Būṣīrī became a disciple of Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Mursī, but it can be posited that this happened later on in his life, at least some years before the death of al-Mursī in 686/1287. At least in the beginning of his practice of Sufism, al-Būṣīrī seemed to have struggled to follow Sufi principles and desired to live in isolation from people although he was prevented as he had a large family and was often unable to feed them due to his poverty:

If I were on my own, I would have been a disciple
in a Sufi hostel or a worshipper in a cave

His later poetry consists mainly of panegyric poems praising the Prophet Muḥammad and bears little similarity to that of his earlier satirical poems. Perhaps after becoming a Sufi disciple, he underwent a spiritual awakening, which may be seen in the form the Burdah and the accompanying story of its composition, and refrained from his previous harsh and misanthropic nature. There seems to be conflicting information about al-Būṣīrī’s life as seen in the biographies of non-Sufi historians and that of hagiographies written by Sufi scholars. Especially since Sufi hagiographies always describe him as an older man with a head of white hair, it can be presumed that while he might have been a misanthrope and generally unpleasant person during his youth, he must have changed his ways perhaps later on in his life as an older man.

The timeline of al-Būṣīrī’s life is not clear, although it is known that as a grown man, he was drawn towards Sufism and joined the Shādhilī order under the guidance of his Shaykh Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Mursī in Alexandria, which at the time was a center for North African Sufis. At this time, the Shādhilī Sufi order was still in its infancy, having been founded by al-Mursī, who was the disciple of Abū al-Ḥasan al- Shādhilī. Al-Būṣīrī was fond of al-Mursī and studied Sufi thought and practice under him; this background would have a strong influence on his later poetry. He was faithful to his order and wrote poems full of praise of al-Shādhilī and al-Mursī and their spiritual attributes and ranking. Al-Būṣīrī was the contemporary of Ibn al-Fāriḍ, the great Sufi poet and mystic. It was also said that he was a friend of Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allah al-Sakandarī, the Sufi scholar and jurists who wrote the famous Ḥikam, or collection of Sufi aphorisms as well as a spiritual biography of al-Shādhilī and al-Mursī.

In Sufi hagiographies, al-Būṣīrī is painted as a saint-like figure who had reached the high spiritual station (maqam) of al-ghawthiyyah al-kubrā. They claim that when he would walk down the street, the young and old would come out to greet him and kiss his hand. His body was said to have emitted a sweet scent and he wore fine clothes, had a head of snow-white hair, a humble smile, was [[Asceticism|ascetic]] in his lifestyle, and had a respectable and virtuous character. Kīlānī disregards these attributes of al-Būṣīrī based on his readings of his poetry. Kīlānī fails to see that it is quite possible that al-Būṣīrī was indeed an unpleasant person for much of his life until he discovered Sufism, mended his ways, and reached a high spiritual station that was respected and acknowledged by his fellow Sufis.

Despite this, Kīlānī divides al-Būṣīrī’s praise poetry of the Prophet Muḥammad into two periods, the first from before al-Būṣīrī’s Hajj and the second after his return from the Hajj. Kīlānī posits that al-Būṣīrī did not perform his pilgrimage until at least after 653/1255. Before going on Hajj, he composed a number of praise poems, especially ones that referred to his longing to visit the tomb of the Prophet. Upon his arrival to Madīnah and Makkah, he composed poems revealing his joy of being at the tomb of his beloved and other places the Prophet had visited.

Although buried in Alexandria, it is not known if al-Būṣīrī spent his last years in Cairo or Alexandria. While his official tomb is located in Alexandria, there previously has been some dispute about where al-Būṣīrī was buried. Al-Maqrīzī recorded that he died in the al-Manṣurī Hospital in Cairo. Furthermore, al-ʿAyyashī, a North African traveler who visited Cairo in 1073/1663 , mentioned that he visited al-Būṣīrī ’s tomb in the area of the jurist Imam al-Shāfiʿī’s tomb located in the southern cemetery of Cairo. One scholar has ascertained that the initial confusion about al-Būṣīrī’s burial location is due to the fact that there was another scholar, Abū al-Qāssim Hibat Allah b. ʿAlī b. Masʿūd al-Ansārī al-Khazrājī al-Munastīrī, also known as al-Būṣīrī, who died a century before our al-Būṣīrī’s death in 598/1202. The older al-Būṣīrī was indeed buried at the foot of al-Muqattam hills, where historians presumably thought the younger poet Al-Būṣīrī was buried.

== Popularity ==
Sufi [[Muslim]]s have traditionally venerated the verses. The poem is memorized and recited in congregations, and its verses decorate the walls of public buildings and [[mosque]]s. This poem decorated [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (the Prophet's Mosque) in [[Medina]] for centuries but was erased but for two lines under the [[House of Saud|Saudi dynasty]]. Some Muslims believe that, if recited with love and devotion, the ''Burda'' can cure diseases and [[Tazkiah|purify hearts]]. Over 90 commentaries have been written on this poem and it has been translated into [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and other languages.

== Composition ==

Al-Busiri narrated the miraculous circumstances of his inspiration to write the Burdah:

I had composed a number of praise poems for the Prophet, including one that was suggested to me by my friend Zayn al-Dīn Yʿaqūb b. al-Zubayr. Some time after that, I was stricken by fālij, an illness that paralyzed half of my body. I thought that I would compose this poem, and so I made supplications to the Prophet Muḥammad to intercede for me and (and ask God to) cure me. I repeatedly sang the poem, wept, prayed, and asked for intercession. Then I slept and in my dream, I saw the Prophet. He wiped my face with his blessed hands and covered me in his cloak (burdah). Then I woke up and found I was able to walk; so I got up and left my house. I had told no one about what had happened.

I encountered a Sufi (faqīr) on my way and he said to me: “I want you to give me the poem in which you praise the Prophet.”

I said: “Which one?”

So he said: ”The one that you composed during your sickness.”

Then he recited the first verse and said: “I swear by God that I heard it in a dream last night being sung in the presence of the Prophet Muḥammad. I saw the Prophet was pleased with it and covered the person who sang it with his cloak.”

So I recited the poem to him and he memorized it and related his vision to others.

The ''Burda'' is divided into 10 chapters and 160 verses. Interspersing the verses is the refrain, "My Master, descend peace and blessings continuously and eternally on Your Beloved, the Best of All Creation" (Arabic: مولاي صلي و سلم دائما أبدا على حبيبك خير الخلق كلهم). Each verse ends with the Arabic letter ''mīm'', a style called ''mīmīya''. The 10 chapters of the ''Burda' 'comprise

*On Lyrical Love Yearning
*On Warnings about the [[Lataif-e-sitta#Latifat-an-Nafsi|Caprices of the Self]]
*On the [[Naat|Praise of the Prophet]]
*On his [[Mawlid|Birth]]
*On his [[Islamic view of miracles|Miracles]]
*On the Exalted Stature and Miraculous Merits of the [[Qur'an|Qur'ān]]
*On the [[Isra and Mi'raj|Ascension of the Prophet]]
*On the [[Ghazw|Chivalrous Struggle]] of Allah’s Messenger
*On Seeking [[Tawassul|Intercession through the Prophet]]
*On Intimate Discourse and the [[Dua|Petition]] of One’s State.

==See also==
*[[Hamd]]
*[[Na'at]]
*[[Islam]]
*[[Sufi poetry]]

==References==
<references/>

Primary Arabic Sources:

al-Anṣarī, Zakariyyā. al-zubdah al-rāyqah fī sharḥ al-burdah al-fāyqah. MS. Mejamīʾa 237. Cairo: Al-Azhar Library.

al-Bājūrī, Shaykh Ibrāhīm. Ḥashiyat burdat al-madiḥ, ed. Muhammad Effendi Mustafa. Cairo: Al-Matbaʿ al-Miṣriyyah, 1887.

Bardī, Ibn Taghrī. Al-Manhal al-ṣafī. Vol. 3 History, 1113: unpublished manuscript, Egyptian National Library and Archives

al-Būṣīrī, Imām Sharaf ad-Dīn. Dīwān al-Būṣīrī, ed. Muhammad Sayyid Kilani. Cairo: Maktabat Mustafa al-Bābī al-Halabī, 1973.

________, ed. Al-Burdah (with commentary by Sheikh Ibrahim al-Bājūrī). Edited by Ahmed Ali Ḥasan. Cairo: Maktabat al-Adab, 2006.

Ghāzī, Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Al-Zubdah fī sharḥ al-Burdah. Algeria: Al-Sharikah al-Wataniyah, 1981.

al-Hamzāwī, Shaykh Ḥasan al-ʿAdawī. Al-nafaḥat al-shadhalīyyah fi sharḥ al-burdah al-būṣīrīyyah. Cairo?: publisher unknown, 1880.

al-Ḥanbalī, Abī Falaḥ ʿAbd al-Ḥayy b. al-ʿImād. Shadharāt al-dhahab fī akhbār man dhahab. Vol. 5. 8 vols. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qudsiyyah, 1931.

al-Haytamī, Ibn Ḥajar. Sharḥ ʿalā matn al-Hamzīyyah fī madḥ khayr al-barrīyah. Cairo: Matbaʿat al-Taqqadum al-Īlmīyah, 1908.

________. Al-ʿumdah fī sharḥ al-Burdah, ed. Bassam Muhammad Barud. Dubai, UAE: Dar al-Faqih, 2003.

al-Hindi, Abū al-Ḥassanāt Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥayy al-Kanūnī. Kitāb al-fawāʾid al-bahīyyah fī tarājim al-ḥanifiyyah Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿādah, 1906.

al-Ḥusaynī, Muhammad ʿEid ʿAbdullah Yaʿqūb. Al-sharḥ al-farīd fī Burdat al-Nabi al-Ḥabīb. Damascus: Maktabat al-Farabi, 2004.

al-Kharpūtī, ʿAmr b. Aḥmad. ʿAsīdat al-shuhda: sharḥ qasīdat al-Burdah. Cairo: Bulaq: Dar al-Tibaʿah al-Bāhirah, 1844.

________. ʿAsīdat al-shuhda: sharḥ qasīdat al-Burdah. Cairo: Dar al-Jawama', 2006.

al-Kutubī, Muhammad b. Shākir b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Fawāt al-wafayāt. Vol. 2., ed. Sheikh Ali Muhammad Muʿwād. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 2000.

al-Makkī, Muḥammad ʿAli b. ʿAllān al-Sīddīqī. Al-Dhukhru wa-l-ʿuddah fī sharḥ al-Burdah, ed. Ahmet Turan Arslan. Istanbul: Faculty of Theology, University of Marmara, 1999.

al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn. Kitāb al-muqaffā al-kabīr. Vol. 5, ed. Muhammad al-Yaʿlāwī. Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, 1991.

Muḥibbī, Muḥammad Amīn ibn Faḍl Allah. Khulaṣat al-athar. Vol. 4. Beirut: Dar Ṣadr, date unknown.

al-Shawkāni, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. Al-Badr al-ṭaliʿ bi-maḥāsin man baʿda al-qarn al-sābiʿ. Vol. 2. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿādah, 1929.

al-Tūnusī, Shaykh Muḥammad al-Ṭaher b. ʿAshūr. Shifāʾ al-qalb al-jarīh bi-sharḥ Burdat al-madiḥ, ed. Muhammad ʿAwād ʿAwād. Damascus: Dar al-Taqwa, 2006.

Zadeh, Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Muṣtafā. Rāḥat al-arwāḥ. Cairo: Dar al-Jawamʿi al-Kalem, 2006.

al-Zarkashī, Muhammad b. Behader b. ʿAbdullah. Sharḥ al-Burdah. Maghāribah, MS. 2079. Cairo: Al-Azhar Library.

Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn. Al-Aʿlām: qāmūs tarājim li-ashhur al-rijāl wa-al-nisāʾ min al-ʿArab wa-al-mustʿaribīn wa-al-mustashriqīn. Beirut: Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin, 1990.

Secondary Arabic Sources:

Aḥmad, Shawqī Rīyāḥ. Shʿir al-sīrah al-nabawīyyah: dirāsah tawthīqīyyah. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'mun, 1987.

Amīn, Fawzī Muḥammad. Al-mujtamʿa al-misrī fi adab al-ʿasr al-mamlūkī al-awal. Cairo: Dar al-Maʿārif, 1982.

ʿAshshāb, ʿAbd al-Ṣamad. Al-Būṣīrī shāʿir al-madīḥ al-nabawwī: dirāsah tahlīlīyyah muʿazzazah bi-qasīdatay al-burdah wa-al-hamzīyyah. Rabat, Morocco: Al-Jam'iyah al-Maghribiyah lil-Tadamun al-Islami, 1999.

ʿAzab, Zaynab. Burdat al-rasūl sallā Allahu alayhī wa-salam: ruʾyah jadīdah. Cairo: Maktabat Madbuli, 1984.

ʿEid, Ṣālah. Madīḥ al-Rasūl fī fajr al-Islām. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'rifah, 1975.

________. Madīḥ al-rasūl baʿada ḥayatihi: min al-takwīn ilā al-nuḍj. Cairo: Matabi' al-Nashr al-Arabi, 1979.

al-Fanjārī, Aḥmad Shawqī. Al-Islām wa-al-funūn. Cairo: Dar al-Amin, 1998.

al-Fayūmī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Maʿa al-Būṣīrī wa Ibn ʿAṭāʾAllah. Cairo: Maktabat al-Anglo al-Masriyyah, 1983.

al-Gamāl, Ahmad Ṣādiq. Al-adab al-ʿāmī fī Miṣr fi al-ʿaṣr al-mamlūkī. Cairo: Al-Maktabah al-Arabiyyah, 1966.

Ḥasanein, Aḥmad Ṭāher. "Iṭlālah ālā Burdat al-Būṣīrī wa tarāsilātiha" Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics 23, no. Literature and the Sacred (2003): 96-117.

Ḥusayn, ʿAlī Ṣāfī. Al-madīḥ al-nabawwī fī al-qarn al-awwal al-hijrī. Cairo: Al-Majlis al-A'la lil-Shi'un al-Islamiyah, 1968.

Jād al-Rabb, Ibrāhīm al-Dusūqī. Ḥawla al-Burdah. Cairo: Markaz Jami'at al-Qahirah, 1997.

Khafājī, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Munʿim. Al-adab fī al-turāth al-ṣufī. Cairo: Maktabat Gharīb, 1980.

Kīlānī, Muḥammad Sayyid. Dīwān al-Būṣīrī Cairo: Maktabat Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1973.

Makkī, Maḥmūd ʿAlī. Al-madāʾiḥ al-nabawīyyah. Giza, Egypt: Al-Sherkah al-Misriyah al-Alamiyah lil-Nashr, 1991.

Matʿanī, ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm Ibrāhīm. Al-hamzīyyah fī madḥ khayr al-barīyyah: raʾiyyat al-Imām al-Būṣīrī : ʿarḍ wa-sharḥ wa-taḥlīl, sīrah, tarīkh, hiwār, balāghah, adab, waṣf. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah, 2002.

Miṣrī, Ḥusayn Mujīb. Ghazāwāt al-rasūl bayna shuʿaraʾ al-shʿuʾub al-Islāmīyyah: dirāsah fī adab al-Islāmī al-muqāran. Cairo: Al-Dar al-Thiqafiyah lil-Nashr, 2000.

Mubārak, Zakī. Al-Madāʾiḥ al-nabawīyyah fī al-adab al-ʿarabī. Cairo: Dar al-Katib al-Arabi, 1935.

________. Al-Tasawwūf al-Islāmī fī al-adab wa-al-akhlāq. Beirut: Al-Maktabah al-Asriyah lil-Tiba'ah wa-al-nashr, 1970.

Muḥammad, Maḥmūd Sālim. Al-Madāʾiḥ al-nabawīyyah ḥattā nihāyat al-ʿasr al-mamlūkī. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr al-Mu'asir, 1996.

Muṣtafā, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Shafāʿat al-rasūl bayna al-tashkīk wa-al-yaqīn. Cairo: Mu'assasat Dar al-Sha'b, 2000.

Najjār, Aḥmad Muḥammad. Maḍmūn al-midḥah al-nabawīyyah. Cairo: Dar al-Fadilah, 1997.

Qabbānī, ʿAbd al-ʿAlīm. Al-Būṣīrī: ḥayātuhu wa shʿiruh. Alexandria: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1968.

al-Ramlī, Muḥammad Shūmān b. Aḥmad. Ruʾyat al-nabī fī al-manām. Amman: Dar al-Nafa'is, 2003.

Sarkīs, Yūsuf. Muʿajam al-maṭbūʿāt al-ʿarabiyyah wa al-muʿarrabah. Vol. 1. Cairo: Matba'at Sarkis bi Misr, 1928.

Shabīb, Ghāzī. Fan al-madīḥ al-nabawwī fī al-ʿasr al-mamlūkī. Beirut: Al-Maktabah al-'Asriyyah, 1998.

Shalabī, Muḥammad. Sharḥ al-hamzīyyah fī madḥ khayr al-barīyyah lil-Imām al-Būṣīrī Cairo: Maktabat al-Adab, 1997.

ʿUthmān, Fatḥī Muḥammad. Al-Imām al-Būṣīrī Cairo: Al-Majlis al-'Ala lil-Shu'un al-Islamiyyah, 1970.

English-Language Sources:

Abubakre, Razaq and Stefan Reichmuth. "Arabic Writing Between Global and Local Culture: Scholars and Poets in Yorubaland (Southwestern Nigeria)." Research in African Literatures 28, no. 3 (1997): 183-209.

Basset, Rene. "Burda." In Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill Online, 2008.

al-Busiri, Muhammad Sharif al-Dīn. A Reader on Islam. Translated by Arthur Jeffery. Gravenhage: Mouton, 1962.

al-Busiri, Sharaf ad-Din Muhammad ibn Sa'id. La Bordah du cheikh el Bousiri: poeme en l'honneur de Mohammed. Translated by Rene Basset. Paris: E. Leroux, 1894.

________. Al-Busiri's Burdah. Translated by Thoraya Mahdi Allam. Cairo: General Egyptian Book Organization 1987.

________. The Burda: The Poem of the Cloak of al-Busiri. Translated by Hamza Yusuf. Thaxted, Essex: Sandala Ltd., 2002.

DeWeese, Devin A. "The Kashf al-Huda of Kamal ad-Din Husayn Khorezmi: A Fifteenth-Century Sufi Commentary of the Qasidat al-Burdah in Khorezmian Turkic." PhD dissertation, Indiana University, 1985.

Goldziher, Ignace. A Short History of Classical Arabic Literature. Translated by Joseph Desomogyi. Berlin: Hildesheim, 1966.

Millie, Julian. "Addendum to Drews: The Burda of al-Busiri and the Miracles of Abdulqadir al-Jaelani in West Java." Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land- en Volkenkunde 161, no. 1 (2005): 98-126.

Mutiso, Kineene Wa. "Al-Busiri and Muhammad Mshela: Two Great Sufi Poets." Swahili Forum 11 (2004): 83-90.

Necipoglu, Gulru. Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.

Padwick, Constance Evelyn. Muslims Devotions: A Study of Prayer-Manuals in Common Use. London: SPCK, 1961.

Rizvi, Khurshid. "The Tomb of al-Busiri." Hamdard Islamicus 4, no. 1 (1981): 71-75.

Schimmel, Annemarie. And Muhammad Is His Messenger. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1985.

Sperl, Stefan and Christopher Shackle, ed. Qasida Poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa. Edited by J.E. Montgomery and R.M.A. Allen. Vol. I, Classical Traditions and Modern Meanings. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.

Stetkyvch, Suzanne. "From Text to Talisman: Al-Busiri's Qasidat al-Burdah (Mantle Ode) and the Supplicatory Ode." Journal of Arabic Literature 37, no. 2 (2006): 145-189.

________. "From Sirah to Qasidah: Poetics and Polemics in Al-Busiri's Qasidat al-Burdah (Mantle Ode)." Journal of Arabic Literature 38, no. 1 (2007): 1-52.

==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/art/alburda.shtml Al-Burda on the BBC]
*[http://www.iqra.net/qasaaid1/burda Iqra.net: The Prophet's Mantle]
*[http://www.deenislam.co.uk/burdah/burdah.htm Translation of al-Burda and other resources]
*[http://www.ishaateislam.com/Audio/qasida/hb63/hb63.html Recitation of Qasida Al Burda]

[[Category:Islamic poetry]]
[[Category:Sufi literature]]

[[ar:البردة (قصيدة)]]
[[so:Burda]]
[[ur:قصیدہ بردہ شریف]]

Hormuud Telecom

2010-03-02T18:06:01Z

Alshareeca:

{{unreferenced|date=February 2010}}
{{Infobox_Company |
company_name = Hormuud Telecom (Hortel)|
company_logo = [[Image:Hortel logo.jpg|200px]] |
company_type = [[Private company|Private]]. Owned by Somali Investers |
location = {{flagicon|SOM}} [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]] |
products = G.S.M.-related and fixed line products |
homepage = [http://www.hortel.net] |
industry = Telecommunications |
num_employees = 4000 |
operating_income= N/A|
net_income = N/A
}}
'''Hormuud Telecom Somalia Inc.''' (HORTEL), is a privately-held [[telecommunications company]] established in April 2002 in [[Somalia]], with its headquarters is in [[Mogadishu]].

More then 600 Somali investors have shares in Hormuud Telecom. It's one of the leading [[Telecommunication Services Provider]] (TSP) in Southern and Central Somalia. Hormuud Telecom provides a variety of Telecommunication service such as fixed line, [[GSM]] service and Data services.

Hormuud employs more than 4000 full time and part time staff with different specialties such as Telecommunication Engineering, Customer Services, Sales and Marketing and financial experts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hormuud-telecom-extends-microwave-backbone-through-addition-of-harris-stratex-networks-technology-82675657.html|title=Hormuud Telecom Extends Microwave Backbone Through Addition of Harris Stratex Networks Technology |publisher=PR Newswire}}</ref>

Its headquarters is located in HORTEL Building, Darusalam Building in [[Bakara Market]], [[Mogadishu]]. It has other offices in the Hiliwaa district, Madina, Kaaraan, other districts in Mogadishu, also every city in Southern and Central Somalia.

Its main rivals are [[Telcom Somalia]] and [[Nationlinks]].

==ZAAD Service==
ZAAD Services is a [[mobile banking]] service, allowing customers to use their money for transfers, purchases, payment of bills , and airtime recharge.

The service has been launched at 20 February 2010. Although the service is and remains one of the most interesting and influential innovations in both the Telecom and remittance industries. It is intended to facilitate sharing of airtime or credit with friends and family, using it for shopping as an alternative to carrying cash around and paying the telephone bills all over the mobile phone. According to the company, this service is intended to facilitate remittance via the mobile devices as well, albeit in a local sense.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shabelle.net/news/viewnews.asp?newsid=11681 |title=Munaasabad Xariga looga jarayay Adeeg Cusub oo la magacbaxay Zaad Service oo maanta lagu qabtay xarumaha Shirkadda Hormuud ee dalka Soomaaliya. |author=Shabelle Media Network |language=Somali |accessdate=20 February 2010}}</ref>

==E-Voucher Service==
E-Voucher replaces scratch-off cards, which are more costly to handle more risk to keep by the retailers and the customers and may have a high instance of theft which needs more security for the retailerwhile E-voucher is more secure and quicker.

E-Voucher is a [[USSD]]-based credit transfer facility that enables all Hormuud customers to transfer credits from their account to any other Hormuud customer.

==See also==
*[[Golis Telecom Somalia]]
*[[Telesom]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*http://www.hortel.net

[[Category:Telecommunications companies of Somalia]]
[[so:Shirkada Isgaariinta Hormuud]]

Amharic

2010-01-06T11:01:43Z

Alshareeca:

{{distinguish2|the [[Aramaic language]]}}
{{Contains Ethiopic text}}
{{Infobox Language
|name=Amharic
|nativename=አማርኛ ''amarəñña''
|pronunciation=/amarɨɲɲa/
|states={{ETH}} {{ERI}}
|speakers=25,000,000+ total, 15,000,000+ monolinguals (1998)
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=[[South Semitic languages|South Semitic]]
|fam4=[[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Ethiopian]]
|fam5=[[South Ethiopian Semitic languages|South]]
|fam6=[[Transversal South Ethiopian Semitic languages|Transversal]]
|fam7=[[Amharic-Argobba languages|Amharic-Argobba]]
|script=[[Ge'ez alphabet]] [[abugida]]
|nation=[[Ethiopia]] and the following specific regions: [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa City Council]], [[Amhara Region]], [[Benishangul-Gumuz Region]], [[Dire Dawa|Dire Dawa Administrative council]], [[Gambela Region]], [[Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region|SNNPR]]
|agency=''no official regulation''
|iso1=am|iso2=amh|iso3=amh}}

'''Amharic''' (አማርኛ ''amarəñña'') is a [[Semitic languages|Semitic language]] spoken in North Central [[Ethiopia]] by the [[Amhara people|Amhara]]. It is the second most-spoken Semitic language in the world, after [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and the official working language of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Thus, it has official status and is used nationwide. Amharic is also the official or working language of several of the states within the federal system, including the [[Amhara Region]] and the multi-ethnic [[Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region]], among others. It has been the working language of government, the military, and of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] throughout medieval and modern times. Outside Ethiopia, Amharic is the language of some 2.7 million emigrants (notably in [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], and [[Sweden]]).

It is written using Amharic Fidel, ፊደል, which grew out of the [[Ge'ez abugida]]—called, in [[Ethiopian Semitic languages]], ፊደል ''fidel'' ("alphabet", "letter," or "character") and አቡጊዳ ''abugida'' (from the first four [[Ethiopic]] letters which gave rise to the modern linguistic term ''[[abugida]]'').

== Sounds and orthography ==
=== Consonant and vowel phonemes ===
[[Image:Ethiopian Air aircraft showing Ethiopic script.jpg|right|thumb|The Ethiopic (or Ge'ez) writing system is visible on the side of this [[Ethiopian Airlines]] aircraft: it reads "Ethiopian": የኢትዮጵያ (ye-Ītyōṗṗyā).]]
There is no agreed way of transliterating Amharic into Roman characters.
The Amharic examples in the sections below use one system that is common, though not universal, among linguists
specializing in Ethiopian Semitic languages. The Amharic ejectives correspond to the [[Proto-Semitic]] "[[emphatic consonants]]", usually transcribed with a [[dot (diacritic)|dot]] below the letter.
The consonant and vowel charts give these symbols in parentheses where
they differ from the standard [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbols.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Consonants'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA|n}}
|{{IPA|ɲ}} (ñ)
|
|
|-align=center
!rowspan="3"|[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!voiceless
|{{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA|t}}
|
|{{IPA|k}}
|{{IPA|ʔ}} {{Unicode|(ʾ)}}
|-align=center
!voiced
|{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|d}}
|
|{{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|-align=center
![[Ejective consonant|ejective]]
|{{IPA|pʼ}} (p', p̣)
|{{IPA|tʼ}} (t', {{Unicode|ṭ}})
|
|{{IPA|kʼ}} (q, {{Unicode|ḳ}})
|
|-align=center
!rowspan="3"|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!voiceless
|
|
|{{IPA|tʃ}} (č)
|
|
|-align=center
!voiced
|
|
|{{IPA|dʒ}} {{Unicode|(ǧ)}}
|
|
|-align=center
![[Ejective consonant|ejective]]
|
|{{IPA|tsʼ}} (s')
|{{IPA|tʃʼ}} (č', č̣)
|
|
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!voiceless
|{{IPA|f}}
|{{IPA|s}}
|{{IPA|ʃ}} (š)
|
|{{IPA|h}}
|-align=center
!voiced
|
|{{IPA|z}}
|{{IPA|ʒ}} (ž)
|
|
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|{{IPA|j}} (y)
|{{IPA|w}}
|
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|{{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Vowels'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|{{IPA|i}}
|{{IPA|ɨ}} (ə)
|{{IPA|u}}
|-
!Mid
|{{IPA|e}}
|{{IPA|ə}} (ä)
|{{IPA|o}}
|-
!Low
|
|{{IPA|a}}
|
|}
[[Image:Amharic vowel chart.svg|300px]]
 

=== Fidel signs ===
{{See also|Ge'ez alphabet}}

The following chart represents the basic forms of the consonants, ignoring the so-called "bastard" (Amh. ዲቃላ {{Unicode|dīḳālā}}) labiovelarized forms of each consonant (represented by the addition of a superscripted "w," i.e. {{Unicode|"ʷ"}}) and not including the wholly labiovelarized consonants {{Unicode|ḳʷ, hʷ}} ([[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] {{Unicode|ḫʷ}}), {{Unicode|kʷ}}, and {{Unicode|gʷ}}. Some phonemes can be represented by more than one series of symbols: {{unicode|/'/}}, /s'/, and {{unicode|/h/}} (the last has ''four'' distinct letter forms). The citation form for each series is the ''consonant+/ä/'' form, i.e. the first column of ''fidel''. You will need a font that supports Ethiopic, such as [ftp://ftp.ethiopic.org/pub/fonts/TrueType/gfzemenu.ttf GF Zemen Unicode], in order to view the ''fidel''.

Non-speakers are often disconcerted or astonished by the remarkable similarity of many of the symbols. This is mitigated somewhat because, like many [[Semitic languages]], Amharic uses [[Triliteral|triconsonantal root]]s in its verb morphology. The result of this is that a fluent speaker of Amharic can often decipher written text by observing the consonants, with the vowel variants being supplemental detail.

[[Image:Amharic Coca Cola bottle.jpg|thumb|A modern usage of Amharic: the label of a [[Coca-Cola]] bottle. The script reads '''ኮካ-ኮላ''' (''koka-kola'').]]

{|class="wikitable"
|+'''Chart of Amharic fidels'''
!
!''ä''
!''u''
!''i''
!''a''
!''e''
!''ə''
!''o''
|-
|''h''||ሀ||ሁ||ሂ||ሃ||ሄ||ህ||ሆ
|-
|''l''||ለ||ሉ||ሊ||ላ||ሌ||ል||ሎ
|-
|''h''||ሐ||ሑ||ሒ||ሓ||ሔ||ሕ||ሖ
|-
|''m''||መ||ሙ||ሚ||ማ||ሜ||ም||ሞ
|-
|''s''||ሠ||ሡ||ሢ||ሣ||ሤ||ሥ||ሦ
|-
|''r''||ረ||ሩ||ሪ||ራ||ሬ||ር||ሮ
|-
|''s''||ሰ||ሱ||ሲ||ሳ||ሴ||ስ||ሶ
|-
|''š''||ሸ||ሹ||ሺ||ሻ||ሼ||ሽ||ሾ
|-
|''q''||ቀ||ቁ||ቂ||ቃ||ቄ||ቅ||ቆ
|-
|''b''||በ||ቡ||ቢ||ባ||ቤ||ብ||ቦ
|-
|''t''||ተ||ቱ||ቲ||ታ||ቴ||ት||ቶ
|-
|''{{transl|sem|č}}''||ቸ||ቹ||ቺ||ቻ||ቼ||ች||ቾ
|-
|''h''||ኀ||ኁ||ኂ||ኃ||ኄ||ኅ||ኆ
|-
|''n''||ነ||ኑ||ኒ||ና||ኔ||ን||ኖ
|-
|''ñ''||ኘ||ኙ||ኚ||ኛ||ኜ||ኝ||ኞ
|-
|{{transl|sem|ʾ}}||አ||ኡ||ኢ||ኣ||ኤ||እ||ኦ
|-
|''k''||ከ||ኩ||ኪ||ካ||ኬ||ክ||ኮ
|-
|''h''||ኸ||ኹ||ኺ||ኻ||ኼ||ኽ||ኾ
|-
|''w''||ወ||ዉ||ዊ||ዋ||ዌ||ው||ዎ
|-
|{{transl|sem|ʾ}}||ዐ||ዑ||ዒ||ዓ||ዔ||ዕ||ዖ
|-
|''z''||ዘ||ዙ||ዚ||ዛ||ዜ||ዝ||ዞ
|-
|''{{transl|sem|ž}}''||ዠ||ዡ||ዢ||ዣ||ዤ||ዥ||ዦ
|-
|''y''||የ||ዩ||ዪ||ያ||ዬ||ይ||ዮ
|-
|''d''||ደ||ዱ||ዲ||ዳ||ዴ||ድ||ዶ
|-
|''{{unicode|ǧ}}''||ጀ||ጁ||ጂ||ጃ||ጄ||ጅ||ጆ
|-
|''g''||ገ||ጉ||ጊ||ጋ||ጌ||ግ||ጎ
|-
|''t'''||ጠ||ጡ||ጢ||ጣ||ጤ||ጥ||ጦ
|-
|''č'''||ጨ||ጩ||ጪ||ጫ||ጬ||ጭ||ጮ
|-
|''p'''||ጰ||ጱ||ጲ||ጳ||ጴ||ጵ||ጶ
|-
|''s'''||ጸ||ጹ||ጺ||ጻ||ጼ||ጽ||ጾ
|-
|''s'''||ፀ||ፁ||ፂ||ፃ||ፄ||ፅ||ፆ
|-
|''f''||ፈ||ፉ||ፊ||ፋ||ፌ||ፍ||ፎ
|-
|''p''||ፐ||ፑ||ፒ||ፓ||ፔ||ፕ||ፖ
|}

=== Gemination ===
As in most other [[Ethiopian Semitic languages]], [[gemination]] is [[phoneme|contrastive]] in Amharic. That is, consonant length can distinguish words from one another; for example, ''alä'' 'he said', ''allä'' 'there is'; {{unicode|''yǝmätall''}} 'he hits', {{unicode|''yǝmmättall''}} 'he is hit'. Gemination is not indicated in Amharic orthography, but since there are relatively few [[minimal pair]]s such as these, Amharic readers seem not to find this to be a problem. This property of the writing system is analogous to the vowels of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] or the [[tone (linguistics)|tones]] of many Bantu languages, which are not normally indicated in writing. The noted Ethiopian novelist [[Haddis Alemayehu]], who was an advocate of Amharic orthography reform, indicated gemination in his novel {{unicode|''Fǝqǝr Ǝskä Mäqabǝr''}} by placing a dot above the characters whose consonants were geminated, but this practice has not caught on.

== Grammar ==
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
In most languages, there is a small number of basic distinctions of [[grammatical person|person]], [[grammatical number|number]], and often [[grammatical gender|gender]] that play a role within the grammar of the language. We see these distinctions within the basic set of independent [[personal pronoun]]s, for example, English ''I'', Amharic እኔ ''{{unicode|ǝne}}''; English ''she'', Amharic እሷ ''{{unicode|ǝsswa}}''. In Amharic, as in other Semitic languages, the same distinctions appear in three other places within the grammar of the languages.
; Subject-verb agreement
: All Amharic verbs [[agreement (linguistics)|agree]] with their [[subject (grammar)|subjects]]; that is, the person, number, and (2nd and 3rd person singular) gender of the subject of the verb are marked by [[affix|suffixes or prefixes]] on the verb. Because the affixes that signal subject agreement vary greatly with the particular verb [[grammatical tense|tense]]/[[grammatical aspect|aspect]]/[[grammatical mood|mood]], they are normally not considered to be pronouns and are discussed elsewhere in this article under verb [[#conjugation|conjugation]].
; Object pronoun suffixes
: Amharic verbs often have additional morphology that indicates the person, number, and (2nd and 3rd person singular) gender of the object of the verb.
:{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| አልማዝን
| አየኋት
|-
| {{unicode|''almazǝn}}
| {{unicode|ayyähʷ'''-at'''''}}
|-
| style="width:80px" | Almaz-[[accusative case|ACC]]
| style="width:80px" | I-saw-'''her'''
|-
| colspan="2" | 'I saw Almaz'
|}
: While morphemes such as ''-at'' in this example are sometimes described as signaling [[object (grammar)|object]] agreement, analogous to subject agreement, they are more often thought of as object pronoun [[affix|suffixes]] because, unlike the markers of subject agreement, they do not vary significantly with the tense/aspect/mood of the verb. For [[verb argument|arguments]] of the verb other than the subject or the object, there are two separate sets of related suffixes, one with a [[benefactive]] meaning ('to', 'for'), the other with an adversative or locative meaning ('against', 'to the detriment of', 'on', 'at').
:{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| ለአልማዝ
| በሩን
| ከፈትኩላት
|-
| style="width:100px" | {{unicode|''lä’almaz}}
| style="width:100px" | bärrun
| style="width:100px" | käffätku'''-llat'''''
|-
| for-Almaz
| door-[[Definiteness|DEF]]-[[accusative case|ACC]]
| I-opened-'''for-her'''
|-
| colspan="3" | 'I opened the door for Almaz'
|}
:{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| በአልማዝ
| በሩን
| ዘጋሁባት
|-
| style="width:100px" | {{unicode|''bä’almaz}}
| style="width:100px" | bärrun
| style="width:100px" | zäggahu'''-bbat'''''
|-
| on-Almaz
| door-[[Definiteness|DEF]]-[[accusative case|ACC]]
| I-closed-'''on-her'''
|-
| colspan="3" | 'I closed the door on Almaz (to her detriment)'
|}
: Morphemes such as ''-llat'' and ''-bbat'' in these example will be referred to in this article as '''prepositional object pronoun suffixes''' because they correspond to prepositional phrases such as 'for her' and 'on her', to distinguish them from the '''direct object pronoun suffixes''' such as ''-at'' 'her'.
; Possessive suffixes
: Amharic has a further set of morphemes which are suffixed to nouns, signalling [[possession (linguistics)|possession]]: ቤት ''bet'' 'house', ቤቴ ''bete'' 'my house', ቤቷ ''betwa'' 'her house'.

In each of these four aspects of the grammar, independent pronouns, subject-verb agreement, object pronoun suffixes, and possessive suffixes, Amharic distinguishes eight combinations of person, number, and gender.
For first person, there is a two-way distinction between singular ('I') and plural ('we'), whereas for second and third persons, there is a distinction between singular and plural and within the singular a further distinction between masculine and feminine ('you m. sg.', 'you f. sg.', 'you pl.', 'he', 'she', 'they').

Like other Semitic languages, Amharic is a [[pro-drop language]].
That is, neutral sentences in which no element is emphasized normally do not have independent pronouns: ኢትዮጵያዊ ነው {{unicode|''ityop'p'ǝyawi näw''}} 'he's Ethiopian,' ጋበዝኳት ''‘gabbäzkwat'' 'I invited her'. The Amharic words that translate 'he', 'I', and 'her' do not appear in these sentences as independent words. However, in such cases, the person, number, and (2nd or 3rd person singular) gender of the subject and object are marked on the verb. When the subject or object in such sentences is emphasized, an independent pronoun is used: እሱ ኢትዮጵያዊ ነው {{unicode|'''''ǝssu''' ityop'p'ǝyawi näw''}} ''''he''''s Ethiopian', እኔ ጋበዝኳት ''{{unicode|'''ǝne''' gabbäzkwat''}} ''''I''' invited her', እሷን ጋበዝኳት ''{{unicode|'''ǝsswan''' gabbäzkwat''}} 'I invited '''her''''.

The table below shows alternatives for many of the forms.
The choice depends on what precedes the form in question, usually whether this is a vowel or a consonant, for example, for the 1st person singular possessive suffix, አገሬ ''agär-e'' 'my country', ገላዬ ''gäla-ye'' 'my body'.

{| border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center"
|+Amharic Personal Pronouns
! rowspan="3" | English
! rowspan="3" | Independent
! colspan="3" | Object pronoun suffixes
! rowspan="3" | Possessive suffixes
|-
! rowspan ="2" | Direct
! colspan="2" | Prepositional
|-
! Benefactive
! Locative/Adversative
|-
| I
| እኔ {{unicode|ǝne}}
| {{unicode|-(ä/ǝ)ñ}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)llǝñ}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)bbǝñ}}
| {{unicode|-(y)e}}
|-
| you (m. sg.)
| አንተ {{unicode|antä}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)h}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)llǝh}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)bbǝh}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)h}}
|-
| you (f. sg.)
| አንቺ {{unicode|anči}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)š}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)llǝš}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)bbǝš}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)š}}
|-
| he
| እሱ {{unicode|ǝssu}}
| {{unicode|-(ä)w, -t}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)llät}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)bbät}}
| {{unicode|-(w)u}}
|-
| she
| እሷ {{unicode|ǝsswa}}
| -at
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)llat}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)bbat}}
| -wa
|-
| we
| እኛ {{unicode|ǝñña}}
| {{unicode|-(ä/ǝ)n}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)llǝn}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)bbǝn}}
| {{unicode|-aččǝn}}
|-
| you (pl.)
| እናንተ {{unicode|ǝnnantä}}
| {{unicode|-aččǝhu}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)llaččǝhu}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)bbaččǝhu}}
| {{unicode|-aččǝhu}}
|-
| they
| እነሱ {{unicode|ǝnnässu}}
| {{unicode|-aččäw}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)llaččäw}}
| {{unicode|-(ǝ)bbaččäw}}
| {{unicode|-aččäw}}
|}

Within second and third person singular, there are two additional "polite" independent pronouns, for reference to people that the speaker wishes to show respect towards.
This usage is an example of the so-called [[T-V distinction]] that is made in many languages.
The polite pronouns in Amharic are እርስዎ {{unicode|''ǝrswo''}} 'you sg. pol.' and እሳቸው {{unicode|''ǝssaččäw''}} 'he/she pol.'. Although these forms are singular semantically — they refer to one person — they correspond to 3rd person plural elsewhere in the grammar, as is common in other [[T-V distinction|T-V systems]]. For the possessive pronouns, however, the polite 2nd person has the special suffix ''-wo'' 'your sg. pol.'.

For possessive pronouns ('mine', 'yours', etc.), Amharic adds the independent pronouns to the preposition ''yä-'' 'of': የኔ ''yäne'' 'mine', ያንተ ''yantä'' 'yours m. sg.', ያንቺ {{unicode|''yanči''}} 'yours f. sg.', የሷ ''yässwa'' 'hers', etc.

====Reflexive pronouns====
For [[reflexive pronoun]]s ('myself', 'yourself', etc.), Amharic adds the possessive suffixes to the noun ራስ {{unicode|''ras''}} 'head': ራሴ {{unicode|''rase''}} 'myself', ራሷ {{unicode|''raswa''}} 'herself', etc.

====Demonstrative pronouns====
Like English, Amharic makes a two-way distinction between near ('this, these') and far ('that, those') [[demonstrative]] expressions (pronouns, adjectives, adverbs). Besides number, as in English, Amharic also distinguishes masculine and feminine gender in the singular.
{| border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; margin-right: 20px;"
|+Amharic Demonstrative Pronouns
! colspan="2" | Number, Gender
! Near
! Far
|-
| rowspan="2" | Singular
| Masculine
| ይህ {{unicode|yǝh(ǝ)}}
| ያ {{unicode|ya}}
|-
| Feminine
| ይቺ {{unicode|yǝčči}}, ይህች {{unicode|yǝhǝčč}}
| ያቺ {{unicode|yačči}}
|-
| colspan="2" | Plural
| እነዚህ {{unicode|ǝnnäzzih}}
| እነዚያ {{unicode|ǝnnäzziya}}
|}
There are also separate demonstratives for formal reference, comparable to the formal personal pronouns: እኚህ {{unicode|''ǝññih''}} 'this, these (formal)' and እኒያ {{unicode|''ǝnniya''}} 'that, those (formal)'.

The singular pronouns have combining forms beginning with ''zz'' instead of ''y'' when they follow a preposition: ስለዚህ {{unicode|''sǝläzzih''}} 'because of this; therefore', እንደዚያ {{unicode|''ǝndäzziya''}} 'like that'. Note that the plural demonstratives, like the second and third person plural personal pronouns, are formed by adding the plural prefix እነ {{unicode|''ǝnnä-''}} to the singular masculine forms.

===Nouns===
Amharic [[noun]]s can be primary or derived. A noun like ''{{unicode|əgər}}'' 'foot, leg' is primary, and a noun like ''{{unicode|əgr-äñña}}'' 'pedestrian' is a derived noun.
====Gender====
Amharic nouns can have a masculine or feminine [[grammatical gender|gender]]. There are several ways to express gender. An example is the old suffix ''-t'' for feminity. This suffix is no longer productive and is limited to certain patterns and some isolated nouns. Nouns and adjectives ending in ''-awi'' usually take the suffix ''-t'' to form the feminine form, e.g. ''ityop':ya-(a)wi'' 'Ethiopian (m.)' vs. ''ityop':ya-wi-t'' 'Ethiopian (f.)'; ''sämay-awi'' 'heavenly (m.)' vs. ''sämay-awi-t'' 'heavenly (f.)'. This suffix also occurs in nouns and adjective based on the pattern ''{{unicode|qət(t)ul}}'', e.g. ''{{unicode|nəgus}}'' 'king' vs. ''{{unicode|nəgəs-t}}'' 'queen' and ''{{unicode|qəddus}}'' 'holy (m.)' vs. ''{{unicode|qəddəs-t}}'' 'holy (f.)'.

Some nouns and adjectives take a feminine marker ''-it'': ''{{unicode|ləǧ}}'' 'child, boy' vs. ''{{unicode|ləǧ-it}}'' 'girl'; ''bäg'' 'sheep, ram' vs. ''bäg-it'' 'ewe'; ''{{unicode|šəmagəlle}}'' 'senior, elder (m.)' vs. ''{{unicode|šəmagəll-it}}'' 'old woman'; ''t'ot'a'' 'monkey' vs. ''t'ot'-it'' 'monkey (f.)'. Some nouns have this feminine marker without having a masculine opposite, e.g. ''{{unicode|šärär-it}}'' 'spider', ''azur-it'' 'whirlpool, eddy'. There are, however, also nouns having this ''-it'' suffix that are treated as masculine: ''säraw-it'' 'army', ''nägar-it'' 'big drum'.

The feminine gender is not only used to indicate biological gender, but may also be used to express smallness, e.g. ''bet-it-u'' 'the little house' (lit. house-FEM-DEF). The feminine marker can also serve to express tenderness or sympathy.

=====Specifiers=====
Amharic has special words that can be used to indicate the gender of people and animals. For people, ''wänd'' is used for masculinity and ''set'' for femininity, e.g. ''wänd {{unicode|ləǧ}}'' 'boy', ''set {{unicode|ləǧ}}'' 'girl'; ''wänd hakim'' 'physician, doctor (m.)', ''set hakim'' 'physician, doctor (f.)'.
For animals, the words ''täbat'', ''awra'', or ''wänd'' (less usual) can be used to indicate masculine gender, and ''{{unicode|anəst}}'' or ''set'' to indicate feminine gender. Examples: ''täbat {{unicode|t'əǧa}}'' 'calf (m.)'; ''awra doro'' 'cock (rooster)'; ''set doro'' 'hen'.

====Plural====
The plural suffix ''{{unicode|-očč}}'' is used to express plurality of nouns. Some [[Morphophonology|morphophonological]] alternations occur depending on the final consonant or vowel. For nouns ending in a consonant, plain ''{{unicode|-očč}}'' is used: ''bet'' 'house' becomes ''{{unicode|bet-očč}}'' 'houses'. For nouns ending in a [[back vowel]] (-a, -o, -u), the suffix takes the form ''{{unicode|-ʷočč}}'', e.g. ''{{unicode|wəšša}}'' 'dog', ''{{unicode|wəšša-ʷočč}}'' 'dogs'; ''käbäro'' 'drum', ''{{unicode|käbäro-ʷočč}}'' 'drums'. Nouns that end in a [[front vowel]] pluralize using ''{{unicode|-ʷočč}}'' or ''{{unicode|-yočč}}'', e.g. ''{{unicode|s'ähafi}}'' 'scholar', ''{{unicode|s'ähafi-ʷočč}}'' or ''{{unicode|s'ähafi-yočč}}'' 'scholars'. Another possibility for nouns ending in a vowel is to delete the vowel and use plain ''{{unicode|očč}}'', as in ''{{unicode|wəšš-očč}}'' 'dogs'.

Besides using the normal external plural (''-očč''), nouns and adjectives can be pluralized by way of [[reduplication|reduplicating]] one of the ''radicals''. For example, ''wäyzäro'' 'lady' can take the normal plural, yielding ''{{unicode|wäyzär-očč}}'', but ''{{unicode|wäyzazər}}'' 'ladies' is also found (Leslau 1995:173).

Some [[kinship]]-terms have two plural forms with a slightly different meaning. For example, ''{{unicode|wändəmm}}'' 'brother' can be pluralized as ''{{unicode|wändəmm-očč}}'' 'brothers' but also as ''{{unicode|wändəmmam-ač}}'' 'brothers of each other'. Likewise, ''{{unicode|əhət}}'' 'sister' can be pluralized as ''{{unicode|əhət-očč}}'' ('sisters'), but also as ''{{unicode|ətəmm-am-ač}}'' 'sisters of each other'.

In [[compound (linguistics)|compound words]], the plural marker is suffixed to the second noun: ''{{unicode|betä krəstiyan}}'' 'church' (lit. house of Christian) becomes ''{{unicode|betä krəstiyan-očč}}'' 'churches'.

=====Archaic forms=====
[[Amsalu Aklilu]] has pointed out that Amharic has inherited a large number of old plural forms directly from [[Ge'ez language|Classical Ethiopic (Ge'ez)]] (Leslau 1995:172). There are basic two archaic pluralizing strategies, called external and internal plural. The external plural consists of adding the suffix ''-an'' (usually masculine) or ''-at'' (usually feminine) to the singular form. The internal plural employs vowel quality or [[apophony]] to pluralize words, similar to English ''man'' vs. ''men'' and ''goose'' vs. ''geese''. Sometimes combinations of the two systems are found. The archaic plural forms are not productive anymore, which means that they are not be used to form new plurals.

*Examples of the external plural: ''{{unicode|mämhər}}'' 'teacher', ''{{unicode|mämhər-an}}''; ''{{unicode|t'äbib}}'' 'wise person', ''{{unicode|t'äbib-an}}''; ''{{unicode|kahən}}'' 'priest', ''{{unicode|kahən-at}}''; {{unicode|qal}} 'word', ''{{unicode|qal-at}}''.
*Examples of the internal plural: ''{{unicode|dəngəl}}'' 'virgin', ''{{unicode|dänagəl}}''; ''hagär'' 'land', ''{{unicode|ahəgur}}''.
*Examples of combined systems: ''{{unicode|nəgus}}'' 'king', ''{{unicode|nägäs-t}}''; ''{{unicode|kokäb}}'' 'star', ''{{unicode|käwakəb-t}}''; ''{{unicode|mäs'əhaf}}'' 'book', ''{{unicode|mäs'ahəf-t}}''.

====Definiteness====
If a noun is definite or ''specified'', this is expressed by a suffix, the ''article'', which is -''u'' or -''w'' for masculine singular nouns and -''wa'', -''itwa'' or -''ätwa'' for feminine singular nouns. For example:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! masculine sg
! masculine sg definite
! feminine sg
! feminine sg definite
|-
| bet
| bet-u
| gäräd
| gärad-wa
|-
| house
| the house
| maid
| the maid
|}

In singular forms, this article distinguishes between the male and female gender; in plural forms this distinction is absent, and all definites are marked with -''u'', e.g. bet-ochch-u 'houses', gäräd-ochch-u 'maids'. As in the plural, [[Morphophonology|morphophonological]] alternations occur depending on the final consonant or vowel.


====Accusative====

Amharic has an accusative marker, -''(ï)n''. Its use is related to the definiteness of the object, thus Amharic shows [[differential object marking]]. In general, if the object is definite, the accusative must be used.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
|Lïj-u
|wïshsha-w-ïn
|abbarär-ä.
|-
| child-def
| dog-def-acc
| chase-3msSUBJ
|}
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
|*Lïj-u
|wïshsha-w
|abbarär-ä.
|-
| child-def
| dog-def-acc
| chase-3msSUBJ
|}
'The child chased the dog.'

The accusative suffix is usually placed after the first word of the noun phrase:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|Yïh-ïn
|sä’at
|gäzz-ä.
|-
| this-acc
| watch
| buy-3msSUBJ
|}

'He bought this watch.'

====Nominalization====
Amharic has various ways to derive nouns from other words or other nouns. One way of nominalizing consists of a form of ''vowel agreement'' (similar vowels on similar places) inside the three-radical structures typical of [[Semitic languages]]. For example:
*{{unicode|CəCäC}}: — ''{{unicode|t'əbäb}}'' 'wisdom'; ''{{unicode|həmäm}}'' 'sickness'
*{{unicode|CəCCaC-e}}: — ''{{unicode|wəffar-e}}'' 'obesity'; ''{{unicode|č'əkkan-e}}'' 'cruelty'
*{{unicode|CəC-ät}}: — ''{{unicode|rət'b-ät}}'' 'moistness'; ''{{unicode|'əwq-ät}}'' 'knowledge'; ''{{unicode|wəfr-ät}}'' 'fatness'.
There are also several nominalizing suffixes.
*''{{unicode|-ənna}}'': — 'relation'; ''{{unicode|krəst-ənna}}'' 'Christianity'; ''{{unicode|sənf-ənna}}'' 'laziness'; ''{{unicode|qes-ənna}}'' 'priesthood'.
*''-e'', suffixed to place name X, yields 'a person from X': ''goǧǧam-e'' 'someone from [[Gojjam]]'.
*''{{unicode|-äñña}}'' and ''{{unicode|-täñña}}'' serve to express profession, or some relationship with the base noun: ''{{unicode|əgr-äñña}}'' 'pedestrian' (from ''{{unicode|əgər}}'' 'foot'); ''{{unicode|bärr-äñña}}'' 'gate-keeper' (from ''bärr'' 'gate').
*''{{unicode|-ənnät}}'' and ''{{unicode|-nnät}}'' — '-ness'; ''{{unicode|ityop'yawi-nnät}}'' 'Ethiopianness'; ''{{unicode|qərb-ənnät}}'' 'nearness' (from ''{{unicode|qərb}}'' 'near').

===Verbs===
====Conjugation====

As in other [[Semitic languages]], Amharic verbs use a combination of prefixes and suffixes to indicate the subject, distinguishing 3 persons, two numbers and (in the second person singular) two genders.

====Gerund====
Along with the infinitive and the present participle, the gerund is one of three [[non-finite verb]] forms. The infinitive is a nominalized verb, the present participle expresses incomplete action, and the gerund expresses completed action, e.g. ''{{unicode|ali məsa}}'' '''''bälto''''' ''wädä gäbäya hedä'' 'Ali, having eaten lunch, went to the market'.
There are several usages of the gerund depending on its morpho-syntactic features.

=====Verbal use=====
The gerund functions as the head of a subordinate clause (see the example above). There may be more than one gerund in one sentence.
The gerund is used to form the following tense forms:
* present perfect '''''{{unicode|nägro}}''''' ''{{unicode|-all/näbbär}}'' 'He has said'.
* past perfect '''''{{unicode|nägro}}''''' ''{{unicode|näbbär}}'' 'He had said'.
* possible perfect '''''{{unicode|nägro}}''''' ''{{unicode|yəhonall}}'' 'He (probably) has said'.

=====Adverbial use=====
The gerund can be used as an adverb:
'''''alfo alfo''''' ''{{unicode|yəsəqall}}'' 'Sometimes he laughs'.
''{{unicode|əne}}'' '''''dägmo''''' ''{{unicode|mämt'at əfälləgallähu}}'' 'I also want to come'.

===Adjectives===
[[Adjective]]s are words or constructions used to qualify nouns. Adjectives in Amharic can be formed in several ways: they can be based on nominal patterns, or derived from nouns, verbs and other parts of speech. Adjectives can be nominalized by way of suffixing the nominal article (see [[Amharic language#Nouns|Nouns]] above). Amharic has few primary adjectives. Some examples are ''{{unicode|dägg}}'' 'kind, generous', ''{{unicode|dəda}}'' 'mute, dumb, silent', ''{{unicode|bič'a}}'' 'yellow'.

====Nominal patterns====
:CäCCaC — ''käbbad'' 'heavy'; ''läggas'' 'generous'
:CäC(C)iC — ''räqiq'' 'fine, subtle'; ''addis'' 'new'
:CäC(C)aCa — ''säbara'' 'broken'; ''t'ämama'' 'bent, wrinkled'
:{{unicode|CəC(C)əC}} — ''{{unicode|bələh}}'' 'intelligent, smart'; ''{{unicode|dəbbəq}}' '' 'hidden'
:{{unicode|CəC(C)uC}} — ''{{unicode|kəbur}}'' 'worthy, dignified'; ''{{unicode|t'əqur}}'' 'black'; ''{{unicode|qəddus}}'' 'holy'

====Denominalizing suffixes====
:{{unicode|-äñña}} — ''{{unicode|hayl-äñña}}'' 'powerful' (from ''hayl'' 'power'); ''{{unicode|əwnät-äñña}}'' 'true' (from ''{{unicode|əwnät}}'' 'truth')
:{{unicode|-täñña}} — ''{{unicode|aläm-täñña}}'' 'secular' (from ''aläm'' 'world')
:-awi — ''{{unicode|ləbb-awi}}'' 'intelligent' (from ''{{unicode|ləbb}}'' 'heart'); ''{{unicode|mədr-awi}}'' 'earthly' (from ''{{unicode|mədr}}'' 'earth'); ''haymanot-awi'' 'religious' (from ''haymanot'' 'religion')

====Prefix ''yä''====
:''yä-kätäma'' 'urban' (lit. 'from the city'); ''{{unicode|yä-krəstənna}}'' 'Christian' (lit. 'of Christianity'); ''{{unicode|yä-wəšät}}'' 'wrong' (lit. 'of falsehood')
In the same way, a ''relative perfectum'' or ''imperfectum'' can be used as an adjective by prefixing ''yä'':
:''yä-bässälä'' 'ripe, done' (lit. 'what has been cooked/prepared'); ''yä-qoyyä'' 'old' (lit. 'what remained'); ''yä-mm-ikkättäl'' 'following' ('that what is following', from ''tä-kättälä'' 'to follow'); ''yä-mm-ittay'' 'visible' (lit. 'what is seen')

====Adjective noun complex====
The adjective and the noun together are called the 'adjective noun complex'. In Amharic, the adjective precedes the noun, with the verb last; e.g. ''{{unicode|kəfu geta}}'' 'a bad master'; ''{{IPA|təlləq bet särra}}'' (lit. big house he-built) 'he built a big house'.

If the adjective noun complex is [[definiteness|definite]], the definite article is suffixed to the adjective and not to the noun, e.g. ''{{unicode|təlləq-u bet}}'' (lit. big-def house) 'the big house'. In a possessive construction, the adjective takes the definite article, and the noun takes the pronominal possessive suffix, e.g. ''{{unicode|təlləq-u bet-e}}'' (lit. big-def house-my) 'my big house'.

When enumerating adjectives using ''{{unicode|-nna}}'' 'and', both adjectives take the definite article: ''{{unicode|qonǧo-wa-nna astäway-wa ləǧ mät't'ačč}}'' (lit. pretty-def-and intelligent-def girl came) 'the pretty and intelligent girl came'. In the case of an indefinite plural adjective noun complex, the noun is plural and the adjective may be used in singular or in plural form. Thus, 'diligent students' can be rendered ''{{unicode|təgu tämariʷočč}}'' (lit. diligent student-PLUR) or ''{{unicode|təguʷočč tämariʷočč}}'' (lit. diligent-PLUR student-PLUR).

==Literature in Amharic==
There is a growing body of literature in Amharic in many genres. This literature includes government proclamations and records, educational books, religious material, novels, poetry, proverb collections, technical manuals, medical topics, etc. The Holy Bible was first translated into Amharic by [[Abu Rumi]] in the early 19th century, but has been retranslated a number of times since. The most famous Amharic novel is ''Fiqir Iske Meqabir'' (transliterated various ways) by [[Haddis Alemayehu]] (1909-2003), translated into English by Sisay Ayenew with the title ''Love unto Crypt'', published in 2005 (ISBN 9781418491826).

==Translation companies==

Because of the rapid growth of '''Ethiopian''' communities in Europe, the United States and Canada, several public service organizations started to offer Amharic language translation and interpretation services.

==Rastafarians==
Many [[Rastafari movement|Rastafarians]] learn Amharic as a second language because they consider it to be a sacred language, and even the original language. Various [[roots reggae|roots]] [[reggae]] [[music]]ians including [[Lincoln Thompson]] and [[Misty-in-Roots]] have written songs in Amharic, thus bringing the sound of this language to a wider audience.

A notable early attempt to use Amharic in reggae was the anthem ''Satta Amassagana'', mistakenly believed to mean "Give thanks". However, this "Amharic" phrase seems to have been derived from looking in a bilingual dictionary and finding the entries ''{{unicode|säţţä}}'' for "give" (actually "he gave") and ''{{unicode|'amässägänä}}'' for "thank" or "praise" (actually "he thanked" or "he praised"), by those unaware of the correct inflections of these verbs, the convention of always listing verbs in the past tense third person, or the pronunciation of the diacritical marks{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}. The actual way to say "give thanks" is a related word, ''misgana''. Ironically, owing to the vast popularity of this song, "to satta" has even entered modern [[Rastafarian vocabulary]] as a verb meaning "to sit down and partake".

==Software==
The Amharic script is included in [[Unicode]]. Now people can post in forums and blogs, send e-mail, or publish Web sites in Amharic. There are several free software programs, and also some commercial ones, for writing in Amharic. Some such software packages are: [[Keyman]], [[GeezEdit]], [[Hewan Amharic Software]], [[AbeshaSoft]] and [[PowerGe'ez]].

== References ==
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=amh Ethnologue entry for Amharic]

=== Grammar ===

*{{cite book
| last = Abraham
| first = Roy Clive
| year = 1968
| title = The Principles of Amharic
| publisher = Occasional Publication / Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan
| location =
| id =
}} [''rewritten version of 'A modern grammar of spoken Amharic', 1941'']
* [[Afevork Ghevre Jesus]] (1905) ''Grammatica della lingua amarica.'' Roma.
* Afevork Ghevre Jesus (1911) ''Il verbo amarico''. Roma.
* Amsalu Aklilu & Demissie Manahlot (1990) ''T'iru ye'Amarinnya Dirset 'Indet Yale New!'' (An Amharic grammar, in Amharic)
* Anbessa Teferra and Grover Hudson. 2007. ''Essentials of Amharic.'' Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
* Appleyard, David (1994) Colloquial Amharic, Routledge ISBN 0-415-10003-8
* [[Lionel Bender|Bender, M. Lionel]]. (1974) Phoneme frequencies in Amharic. ''Journal of Ethiopian Studies'' 12.1:19-24
* Bender, M. Lionel and Hailu Fulass. (1978). ''Amharic verb morphology.'' (Committee on Ethiopian Studies, monograph 7.) East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University.
* Bennet, M.E. (1978) ''Stratificational Approaches to Amharic Phonology.'' PhD thesis, Ann Arbor: Michigan State University.
* [[Marcel Cohen|Cohen, Marcel]] (1936) ''Traité de langue amharique.'' Paris: Institut d'Ethnographie.
* Cohen, Marcel (1939) ''Nouvelles études d'éthiopien merdional.'' Paris: Champion.
* Dawkins, C. H. (¹1960, ²1969) ''The Fundamentals of Amharic.'' Addis Ababa.
* [[Olga Kapeliuk|Kapeliuk, Olga]] (1988) ''Nominalization in Amharic.'' Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-515-04512-0
* Kapeliuk, Olga (1994) ''Syntax of the noun in Amharic.'' Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03406-8.
* Łykowska, Laura (1998) ''Gramatyka jezyka amharskiego'' Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog. ISBN 83-86483-60-1
* [[Wolf Leslau|Leslau, Wolf]] (1995) ''Reference Grammar of Amharic.'' Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-447-03372-X
* [[Hiob Ludolf|Ludolf, Hiob]] (1698) ''Grammatica Linguæ Amharicæ.'' Frankfort.
* Praetorius, Franz (1879) ''Die amharische Sprache.'' Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.

=== Dictionaries ===
* [[Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie|Abbadie, Antoine d']] (1881) ''Dictionnaire de la langue amariñña.'' Actes de la Société philologique, t. 10. Paris.
* Amsalu Aklilu (1973) ''English-Amharic dictionary.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-572264-7
* [[Joseph-Émile Baeteman|Baeteman, J.-É.]] (1929) ''Dictionnaire amarigna-français.'' Diré-Daoua
* Gankin, É. B. (1969) ''Amxarsko-russkij slovar'. Pod redaktsiej Kassa Gäbrä Heywät.'' Moskva: Izdatel'stvo `Sovetskaja Éntsiklopedija'.
* [[Ignazio Guidi|Guidi, I.]] (1901) ''Vocabolario amarico-italiano.'' Roma.
* Guidi, I. (1940) ''Supplemento al Vocabolario amarico-italiano.'' (compilato con il concorso di Francesco Gallina ed [[Enrico Cerulli]]) Roma.
* Kane, Thomas L. (1990) ''Amharic-English Dictionary.'' (2 vols.) Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-02871-8
* Leslau, Wolf (1976) ''Concise Amharic Dictionary.'' (Reissue edition: 1996) Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20501-4
* Täsämma Habtä Mikael Gə{{unicode|ṣṣ}}əw (1953 [[Ethiopian calendar]]) ''Käsate Bərhan Täsämma. Yä-Amarəñña mäzgäbä qalat.'' Addis Ababa: Artistic.

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=am}}
{{Wiktionarylang|code=am}}
* [http://news.com.et/info/faq.html#FreeFonts Links to free Amharic fonts]
* [http://fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Amharic Free comprehensive Amharic language course] USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)

* 
* 
* [http://st-takla.org/Bibles/Holy-Bible-Amharic.html Amharic Bible at St-Takla.org]
* [http://www.language-museum.com/a/amharic.php Amharic Language Sample]
* 
* 
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1200.pdf Unicode Ethiopic charts]|250 KB}} (Also {{PDFlink|[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1380.pdf Supplemental]|65.2 KB}} and {{PDFlink|[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2D80.pdf Extended]|100 KB}})
* 
* [http://www.voanews.com/horn/amharic_audio.cfm Voice of America Amharic news broadcasts] in Voice of America website
* [http://globalrecordings.net/language/1 Christian recordings in Amharic] in [http://globalrecordings.net/ Global Recordings] website
* [http://www.msu.edu/%7Ehudson/Amhbiblio.htm Selected Annotated Bibliography on Amharic] by [http://www.msu.edu/%7Ehudson/index.htm Grover Hudson at the Michigan State University] website.
* 
* 
* 
{{Template group
|list =
{{Modern Semitic languages |state=expanded}}
{{Semitic languages |expanded=Western South}}
{{African Union languages}}
}}

[[Category:Amharic language| ]]
[[Category:Abugida writing systems]]
[[Category:Languages of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Transverse Ethiopian Semitic languages]]

[[af:Amharies]]
[[am:አማርኛ]]
[[ar:لغة أمهرية]]
[[bn:আমহারীয় ভাষা]]
[[bs:Amharski jezik]]
[[br:Amhareg]]
[[bg:Амхарски език]]
[[ca:Amhàric]]
[[cs:Amharština]]
[[cy:Amhareg]]
[[da:Amharisk]]
[[de:Amharische Sprache]]
[[et:Amhari keel]]
[[el:Αμχαρική γλώσσα]]
[[es:Idioma amhárico]]
[[eo:Amhara lingvo]]
[[eu:Amharera]]
[[fa:زبان امهاری]]
[[fr:Amharique]]
[[ga:An Amairis]]
[[ko:암하라어]]
[[hi:अम्हारिक]]
[[hsb:Amharšćina]]
[[hr:Amharski jezik]]
[[io:Amhara linguo]]
[[id:Bahasa Amhar]]
[[is:Amharíska]]
[[it:Lingua amarica]]
[[he:אמהרית]]
[[ka:ამჰარული ენა]]
[[kw:Amharek]]
[[lv:Amharu valoda]]
[[lt:Amharų kalba]]
[[lij:Lengua amharica]]
[[mk:Амхарски јазик]]
[[mr:अम्हारिक भाषा]]
[[ms:Bahasa Amhara]]
[[nl:Amhaars]]
[[new:आम्हारिक भाषा]]
[[ja:アムハラ語]]
[[no:Amharisk]]
[[nn:Amharisk]]
[[nds:Amhaarsch]]
[[pl:Język amharski]]
[[pt:Língua amárica]]
[[qu:Amhara simi]]
[[ru:Амхарский язык]]
[[sc:Limba amarica]]
[[simple:Amharic language]]
[[sk:Amharčina]]
[[cu:Амха́рьскъ ѩꙁꙑ́къ]]
[[sl:Amharščina]]
[[so:Amxaari]]
[[fi:Amharan kieli]]
[[sv:Amhariska]]
[[ta:அம்ஹாரிய மொழி]]
[[ti:ኣምሓረኛ ፊደል]]
[[tr:Amharca]]
[[uk:Амхарська мова]]
[[ug:ئامخارا تىلى]]
[[yo:Èdè Àmháríkì]]
[[bat-smg:Amharu kalba]]
[[zh:阿姆哈拉语]]

List of cities proper by population

2010-01-06T10:49:59Z

Alshareeca:

[[File:Mumbai Downtown.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mumbai]], the financial capital of [[India]], is the most populous city proper in the world.]]

This is a '''list of the most populous [[City|cities]] of the [[world]]''' defined according to the concept of '''[[City limits|city proper]]'''. The list ranks the world's urban municipal units (or well-defined statistical groupings of such units) according to [[population]]. Note that the populations listed are for the city proper and not for the [[urban area]] nor the [[metropolitan area]]. The meaning and role of the political units taken for the purpose of this list to be the "city proper" are not and cannot be wholly consistent, owing to the differing systems of local government around the world. Statistical definitions for each city, approximate surface area, and [[population density]] are also indicated.

==Cities proper by population==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Rank
!City
!Population
!Definition
!Area (km²)
!Population density (/km²)
!Country
|-
|1
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{nts|13922125}}<ref name=WG>[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan World Gazetteer estimate for 2009-01-01]</ref>
| Municipal Corporation
| {{nts|603}}
| {{nts|23088}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|2
| [[Shanghai]]
| {{nts|13831900}}<ref>[http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/2003shtj/tjnj/nje09.htm?d1=2009tjnje/E0305.htm Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2009, Total of permanent population (including "floating population")]. Retrieved on 2009-07-17. Total population as of 2008-12-31 of the following districts (core city + inner suburbs): Pudong New Area, Huangpu, Luwan, Xuhui, Changning, Jing'an, Putuo, Zhabei, Hongkou, Yangpu, Baoshan, Minhang, and Jiading.</ref><ref name="shanghai2">{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node17256/node17432/node17435/userobject22ai17.html|title=Population|publisher=Municipality of Shanghai|accessdate=14 December 2009}} Permanent population used.</ref>
| Core districts + inner suburbs
| {{nts|1928}}
| {{nts|7174}}
| {{CHN}}
|-
|3
| [[Karachi]]
| {{nts|12991000}}<ref name="SindhDistrictPop2008"> [http://www.sindhbos.gov.pk/publications/district_development_indicators_2008/1.pdf Sindh Bureau of Statistics, Selected Tables of District Development Indicators, 2008; Population (Total) of 1998 Census and 2008 (Projected) ('''pdf-file''')] Retrieved on 2008-08-05. Including three rural towns ([[Gadap Town]], [[Bin Qasim Town]], and [[Kiamari Town]], as well as six [[cantonment]]s ([[Clifton Cantonment]], [[Faisal Cantonment]], [[Karachi Cantonment]], [[Korangi Creek Cantonment]], [[Malir Cantonment]] and [[Manora Cantonment]]) under military jurisdiction.</ref>
| City District
| {{nts|3527}}
| {{nts|3683}}
| {{PAK}}
|-
|4
| [[Delhi]]
| {{nts|12259230}}<ref name=WG/>
| Municipal Corporation
| {{nts|431.09}}<ref name="urbanindia">{{cite web|url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF|title=CHAPTER IV Area and Density – Metropolitan Cities|publisher=Ministry of Urban Development. Government of India|accessdate=2009-11-08}}</ref>
| {{nts|28438}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|5
| [[Istanbul]]
| {{nts|11372613}}<ref name=turkey>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuik.gov.tr/jsp/duyuru/upload/adnks_Harita_TR/HaritaTR.html |title=Address-based population registration system: Inside-Outside District Centers Population By Province And Sex And Population Density 2007 |accessdate=2008-01-21 |author=TUIK |publisher= TUIK |language=Turkish}}</ref>|| Metropolitan Municipality
| {{nts|1831}}
| {{nts|6211}}
| {{TUR}}
|-
|6
| [[São Paulo]]
| {{nts|11037593}}<ref name="IBGEEstPop09"> [http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2009/POP2009_DOU.pdf Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Estimativas de População, Estimativas para 1º de julho de 2009] Retrieved on 2009-08-16. Population estimate for 2009-07-01.</ref>
| Municipality
| {{nts|1523}}
| {{nts|7247}}
| {{BRA}}
|-
|7
| [[Moscow]]
| {{nts|10508971}}<ref name=TimBespyatov>[http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ Tim Bespyatov, Population Statistics for Eastern Europe] Population as of 2009-01-01. Retrieved on 2009-08-05.</ref>
| City proper (includes [[Zelenograd]])
| {{nts|1081}}
| {{nts|9722}}
| {{RUS}}
|-
|8
| [[Seoul]]
| {{nts|10456034}}<ref name="CitypopKoreaSouth">[http://www.citypopulation.de/KoreaSouth-MunRegPop.html Thomas Brinkhoff, www.citypopulation.de; South Korea, The registered population of the South Korean provinces and urban municipalities] Registered population 2008-12-31. Retrieved on 2009-08-05.</ref>
| Special City
| {{nts|605.4}}
| {{nts|17271}}
| {{KOR}}
|-
|9
| [[Beijing]]
| {{nts|10123000}}<ref name="BeiStatYear2006pop"> [http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/tjnj/2008-tjnj/content/V35_0308.htm Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2008, Total number of permanent population (including "floating population")] Retrieved on 2009-03-14. Total population on 2007-12-31 (1% sample census) of the two functional areas of 1) Core Districts of Capital Function and 2) Urban Function Extended Districts, including eight fully urban districts. The data is for so-called 'permanent population'; registered population was 7,323,000 the same year.</ref>
| Core districts + inner suburbs
| {{nts|1368.32}}
| {{nts|7400}}
| {{CHN}}
|-
|10
| [[Mexico City]]
| {{nts|8841916}}<ref name="ZMVM 2009">{{cite web | url=http://www.edomex.gob.mx/poblacion/docs/2009/PDF/ZMVM.pdf | title=Mexico City Population | author=National Population Council | publisher=Government of the State of Mexico | accessdate=20 December 2009}}</ref>
| [[Federal District]]
| {{nts|1485}}
| {{nts|5954}}
| {{MEX}}
|-
|11
| [[Tokyo]]
| {{nts|8795000}}<ref name="StatJapMonthlyCityTokyo"> [http://www.stat.go.jp/data/getujidb/zuhyou/b04.xls Statistics Bureau, Japan, Monthly Statistics, Population of Major Cities ('''excel-file''')] Retrieved on 2009-08-05. Population estimate on 2009-06-01.</ref>
| [[23 special wards]] area
| {{nts|617}}
| {{nts|14254}}
| {{JPN}}
|-
|12
| [[Jakarta]]
| {{nts|8489910}}<ref name=DKCS>[http://www.kependudukancapil.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=63 Penduduk Provinsi DKI Jakarta: Penduduk Provinsi DKI Jakarta Januari 2008 (Demographics and Civil Records Service: Population of the Province of Jakarta January 2008)] Retrieved on 2008-10-25.</ref>
| [[Special capital district]]
| {{nts|664}}
| {{nts|12738}}
| {{IDN}}
|-
|13
| [[New York City]]
| {{nts|8363710}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-01.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |publisher=US Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-09-30}}</ref>
| City proper
| {{nts|789.4}}
| {{nts|10452}}
| {{USA}}
|-
|14
| [[Wuhan]]
| {{nts|8001541}}<ref name=statfi>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/maanum/06_maailman_suurimmat_kaupungit.xls City and region database of Statistics Finland]</ref> (2006-12-31)
| Core districts
| {{nts|400}}{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
| {{nts|20004}}
| {{CHN}}
|-
|15
| [[Lagos]]
| {{nts|7937932}}<ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_population>Summing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per: {{cite web| url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/Connections/Pop2006.pdf| title=Legal Notice on Publication of the Details of the Breakdown of the National and State Provisional Totals 2006 Census| author=Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette|date=15 May 2007|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref>
| statistical area
| {{nts|999.6}}
| {{nts|7938}}
| {{NGR}}
|-
|16
| [[Tehran]]
| {{nts|7873000}}<ref name=UN>[http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2 UN world Urbanization Prospects estimate for 2007]</ref>
| City proper
| {{nts|760}}
| {{nts|10359}}
| {{IRN}}
|-
|17
| [[Kinshasa]]
| {{nts|7843000}}<ref name=UN/>
| City-Province
| {{nts|9965}}
| {{nts|787}}
| {{COD}}
|-
|18
| [[Lima]]
| {{nts|7605742}}<ref>[http://censos.inei.gob.pe/censos2007/Documentos/Primresult_CPV2007.pdf INEI 2007 Census Results]</ref>
| Province<ref>Composed of 43 independent districts</ref>
| {{nts|2670.4}}
| {{nts|2848}}
| {{PER}}
|-
|19
| [[London]]
| {{nts|7556900}}<ref>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=6059498&c=ealing&d=27&e=13&g=336453&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1239797906078&enc=1 UK Office of National Statistics -- mid-2007 population estimate for London region]</ref>
| [[Greater London]]<ref>Composed of 32 independent borough councils</ref>
| {{nts|1580}}
| {{nts|4863}}
| {{UK}}
|-
|20
| [[Bogotá]]
| {{nts|7259597}}<ref name="DANEproj20052009"> [http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/ProyeccionMunicipios2005_2009.xls Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Proyecciones de población municipales por área, 2005-2009, a junio 30. ('''excel-file''')] Retrieved on 2009-08-05. Projected population on 2009-06-30.</ref>
| [[Capital district]]
| {{nts|1590}}
| {{nts|4566}}
| {{COL}}
|-
|21
| [[Ho Chi Minh City]]
| {{nts|7123340}}<ref>http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page?_pageid=439,1090462&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&pers_id=1091147&item_id=33638381&p_details=1</ref>
| Province-level municipality
| {{nts|2095.01}}
| {{nts|3401}}
| {{VIE}}
|-
|22
| [[Bangkok]]
| {{nts|7025000}}<ref name="ThaiKeyStat2007"> [http://web.nso.go.th/eng/pub/keystat/key07/key07.zip National Statistical Office Thailand, Key Statistics of Thailand 2007; Chapter 1.9, Population Projections (1 July) by Region and Sex '''(embedded in huge 121MB zipped file!)'''] Retrieved on 2009-08-05. Projected ''de facto'' population as of 2009. The registered (''de jure'') population was 5,695,956 in 2006. </ref>
| Administrative area
| {{nts|1568.74}}
| {{nts|4478}}
| {{THA}}
|-
|23
| [[Hong Kong]]
| {{nts|7008900}}<ref name="HongKongPop"> [http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=1&displayMode=T Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong; Population and Vital Events] Retrieved on 2009-08-05. Estimated population on 2008-12-31. Including 'usual' and 'mobile' residents, but excluding temporary visitors.</ref>
| Special Administrative Region
| {{nts|1092}}
| {{nts|6418}}
| {{CHN}}
|-
|24
| [[Dhaka]]
| {{nts|7000940}}<ref name="BangladeshStatPock2008"> [http://www.bbs.gov.bd/dataindex/pby/pk_book_08.pdf Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book, 2008 ('''pdf-file''')] 2008 Population Estimate. Accessed on 2009-08-05. </ref>
| City Corporation
| {{nts|154}}<ref name="Bangladesh2001Mun"> [http://www.bbs.gov.bd/dataindex/census/municip.pdf Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics; Area, Population and Literacy Rate by Paurashava –2001 ('''pdf-file''')] Accessed on 2008-09-27. </ref>
| {{nts|45461}}
| {{BAN}}
|-
|25
| [[Cairo]]
| {{nts|6758581}}<ref name="Capmas2006"> [http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-img2/xls/rep1ne.xls Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics, Population and Housing Census 2006, Governorate level, Population distribution by sex ('''excel-file''')] For Cairo, figure is an adjusted census result, as Helwan governorate was created on the 17th of April 2008 from a.o. parts of the Cairo governorate. </ref>
| Governorate
| {{nts|214}}
| {{nts|31582}}
| {{EGY}}
|-
|26
| [[Guangzhou]]
| {{nts|6367700}}<ref name="guangzhou">{{cite web|url=http://www.gz.gov.cn/vfs/subsite/JGIN7QPB-AZE4-2MTO-EA6G-R281E8V2SFJH/category/category07.jsp?catId=5713&PageNo=5|title=Area and Population of Guangzhou. 2007 estimate|publisher=The People's Government of Guangzhou Municipality|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref>
| Core districts
| {{nts|3843.43}}<ref name="guangzhou"/>
| {{nts|1657}}
| {{CHN}}
|-
|27
| [[Lahore]]
| {{nts|6318745}}<ref name="GeoHivePunjabLahore"> [http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx?levels=The%20Punjab GeoHive, Pakistan - The Punjab - Administrative units] 1998 Census result for Lahore District. Accessed on 2008-09-28. The UN estimated the population of Lahore to be 6,577,000 in 2007. However, that estimate is based on now obsolete administrative boundaries for the Lahore Metropolitan Corporation. The administrative boundaries for Lahore was changed in 2001, when it was transformed from Metropolitan Corporation into a City District. The City District includes the old Metropolitan Corporation as well as the surrounding district. The District of Lahore had a total of 6,318,745 inhabitants in 1998, compared to 5,143,495 for the Metropolitan Corporation. Current, but vague, estimates puts the population of the district at somewhere between 7.5 and 10 millions. </ref>
| City District
| {{nts|1772}}
| {{nts|3566}}
| {{PAK}}
|-
|28
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]
| {{nts|6186710}}<ref name="IBGEEstPop09" />|| Municipality
| {{nts|1182}}
| {{nts|5234}}
| {{BRA}}
|-
|29
| [[Bangalore]]
| {{nts|5840155}}<ref name="delimit">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbmpwards.org/bbmporg/Composition_of_BBMP.aspx|title=BBMP Delimitation 2009|publisher=Government of Karnataka|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref>
| Municipal Corporation
| {{nts|709.5}}<ref name="delimit"/>
| {{nts|8231}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|30
| [[Tianjin]]
| {{nts|5800000}}<ref>[http://www.stats-tj.gov.cn/Article/tjgb/stjgb/200612/5376.html Tianjin Statistical Information Net]. Retrieved on 2009-01-29. Total population as of 2005-11-01 of the following districts (core city + inner suburbs): Heping, Hedong, Hexi, Nankai, Hebei, Hongqiao, Dongli, Xiqing, Jinnan, and Beichen. Excludes the separate urban area of [[Binhai New Area|Binhai]].</ref>
| Core districts + inner suburbs
| {{nts|2057}}
| {{nts|2820}}
| {{CHN}}
|-
|31
| [[Baghdad]]
| {{nts|5337684}}<ref name=WG/>
| City proper
|
|
| {{IRQ}}
|-
|32
| [[Kolkata]]
| {{nts|5080519}}<ref name=WG/>
| Municipal Corporation
| {{nts|185}}
| {{nts|27462}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|33
| [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]
| {{nts|5012973}}<ref name="ChileProjProv"> [http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/DatProv/SalProvUsuarios-T13OK.xls Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Chile; Proyecciones de población al 30 de Junio 1990-2020, Region Metropolitana de Santiago; Provincias ('''excel-file''')] Retrieved on 2009-08-05. Projected population on 2009-06-30. </ref>
| Province<ref>Composed of 32 independent municipalities</ref>
| {{nts|2030}}
| {{nts|2469}}
| {{CHI}}
|-
|34
| [[Singapore]]
| {{nts|4987600}}<ref name="Mid-2009 Singapore population"> [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html#popnarea Statistics Singapore, Population (Mid-Year Estimates)] Retrieved on 2009. Estimated population on Mid-2009, including Singapore residents plus non-residents. Population of Singapore citizens and residents was 3,642,700 on 2008-06-30.</ref>
| Country/City
| {{nts|710.2}}
| {{nts|6814}}
| {{SIN}}
|-
|35
| [[Chongqing]]
| {{nts|4776027}}<ref name=statfi/>
| Core districts
| {{nts|5467.2}}
| {{nts|1057}}
| {{CHN}}
|-
|36
| [[Chennai]]
| {{nts|4590267}}<ref name=WG/>
| Municipal Corporation
| {{nts|187}}
| {{nts|24547}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|37
| [[Saint Petersburg]]
| {{nts|4581854}}<ref name=TimBespyatov/>
| City proper
| {{nts|1439}} <ref>[http://www.gov.spb.ru/day/ City of Saint Petersburg Official Portal, Statistics]</ref>
| {{nts|3184}}
| {{RUS}}
|-
|38
| [[Surat]]
| {{nts|4523022}}<ref name="SuratMunPop"> [http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/content/city/stmt13.shtml Surat Municipal Corporation; Mid-Year Population Estimates] Retrieved on 2009-08-05. Projected population as of 2009, including areas within the new and extended city boundaries. </ref>
| Municipal Corporation
| {{nts|326.515}}<ref>[http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/content/city/demographics.shtml Demographics: Surat Municipal Corporation]</ref>
| {{nts|13852}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|39
| [[Riyadh]]
| {{nts|4465000}}<ref name=UN/>
| City proper
| {{nts|800}}
| {{nts|5581}}
| {{KSA}}
|-
|40
| [[Alexandria]]
| {{nts|4110015}}<ref name="Capmas2006"/>
| Governorate
| {{nts|2680}}
| {{nts|1611}}
| {{EGY}}
|-
|41
| [[Shenyang]]
| {{nts|4101197}}<ref name=statfi/> (2006-12-31)|| Core districts
| {{nts|3495}}
| {{nts|1173}}
| {{CHN}}
|-
|42
| [[Yangon]]
| {{nts|4088000}}<ref name=UN/>
| Urban agglomeration
| {{nts|598.75}}<ref>[http://www.uncrd.or.jp/env/3rd-regional-est-forum/doc/23_Myanmar.pdf Third Regional EST Forum, Presentation of Myanmar]. Retrieved 6 June 2009</ref>
| {{nts|6828}}
| {{MYA}}
|-
|43
| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| {{nts|4025335}}<ref name=WG/>
| Municipal corporation
| {{nts|172}}
| {{nts|23403}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|44
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| {{nts|3913793}}<ref name=WG/>
| Municipal corporation
| {{nts|204}}
| {{nts|19185}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|45
| [[Ankara]]
| {{nts|3901201}}<ref name=turkey/>
| Metropolitan Municipality
| {{nts|2516}}
| {{nts|1551}}
| {{TUR}}
|-
|46
| [[Johannesburg]]
| {{nts|3888180}}<ref name=ZA/>
| City of Johannesburg metropolitan municipality
| {{nts|1644.96}}
| {{nts|2364}}
| {{ZAF}}
|-
|47
| [[Los Angeles]]
| {{nts|3849378}}<ref name=us>[http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2006-01.xls U.S. Census Bureau estimates for 2006]</ref>
| City proper
| {{nts|1290}}
| {{nts|2980}}
| {{USA}}
|-
|48
| [[Abidjan]]
| {{nts|3802000}}<ref name=UN/>
| Department/District
| {{nts|2119}}
| {{nts|1794}}
| {{CIV}}
|-
|49
| [[Yokohama]]
| {{nts|3670000}}<ref name="StatJapMonthlyCityYokohama"> [http://www.stat.go.jp/data/getujidb/zuhyou/b04.xls Statistics Bureau, Japan, Monthly Statistics, Population of Major Cities ('''excel-file''')] Retrieved on 2009-08-05. Population estimate on 2009-07-01.</ref>
| City proper
| {{nts|437}}
| {{nts|8398}}
| {{JPN}}
|-
|50
| [[Busan]]
| {{nts|3596076}}<ref name="CitypopKoreaSouth" />
| Metropolitan City
| {{nts|765.66}}
| {{nts|4697}}
| {{KOR}}
|-
|51
| [[Cape Town]]
| {{nts|3497097}}<ref name=ZA>[http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03011/P030112007.pdf Statistics South Africa, Community Survey, 2007, Basic Results Municipalities ('''pdf-file''')] Retrieved on 2008-03-23.</ref>
| City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality
| {{nts|2454.72}}
| {{nts|1424}}
| {{ZAF}}
|-
|52
| [[Durban]]
| {{nts|3468086}}<ref name=ZA/>
| eThekwini metropolitan municipality
| {{nts|2291.89}}
| {{nts|1513}}
| {{ZAF}}
|-
|53
| [[Berlin]]
| {{nts|3426354}}<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/Publikationen/Otab/2008/ot_a01-01-00_124_200807_be.pdf |title=Bevölkerungsstand im Land Berlin |work=Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref>
| City and state of Germany
| {{nts|892}}
| {{nts|3842}}
| {{DEU}}
|-
|54
| [[Pune]]
| {{nts|3337481}}<ref name=WG/>
| Municipal corporation
| {{nts|450.69}}
| {{nts|7214}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|55
| [[Pyongyang]]
| {{nts|3255388}}<ref>[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/2008_North_Korea_Census.pdf United Nations Statistics Division; Preliminary results of the 2008 Census of Population of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea conducted on 1-15 October 2008 ('''pdf-file''')] Retrieved on 2009-03-01.</ref>
| Directly Governed City
| {{nts|3194}}
| {{nts|1019}}
| {{PRK}}
|-
|56
| [[Madrid]]
| {{nts|3213271}}<ref>[http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe260&file=inebase&L= INE] (2008)</ref>
| Municipality
| {{nts|698}}
| {{nts|4604}}
| {{ESP}}
|-
|57
| [[Kanpur]]
| {{nts|3144267}}<ref name=WG/>
| Municipal corporation
| {{nts|267}}
| {{nts|11776}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|58
| [[Jaipur]]
| {{nts|3102808}}<ref name=WG/>
| Municipal corporation
| {{nts|485}}
| {{nts|6398}}
| {{IND}}
|-
|59
| [[Buenos Aires]]
| {{nts|3050728}}<ref>[http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/estimaciones-serie34.pdf Population projections ('''pdf-file''')]</ref>
| Argentine Capital District
| {{nts|203}}
| {{nts|15028}}
| {{ARG}}
|-
|60
|[[Nairobi]]
|{{nts|3038553}}<ref>[http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&docid=1085023 UN OCHA], Estimate for mid-2008</ref>
|Province
|{{nts|696}}
|{{nts|4366}}
|{{KEN}}
|-
|61
|[[Jeddah]]
|{{nts|3012000}}<ref name=UN/>
|City proper
|{{nts|1230}}
|{{nts|2425}}
|{{SAU}}
|-
|}

==See also==

*[[Historical urban community sizes]]
*[[List of cities proper by population density|List of cities by population density]]
*[[List of largest cities throughout history]]
*[[List of metropolitan areas by population]]
*[[List of urban areas by population]]
*[[Rank mobility index]]
*[[World's largest cities]] (explaining alternative measures)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ssb.no/en/yearbook/tab/tab-055.html World's largest cities (Table 1: With suburbs, Table 2: Without suburbs)]
*[http://www.demographia.com/db-world-muni.htm Largest cities of the world (municipalities)]
*[http://www.megacities.uni-koeln.de/documentation/start.htm Mega Cities]
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/maanum/06_maailman_suurimmat_kaupungit.xls Major cities of the world] {{fi}}

[[Category:Lists of cities by demography|Population]]

[[ar:قائمة المدن حسب عدد السكان]]
[[fa:فهرست شهرهای جهان براساس جمعیت]]
[[gl:Maiores cidades do mundo]]
[[it:Lista di città del mondo per popolazione]]
[[he:הערים הגדולות בעולם]]
[[ka:მსოფლიოს უდიდესი ქალაქები]]
[[kn:ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಗನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ ನಗರಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿ]]
[[la:Catalogus urbium propriarum secundum incolarum numerum]]
[[lv:Pasaules lielākās pilsētas]]
[[mr:जगातील शहरांची यादी (लोकसंख्येनुसार)]]
[[ms:Senarai bandar raya mengikut populasi]]
[[ja:世界の市域人口の順位]]
[[no:Liste over verdens mest befolkede byer]]
[[pt:Lista das maiores cidades do mundo]]
[[ru:Города мира по численности населения]]
[[sq:Lista e qyteteve sipas banorëve]]
[[so:Liiska magaalooyinka adduunka dad ahaan]]
[[sr:Списак градова по броју становника]]
[[tr:Dünya'nın en kalabalık şehirleri]]
[[uk:Список тридцяти найбільших міст світу]]
[[vi:Các thành phố lớn nhất thế giới xếp theo dân số]]
[[zh:全球城市人口排名]]

List of countries and dependencies by population

2010-01-06T10:29:41Z

Alshareeca:

{{see also|List of countries by past and future population|List of countries by population in 2000|List of countries by population in 1900}}
[[Image:World population.PNG|thumb|300px|Map of countries by population for the year 2007]]
This is a '''list of [[countries]] by [[population]]'''. The list includes [[list of sovereign states|independent countries]] and inhabited [[dependent territories]] based on the ISO standard [[ISO 3166-1]]. Also given, as a percentage, is each country's population compared to the [[population of the world]], which is presently {{formatnum:{{#expr: {{worldpop}} / 100000 round 0}}00000}}.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/popclockworld.html International Programs Centre]</ref>

Areas that form integral parts of sovereign states, such as the [[countries of the United Kingdom]], are counted as part of the sovereign states concerned. Not included are other entities, such as the [[European Union]],<ref>The European Union is a ''[[sui generis]]'' supranational union whose sovereign members delegate to it by treaty certain powers that are often exercised by sovereign states. Its combined population has been estimated at 499,794,855 on January 1, 2009, it would be ranked 3rd if it were included in the list, and it has {{#expr: 499794855 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% of the world's population - see {{Cite web|title=Total population|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001|accessdate=2009-07-25}}.</ref> that are not sovereign states, and dependent territories that do not have permanent populations, such as various countries' claims to [[Antarctica]].<ref>Antarctica has no permanent residents, but a number of governments maintain permanent research stations throughout the continent. The number of people varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer.</ref>

Figures used in this chart are based on the most recent estimate or projection by the national [[census]] authority where available and generally rounded off. Where national data is unavailable, figures are based on the July 1, 2009 estimate by the Population Division of the [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]].<ref name=unpop>{{cite paper | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1| version=2008 revision | format=.PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | date=2009 | accessdate= 2009-03-12}}</ref> Because the compiled figures are not collected at the same time in every country, or at the same level of [[statistics|accuracy]], the resulting numerical comparisons may result in misleading conclusions. Further, the addition of all countries may not equal the world total.

Sovereign states are listed in bold text and dependent territories in italic. States listed that do not have general recognition are in bold and italic.

For a graphical version of this list, see [[list of countries by population (graphical)]]. See also [[list of countries and dependencies by population density]] and the [[list of regional organizations by population]].

==List==
Figures indicated by "UN estimate" are based on the July 1, 2009 estimate by the Population Division of the [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]].<ref name=unpop/>


{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Rank || Country / Territory || Population || Date Last Updated || % of World Population || class="unsortable"|Source
|-
|1 || align=left|'''{{flag|PRC|name=China}}'''<ref>Figure refers to [[Mainland China]] only. It excludes the [[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|special administrative regions]] and [[Republic of China|Taiwan]].</ref> || {{formatnum:{{#expr: (132000 + 1.8657 * {{Age in days|2007|10|20}} + 1) round 0}}0000 }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(1320000000 + 18657 * {{Age in days|2007|10|20}} + 10000 ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.cpirc.org.cn/index.asp Chinese Official Population Clock]
|-
|2 || align=left|'''{{flag|India}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: (116081.3 + 4.2197260273969 * {{Age in days|2009|1|30}}) round 0}}0000 }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(1160813000 + 42197.260273969 * {{Age in days|2009|1|30}})/{{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.indiastat.com/ Indian Population Clock]
|-
|3 || align=left|'''{{flag|United States}}''' || {{uspop commas}} ||{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr: {{uspop}} / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html United States Official Population clock]
|-
|4 || align=left|'''{{flag|Indonesia}}''' || 231,369,500 || || {{#expr: 231369500 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"| [http://demografi.bps.go.id/versi2/index.php?option=com_proyeksi&Itemid=100018&kat=1&w=1280 Statistics Indonesia]
|-
|5 || align=left|'''{{flag|Brazil}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: (192000 + 4.780 * {{Age in days|2009|11|6}}) round 0}}000 }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(192000000 + 4855 * {{Age in days|2009|11|6}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ibge.gov.br/english Brazilian Official Population Clock]
|-
|6 || align=left|'''{{flag|Pakistan}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 160000000 + 8500 * {{Age in days|2007|4|24}} + 500 round 0}} }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(160000000 + 8500 * {{Age in days|2007|4|24}} + 500 ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco Official Pakistani Population clock]
|-
|7 || align=left|'''{{flag|Bangladesh}}''' || 162,221,000 || || {{#expr: 162221000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|8 || align=left|'''{{flag|Nigeria}}''' || 154,729,000 || || {{#expr: 154729000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|9 || align=left|'''{{flag|Russia}}''' || 141,915,979 || November 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 141915979 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b09_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d11/8-0.htm Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]

|-
|10 || align=left|'''{{flag|Japan}}''' || 127,530,000 || December 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 127540000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.htm Official Japan Statistics Bureau]
|-
|11 || align=left|'''{{flag|Mexico}}''' || 107,550,697 || || {{#expr: 107550697 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/contenidos/estadisticas/2009/poblacion09.asp?s=inegi&c=2734&ep=18 INEGI estimate]
[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=125&Itemid=193 National Population Statistics of Mexico]<ref>For the Conapo estimates, check under Republica Mexicana and press "Ver" for statistics.</ref>
|-
|12 || align=left|'''{{flag|Philippines}}''' || 92,226,600 || Mid-2009 || {{#expr: 92226600 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|
[http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/popproj_tab1r.html National Statistics Office medium projection]
|-
|13 || align=left|'''{{flag|Vietnam}}''' || 85,789,573 || April 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 85789573 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=462&idmid=2&ItemID=9198 Preliminary 2009 census results]
|-
|14 || align=left|'''{{flag|Germany}}''' || 81,882,342 || March 31, 2009 || {{#expr: 81882342 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2009/11/PD09__417__12411.psml Federal Statistical Office]
|-
|15 || align=left|'''{{flag|Ethiopia}}''' || 79,221,000 || July 2008 || {{#expr: 79221000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|
[http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/National%20statistics/national%20statistics%202007/Population.pdf Ethiopia Central Statistics Agency]
|-
|16 || align=left|'''{{flag|Egypt}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 72798.031 + 4.25 * {{Age in days|2006|11|11}} round 0}}000 }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(72798031 + 4250 * {{Age in days|2006|11|11}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/fdl/tst12e?action=1&lname=%201 Official Egyptian Population clock]
|-
|17 || align=left|'''{{flag|Iran}}''' || 74,196,000 || || {{#expr: 74196000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|18 || align=left|'''{{flag|Turkey}}''' || 71,517,100 || December 31, 2008 || {{#expr: 71517100 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=3992 Turkish Statistical Institute estimate]
|-
|19 || align=left|'''{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=Dem. Rep. of Congo}}''' || 66,020,000 || || {{#expr: 66020000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|20 || align=left|'''{{flag|France}}''' <ref>Includes 7 French [[Overseas collectivity|overseas collectivities]]: [[French Polynesia]] (259,596 inh. in Aug. 2007), [[New Caledonia]] (245,580 inh. on July 27, 2009), [[Mayotte]] (186,452 inh. in July 2007), [[Saint Martin (France)|Saint Martin]] (35,263 inh. in Jan. 2006), [[Wallis and Futuna]] (13,484 inh. in Jul. 2008), [[Saint Barthélemy]] (8,450 inh. in Jan. 2007), [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] (6,125 inh. in Jan. 2006).</ref> || 65,073,482 || January 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 65073482 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1220#inter1 Official INSEE estimate] The figure for France without the overseas collectivities is 64,303,482.
|-
|21 || align=left|'''{{flag|Thailand}}''' || 63,389,730 || December 31, 2008 || {{#expr: 63389730 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|
[http://www.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat51.html Official Thai Statistics estimate]
|-
|22 || align=left|'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''' || 62,041,708 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 62041708 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|23 || align=left|'''{{flag|Italy}}''' || 60,231,214 || July 2009 || {{#expr: 60231214 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2009gen/index_e.html Official ISTAT estimate]
|-
|24 || align=left|'''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' (Burma) || 50,020,000 || || {{#expr: 50020000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|
UN estimate
|-
|25 || align=left|'''{{flag|South Africa}}''' || 49,320,500 || July 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 49320500 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size:75%"|[http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022009.pdf Statistics South Africa]
|-
|26 || align=left|'''{{flag|South Korea}}''' || 48,333,000 || || {{#expr: 48333000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|27 || align=left|'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''' || 46,011,345 || October 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 46011345 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2009/ds/kn/kn_e/kn0909_e.html Official UKRSTAT estimate]
|-
|28 || align=left|'''{{flag|Spain}}''' || 45,967,632 || October 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 45967632 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ine.es/jaxiBD/tabla.do?per=01&type=db&divi=EPOB&idtab=2 Official INE estimate]
|-
|29 || align=left|'''{{flag|Colombia}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 42888.592 + 1.432 * {{Age in days|2005|6|30}} round 0}}000 }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(42888592 + 1432 * {{Age in days|2005|6|30}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Official Colombian Population clock]
|-
|30 || align=left|'''{{flag|Tanzania}}''' || 43,739,000 || || {{#expr: 43739000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|31 || align=left|'''{{flag|Argentina}}''' || 40,134,425 || June 30, 2009 || {{#expr: 40134425 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_cuadro1.xls Official INDEC estimate]
|-
|32 || align=left|'''{{flag|Kenya}}''' || 39,802,000 || || {{#expr: 39802000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|33 || align=left|'''{{flag|Sudan}}''' || 39,154,490 || April 22, 2008 || {{#expr: 39154490 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.cbs.gov.sd 2008 Sudanese census]
|-
|34 || align=left|'''{{flag|Poland}}''' || 38,100,700 || || {{#expr: 38100700 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_P_Population_projection_for_Poland_2008_2035.pdf Official Central Statistics Office of Poland]
|-
|35 || align=left|'''{{flag|Algeria}}''' || 34,895,000 || || {{#expr: 34895000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|36 || align=left|'''{{flag|Canada}}''' || {{formatnum:{{CanPopCommas}} }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr: {{CanPop}}/{{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/clock-horloge/edu06f_0001-eng.htm Official Canadian Population clock]
|-
|37 || align=left|'''{{flag|Uganda}}''' || 32,710,000 || || {{#expr: 32710000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|38 || align=left|'''{{flag|Morocco}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 31514 + 0.923 * {{Age in days|2009|7|1}} round 0}}000}}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr: (31514000 + 923 * {{Age in days|2009|7|1}}) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.hcp.ma Official Moroccan Population clock]
|-
|39 || align=left|'''{{flag|Iraq}}''' || 30,747,000 || || {{#expr: 30747000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|40 || align=left|'''{{flag|Nepal}}''' || 29,331,000 || || {{#expr: 29331000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|41 || align=left|'''{{flag|Peru}}''' || 29,132,013 || June 30, 2009 || {{#expr: 29165000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.inei.gob.pe/web/NotaPrensa/Attach/8477.pdf Official INEI estimate]
|-
|42 || align=left|'''{{flag|Venezuela}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 28384.132 + 1.231 * {{Age in days|2009|7|3}} round 0}}000 }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(28384132 + 1231 * {{Age in days|2009|7|3}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ine.gov.ve Official Venezuelan Population clock]
|-
|43 || align=left|'''{{flag|Malaysia}}''' || 28,306,700 || || {{#expr: 28306700 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=294 Statistic Department of Malaysia]
|-
|44 || align=left|'''{{flag|Afghanistan}}''' || 28,150,000 || || {{#expr: 27488000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|45 || align=left|'''{{flag|Uzbekistan}}''' || 27,488,000 || || {{#expr: 27468000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|46 || align=left|'''{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}''' || 25,721,000 || || {{#expr: 25721000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|47 || align=left|'''{{flag|North Korea}}''' || 24,051,706 || October 2008 || {{#expr: 23906000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UNFPA
|-
|48 || align=left|'''{{flag|Ghana}}''' || 23,837,000 || || {{#expr: 23827000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|49 || align=left|'''{{flag|Yemen}}''' || 23,580,000 || || {{#expr: 23580000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|50 || align=left|''{{flag|Taiwan}}''<ref name="Taiwan">Consists of the island groups of [[Taiwan]], the [[Pescadores Islands|Pescadores]], [[Kinmen]], [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]], [[List_of_islands_of_the_Republic_of_China|etc.]]</ref> || 23,069,345 || June 30, 2009 || {{#expr: 23007007 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://eng.stat.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=5 Official National Statistics Taiwan estimate]
|-
|51 || align=left|'''{{flag|Australia}}'''<ref name="aus">Includes [[Christmas Island]] (1,508), [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] (628), and [[Norfolk Island]] (1,828)</ref> || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 22099 + 1.217 * {{Age in days|2010|1|1}} round 0}}000}}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr: (22099 + 1.217 * {{Age in days|2010|1|1}}) / {{worldpop}} * 100000 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Australian Official Population Clock]
|-
|52 || align=left|'''{{flag|Syria}}''' || 21,906,000 || || {{#expr: 21906000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|53 || align=left|'''{{flag|Romania}}''' || 21,466,174 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 21466174 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|54 || align=left|'''{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}''' || 21,075,000 || || {{#expr: 21075000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|55 || align=left|'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''' || 20,238,000 || || {{#expr: 20238000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|56 || align=left|'''{{flag|Mozambique}}''' || 20,226,296 || September 16, 2007 || {{#expr: 20226296 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ine.gov.mz/censo2007 Mozambique's National Institute of Statistics]
|-
|57 || align=left|'''{{flag|Madagascar}}''' || 19,625,000 || || {{#expr: 19625000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|58 || align=left|'''{{flag|Cameroon}}''' || 19,522,000 || || {{#expr: 19522000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|59 || align=left|'''{{flag|Angola}}''' || 18,498,000 || || {{#expr: 18498000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|60 || align="left"|'''{{flag|Chile}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: (16928873 + (17094270 - 16928873) / 365 * {{Age in days|2009|6|30}})/1000 round 0}}000 }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(16928873 + (17094270 - 16928873) / 365 * {{Age in days|2009|6|30}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf Official INE projection] (p.36)
|-
|61 || align=left|'''{{flag|Netherlands}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 165000 + 2.25 * {{Age in days|2009|1|14}} round 0}}00 }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(16500000 + 225 * {{Age in days|2009|1|14}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm Official Netherlands population clock]
|-
|62 || align=left|'''{{flag|Kazakhstan}}''' || 15,776,492 || July 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 15776492 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.eng.stat.kz/digital/Population/DocLib/hs0906eks.xls National Statistics Agency estimate]
|-
|63 || align=left|'''{{flag|Burkina Faso}}''' || 15,757,000 || || {{#expr: 15757000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|64 || align=left|'''{{flag|Niger}}''' || 15,290,000 || || {{#expr: 15290000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|65 || align=left|'''{{flag|Malawi}}''' || 15,263,000 || || {{#expr: 15263000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|66 || align=left|'''{{flag|Cambodia}}''' || 14,805,000 || || {{#expr: 14805000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|67 || align=left|'''{{flag|Mali}}''' || 14,517,176 || April 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 14517176 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://instat.gov.ml/voir_actu.aspx?lactu=44 Preliminary 2009 census]
|-
|68 || align=left|'''{{flag|Ecuador}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14005.45 + 0.546 * {{Age in days|2009|7|3}} round 0}}000 }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(14005450 + 546 * {{Age in days|2009|7|3}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.inec.gov.ec Official Ecuadorian population clock]
|-
|69 || align=left|'''{{flag|Guatemala}}''' || 14,027,000 || || {{#expr: 14027000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|70 || align=left|'''{{flag|Zambia}}''' || 12,935,000 || || {{#expr: 12935000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|71 || align=left|'''{{flag|Senegal}}''' || 12,534,000 || || {{#expr: 12534000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|72 || align=left|'''{{flag|Zimbabwe}}''' || 12,523,000 || || {{#expr: 12523000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|73 || align=left|'''{{flag|Chad}}''' || 11,274,106 || June 2009 || {{#expr: 11274106 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article2169 Chadian 2009 census]
|-
|74 || align=left|'''{{flag|Greece}}''' || 11,306,183 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 11260402 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|75 || align=left|'''{{flag|Cuba}}''' || 11,204,000 || || {{#expr: 11204000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|76 || align=left|'''{{flag|Belgium}}''' || 10,827,519 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 10827519 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|77 || align=left|'''{{flag|Portugal}}''' || 10,636,888 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 10636888 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|78 || align=left|'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''' || 10,476,543 || September 30, 2009 || {{#expr: 10501197 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/informace/coby121409.doc Czech Statistical Office]
|-
|79 || align=left|'''{{flag|Tunisia}}''' || 10,327,800 || July 1, 2008 || {{#expr: 10327000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php National Statistics Institute of Tunisia]
|-
|80 || align=left|'''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}''' || 10,090,000 || || {{#expr: 10090000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|81 || align=left|'''{{flag|Guinea}}''' || 10,069,000 || || {{#expr: 10069000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|82 || align=left|'''{{flag|Haiti}}''' || 10,033,000 || || {{#expr: 10033000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|83 || align=left|'''{{flag|Hungary}}''' || 10,013,628 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 10013628 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|84 || align=left|'''{{flag|Rwanda}}''' || 9,998,000 || || {{#expr: 9998000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|85 || align=left|'''{{flag|Bolivia}}''' || 9,879,000 || || {{#expr: 9863000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|86 || align=left|'''{{flag|Serbia}}'''<ref>Includes [[Kosovo]]</ref> || 9,850,000 || || {{#expr: 9850000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|87 || align=left|'''{{flag|Belarus}}''' || 9,671,900 || January 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 9671900 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/publications/population.pdf Official statistics of Belarus]
|-
|88 || align=left|'''{{flag|Sweden}}''' ||9,331,523||October 31, 2009 || {{#expr: 9292359 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25890.aspx Statistics Sweden]
|-
|89 || align=left|'''{{flag|Somalia}}'''<ref>includes [[Somaliland]]</ref> || 9,133,000 || || {{#expr: 9133000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|90 || align=left|'''{{flag|Benin}}''' || 8,935,000 || || {{#expr: 8935000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|91 || align=left|'''{{flag|Azerbaijan}}''' || 8,896,900 || April 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 8896900 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/1_1.shtml State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan]
|-
|92 || align=left|'''{{flag|Austria}}''' || 8,372,930 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 8372930 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|93 || align=left|'''{{flag|Burundi}}''' || 8,303,000 || || {{#expr: 8303000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|94 || align=left|'''{{flag|Switzerland}}''' ||7,771,600||October 31, 2009 || {{#expr: 7739100 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/bevoelkerungsstand.html Official Switzerland Statistics estimate]
|-
|95 || align=left|'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''' || 7,576,751 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 7576751 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|96 || align=left|'''{{flag|Israel}}''' <ref>UN figure for mid-2009 is 7,170,000, which excludes Israeli population living in the West Bank.</ref> || 7,509,000 ||December 31, 2009 || {{#expr: 7434000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/yarhon/b1_e.htm Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics]
|-
|97 || align=left|'''{{flag|Honduras}}''' || 7,466,000 || || {{#expr: 7466000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|98 || align=left|''{{flag|Hong Kong}}'' || 7,008,900 || December 31, 2008 || {{#expr: 7008900 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department]
|-
|99 || align=left|'''{{flag|Tajikistan}}''' || 6,952,000 || || {{#expr: 6952000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|100 || align=left|'''{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}''' || 6,732,000 || || {{#expr: 6732000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|101 || align=left|'''{{flag|Togo}}''' || 6,619,000 || || {{#expr: 6619000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|102 || align=left|'''{{flag|Libya}}''' || 6,420,000 || || {{#expr: 6420000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|103 || align=left|'''{{flag|Paraguay}}''' || 6,349,000 || || {{#expr: 6349000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|104 || align=left|'''{{flag|Laos}}''' || 6,320,000 || || {{#expr: 6320000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|105 || align=left|'''{{flag|Jordan}}''' || 6,316,000 || || {{#expr: 6316000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|106 || align=left|'''{{flag|El Salvador}}''' || 6,163,000 || || {{#expr: 6163000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|107 || align=left|'''{{flag|Nicaragua}}''' || 5,743,000 || || {{#expr: 5743000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|108 || align=left|'''{{flag|Sierra Leone}}''' || 5,696,000 || || {{#expr: 5696000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|109 || align=left|'''{{flag|Denmark}}''' || 5,532,531 ||September 30, 2009 || {{#expr: 5519441 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.dst.dk/HomeUK/Statistics/Key_indicators/Population/pop_quarterly.aspx Statistics Denmark]
|-
|110 || align=left|'''{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}''' || 5,482,000 || || {{#expr: 5482000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|111 || align=left|'''{{flag|Slovakia}}''' || 5,421,937 || September 30, 2009 || {{#expr: 5421937 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=5639 Statistics Slovakia]
|-
|112 || align=left|'''{{flag|Finland}}''' <ref name="fin">Includes [[Åland Islands]]</ref> || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 52800 + 0.63 * {{Age in days|2006|11|2}} round 0}}00}}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr: (5280000 + 63 * {{Age in days|2006|11|2}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.vaestorekisterikeskus.fi/vrk/home.nsf/pages/index_eng Official Finnish Population clock]
|-
|113 || align=left|'''{{flag|Turkmenistan}}''' || 5,110,000 || || {{#expr: 5110000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|114 || align=left|'''{{flag|Eritrea}}''' || 5,073,000 || || {{#expr: 5073000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|115 || align=left|'''{{flag|Singapore}}''' || 4,987,600 || Mid-2009 || {{#expr: 4987600 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html#popnarea Statistics Singapore]
|-
|116 || align=left|'''{{flag|Norway}}''' <ref name="nor">Includes [[Svalbard]] (2,701) and [[Jan Mayen Island]]</ref> || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 48122 + 1.45 * {{Age in days|2009|4|1}} round 0}}00}}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr: (4812200 + 145 * {{Age in days|2009|4|1}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/befolkning_en/ Official Norwegian Population clock]
|-
|117 || align=left|'''{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}''' || 4,599,000 || || {{#expr: 4599000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|118 || align=left|'''{{flag|Costa Rica}}''' || 4,579,000 || || {{#expr: 4579000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|119 || align=left|'''{{Flag|Ireland}}''' || 4,459,300 || April 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 4422100 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.cso.ie/releasespublications/documents/population/current/popmig.pdf Irish Central Statistics Office estimate]
|-
|120 || align=left|'''{{flag|Croatia}}''' || 4,435,056 || January 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 4435056 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|121 || align=left|'''{{flag|Central African Republic}}''' || 4,422,000 || || {{#expr: 4422000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|122 || align=left|'''{{flag|Georgia}}''' <ref name="geo">Figure includes the [[Republic of Abkhazia]] (216,000) and [[South Ossetia]] (70,000)</ref> || 4,385,400 || January 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 4385400 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=47&plang=1 Statistics Georgia]
|-
|123 || align=left|'''{{flag|New Zealand}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 43200 + 1.76 * {{Age in days|2009|7|26}} round 0}}00}}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr: (4320000 + 176 * {{Age in days|2009|7|26}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx Official New Zealander Population clock]
|-
|124 || align=left|'''{{flag|Lebanon}}''' || 4,224,000 || || {{#expr: 4224000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|125 || align=left|''{{flag|Puerto Rico}}'' || 3,982,000 || || {{#expr: 3982000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|126 || align=left|'''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}''' || 3,767,000 || || {{#expr: 3767000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|127 || align=left|'''''{{flag|Palestine}}''''' || 3,761,646 || December 1, 2007 || {{#expr: 3761646 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/census2007_e.pdf 2007 Palestinian Bureau Census]
|-
|128 || align=left|'''{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}''' || 3,683,000 || || {{#expr: 3683000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|129 || align=left|'''{{flag|Moldova}}''' <ref name="mol">Includes [[Transnistria]] (555,347)</ref> || 3,567,500 || January 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 3567500 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.statistica.md/index.php?l=en National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova]
|-
|130 || align=left|'''{{flag|Liberia}}''' || 3,476,608 || March 21, 2008 || {{#expr: 3476608 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Population_by_County.pdf 2008 Population and Housing Census]
|-
|131 || align=left|'''{{flag|Panama}}''' || 3,454,000 || || {{#expr: 3454000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|132 || align=left|'''{{flag|Uruguay}}''' || 3,361,000 || || {{#expr: 3361000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|133 || align=left|'''{{flag|Lithuania}}''' || 3,329,227 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 3329227 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|134 || align=left|'''{{flag|Mauritania}}''' || 3,291,000 || || {{#expr: 3291000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|135 || align=left|'''{{flag|Armenia}}''' || 3,230,100 || January 1, 2008 || {{#expr: 3002000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-081/EN/KS-SF-08-081-EN.PDF]
|-
|136 || align=left|'''{{flag|Albania}}''' || 3,170,000 || January 1, 2008 || {{#expr: 3190000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-081/EN/KS-SF-08-081-EN.PDF]
|-
|137 || align=left|'''{{flag|Kuwait}}''' || 2,985,000 || || {{#expr: 2985000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|138 || align=left|'''{{flag|Oman}}''' || 2,845,000 || || {{#expr: 2845000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|139 || align=left|'''{{flag|Jamaica}}''' || 2,719,000 || || {{#expr: 2719000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|140 || align=left|'''{{flag|Mongolia}}''' || 2,671,000 || || {{#expr: 2671000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|141 || align=left|'''{{flag|Latvia}}''' || 2,249,700 || December 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 2248700 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.csb.gov.lv/csp/content/?lng=en&cat=244 Official Statistics of Latvia]
|-
|142 || align=left|'''{{flag|Namibia}}''' || 2,171,000 || || {{#expr: 2171000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|143 || align=left|'''{{flag|Lesotho}}''' || 2,067,000 || || {{#expr: 2067000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|144 || align=left|'''{{flag|Macedonia}}''' || 2,048,620 || January 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 2048620 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|145 || align=left|'''{{flag|Slovenia}}''' || {{formatnum:{{#expr: 204800 + 4.6 * {{Age in days|2009|10|23}} round 0}}0 }}  || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr:(2048000 + 46 * {{Age in days|2009|10|23}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.stat.si/eng/preb_ura.asp Official Slovenian population clock]
|-
|146 || align=left|'''{{flag|Botswana}}''' || 1,950,000 || || {{#expr: 1950000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|147 || align=left|'''{{flag|Gambia}}''' || 1,705,000 || || {{#expr: 1705000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|148 || align=left|'''{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}''' || 1,611,000 || || {{#expr: 1611000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|149 || align=left|'''{{flag|Gabon}}''' || 1,475,000 || || {{#expr: 1475000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|150 || align=left|'''{{flag|Qatar}}''' || 1,409,000 || || {{#expr: 1409000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|151 || align=left|'''{{flag|Estonia}}''' || 1,340,415 || January 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 1340415 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators]
|-
|152 || align=left|'''{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}''' || 1,339,000 || || {{#expr: 1339000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|153 || align=left|'''{{flag|Mauritius}}''' <ref name="mau">Includes [[Agalega]], [[Rodrigues (island)|Rodrigues]] and [[Cargados Carajos|St. Brandon]]</ref> || 1,288,000
|| || {{#expr: 1288000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|154 || align=left|'''{{flag|Swaziland}}''' || 1,185,000 || || {{#expr: 1185000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|155 || align=left|'''{{flag|East Timor}}''' || 1,134,000 || || {{#expr: 1134000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|156 || align=left|'''{{flag|Djibouti}}''' || 864,000 || || {{#expr: 864000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|157 || align=left|'''{{flag|Fiji}}''' || 849,000 || || {{#expr: 849000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|158 || align=left|'''{{flag|Cyprus}}''' <ref>includes [[North Cyprus]]; UN estimate for mid-2009 is 871,000</ref> || 801,851 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 801851 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|159 || align=left|'''{{flag|Bahrain}}''' || 791,000 || || {{#expr: 791000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|160 || align=left|'''{{flag|Guyana}}''' || 762,000 || || {{#expr: 762000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|161 || align=left|'''{{flag|Bhutan}}''' || 697,000 || || {{#expr: 697000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|162 || align=left|'''{{flag|Comoros}}''' <ref name="com">Excludes the island of [[Mayotte]].</ref> || 676,000 || || {{#expr: 676000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|163 || align=left|'''{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}''' <ref>A 2003 U.S State Department report states the following: "Although the 2002 census estimated the population at 1,015,000, credible estimates put the number at closer to 500,000. The opposition claimed that the Government inflated the census in anticipation of the December presidential election." (...) "Opposition leaders charged earlier in the year that census results showing a twofold population increase were flawed and that numbers were inflated to perpetuate election fraud." [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18181.htm] The official census figures are available [http://www.dgecnstat-ge.org/Datos/estructurales/Poblacion.htm here].</ref> || 676,000 || || {{#expr: 507000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|164 || align=left|'''{{flag|Montenegro}}''' || 624,000 || || {{#expr: 624000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|165 || align=left|''{{flag|Macau}}'' || 541,200 || September 30, 2009 || {{#expr: 541200 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.dsec.gov.mo/default.aspx?lang=en-US Macau Statistics and Census Service]
|-
|166 || align=left|'''{{flag|Solomon Islands}}''' || 523,000 || || {{#expr: 478000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|167 || align=left|'''{{flag|Suriname}}''' || 520,000 || || {{#expr: 520000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|168 || align=left|'''''{{flag|Western Sahara}}''''' || 513,000 || || {{#expr: 513000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|169 || align=left|'''{{flag|Cape Verde}}''' || 506,000 || || {{#expr: 506000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|170 || align=left|'''{{flag|Luxembourg}}''' || 502,207 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 502207 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|171 || align=left|'''{{flag|Malta}}''' || 416,333 || January 1, 2010 || {{#expr: 416333 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Eurostat estimate]
|-
|172 || align=left|'''{{flag|Brunei}}''' || 400,000 || || {{#expr: 400000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|173 || align=left|'''{{flag|Bahamas}}''' || 342,000 || || {{#expr: 342000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|174 || align=left|'''{{flag|Belize}}''' || 322,100 || June 30, 2008 || {{#expr: 322100 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.cso.gov.bz/dms20uc/dynamicdata/docs/20090227122642_2.pdf Statistical Institute of Belize]
|-
|175 || align=left|'''{{flag|Iceland}}''' || 317,593 || December 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 319246 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.statice.is/ Statistics Iceland]
|-
|176 || align=left|'''{{flag|Maldives}}''' || 309,000 || || {{#expr: 309000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|177 || align=left|'''{{flag|Barbados}}''' || 256,000 || || {{#expr: 256000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|178 || align=left|'''{{flag|Vanuatu}}''' || 240,000 || || {{#expr: 240000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|179 || align=left|''{{flag|Netherlands Antilles}}'' || 198,000 || || {{#expr: 198000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|180 || align=left|'''{{flag|Samoa}}''' || 179,000 || || {{#expr: 179000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|181 || align=left|''{{flag|Guam}}'' || 178,000 || || {{#expr: 178000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|182 || align=left|'''{{flag|Saint Lucia}}''' || 172,000 || || {{#expr: 172000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|183 || align=left|'''{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}''' || 163,000 || || {{#expr: 163000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|184 || align=left|'''{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}''' || 111,000 || || {{#expr: 111000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|185 || align=left|''{{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}'' || 110,000 || || {{#expr: 110000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|186 || align=left|'''{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}''' || 109,000 || || {{#expr: 109000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|187 || align=left|''{{flag|Aruba}}'' || 107,000 || || {{#expr: 107000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|188 || align=left|'''{{flag|Grenada}}''' || 104,000 || || {{#expr: 104000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|189 || align=left|'''{{flag|Tonga}}''' || 104,000 || || {{#expr: 104000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|190 || align=left|'''{{flag|Kiribati}}''' || 98,000 || || {{#expr: 98000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|191 || align=left|''{{flag|Jersey}}'' || 89,300 || December 31, 2006 || {{#expr: 89300 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|States of Jersey Statistics Unit[http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/5834907F-A3C1-4D57-BBBF-7B7530A64647/0/JerseyinFigures2007.pdf]
|-
|192 || align=left|'''{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}''' || 88,000 || || {{#expr: 88000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|193 || align=left|''{{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}'' || 87,000 || || {{#expr: 87000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|194 || align=left|'''{{flag|Andorra}}''' || 86,000 || || {{#expr: 86000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|195 || align=left|'''{{flag|Seychelles}}''' || 84,000 || || {{#expr: 84000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|196 || align=left|''{{flag|Isle of Man}}'' || 80,000 || || {{#expr: 80000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|197 || align=left|'''{{flag|Dominica}}''' || 67,000 || || {{#expr: 67000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|198 || align=left|''{{flag|American Samoa}}'' || 67,000 || || {{#expr: 67000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|199 || align=left|''{{flag|Bermuda}}'' || 65,000 || || {{#expr: 65000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|200 || align=left|'''{{flag|Marshall Islands}}''' || 62,000 || || {{#expr: 62000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|201 || align=left|''{{flag|Guernsey}}'' || 61,811 || March 1, 2007 || {{#expr: 61811 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/vitstats/serATab2.pdf UN estimate: Series A, Table 2]
|-
|202 || align=left|''{{flag|Greenland}}'' || 57,000 || || {{#expr: 57000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|203 || align=left|''{{flag|Cayman Islands}}'' || 56,000 || || {{#expr: 56000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|204 || align=left|'''{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}''' || 52,000 || || {{#expr: 52000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|205 || align=left|''{{flag|Faroe Islands}}'' || 48,583 ||November 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 48940 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands Official statistics of the Faroe Islands]
|-
|206 || align=left|'''{{flag|Liechtenstein}}''' || 35,593 || January 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 35700 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-basisdaten.htm]
|-
|207 || align=left|'''{{flag|Monaco}}''' || 33,000 || || {{#expr: 33000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|
UN estimate
|-
|208 || align=left|''{{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}'' || 33,000 || || {{#expr: 33000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|209 || align=left|''{{flag|Gibraltar}}'' || 31,000 || || {{#expr: 31000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|210 || align=left|'''{{flag|San Marino}}''' || 30,800 || January 1, 2008 || {{#expr: 31000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-081/EN/KS-SF-08-081-EN.PDF]
|-
|211 || align=left|''{{flag|British Virgin Islands}}'' || 23,000 || || {{#expr: 23000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|212 || align=left|''{{flag|Cook Islands}}'' || 20,000 || || {{#expr: 20000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|213 || align=left|'''{{flag|Palau}}''' || 20,000 || || {{#expr: 20000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|214 || align=left|''{{flag|Anguilla}}'' || 15,000 || || {{#expr: 15000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|215 || align=left|'''{{flag|Tuvalu}}''' || 10,000 || || {{#expr: 10000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|216 || align=left|'''{{flag|Nauru}}''' || 10,000 || || {{#expr: 10000 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|217 || align=left|''{{flag|Montserrat}}'' || 5,900 || || {{#expr: 5900 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|218 || align=left|''{{flag|Saint Helena}}'' <ref name="sh">Includes [[Ascension Island|Ascension]] and [[Tristan da Cunha]]</ref> || 4,500 || || {{#expr: 4500 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 4}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|219 || align=left|''{{flag|Falkland Islands}}'' || 3,000 || || 0.00005% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|220 || align=left|''{{flag|Niue}}'' || 1,500 || || 0.00003% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|221 || align=left|''{{flag|Tokelau}}'' || 1,200 || || 0.00003% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|222 || align=left|'''{{flag|Vatican City}}''' || 800 || || 0.00002% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|-
|223 || align=left|''{{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}'' || 50 || || 0.000001% || style="font-size: 75%"|UN estimate
|}

==See also==
*[[Human geography]]
*[[List of cities by population]]
*[[List of national capitals by population]]
*[[List of continents by population]]
*[[List of countries]]
*[[List of countries by population density]]
*[[List of countries by population in 1900]]
*[[List of countries by population in 1907]]
*[[List of countries by population in 2000]]
*[[List of countries by population in 2005]]
*[[List of countries by past and future population]]
*[[List of countries by refugee population]]
*[[List of countries by urban population]]
*Lists of countries in various regions by populations:
**[[List of African countries by population|Africa]]
**[[List of countries in the Americas by population|Americas]]
***[[List of Caribbean island countries by population|Caribbean islands]]
***[[List of Latin American countries by population|Latin America]]
***[[List of North American countries by population|North America]]
***[[List of South American countries by population|South America]]
**[[List of Arab countries by population|Arab states]]
**[[List of Asian countries by population|Asia]]
***[[List of East Asian and Southeast Asian countries by population|East Asia and Southeast Asia]]
**[[List of members of the Commonwealth of Nations by population|Commonwealth of Nations]]
**[[List of European countries by population|Europe]]
***[[List of European Union member states by population|European Union member states]]
**[[List of Middle East countries by population|Middle East]]
**[[List of Oceanian countries by population|Oceania]]
*[[List of regional organizations by population]]
*[[List of religious populations]]
*[[World population]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External link==
*[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm United Nations Analytical Report for the 2004 revision of World Population Prospects] (the analytical report for the 2006 revision is not available online) — includes details of methodology and sources used for the population estimates above.

{{Population country lists}}

[[Category:Lists of countries|Population]]
[[Category:Demography]]
[[Category:Lists by population|Countries]]

[[af:Lys van lande volgens bevolking]]
[[als:Liste unabhängiger Staaten nach Einwohnerzahl]]
[[ar:ملحق:قائمة الدول حسب عدد السكان]]
[[an:Lista de países por poblazión]]
[[ast:Llista de países por población]]
[[az:Ölkələrin əhaliyə görə sıralanması]]
[[bn:জনসংখ্যার ভিত্তিতে রাষ্ট্রসমূহের তালিকা]]
[[be-x-old:Сьпіс краінаў паводле насельніцтва]]
[[bs:Spisak država po stanovništvu]]
[[bg:Списък на страните по население]]
[[ca:Llista de països per població]]
[[cv:Халăх йышĕпе йĕркеленĕ патшалăхсен списокĕ]]
[[cs:Seznam států světa podle počtu obyvatel]]
[[cy:Rhestr gwledydd yn nhrefn eu poblogaeth]]
[[da:Verdens landes befolkningsstørrelser]]
[[dv:އާބާދީއަށް ބަލައިގެން ތަރުތީބު ކުރެވިފައިވާ ޤައުމުތަކުގެ ލިސްޓު]]
[[et:Riikide loend rahvaarvu järgi]]
[[el:Κατάλογος χωρών ανά πληθυσμό]]
[[es:Anexo:Países por población]]
[[eo:Listo de landoj laŭ loĝantaro]]
[[eu:Estatuen zerrenda biztanleriaren arabera]]
[[fa:فهرست کشورها بر پایه جمعیت]]
[[fo:Listi yvir heimins lond eftir íbúgvatali]]
[[fr:Liste des pays par population]]
[[ga:Liosta tíortha de réir daonra]]
[[gl:Lista de países por poboación]]
[[gv:Rolley çheeraghyn rere earroo yn phobble]]
[[ko:인구순 나라 목록]]
[[hi:जनसंख्या के अनुसार देशों की सूची]]
[[hr:Dodatak:Popis država po stanovništvu]]
[[id:Daftar negara menurut jumlah penduduk]]
[[ia:Lista de paises per population]]
[[is:Listi yfir lönd eftir mannfjölda]]
[[it:Lista di stati per popolazione]]
[[he:מדינות לפי אוכלוסייה, שטח, צפיפות ותמ"ג]]
[[jv:Daftar negara miturut cacah pedunung]]
[[ka:მსოფლიოს ქვეყნები მოსახლეობის მიხედვით]]
[[sw:Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
[[lv:Valstu uzskaitījums pēc iedzīvotāju skaita]]
[[lb:Lëscht vun de Länner no Bevëlkerung]]
[[lt:Sąrašas:Šalys pagal gyventojų skaičių]]
[[lij:Lista de i stati pe popolaçoin]]
[[li:Lies van ónaafhenkelike sjtaote naor inwoeners]]
[[hu:Országok népesség szerinti listája]]
[[mk:Листа на држави по население]]
[[mr:जगातील देशांची यादी (लोकसंख्येनुसार)]]
[[ms:Senarai negara mengikut jumlah penduduk]]
[[nl:Lijst van landen naar inwonertal]]
[[ja:国の人口順リスト]]
[[no:Liste over verdens stater etter befolkningsstørrelse]]
[[nn:Verdas land etter folketal]]
[[oc:Lista dels païses per populacion]]
[[uz:Davlatlar statistikasi - Aholi]]
[[pl:Lista państw świata według liczby ludności]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de países por população]]
[[crh:Ealisine köre memleketlerniñ cedveli]]
[[ro:Lista ţărilor după populaţie]]
[[rmy:Patrinipen le themengo palal o gin le manushengo]]
[[ru:Список стран по населению]]
[[sq:Lista e shteteve sipas numrit të banorëve]]
[[sk:Zoznam štátov podľa počtu obyvateľov]]
[[sl:Seznam držav po prebivalstvu]]
[[so:Liiska dalalka dad ahaan]]
[[sr:Списак држава по броју становника]]
[[sh:Spisak država po stanovništvu]]
[[su:Daptar nagara dumasar populasi]]
[[fi:Luettelo valtioista väkiluvun mukaan]]
[[sv:Lista över länder efter folkmängd]]
[[tl:Tala ng mga bansa ayon sa populasyon]]
[[ta:மக்கள்தொகை அடிப்படையில் நாடுகளின் பட்டியல்]]
[[te:దేశాల జాబితా – జనసంఖ్య క్రమంలో]]
[[tet:Lista rai hosi populasaun]]
[[th:รายชื่อประเทศเรียงตามจำนวนประชากร]]
[[tg:Рӯйхати кишварҳо аз рӯи аҳолӣ]]
[[tr:Nüfuslarına göre ülkeler listesi]]
[[uk:Список країн за населенням]]
[[ur:فہرست ممالک بلحاظ آبادی]]
[[vi:Danh sách các nước theo số dân]]
[[yo:Àkójọ àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè bí àwọn ènìyàn wọn se pọ̀sí]]
[[zh:国家人口列表]]

Ahmed Bukhatir

2009-12-06T14:17:44Z

Alshareeca:

{{Refimprove|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox Person
| Name =
| image = Ahmed Bukhatir.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| name = Ahmed Bukhatir احمد بوخاطر
| birth_date = 1975 (age 34)
| birth_place = [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]] {{flagicon|UAE}}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| occupation = [[Munshid]]
}}
'''Ahmed Bukhatir''' ({{lang-ar|احمد بوخاطر}}) is a traditional Islamic singer, born in 1975. He is from a famous family in [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] and is well known in [[UAE]]. He started singing in 1989, and achieved positive response from the audience. He has already released 6 albums: Hasanat, Daani, Samtan, Fartaqi, Al Quds Tunadena, and Entasaf Al Layl.

==Biography==

Ahmed Bukhatir, a UAE citizen, born in 1975, member of a famous family from Sharjah and well known all around UAE.
Ahmed started singing in 1989 so that he could have an outlet to express himself. Without any formal training, by the age of 27 Ahmed was performing at sold out Concerts attended by [[List_of_rulers_of_separate_Emirates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates|Royal Families of UAE]].
Over the years Ahmed has performed on various occasions for different causes in UAE and abroad.

He performed at the "Holy Qura'an" competition attended by H.H. Sheikh [[Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] and [[Sheikh Abdul Rahman Al Sudais]]. He then became internationally acclaimed when he performed at the Excel Hall [[London]] in front of twenty thousand and with stars from around the world.

His upcoming tour venues include [[South Africa]] and [[Australia]] where he is due to perform.

==Albums==

*''[[Hasanat]]'' - 2007

*''[[Da’ani]]'' - 2005

*''[[Samtan]]'' - 2004

*''[[Fartaqi]]'' - 2003

*''[[Al Quds tunadeena]]'' - 2001

*''[[Entasaf Al-Lail]]'' - 2000

==Solo==

Ahmed Bukhatir has also made a nasheed based on the city [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] in [[United Arab Emirates]]. The nasheed known as "Madinaty Shariqah" (My City Sharjah) has been immensely popular in [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] and has received thousands of views on [[Youtube]].

==Performances==
[[File:London Concert.JPG|thumb|Concert at Global Peace and Unity |200px ]]
Ahmed Bukhatir has given many performances in the [[United Arab Emirates]] in Sharjah, Dubai, Ras Al Khaimah, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, Um Al Quwain before audiences of up to 3000 people. Among his most noted appearances were his grand performance in Kuwait attended by a 2500-strong audience, and in the UK (London) at [[Global Peace and Unity]] attended by more than 35000 people. He also performed in Australia (Melbourne & Sydney), South Africa (Durban), Yemen (Sana’a) and India (Mumbai).

Ahmed Bukhatir and his group have been invited to many Arab countries such as Oman, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Algeria, and others. His most famous song is "Ommi".

==Video Clips==

Ahmed Bukhatir made many video clips for songs "Ya Akhi ", "Ommi", "Zawjaty", “Forgive me”, “My City Sharjah", "Ayna Abna’i", "Samtan" through Melody channel, Mazeka, Rotana, Music Plus, Gulf Stars, Hawas, Sama Dubai, Nujoom, Sharjah, MBC, Alresala, Iqra, Al najah, Islam Channel. The video clip of his nasheed "Atfalana" is due to be released soon.

==Media==

Media played a fundamental role in distribution of Ahmed Bukhatir’s albums in the Arab and the western world, many articles written about him and appeared in magazines such as "Zahrat Al Khaleej", "Kul Al Usra" "Friday", and all local newspapers and magazines.
Ahmed Bukhatir appeared in many TVs and Broadcast Interviews such as "Al Majd TV", "MBC TV", "Sharjah TV", "Sama Dubai TV", "Islam Channel", "Al-Resala", “Nojoom TV” and other TV channels, and broadcasts interviews with Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Lebanese Dawn, Voice of Islam of South Africa, and finally Noor Dubai.

==Business career==
Bachelor Degree Holder after Graduating in 1999 from Al Ain University, he is currently chairing his own group consisting of companies in different fields in the business world. He’s also a member of the board of Directors in the [[Bukhatir Group]].

==Official Website==
The official website of Ahmed Bukhatir [http://www.bukhatir.org] receives thousands of visitors. Recently the website launched forums for its Arabic and English speaking visitors. [http://www.bukhatir.org/forums]

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite news |title=Ahmed Bukhatir charity concert at QAQ |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/115045.html |work=[[AME Info]] |date=2007-03-28 |accessdate=2008-07-14 }}
*[http://www.bukhatir.org/html/history001.html "Biography "] 2009-10-25
*[http://www.bukhatir.org/html/adlr001.html "Ahmed Bukhatir Albums "] 2009-10-25
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bukhatir.org Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bukhatir, Ahmed}}
[[Category:People from Sharjah]]
[[Category:Performers of Islamic music]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[so:Axmed Bukhaadir]]

Oromo people

2009-11-09T17:42:31Z

Alshareeca:

{{For|the language|Oromo language}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2009}}
{{Infobox Ethnic group|
|group=Oromo
|image=[[Image:Dej Balcha Aba Nefso.jpg|200px|]]
|poptime= over 31 million<ref name="census2007p66" />
|region1 = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
|pop1 = 25,489,000
|ref1 = {{lower|<ref name="census2007p66">{{Citation|author=[[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|Central Statistical Agency]]| contribution = TABEL <nowiki>[sic]</nowiki> 5: POPULATION SIZE OF REGIONS BY NATIONS/NATIONALITIES (ETHNIC GROUP) AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE: 2007| title = Census 2007| year = 2008| page = 66| place = [[Addis Ababa]]| publisher = Central Statistical Agency| url = http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf}}</ref>}}
|region2 = {{flagcountry|Kenya}}
|pop2 = 965,000
|region3 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
|pop3 = 150,563
|region4 = {{flagcountry|Somalia}}
|pop4 = 60,968
|region5 = {{flagcountry|Yemen}}
|pop5 = 59,500
|region6 = {{flagcountry|Great Britain}}
|pop6 = 45,000
|region7 = {{flagcountry|Djibouti}}
|pop7 = 25,664
|region8 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
|pop8 = 17,580
|ref8 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 Statistics Canada - Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census]</ref>}}
|region9 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
|pop9 = 12,000
|rels=[[Sunni Islam]] 47.5%, [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity]] 30.5%, [[Protestant]] 17.7%, [[Waaq|Traditional]] 3.3%
|langs=[[Oromo language|Oromo]],<ref>[http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#o Oromo people]</ref>
|related= [[Afar people|Afar]], [[Agaw]], [[Beja people|Beja]], [[Bilen people|Bilen]], [[Sidama people|Sidama]], [[Saho people|Saho]], [[Somali people|Somali]],
}}

The '''Oromo''' ([[Oromo language|Oromo]]: ''Oromoo'' “The Powerful”, [[Amharic]]: ኦሮሞ ''’Oromo'') are an ethnic group found in [[Ethiopia]], in northern [[Kenya]], and to a lesser extent in parts of [[Somalia]].<ref name=MW>Merriam-Webster Inc, Frederick C. Mish, ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', (Merriam-Webster: 2003), p.876</ref> They are the largest single ethnic group in [[Ethiopia]], at 34.49% of the population according to the 2007 census, and today number over 31 million.<ref name="census2007p66"/><ref name="afp2008-12-04">The CSA estimates a population growth of 7.6% between the time the census was conducted and the date of its approval: {{cite news |title=Ethiopia population soars to near 77 million: census |curly=y |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i-WtiPcdGx83wuVl-kZ8ZT8tQGRg |agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |work=[[Google News]] |date=4 December 2008 |accessdate=5 December 2008 |quote='We carried out a census in May 2007 and it shows that there were 73,918,505 people at that time,' Central Statistics Agency chief Samya Zakarya told AFP.'But based on a projection of an annual growth rate of 7.6 percent, Ethiopia's population up to this month is 76,947,760.'}}</ref> Their native language is the [[Oromo language]] (also called ''Afaan Oromoo'' and ''Oromiffa'').

==Origins==

The Oromo are one of the [[Cushitic]]-speaking groups of people living in north-eastern and eastern Africa. Cushitic speakers have inhabited parts of north-eastern and eastern Africa for as long as recorded history. Oromos are found predominantly in Ethiopia (99%), but are spread from as far as northern Ethiopia (southern [[Tigray Region]]) to northern Kenya, even as far south as [[Lamu Island]]. The Oromo represent one of the largest Cushitic-speaking groups inhabiting the [[Horn of Africa]]. Their physical features, culture, language and other evidences unequivocally point to the fact that they are indigenous to this part of Africa. Available information indicates that the Oromo existed as a community of people for thousands of years in East Africa (Prouty et al., 1981). Bates (1979) contends that the Oromo "were a very ancient race, the indigenous stock, perhaps, on which most other peoples in this part of eastern Africa have been grafted".

While further research is needed to precisely comprehend the origins of the Oromo, it is well known that they were originally a pastoralist/nomadic group and/or semi-agriculturalist group. It is likely that they have existed for a longer period of time side by side with their northern [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]-speaking neighbors. There is a wealth of oral history that describe interactions between the two group dating back as early as the 6th century. {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}.

==Recent history==
Historically, the Afaan Oromo speaking people used the indigenous ''[[Gadaa]]'' system of governance. Many Oromo communities - most notably Gibe Kingdoms, around [[Jimma]] - gradually adopted monarchy and other forms of governance in the later centuries of 2nd [[Millennium]]. Such changes occurred due to the growing influence of Islam from the east and Orthodox Christianity from the north as well as power struggles between opposing Oromo communities.

Both the peaceful and violent competition and integration between Oromos and other neighboring ethnicities of Amhara, Sidama, Somali and others shaped up politics inside the Oromo community historically. Northern Expansion of Oromos, particularly the Arsi, to ethnic Somali and Sidama territories; the Yejju and other Oromo communities to the north, mirrored the southern expansion of Amharas to influence the current ethnic politics in Ethiopia.<ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Oromo and Amhara rule in Ethiopia]</ref> Also the great Somali expansion from the Ogaden plains west towards the Juba river led to conflicts with the Oromo.<ref name=Degu2002>W.A. Degu, [http://dare.uva.nl/document/66264 "Chapter 7 Political Development in the Pre-colonial Horn of Africa"], ''The state, the crisis of state institutions and refugee migration in the Horn of Africa: the cases of Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia'', Thela Thesis (Amsterdam, 2002)</ref>

Various commercial and political alliances, often between different ethnicities, occurred during the population movements in the region in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The central Shoa region often saw ethnic Oromo and Amhara alliances against the Amhara dominated Gondar empires while there were several cases of power sharing between Tigre rulers and Yajju Oromo Dynasty as well as the Raya Oromos of Tigray.<ref name=Degu2002/> Similarly, Afar, Somali and Oromo alliances took place historically, particularly united by religious and territorial ambitions. In some cases, Oromos and Somalis were in competition for good lands and water resources historically. In addition, Eastern Oromos who were converted to Islam ruled over most of Ethiopia together with Afars and Somalis when Horn of African Muslims who were united and led by Imam [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi]] conquered a majority of Christian Ethiopian highlands.<ref name=Degu2002/>

Historian Pankhurst stated that before the coming of European powers and the creation of centralized Ethiopia, the area presently known as Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia:

<blockquote>Constituted a galaxy of states and polities, each moving in its own orbit, but significantly affecting, and affected by, the other entities in the constellation. Each ruler kept a watchful eye on his neighbors but would often exchange gifts and courtesies with them unless actually at war. Dynastic marriages were made whenever practicable, though these only occasionally crossed barriers of religion. Commerce, on the other hand, made little distinction between faith, and trade routes linked traditionalist, Christian and Muslim localities. Ethnic and linguistic communities remained largely distinct, but there was much cross-fertilization of cultures. This was true not only off the Ethiopian highlands and the Red Sea coastlands, but also further south along the Somali-Oromo frontier where later nineteenth century travelers reported the existence of bilingual trading communities.<ref name=Degu2002/></blockquote>

In the first decades of the nineteenth century, three Oromo monarchies, Enarya, Goma and Guma, rose to prominence.<ref name=Degu2002/> In the general view of Oromo people's role in Ethiopia, Ras [[Gobana Dacche]] is a famous Oromo figure who led the development of modern Ethiopia and the political and miliatary incorporation of more territories into Ethiopian borders.<ref>[http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/j/ORTJA.pdf Ras Gobena victory against Gurage militia]</ref><ref>Donald Levine, ''Greater Ethiopia, the Evolution of a multicultural society'' (University of Chicago Press: 1974)</ref> Gobana under the authority of [[Menelik II]] incorporated several Oromo territories into a centralized Ethiopian state. Some contemporary ethno-nationalist Oromo political groups refer to Gobana in a negative light. Though, before military integration; present day Ethiopia, Eritrea, and parts of Somalia were previously and extensively linked commercially by local, long-distance and trans-frontier trade routes. These commercial routes connected Bonga, [[Jimma]], Seqa, Assandabo, [[Gojjam]], [[Begemder]], Maramma, [[Massawa]], [[Soddo]], [[Shewa]], [[Harar]], Zeila and [[Berbera]].<ref name=Degu2002/> Some Oromo writers believe that the Oromo Ras Gobena and the Amhara Menelik II were the first two people in Ethiopia with the concept of national boundary that brought various different ethno-linguistic communities under a politically and militarily centralized rule.<ref>[http://www.finfinnetimes.com/politics/pol110908.htm Gobana Dache’s Participation in Building Ethiopia]</ref>

<blockquote>"The two most important historical figures who signify the introduction of the concepts of national boundary and sovereignty in Ethiopia are Emperor Menelik II and Ras Gobana Dachi, who used guns manufactured in Europe to bring a large swath of Biyas (regions/nations) under a centralized rule."</blockquote>

During the last two centuries, Oromos who have not integrated with the Amhara have not had fair political power inside Ethiopia. However, ethnically mixed Ethiopians with Oromo background made up a high percentage of Ethiopian generals and leaders.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0020) Union of Amhara and Oromo in royal families]</ref> The Wollo Oromo (particularly the Raya Oromo and Yejju Oromo) were early Oromo holders of power among the increasingly mixed Ethiopian state. The later north-to-south movement of central power in Ethiopia led to Oromos in Shewa holding power in Ethiopia together with the Shewan [[Amhara]].<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0020) Oromo in Ethiopian leadership]</ref> This led to more political and ethnic mixture between Amhara and Oromo in Shewa region, to the degree that northern Amharas labeled Shewan Amharas using the derogatory term "Galla."<ref name="hrw.org">[http://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf northern Amhara regarded the Shewans as "Galla"]</ref> According to a report by [[Human Rights Watch]], the large presence of assimilated Oromos inside the Ethiopian government did not benefit Oromos who did not assimilate.

<blockquote>"In terms of descent, the group that became politically dominant in Shewa - and Subsequently in Ethiopia - was a mixture of Amhara and Oromo; in terms of language, religion and cultural practices, it was Amhara."<ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Background and consequence of Oromos in Ethiopian leadership]</ref></blockquote>

Nonetheless, in many cases Oromo became part of the Ethiopian nobility without losing their identity.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0020) Ethiopian Oroo nobility]</ref> Both ethnically mixed Oromos and those with full Oromo descent held high leadership positions in Ethiopia. Notably [[Iyasu V]] was the designated but uncrowned Emperor of Ethiopia (1913 - 1916) while [[Haile Selassie I]] was the crowned and generally aknowledged Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. Both these Ethiopian Emperors are ethnically mixed, with Oromo parents and lineages. During the ''[[Zemene Mesafint]]'' or "Age of Princes" of Ethiopia, Emperors became figureheads, controlled by warlords like Ras [[Mikael Sehul]] of [[Tigray Province|Tigray]], and by the Oromo [[Yejju dynasty]], which later led to 17th century Oromo rule of Gondar, changing the language of the court from [[Amharic]] to [[Afaan Oromo]].<ref>Pankhurst, Richard, ''The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles'', (London:Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 139–43.</ref><ref>[http://gargaaraoromopc.org/OPC_Program.aspx 17th century Oromo rule of Gondar]</ref> By the 1880s, Sahle Selassie, king of Shewa (the later Emperor [[Menelik II of Ethiopia|Menelik II]]) allied with Ras Gobena's Shewan Oromo militia to expand his kingdom to the South and East, expanding into areas that hadn't been held together since the invasion of [[Ahmed Gragn]].<ref>''Great Britain and Ethiopia 1897-1910: Competition for Empire'' Edward C. Keefer, International Journal of African Studies'' Vol. 6 No. 3 (1973) page 470''</ref> Another famous leader of Ethiopia with Oromo descent was Ras [[Makonnen Woldemikael Gudessa]], the governor of [[Harar]] who served as the top general in the First Italo–Ethiopian War, playing a key role at the [[Battle of Adwa]]. He is the father of Ethiopian Emperor [[Haile Selassie I]].<ref>Haile Selassie I, ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Sellassie I'', translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff. (New York: Frontline Books, 1999), vol. 1 p. 13</ref>

{{Refimprove|section|date=August 2009}}
In the nineteenth century the Oromos' land was forceably annexed into Ethiopia by the Amhara emperor, Menelik II and Oromo General Ras Gobena. The Oromo were also severely repressed by Amhara, Oromo and Tigre overlords who were called Neftegna: the majority reduced to tenancy, paying heavy tributes for the use of land; large numbers sold into slavery and thousands killed. Written Oromo texts were destroyed, education of Oromos was continued in Amharic and any social advance was only possible by way of assimilation into the dominant culture. The Oromo culture and religion were denigrated and viewed as inferior or "savage", and Oromo cultural and religious shrines and places of worship were replaced by those of the Amhara ruling class. It was even forbidden to produce religious literature in the Oromo language. From 1936-41 the Italians occupied Ethiopia, but in 1941 the [[Amhara]] administration under Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] was restored by the British. There had been certain reforms of the unequal treatment of Oromo under Italian occupation, which included land reform, but now the tenancy system was reintroduced, and persisted until 1974 despite continual resistance by the Oromo.

In 1973 Oromo discontent with their position led to the formation of the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), which began political agitation in the Oromo areas. Also in 1973 there was a catastrophic famine in which over one quarter of a million people died from starvation before the government recognised the disaster and permitted relief measures. The majority who died were Oromos from Wollo, [[Afars]] and [[Tigray people|Tigrayans]]. There were strikes and demonstrations in Addis Ababa in 1974; and in February of that year, Haile Selassie’s government was replaced by the [[Derg]], a military junta; but the Council was still Amhara-dominated, with only 25 non-Amhara members out of 125. In 1975 the government declared all rural land State-owned, and announced the end of the tenancy system. However, much of the benefit of this reform was counteracted by compulsive collectivization, State farms and forced resettlement programmes.

==Demographics==
The Oromo people are the largest ethnic grouping in Ethiopia, which has a total of 74 ethnically diverse language groups. About 95% are settled agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists, practising archaic farming methods and living at subsistence level. A few live in the urban centres.

===Subgroups===
[[File:Ethiopia-Oromia.png|thumb|Map of Ethiopia highlighting the [[Oromia Region]]]]
The Oromo are divided into two major branches that break down into an assortment of clan families. From west to east, these subgroups are:

'''The Borana''' which include:
* The [[Macha Oromo]], living between Didessa River and the [[Omo River]], and south into the [[Gibe region]];
* The [[Tulama Oromo]], who live in the Oromia Region around [[Addis Ababa]];
* The [[Guji Oromo]], who are the southern part subgroup of the Oromo, inhabiting neighboring the Garri (Gharri) and Borana Oromo.
* The [[Borana Oromo]] who live in the [[Borena Zone]], which includes [[Moyale]]. They also live in Kenya and parts of Somalia.
*The [[Gabra Oromo]], who live in north Kenya along the Moyale border region

There are also many further subdivisions.

'''The Barento/Barentuma''' which include:

* The [[Wallo Oromo]], who are the northernmost group, and live predominantly in the [[Oromia Zone]] of the [[Amhara Region]], as far north as [[Lake Ashenge]], with whom the [[Raya Oromo]] and the [[Yejju Oromo]] are often grouped;
* The [[Ittu Oromo]], who live in the Oromia Region from the [[Awash River]] east to a line drawn south of [[Dire Dawa]];
* The [[Karayu Oromo]], who live along the Awash valley in east Shawa as well as West Hararge
* The [[Aniya Oromo]], who live south of the Ittu and west of the [[Erer River]];
* The [[Afran Qallo]] which refers to the 4 decedents of Qallo, who are:<ref>S. Waldron, [http://repository.forcedmigration.org/show_metadata.jsp?pid=fmo:2127 "The political economy of Harari-Oromo relationships (1554-1975)"], p. 7 (Forced migration Online website, accessed 3 July 2009)</ref>
**[[Ala Oromo]], living west of the city of [[Harar]] and the Erer River
**[[Oborra Oromo]], living between Ituu and Ala Oromo
**[[Babille Oromo]], living east of the Erer River in the Oromia Region
**[[Dagaa Oromo]] (Nole and Jarso):
***[[Nole Oromo]] who live east of Dire Dawa and north of Harar;
***[[Jarso]] who live in the northeastern corner of the Oromia Region;
* The [[Arsi Oromo]], who primarily live in the [[Arsi Zone]] of the Oromia Region (which is named for them) as well as the [[Bale Zone]]; and
* The [[Qallu]], who live between the [[Awash River]] and [[Dire Dawa]].

There are also many further subdivisions.

===Nomenclature===
The Oromo were formerly called ''Galla'' by non-Oromo Ethiopians, and one may encounter this name in older texts, but it is considered a [[pejorative]] term. Historically, some people among the northern Amhara community used the label "Galla" derogatorily to label Oromos as well as to label Shewan or southern Amharas who were mostly mixed with Oromo.<ref name="hrw.org"/>

However, when Charles Tutschek, writing in the mid 19th century, researched the Oromo, "his informants, according to their published letters, used ''Galla'' as a term of self-reference."<ref>Baxter, P.T.W.; Hultin, Jan; Triulzi, Alessandro. ''Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries.'' (United States:Red Sea Press, Inc.: 1996), p.107.</ref>

During the years of Italian rule on the Horn of Africa (a colony in Eritrea was set by Rome in 1870 and the whole of Ethiopia was conquered by 1936), Italian geographers accurately mapped the population of their colony and eventually referred to the Oromos preferably as Gallas in all the official maps as well as in a guide-book still available nowadays called "Guida all Africa Orientale Italiana" ("A Guide-Book to Italian Eastern Africa"). The books stated the term Oromo was simply an alternative to Galla.

Often in the past, some Oromo communities used Galla to label themselves, as was exemplified by western Oromo leaders who established the "Western Galla Confederation" in the 1930s.<ref>[http://www.gadaa.com/haileselassie.html Oromos seek recognition for "Western Galla Confederation" ~1936]</ref> The name has fallen into disfavor and is now considered to be [[pejorative]], possibly because of a [[folk etymology]] for "Galla" (that it came from ''Qal la'' or "قال لا," pronounced similar to ''Gal la'', [[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "he said no") that implies they refused [[Muhammad]]'s offer to convert to [[Islam]]. In the [[Somali language]], the word ''gaal'' means "non-[[Muslim]]" or "stranger", a possible reference to the Oromo and their old pagan religion.<ref>Paul Trevor William Baxter et al., ''Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries'', (Nordic Africa Institute: 1996), p.109</ref>

==Society and culture==
Oromo society was traditionally structured in accordance with ''[[gadaa]]'', a [[social stratification]] system partially based on an eight-year cycle of [[Ageing|age]] sets. However, over the centuries the age sets grew out-of-alignment with the actual ages of their members, and some time in the 1800s another age set system was instituted. Under gadaa, every eight years the Oromo would hold a [[popular assembly]] called the ''Gumi Gayo'', at which laws were established for the following eight years. A democratically elected leader, the ''Abba Gada'', presided over the system for an eight-year term. Gadaa is no longer in wide practice but remains influential.

In a short article, Geoffrey W. Arnott described an Oromo rite of passage in which young men run over the backs of bulls surrounded by the village community.<ref>Arnott, "Bull Leaping as Inititation Ritual," ''Liverpool Classical Monthly'' 18 (1993), pp. 114-116</ref> Bruce Parry filmed the same practice among the Hamar people for his BBC television series "Tribe" transmitted in July 2006. Arnott's interest lay in making a comparison with bull-leaping at Knossos in the Aegean Bronze Age.

===Religion===

{{bar box
|title=[[Religions of Oromo]]
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|47}}
{{bar percent|[[Orthodox Christianity]]|purple|30}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestant Christianity]]|yellow|17.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Traditional]] Faiths|blue|3.3}}
}}

[[Waaq]] (also Waq or Waaqa) is the name of God in the traditional Oromo religion.

In the 2007 Ethiopian census in the 88% Oromo region of Oromia, 47% were Islamic, 30% Orthodox Christians, 17.7% Protestant Christian, 3.3% Traditional, and the remaining 1.6% constitute other religious groups.<ref> 2007 Census http://www.jimmatimes.com//downloads/Cen2007.pdf</ref> Protestant Christianity is the fastest growing religion inside the Oromo community. In urban areas of Oromia, Othodox Christianity constitute 67.8% of the population, followed by Islam 24% and Protestants 7%.<ref>{{cite web |author=House of People's Representatives |title=The State of Oromia |url= http://www.ethiopar.net/type/English/basinfo/infoormy.htm|publisher=House of People's Representatives |accessdate=1 July 2009}}</ref> But adherence to traditional practices and rituals is still common among many Oromo people regardless of religious background.<ref name=AHolocaust21>[http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#o People of Africa reference] </ref>

===Current===
Most Oromos do not have political unity today due to their historical roles in the Ethiopian state and the region, the spread out movement of different Oromo clans, and the differing religions inside the Oromo nation.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0020) Migrations profoundly affected the Oromo unity]</ref> Accordingly, Oromos played major roles in all three main political movements in Ethiopia (centralist, federalist and secessionist) during the 19th and 20th century. In addition to holding high powers during the centralist government and the monarchy, the Raya Oromos in Tigray played a major role in the revolt inside the [[Tigray]] regional state, known as "Weyane" revolt, challenging Emperor [[Haile Selassie I]]'s rule in the 1940s.<ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf Raya Oromos inside the Weyane revolt of Tigray]</ref> Simultaneously, both federalist and secessionist political forces developed inside the Oromo community.

Presently, a number of ethnic based political organizations have been formed to promote the interests of the Oromo. The first was the [[Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Organization]], founded in January 1963, but was disbanded by the government after several increasingly tense confrontations in November, 1966.<ref>Bahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855-1991'', 2nd edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), pp. 261f.</ref> Later groups include the [[Oromo Liberation Front]] (OLF), Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM), the [[United Liberation Forces of Oromia]] (ULFO), the [[Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia]] (IFLO), the Oromia Liberation Council (OLC), the [[Oromo National Congress]] (ONC, recently changed to [[Oromo People's Congress|OPC]]) and others. Another group, the [[Oromo People's Democratic Organization]] (OPDO), is one of the four [[political party|parties]] that form the ruling [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF) coalition. However, these Oromo groups do not act in unity: the ONC, for example, was part of the [[United Ethiopian Democratic Forces]] coalition that challenged the EPRDF in the [[Ethiopian general elections, 2005|Ethiopian general elections of 2005]].

A number of these groups seek to create an independent Oromo nation, some using armed force. Meanwhile, the ruling OPDO and several opposition political parties in the Ethiopian parliament believe in the unity of the country which has 80 different ethnicities. But most Oromo opposition parties in Ethiopia condemn the economic and political inequalities in the country. Progress has been very slow with the [[Oromia International Bank]] just recently established in 2008 though Oromo owned [[Awash International Bank]] started early in the 1990s and with the first private Afaan Oromo newspaper in Ethiopia, Jimma Times, also known as Yeroo, recently established. Though the ''Jimma Times'' - Yeroo newspaper has faced a lot of harassment and persecution from the Ethiopian government since its beginning.<ref>[http://www.ethioguardian.com/news.php?extend.1802 Govt. continues rejecting license for Jimma Times Afaan Oromo newspaper]</ref><ref>[http://nazret.com/blog/index.php?blog=17&title=ethiopia_s_government_attacks_macha_tula&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 Ethiopia’s "government" attacks Macha-Tulama, Jimma Times media & Oromo opposition party]</ref><ref>[http://www.ayyaantuu.com/Oromiyaa/NewsBlog/tabid/36/EntryID/3280/Default.aspx Yeroo newspaper struggles to survive]</ref><ref>[http://www.cjfe.org/awards06/about.html CJFE award nominee]</ref><ref>[http://www.cjfe.org/awards06/jimma.html CJEE Jimma Times profile]</ref> Abuse of Oromo media is widespread in Ethiopia and reflective of the general oppression Oromos face in the country.<ref>[http://www.rap21.org/article19870.html Ethiopia’s Largest Ethnicity Group Deprived of Linguistic and Cultural Sensitive Media Outlets]</ref> University departments in Ethiopia did not establish curriculum in [[Afaan Oromo]] until the late 1990s.

Various human rights organizations have publicized the government persecution of Oromos in Ethiopia for decades. In 2008, OFDM opposition party condemned the government's indirect role in the death of hundreds of Oromos in western Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.jimmatimes.com/article.cfm?articleID=31292 OFDM Press Release: The Massacre of May, 2008]</ref>

==Notable Oromo==

* [[Ahmad Taqi]], early nationalist
* [[Ali Birra]], Singer, composer and songwriter
* Engineer [[Ayana Birru]], created the Amharic typewriter
* [[Tadesse Birru]], General of [[Haile Selassie of Ethiopia|Haile Selasse I]] "Fatno-Derash" para-military, trained [[Mandela]], key Macha-Tullama leader<ref>[http://www.ethiopians.com/spotlight/spotlight.htm Tadesse Birru]</ref>
* [[Girma Wolde-Giorgis]], [[President of Ethiopia]]
* [[Sultan]] [[Abba Jifar II]], ruled [[Jimma]] and surrounding areas
* [[Ras]] [[Ali II of Yejju]], [[Enderase]] or Regent of the Ethiopian Emperor during the reigns of [[Sahle Dengel of Ethiopia|Sahle Dengel]] and [[Yohannes III]] who was also his step-father. Driven from power by Emperor [[Tewodros II]], Father of Empress [[Tirunesh Ali]], first consort of Emperor [[Tewodros II]].
* Empress [[Menen Liben Amede]], wife and consort of Emperor [[Yohannes III]], mother of the Enderase Ras Ali II of Yejju (by an earlier marriage) and a significant political and military figure in her own right.
* Empress [[Wubit of Yejju]] (also known as Welete Bersabe) wife of Emperor [[Iyasu II]] and mother of Emperor [[Iyoas I of Ethiopia|Iyoas I]], rival of her mother-in-law Empress [[Mentewab]] with whom she struggled for power during the reign of her son Iyoas.
* Empress [[Tirunesh Ali]] Daughter of Ras [[Ali II of Yejju]] and granddaughter of Empress [[Menen Liben Amede]], much loved first wife of Emperor [[Tewodros II]]
* [[Bulcha Demeksa]], Chairman of [[Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement]] (OFDM)
* [[Dawud Ibsa Ayana]], ex-chairman of the [[Oromo Liberation Front]]
* Ahmad Buna - led & helped to unite MTWA and Bale resistance, co-founded OLF<ref>[http://www.gadaa.com/BaaleResistanceMovement.html Baale Resistance Movement]</ref>
* [[Dejazmach]] Ali AbaJiffar- powerful leader of Wollo Oromo, maternal-side Grandfather of [[Haile Selassie I]]
* [[Dejazmach]] [[Balcha Safo]] (also known as "Balcha Abba Nefso" (pictured at the head of this page) Nobleman and leading military and conservative political figure during the reigns of Emperor [[Menelik II]], Empress [[Zewditu]] and Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] veteran of the Battle of Adwa (1896) and a resistance leader against the Fascist occupation of Ethiopia (1936-1941).
* [[Dejazmach]] [[Gebre Igziabiher Moreda]] (born Kumsa Moreda) Last King of the Oromo Kingdom of Leqa Lekempt, eventually submitted to Emperor [[Menelik II]] and granted the title of Dejazmatch but with the dignities due to a ruling king and left to rule his kingdom, leader of the "Western Galla Confederation" in 1936<ref>[http://www.gadaa.com/WesternOromoConfederation.html Independence Movement of 1936]</ref>
* [[Dejazmach]] [[Kassa Wolde Mariam]] Heir to the Oromo Kingdom of Leqa Qallam, grandson-in-law of Emperor [[Haile Selassie I]], served as senior secretary to the Emperor, President of Haile Selassie I University, and governor-general of Wellega.
* [[Dejazmatch]] [[Fikre Selassie Hapte Mariam]] Heir to the Oromo Kingdom of Leqa Lekempt, grandson of [[Dejazmatch]] [[Gebre Igziabiher Moreda]], grandson-in-law of Emperor [[Haile Selassie I]], and son-in-law of Emperor in Exile [[Amha Selassie I]], governor-general of Wellega.
* [[Iyasu V of Ethiopia]] (1913 - 1916), designated Emperor of Ethiopia, grandson and designated heir of Emperor [[Menelik II]] and son of King [[Mikael of Wollo]]
* [[Haile Selassie I]] (1930-1974), Emperor of [[Ethiopia]]
* [[Ras Makonnen]] - Father of Haile Selassie I, top general at [[Battle of Adwa]], and cousin of Emperor [[Menelik II]]
* [[Ras]] [[Gobana Dacche]], famous and controversial 1800s Oromo figure and leading advisor and military supporter of Emperor [[Menelik II]]
* Judge [[Birtukan Mideksa]] - Chairwoman of Unity for Democracy and Justice (UDJ - ''Andenet'') party
* Sheikh [[Mohammed Rashad Abdulle]], scholar; translated the [[Qur'an]] into the [[Oromo language]]
* [[Negasso Gidada]], former Ethiopian president
* [[Debela Dinsa]] Member of the Derg which deposed Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] and the person who read out the act of depostion to the Emperor, served as the Derg era governor of the Shewa Administrative Region.
* The Reverend [[Gudina Tumsaa]], Former Chairperson of the [[Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus]]
* [[Baaroo Tumsaa]], Founder of the OLF
* [[Lencho Leta]], co-founder of the OLF
* [[Abadula Gemeda]], President of Oromia Regional State, Chairman of OPDO
* King (''Negus'') [[Mikael of Wollo]], Michael Ali of Wollo (born Mohammed Ali)
* Dr. [[Merera Gudina]], chairman of the [[Oromo People's Congress]], formerly ONC, part of [[United Ethiopian Democratic Forces|UEDF]]
* [[Alemayehu Gemeda]], founder of the famous [http://www.ethiotube.net EthioTube -Broadcast Ethiopia] (Ethiopia's Youtube site)
* [[Liben Eabisa]], Founder and Editors of ''Tadias Magazine''<ref>[http://www.tadias.com/about-2/ Tadias Magazine]</ref>
* [[Onesimos Nesib]], evangelist and translator of English Bible into Afaan Oromo<ref>[http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/190.html Onesimos Nesib, translator & missionary]</ref>
* [[Merdekios]], Founder of [[Yeroo]], the first Qubee private Oromo newspaper<ref>[http://www.rap21.org/article19911.html Oromo Ethiopian Newspaper]</ref>
* [[Dirribi Demissie]] incumbent president of Macha and Tulama Association (MTA)
* [[Tafari Benti|Teferi Benti]], former Ethiopian president
* [[Haile Mariam Gamada]], instrumental in the founding of the Macha-Tuullama Welfare Association (MTWA)<ref>[http://www.gadaa.com/MachaTuullama.html]</ref>
* [[Tilahun Gessesse]], singer
* [[Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin]], poet, playwright
* General [[Waqo Gutu]], leader of the Bale revolt founding the first Oromo separatist movement.
* General [[Jaagamaa Keello/Jagama Kello]], Oromo-Ethiopian general, defeated the Bale rebellion<ref>[http://www.gadaa.com/BaaleResistanceMovement.html Jaagamaa Keello Oromo Ethiopian general]</ref>
* Fitawrari [[Woldemikael Guddessa]], Grandfather of Emperor Haile Selasie I and commander of Ethiopian armed forces
* [[Beka Yahya]], One of the first Oromo actors in the United States. Well known in the Oromo community
* B/General [[Kemal Gelchu]], incumbent chairman of the OLF
* General [[Hailu Gonfa]], incumbent commander of the [[Oromo Liberation Army]], the military wing of the OLF
* [[Galasa Dilbo]], co-founder and ex-chairman of OLF, incumbent leader of transitional OLF
* Lij [[Yilma Deressa]], long time Finance Minister of Ethiopia under Emperor [[Haile Selassie I]]

===Notable Oromo Athletes===
[[File:Tariku Bekele.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tariku Bekele]] during [[IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics|2008 World Indoor Championships]] in [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]].]]
*[[Abdus Ibrahim]] - [[United States|American]] soccer (football) player, [[FC Dallas]], [[Toronto FC]].
*[[Berhane Adere]]- 2 World Golds, won the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
*[[Abebe Bikila]] - 2 Olympic Golds, first African and Ethiopian to receive a gold medal in the Olympics ([[marathon]]; ran [[barefoot]]){{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
*[[Kenenisa Bekele]] - 3 Olympic Golds, 6 World Golds, Ethiopian long distance runner, Olympic champion, world record holder.
*[[Tariku Bekele]]- 1 World Gold, Ethiopian long distance runner and younger brother of [[Kenenisa Bekele]].
*[[Gelete Burika]]- 1 World Junior Gold, 1 World team gold, Long distance runner
*[[Meseret Defar]] - 1 Olympic Gold, 4 World Golds, Ethiopian middle,long-distance runner,Olympic champion
*[[Genzebe Dibaba]]- 1 World Junior Gold, Long Distance runner (youngest Dibaba sister)
*[[Ejegayehu Dibaba]]- 1 World Team Gold, Ethiopian long-distance runner (older sister of [[Tirunesh Dibaba]] and [[Genzebe Dibaba]])
*[[Tirunesh Dibaba]] - 2 Olympic Golds, 9 World Golds, Ethiopian long-distance runner, multi-Gold winner at World championships (middle Dibaba sister and cousin of [[Derartu Tulu]])
*[[Haile Gebrselassie]] - 2 Olympic Golds, 8 World Golds, 25 world records.
*[[Fatuma Roba]] - 1 Olympic Gold, Long Distance runner and 1996 marathon winner.
*[[Sileshi Sihine]] - Ethiopian long-distance runner
*[[Mestawet Tufa]]- 2 World Team Golds, Long Distance runner
*[[Derartu Tulu]] - 2 Olympic Golds, 1 World Gold, Long Distance runner and Gold Winner at the Olympics. (Cousin of the Dibaba sisters.)
*[[Gete Wami]] - 1 World Gold, cross country and track runner.
*[[Mamo Wolde]] - 1 Olympic Gold, Ethiopian long-distance runner, winner of the [[marathon (sport)|marathon]] at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Maryam Yusuf Jamal]] - 1 World Gold, Ethio-[[Bahraini]] middle distance runner

==See also==
* [[Borana people]]
* [[Oromia]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#o People of Africa, Oromo Culture and Eretcha festival]

==Further reading==
* Mohammed Hassan, ''The Oromo of Ethiopia, A History 1570-1860''. Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994. ISBN 0-932415-94-6
* Herbert S. Lewis. ''A Galla Monarchy: Jimma Abba Jifar, Ethiopia 1830-1932''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.
* {{cite web | title=RIC Query - Ethiopia | work=INS Resource Information Center | url=http://uscis.gov/graphics/services/asylum/ric/documentation/ETH01004.htm | dateformat=mdy | accessdate=October 8, 2005}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oromo People}}
[[Category:Oromo people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia]]

[[bg:Оромо (народ)]]
[[ca:Oromos]]
[[de:Oromo (Volk)]]
[[et:Oromod]]
[[es:Pueblo oromo]]
[[eo:Oromoj]]
[[fr:Oromos]]
[[it:Oromo]]
[[he:אורומו (עם)]]
[[lt:Oromo]]
[[hu:Oromók]]
[[nl:Oromo]]
[[ja:オロモ人]]
[[om:Oromo]]
[[pl:Oromowie]]
[[pt:Oromas]]
[[ru:Оромо]]
[[so:Oromo]]
[[sr:Oromo]]
[[sh:Oromo]]
[[fi:Oromot]]
[[sv:Oromo]]
[[uk:Оромо]]

Mogadishu

2009-11-07T16:39:16Z

Alshareeca: /* Notable Mogadishans */

{{Otheruses}}

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Mogadishu
|native_name = مقديشو ''Maqadīshū'' ("The Seat of the Shah")<ref name="Laitin">David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, ''Somalia: Nation in Search of a State'', (Westview Press: 1987), p. 12.</ref>
|image_skyline = 400px-Mogadishu2006.jpg
|nickname = Xamar
|image_flag =
|image_caption = Mogadishu skyline in 2006
|image_seal =
|image_map = Somalia&land map.png
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Mogadishu's location in Somalia
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Somalia]]
|subdivision_type1 = Region
|subdivision_name1 = Benadir
|government_footnotes = <ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2007/08/mil-070813-irin02.htm</ref>
|leader_title = Police chief 
|leader_name = Abdullahi Hassan Barise
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_total_km2 =
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|population_as_of = 2006
|population_urban =
|population_note =
|population_total = 1,500,000-3,000,000|population_footnotes=<ref>http://www.iaed.org/somalia/</ref>
|population_metro =
|area_metro_km2 =
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|timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|utc_offset = +2
|timezone_DST = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|latd= 2|latm= 02|lats=|latNS=N
|longd= 45|longm= 21|longs=|longEW=E
|website =
|footnotes =
}} 

'''Mogadishu''' ({{pron-en|ˌmɒɡəˈdɪʃuː}}; {{lang-so|''Muqdisho''}}, popularly ''Xamar''; {{lang-ar|مقديشو}} ''{{Unicode|Maqadīshū}}''; {{lang-it|Mogadiscio}}) is the largest city in [[Somalia]] and the nation's [[Capital (political)|capital]].

Located in the coastal [[Benadir]] region on the [[Indian Ocean]], the city has served as an important [[port]] for centuries.

With the collapse of the central government in 1991, Mogadishu has been the stage for 19 years of fighting between rival [[militia]]s. Years of civil unrest and uncontrolled insurgencies against Ethiopian occupation have transformed Mogadishu into one of the most dangerous and lawless cities in the world.<ref name="Ghost">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7651776.stm "Somalian 'ghost city' wracked by war"], BBC, October 6, 2008.</ref> Estimates of the city's current population vary greatly, with figures ranging from 1.5 million to 3 million, as many of its former inhabitants have fled.

==History==
===Early history===
{{Main|History of Mogadishu}}
[[File:Old Mogadishu.jpg|180px|thumb|left|Medieval Mogadishu was one of the most important [[client state]]s in the [[Ajuuraan State|Ajuuraan realm]].]]
According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', maritime trade connected [[Somali people|Somalis]] in the Mogadishu area with other communities along the [[Indian Ocean]] coast as early as the 1st century CE. With [[Muslim]] traders from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] arriving circa 900 CE, Mogadishu was well-suited to become a regional center for [[commerce]].

The name "Mogadishu" is held to be derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Maq'ad Shah'' ("The seat of the [[Shah]]"), a reflection of the city's early [[Persia]]n influence.<ref name="Laitin"/> For many years, Mogadishu stood as the pre-eminent city in the ''Bilad al Barbar'' ("Land of the [[Berbers]]"), which was the medieval Arabic term for the [[Horn of Africa]].<ref>Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ''The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama'', (Cambridge University Press: 1998), p. 121.</ref><ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, ''The Cambridge History of Africa'', (Cambridge University Press: 1977), p. 190.</ref><ref>George Wynn Brereton Huntingford, Agatharchides, ''The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea"'', (Hakluyt Society: 1980), p. 83.</ref>

The city was at the zenith of its prosperity when the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] traveller [[Ibn Batuta]] appeared on the Somali coast in 1331. Batuta described Mogadishu as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, which was famous for its high quality [[fabric]] that it exported to [[Egypt]], among other places.<ref>{{cite book|title=Somalia: A Country Study|author= Helen Chapin Metz|location=US|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |year=1992|id=isbn = 0844407755}}</ref><ref>P. L. Shinnie, ''The African Iron Age'', (Clarendon Press: 1971), p.135</ref> He added that the city was ruled by a Somali [[Sultan]] who spoke both [[Somali language|Somali]] and Arabic with equal fluency.<ref>Laitin, p.15</ref>

The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] would also later visit the city but never managed to take it.

===1800s-1950s===
[[Image:Mogadiscio39bancaitalia.png|thumb|right|200px|The "Banca d'Italia" building in downtown Mogadishu in 1939.]]
In 1871, [[Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar|Barghash bin Said]], the [[sultan]] of [[Zanzibar]], occupied the city.

In 1892, [[Ali bin Said of Zanzibar|Ali bin Said]] leased the city to [[Italy]]. Italy purchased the city in 1905 and made Mogadishu the capital of [[Italian Somaliland]]. After [[World War I]] the surrounding territory came [[History of Somalia#Italian Campaigns|under Italian control]] with some resistance.

Thousands of Italian colonists moved to live in Mogadishu and founded small manufacturing companies. They also developed some agricultural areas around the capital such as the ''Villaggio duca degli Abruzzi'' and the ''Genale''.<ref>Bevilacqua, Piero. ''Storia dell'emigrazione italiana''. p. 233.</ref>

In the late 1930s, the 10,000-strong [[Italian Somalians]] living in Mogadishu helped construct new buildings and avenues. A new 114 km railway was built, which connected the city with [[Jowhar]]. A new asphalted road called the ''Imperial Road'' was also constructed, linking Mogadishu to [[Addis Ababa]].

Mogadishu remained the capital of [[Italian Somaliland]] throughout the existence of the latter, and became the capital of independent [[Somalia]] in 1960.

===Modern history===
Rebel forces entered and took the city in 1990, forcing then [[President of Somalia]] [[Mohamed Siad Barre]] to flee in 1991 to [[Kenya]]. One faction proclaimed [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]] president, another [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]]. A contingent of [[United States Marine Corps|United States Marines]] landed near Mogadishu on [[December 9]], [[1992]] to spearhead the [[United Nations]] [[peacekeeping]] forces during [[Unified Task Force|Operation Restore Hope]], in which [[Pakistan]], [[Italy]] and [[Malaysia]] also participated.
[[Image:Aerial view of a US helicopter as it flies over a Mogadishu residential area.JPEG|thumb|left|Aerial view of a residential area of Mogadishu, with a U.S. Marine Corps helicopter in the foreground, December 1992.]]
In the wake of Operation Restore Hope, further US peacekeeping continued, until, on October 4, 1993, at 6:30 AM., American forces were finally evacuated to the UN's Pakistani base by an armored convoy along the so-called "Mogadishu Mile." In that [[Operation Gothic Serpent|exercise]] alone, 18 U.S. soldiers died and 73 were injured, while two US [[UH-60 Black Hawk|Black Hawk]] helicopters were shot down and three further MH-60s put out of action. After the battle, one or more US casualties of the conflict were dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by crowds of local civilians and SNA forces. The Malaysian forces lost one soldier and had seven injured, while the Pakistanis suffered two injured. Casualties on the Somali side were heavy, with estimates on fatalities ranging from 500 to over 2,000 people. The Somali casualties were a mixture of militiamen and local civilians. Somali civilians suffered heavy casualties due to the dense urban character of that portion of Mogadishu. Two days later, a mortar round fell on the U.S. compound, killing one U.S. soldier, and injuring another twelve.
[[Image:Somalia Islamic Courts Flag.svg|right|200px|thumb|Flag of the [[Islamic Courts Union]].]]
Mogadishu was subsequently run by competing [[warlord]]s until 2006, when [[Islamism|Islamists]] and businessmen formed a successful coalition, seized control and governed the city as the [[Union of Islamic Courts]]. Later that same year, the [[military of Ethiopia|Ethiopian military]] invaded to oust the U.I.C. and restore the internationally-recognized government,<ref name="Ghost"/> which had long remained in exile in Kenya.

Mogadishu was the scene of bitter warfare and devastation caused by [[War in Somalia (2006–present)|fighting]] between [[Ethiopia]]n troops, which invaded Somalia to support a fragile government, and [[Islamist]] guerrillas. Fighting escalated in [[Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)|March–April 2007]], [[Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)|November 2007]] and [[Battle of Mogadishu (2008)|April 2008]] with hundreds of civilian casualties. In October 2008, the BBC reported that the city had been "abandoned by at least half of its residents", and that there were "street after ruined street of bombed-out buildings in the center of Mogadishu".<ref name="Ghost"/>

As of 2008, a 2,700-strong [[African Union]] [[African Union Mission to Somalia|peacekeeping force]] is attempting to bring stability and security to the city,<ref name="Ghost"/> as well as providing medical aid to the population.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7651531.stm "Inside Somalia's danger zone"], BBC, October 5, 2008.</ref>

Since May 8 2009, there has been an increase in violence reportedly leading to the displacement of more than 165,000 of the inhabitants. The violence has culminated in several suicide bomb attacks, normally rare occurrences in Somalia.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8136133.stm "US warns Ethiopia on Somali role"], BBC NEWS, July 06, 2009.</ref>
<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-05-25-voa14.cfm "Islamist Militia Claims Responsibility for Somalia Suicide Attack"], VOA News, May 25, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8066807.stm "Rebels claim Somali suicide bomb"], BBC News, May 26, 2009.</ref> The attacks have claimed many lives, amongst them Mohamed Hussein Addow, a legislative politician and the third high-profile public killing in as many days throughout the country.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8110262.stm "Somali MP gunned down in capital"], BBC NEWS, June 23, 2009.</ref>

==Geography==

Mogadishu is located at {{Coord|2|4|N|45|22|E|}}. The [[Shebelle River]] (''Webiga Shabelle'') rises in central Ethiopia and comes within {{km to mi|30}} of the [[Indian Ocean]] near Mogadishu before turning southwestward. Usually dry during February and March, the river provides water essential for the cultivation of [[sugarcane]], [[cotton]], and [[banana]]s.

Features of the city include the ''Hamarwein'' old town, the [[Bakaara Market]], and the former resort of [[Gezira Beach]]. The sandy beaches of Mogadishu are reported by the few Western travelers to be among the most beautiful in the world, offering easy access to vibrant coral reefs.<ref>[http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4328 "The List: Top Tourist Spots Americans Can’t Visit"], ''[[Foreign Policy]]'', June 2008.</ref>

==Climate==

For a city so near the [[equator]], Mogadishu has a surprisingly dry climate. Much of the area the city lies upon is desert scrub. The city has a low annual rainfall of 427mm, most which falls in the [[wet season]]. The rains are very variable from year to year and [[drought]] is a constant problem for the people living in Somalia.

[[Sunshine]] is abundant in the city, averaging eight to ten hours a day around the year. It is lowest during the wet season, when there is some coastal fog and greater cloud coverage as warm air passes over the cool sea surface.

{{Infobox Weather 
|collapsed=
|metric_first=yes 
|single_line=yes 
|location = Mogadishu
|Jan_REC_Hi_°C =34
|Feb_REC_Hi_°C =32
|Mar_REC_Hi_°C =33
|Apr_REC_Hi_°C =36
|May_REC_Hi_°C =34
|Jun_REC_Hi_°C =32
|Jul_REC_Hi_°C =32
|Aug_REC_Hi_°C =30
|Sep_REC_Hi_°C =32
|Oct_REC_Hi_°C =32
|Nov_REC_Hi_°C =32
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|Year_REC_Hi_°C =36
|Jan_Hi_°C =30
|Feb_Hi_°C =30
|Mar_Hi_°C =31
|Apr_Hi_°C =32
|May_Hi_°C =32
|Jun_Hi_°C =29
|Jul_Hi_°C =28
|Aug_Hi_°C =28
|Sep_Hi_°C =29
|Oct_Hi_°C =30
|Nov_Hi_°C =31
|Dec_Hi_°C =30
|Year_Hi_°C=30
|Jan_Lo_°C =23
|Feb_Lo_°C =23
|Mar_Lo_°C =24
|Apr_Lo_°C =26
|May_Lo_°C =25
|Jun_Lo_°C =23
|Jul_Lo_°C =23
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|Oct_Lo_°C =24
|Nov_Lo_°C =24
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|Jan_REC_Lo_°C =20
|Feb_REC_Lo_°C =18
|Mar_REC_Lo_°C =20
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|Dec_REC_Lo_°C =20
|Year_REC_Lo_°C =15
|Jan_Precip_mm =0
|Feb_Precip_mm =0
|Mar_Precip_mm =0
|Apr_Precip_mm =58
|May_Precip_mm =58
|Jun_Precip_mm =97
|Jul_Precip_mm =64
|Aug_Precip_mm =48
|Sep_Precip_mm =25
|Oct_Precip_mm =23
|Nov_Precip_mm =41
|Dec_Precip_mm =13
|Year_Precip_mm =427
|source =BBC Weather <ref name="weather1">{{cite web
| url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT000560 | title =Average Conditions Mogadishu, Somalia| dateformat =mdy | accessdate =August 18 2009
| publisher =BBC Weather }}</ref>
|accessdate = 2009-08-18
}}

==Economy==
[[Image:Bakaara Market.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Bakaara Market]] in the heart of Mogadishu. In the absence of government regulation, Somali [[marketplace]]s have thrived.<ref>[http://www.independent.org/pdf/working_papers/64_somalia.pdf Somalia After State Collapse: Chaos or Improvement?]</ref>]]
Mogadishu serves as a commercial and financial center. The economy has recovered somewhat from the civil unrest although the [[Somali Civil War]] still presents many problems. The effective absence of government yields free trade without [[taxes]] or [[Regulation|regulatory]] expenditures, but comes at the cost of [[civil society]] and [[infrastructure]]. Businesses have hired armed militias to provide security against gunmen, leading to a gradual reduction in open street violence {{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}. However, high levels of crime including frequent murders and occasional bombings are still rampant in the city.

Principal industries include food and beverage processing and textiles, especially [[cotton gin]]ning. The main market offers a variety of goods from food to electronic gadgets.

[[Hormuud]], the biggest telephone company in southern and central Somalia, has its headquarters in the city.

[[Telcom]], a [[Telephone company|telecommunications network]] operator, has its headquarters in the city.

== Transportation ==
[[Image:Aerial view of the port of Mogadishu.JPEG|thumb|right|Aerial view of the Port of Mogadishu in 1992. Three cargo ships, large, medium and small sized vessels are moored to the docks. A tugboat is heading out of the port.]]

=== Road ===
Roads leading out of Mogadishu connect the city to many other Somali locales and to [[Ethiopia]] and [[Kenya]].

=== Air ===
Private airlines such as [[Jubba Airways]] service Mogadishu at various airports within and around the city. The intense fighting largely destroyed the old [[Mogadishu International Airport]] (now renamed Aden Adde International Airport), which briefly reopened before the [[War in Somalia (2006-2009)]]. As of 2007, [[K50 Airport]] serves Mogadishu.<ref name=airwaysv14i7>{{cite journal|last=Schmitz|first=Sebastain|year=2007|title=By Ilyushin 18 to Mogadishu|journal=Airways|volume=14|issue=7|pages=12–17|issn=1074-4320}}</ref>

===Sea===
Mogadishu leads Somalia in port traffic and still serves as a major seaport. [[International trade]]rs actively benefit from its de facto [[Duty (economics)|duty-free]] status. However, [[piracy]] is widespread around Somalia's coastal areas, making sea transport risky.<ref name=usdos>{{cite web|url=http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_933.html|title=Travel Warning: Somalia|accessdate=2007-08-01|author=Bureau of Consular Affairs|authorlink=Bureau of Consular Affairs|date=2006-06-05|work=International Travel Information|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|quote=Merchant vessels, fishing boats and recreational craft all risk seizure by pirates and having their crews held for ransom, especially in the waters off the Horn of Africa.}}</ref><ref name=aljazeera>{{cite news|author=Mohammed Adow|title=Piracy cuts off Somalia aid|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/CF8ACEDB-8BB1-4C4B-8CAA-E182B784D602.htm?FRAMELESS=true&NRNODEGUID=%7bCF8ACEDB-8BB1-4C4B-8CAA-E182B784D602%7d|work=Aljazeera.net|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=2007-06-02|accessdate=2007-08-01|quote=Piracy has become an almost daily occurrence off Somalia….}}</ref>

=== Railway ===

There were projects during the 1980s to reactivate the 114 km railway between Mogadishu and [[Jowhar]], built by the Italians in 1926 but dismantled in [[WWII]] by British troops. The [[Railway Mogadiscio-Villabruzzi]] was planned in 1939 to reach [[Addis Abeba]].

== Government ==
{{Update|date=June 2008}}
Mogadishu has had no functioning government for many years now since the city was mostly under the control of various heavily-armed militias and factions. In recent years, however, the [[Transitional Federal Government]], with the help of foreign troops, appears to have finally amassed the necessary military wherewithal to engage the militias and reestablish the rule of law. Currently, up to a third of Mogadishu is held by insurgents.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8062883.stm "Big attack on Mogadishu Islamists"], BBC, May 22, 2009.</ref>

==Education==
Despite the civil unrest, Mogadishu counts several institutions of higher learning.

[[Mogadishu University]] is a non-governmental university that is governed by a Board of Trustees and a University Council. It is the brainchild of a number of professors from the [[Somali National University]] as well as other Somali intellectuals who sought to find ways to provide post-secondary education in the wake of the civil war. Financed by the [[Islamic Development Bank]] in [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]], as well as other donor institutions, the university counts hundreds of young Somali graduates from its seven faculties, some of whom continue on to pursue [[Master's degrees]] abroad thanks to a scholarship program. Mogadishu University has established partnerships with several other academic institutions, including the [[University of Aalborg]] in [[Denmark]], three universities in [[Egypt]], seven universities in [[Sudan]], the University of Djibouti in [[Djibouti]], and two universities in [[Yemen]]. It has also been scored among the 100 best universities in Africa in spite of the harsh environment, which has been hailed as a triumph for [[grass-roots]] initiatives.<ref>[http://www.iss.nl/content/download/11515/109251/file/Islamic%20NGOs%20in%20Somalia%20-%20VSaggiomo.doc The Role of Islamic NGOs and Charities in a Stateless Country: The Case of Somalia] by Valeria Saggiomo.</ref>

The [[Somali National University]], founded in 1954 during the "Italian Trust Administration of Somalia" (AFIS), has been closed indefinitely due to extensive damage.

[[Benadir University]] (BU) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors. It has since expanded into other fields.

Due to human capital shortage in the country's [[private sector]] management, the [[Somali Institute of Management and Administration Development]] (SIMAD) has given priority to the fields of [[business administration]], [[information technology]] and [[accountancy]].

==Sport==
The city is home to [[Mogadiscio Stadium]], which plays host to the [[Somalia Cup]] and to [[football (soccer)|soccer]] teams from the [[Somalia League]].

==Notable Mogadishans==
[[Image:Iman (model).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Born in Mogadishu, supermodel [[Iman (model)|Iman]] was the first [[Somali people|Somali]] woman to appear on the cover of Vogue in 1979 and to sign a cosmetics contract.]]

*[[Sharif Ahmed]]is the 7th President of Somalia and former Commander in Chief of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU).
*[[Ayub Daud]], professional footballer
*[[Fatima Siad]], fashion model
*[[Hassan Abshir Farah]], former Prime Minister of Somalia
*[[Iman (model)|Iman]], supermodel
*[[K'naan]], award-winning musician
*[[Mo Farah]], international track and field athlete
*[[Mustafa Mohamed]], professional athlete
*[[Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke]], Prime Minister of Somalia
*[[Rageh Omaar]], award-winning journalist
*[[Saba Anglana]], international singer
*[[Said Sheikh Samatar]], scholar and writer
*[[Yasmin Warsame]], supermodel
*[[Zahra Bani]], professional athlete

==See also==
*[[Railway Mogadiscio-Villabruzzi]]
{{Wikinews|Violence in Somalia displaces over 27,000}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://imogadishu.com Mogadishu city portal]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/somalia/mogadishu.htm GlobalSecurity.org page on the city's history]
* [http://local.google.com/local?q=mogadishu&spn=0.120112,0.204826&t=k&sa=N&tab=fl Mogadishu at Google Maps]
* [http://media.maps.com/magellan/Images/MOGADI-W1.gif Map of Mogadishu (1997)]
* [[BBC]] articles:
** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7651531.stm "Inside Somalia's danger zone"], October 5, 2008 (videos)
** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7651776.stm "Somalian 'ghost city' wracked by war"], October 6, 2008
* [http://flickr.com/photos/ctsnow/sets/72157600871632748/ Photos of Mogadishu taken between 1993 and 1995]
* {{Wikisource1911Enc Citation|Mukdishu}}


{{Somalia|state=expanded}}
{{List of African capitals}}

[[Category:Mogadishu| ]]
[[Category:Settlements established in the 1st millennium]]
[[Category:Capitals in Africa]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Somalia]]
[[Category:Warlordism]]
[[Category:Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Port cities in Africa]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean]]

[[af:Mogadisjoe]]
[[am:ሞቃዲሾ]]
[[ar:مقديشيو]]
[[an:Mogadiscio]]
[[zh-min-nan:Mogadishu]]
[[be:Горад Магадзішу]]
[[be-x-old:Магадзішу]]
[[bs:Mogadiš]]
[[br:Muqdisho]]
[[bg:Могадишу]]
[[ca:Muqdisho]]
[[cs:Mogadišu]]
[[cy:Mogadishu]]
[[da:Mogadishu]]
[[de:Mogadischu]]
[[et:Muqdisho]]
[[el:Μογκαντίσου]]
[[es:Mogadiscio]]
[[eo:Mogadiŝo]]
[[eu:Muqdisho]]
[[fa:موگادیشو]]
[[fo:Mogadishu]]
[[fr:Mogadiscio]]
[[ga:Mogaidisiú]]
[[gd:Mogadishu]]
[[gl:Mogadixo]]
[[ko:모가디슈]]
[[hy:Մոգադիշո]]
[[hi:मोगादीशू]]
[[hr:Mogadišu]]
[[io:Mogadishu]]
[[id:Mogadishu]]
[[is:Mógadisjú]]
[[it:Mogadiscio]]
[[he:מוגדישו]]
[[ka:მოგადიშო]]
[[ky:Могадишо]]
[[sw:Mogadishu]]
[[ht:Moukdicho]]
[[la:Mogadiscio]]
[[lv:Mogadiša]]
[[lb:Mogadischu]]
[[lt:Mogadišas]]
[[lij:Mogadiscio]]
[[lmo:Mugadiss]]
[[hu:Mogadishu]]
[[mk:Могадишу]]
[[mr:मोगादिशु]]
[[nl:Mogadishu]]
[[ja:モガディシュ]]
[[no:Mogadishu]]
[[nn:Mogadishu]]
[[nov:Mogadishu]]
[[oc:Mogadisho]]
[[pnb:موگادیشو]]
[[pms:Mogadiss]]
[[pl:Mogadiszu]]
[[pt:Mogadíscio]]
[[ksh:Mogadishu]]
[[ro:Mogadishu]]
[[ru:Могадишо]]
[[simple:Mogadishu]]
[[sk:Mogadišo]]
[[so:Muqdisho]]
[[sr:Могадишу]]
[[sh:Mogadishu]]
[[fi:Mogadishu]]
[[sv:Mogadishu]]
[[tl:Mogadishu]]
[[ta:மொகடிசு]]
[[tg:Могадишо]]
[[tr:Mogadişu]]
[[uk:Могадішо]]
[[vec:Mogadiscio]]
[[vi:Mogadishu]]
[[war:Mogadishu]]
[[wo:Mogadisu]]
[[yo:Mogadishu]]
[[zh:摩加迪休]]