Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Defrosting (refrigeration)

2009-06-29T23:32:11Z

85.148.224.39: Added question on effect of not defrosting on power use

Anyone know how to reduce the frost buildup so users don't have to defrost as often?

Make sure you try and keep the door closed. None of this "open and think, close, open again, think, think close" deals =)

Anybody here know how the microwave works to "defrost" a frozen foodstuff?
[[User:Cutlaborcost|Cutlaborcost]] ([[User talk:Cutlaborcost|talk]]) 04:11, 14 January 2008 (UTC)cutlaborcost

Um, it makes it warmer than 0 degrees? I'm pretty sure it's just a cooler temperature setting so it warms the food through rather than just cooking the outside and leaving the middle frozen. On a more Wikipedian note - should this article not cover (or link to an article that does) the defrosting of food, as well as appliances? [[User:Johnnye87|Johnny E]] ([[User talk:Johnnye87|talk]]) 01:50, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

"The resulting ice inhibits heat transfer out of the cabinet increasing running costs." I would like to see a better explanation for this. Wouldn't that same layer inhibit heat transfer into the cabinet?

Talk:Samalog

2009-03-09T08:12:01Z

85.148.224.39: ←Created page with 'The list of common combinations c/should include/mention those used at junior championships.'

The list of common combinations c/should include/mention those used at junior championships.

List of programming languages

2009-01-18T23:50:41Z

85.148.224.39: Added reference to Ada prototype 'Green', for symmetry with 'Blue' which is already present. (AFAIK, yellow and red were never implemented)

__NOTOC__
{{Programming language lists}}
The aim of this '''list of programming languages''' is to include all notable [[programming language]]s in existence, both those in current use and historical ones, in alphabetical order.

:'''''Note''': Dialects of [[BASIC]] have been moved to the separate [[List of BASIC dialects]]''.

{{CompactTOC4}}

== 0-9 ==

== A =={{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[A+BAT (Programming Language)|A+BAT]]
* [[A+ (programming language)|A+]]
* [[A++]]
* [[A Sharp (.NET)|A# .NET]]
* [[A Sharp (Axiom)|A# (Axiom)]]
* [[ASP.NET|Active Server Pages.Net]]
* [[A-0 (programming language)|A-0]]
* [[ABAP]]
* [[ABC (programming language)|ABC]]
{{col-3}}
* [[ABC ALGOL]]
* [[ABLE (programming language)|ABLE]]
* [[ABSET]]
* [[ABSYS]]
* [[ACC (programming language)|ACC]]
* [[Accent (programming language)|Accent]]
* [[ActionScript]]
* [[DASL - Distributed Application Specification Language|Ace DASL]]
{{col-3}}
* [[LGP-30#ACT-III programming language|ACT-III]]
* [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]]
* [[APL (programming language)|APL]]
* [[AppleScript]]
* [[Arc (programming_language)|Arc]]
* [[AutoHotkey]]
* [[AutoIt]]
* [[AWK]]
* [[AMZI]]
* [[AJAX]]
* [[ASP.NET]]
{{col-end}}

== B ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[B (programming language)|B]]
* [[BACI]]
* [[Baja (BBS Language)|Baja]]
* [[BASIC]] - Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code - ''See also [[List of BASIC dialects]] [[List of BASIC dialects by platform|(by platform)]]''
* [[bc (programming language)|bc]]
* [[bcompile]]
* [[BCPL]]
* [[BeanShell]]

{{col-3}}
* [[BETA]]
* [[Bigwig (programming language)|Bigwig]]
* [[Big Snake]]
* [[Bistro (programming language)|Bistro]]
* [[BLISS (programming language)|BLISS]]
* [[Blitz Basic]]
* [[Block And List Manipulation]] (BALM)
* [[Blue programming language (Ada prototype)|Blue]] - Rejected prototype for [[Ada programming language|Ada]]
* [[Blue (programming language)|Blue]]
* [[Boo (programming language)|Boo]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Bourne shell]] - a.k.a sh
* Bourne-Again shell - see [[Bash]]
* [[Boxx]]
* [[BPEL]] - ''Business Process Execution Language''
* [[Brainfuck]]
* [[BUGSYS]]
* [[BuildProfessional]]
* BYOND
{{col-end}}

== C ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[C (programming language)|C]]
* [[C--]]
* [[C-script]]
* [[C++]] - ISO/IEC 14882
* [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] - ISO/IEC 23270
* [[C shell]] (csh)
* [[Caché ObjectScript]] - See also [[Caché Basic]]
* [[Ocaml|Caml]]
* [[Cat (programming language)|Cat]]
* [[Cayenne (programming language)|Cayenne]]
* [[C-BOT]]
* [[Cecil (programming language)|Cecil]]
* [[Cesil]]
* [[Cg (programming language)|Cg]]
* [[Ch interpreter]] (C/C++ interpreter Ch)
* [[Chapel (programming language)|Chapel]]
* [[CHAIN (programming language)|CHAIN]]
* [[Charity (programming language)|Charity]]
* [[Chef (programming language)|Chef]]
* [[Chey (programming language)|Chey]]
{{col-3}}
* [[CHILL]]
* [[CHIP-8]]
* [[chomski]]
* [[Chrome (programming language)|Chrome]]
* [[ChucK]]
* [[Cilk]]
* [[CICS]]
* [[CL (a Honeywell programming language)|CL]]
* [[Clarion (programming language)|Clarion]]
* [[Clean (programming language)|Clean]]
* [[Clipper (programming language)|Clipper]]
* [[CLIST]] - Programming language for online applications in the MVS TSO environment
* [[Clojure]]

* [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]]
* [[CMS-2 (programming language)|CMS-2]]
* [[COBOL]] - ISO/IEC 1989
** [[CobolScript]]
* [[Cobra (programming language from Cobra Language LLC)|Cobra]]
* [[CODE (programming language)|CODE]]
* [[ColdFusion Markup Language|ColdFusion]]
{{col-3}}
* [[COMAL]]
* [[Common Intermediate Language]] (CIL)
* [[Common Lisp]]
* [[Component Pascal]]
* [[COMIT]] - List or string processing language
* [[Concurrent Clean]]
* [[Constraint Handling Rules]]
* [[Converge (programming language)|Converge]]
* [[CORAL66]]
* [[Corn (programming language)|Corn]]
* [[CorVision]]
* [[COWSEL]]
* [[Combined Programming Language|CPL]]
* [[Communicating Sequential Processes|CSP]]

* [[Csound]]
* [[Cue (programing language)|Cue]]
* [[Curl (programming language)|Curl]]
* [[Curry (programming language)|Curry]]
* [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]]
{{col-end}}

== D ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[D (programming language)|D]]
* [[Dao (programming language)|Dao]]
* [[DASL - Distributed Application Specification Language]]
* [[DASL (programming language)|DASL - Datapoint's Advanced Systems Language]]
* [[DarkBASIC]]
* [[DarkBASIC Professional]]
* [[Dataflex]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Datalog]]
* [[dBASE]]
* [[Dc (Unix)|dc]]
* [[Deesel]] (formerly G)
* [[Borland Delphi|Delphi]]
* [[Dialect (programming language)|Dialect]]
* [[Dink Smallwood#modification|DinkC]]
{{col-3}}
* [[DIGITAL Command Language|DCL]]
* [[Dialog Manager (programming language)|Dialog Manager]]
* [[DIBOL]]
* [[DL/I]]
* [[BYOND#The DM language|Dream Maker]]
* [[Dylan (programming language)|Dylan]]
* [[Dynace]]
{{col-end}}

== E ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[E (programming language)|E]]
* [[Ease (programming language)|Ease]]
* [[EASY (computer language)|EASY]]
* [[EPL|Easy PL/I]]
* [[Easytrieve| EASYTRIEVE PLUS ]]
* [[eC (Programming language)|eC (Ecere C)]]
* [[ECMAScript]]
* [[eDeveloper]]
* [[Edinburgh IMP]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Einstein (programming language)|Einstein]]
* [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]]
* [[Elan (programming language)|Elan]]
* [[elastiC]]
* [[Elf (programming language)|Elf]]
* [[Emacs Lisp]]
* [[EGL Programming Language]] (EGL)
* [[Epigram (programming language)|Epigram]]
* [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Escapade]] - server-side programming
* [[Esterel]]
* [[Euclid (programming language)|Euclid]]
* [[Euphoria (programming language)|Euphoria]]
* [[Euler (programming language)|Euler]]
* [[EXEC]]
* [[EXEC2]]
{{col-end}}

== F ==
'''{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[F (programming language)|F]]
* [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]
* [[Factor (programming language)|Factor]]
* [[Fan (programming language)|Fan]]

* [[Felix (programming language)|Felix]]
* [[Ferite]]
* [[Fireworks programming language|F#]]

* [[FL (programming language)|FL]]
{{col-3}}
* [[FLOW-MATIC]]
* [[FOCAL]]
* [[FOCUS]]
* [[FOIL (programming language)|FOIL]]
* [[FORMAC (programming language)|FORMAC]]
* [[Formula language]]
* [[Forth (programming language)|Forth]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Fortran]] - ISO/IEC 1539
* [[Fortress (programming language)|Fortress]]
* [[FoxPro]]
* [[FP (programming language)|FP]]
* [[Frag Script]]
* [[Franz Lisp]]
* [[Frink]]
* [[Frontier (programming language)|Frontier]]
* [[F-Script (programming language)|F-Script]]
* [[Fuxi Programming Language]]
{{col-end}}
'''

== G ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[GAAMIL]]
* [[GM]]
* [[GAP_computer_algebra_system|GAP]]
* [[Gambas]]
* [[Game Maker Language]]
* [[G-code]]
* [[General Algebraic Modeling System]]
* [[Generic Java (programming language)|Generic Java]]
* [[Gibiane]]
{{col-3}}
* [[LabVIEW|G (LabVIEW)]]
* [[Gödel programming language|Gödel]]
* [[Godiva programming language|Godiva]]
* GOTRAN (see [[IBM 1620]])
* [[GOTO++]]
* [[GPSS]]
{{col-3}}
* [[GraphTalk]]
* [[GRASS (programming language)|GRASS]]
* [[Green programming language (Ada prototype)|Green]] - Winning prototype for [[Ada programming language|Ada]]
* [[The Green Object Oriented Language|Green]]
* [[Groovy (programming language)|Groovy]]
{{col-end}}

== H ==
* [[HAL/S]]
* [[HAScript]]
* [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]]
* [[HaXe]]
* [[High Level Assembly]]
* [[HyperTalk]]

== I ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[IBM Basic assembly language]]
* [[IBM RPG]]
* [[ICI programming language|ICI]]
* [[Icon programming language|Icon]]
{{col-3}}
* [[IDL (programming language)|IDL]]
* [[IKE (programming language)|IKE]]
* [[IMP programming language|IMP]]
* [[Inform programming language|Inform]]
* [[Information Processing Language]] (IPL)
{{col-3}}
* [[Informix-4GL]]

* [[Io programming language|Io]]

* [[IPTSCRAE]]
* [[ISPF|Interactive System Productivity Facility]]
{{col-end}}

== J ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[J programming language|J]]
* [[J Sharp|J#]]
* [[Visual J++|J++]]
* [[JADE programming language|JADE]]
* [[Jaguar programming language|JAG]]
* [[Jal programming language|Jal]]
* [[Janus computer programming language|Janus]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
* [[JavaScript]]
* [[Jim++]]
* [[Job Control Language|JCL]]
* [[Join Java]]
* [[JOSS]]
* [[Joule programming language|Joule]]
{{col-3}}
* [[JOVIAL]]
* [[Joy programming language|Joy]]
* [[JScript]]
* [[JSP]]
* [[Java EE]]
* [[Java ME]]
{{col-end}}

== K ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[K programming language|K]]
* [[IntelliCorp (Software)|KEE]]
* [[Kiev programming language|Kiev]]
* [[Korn Shell]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Knowledge Interface Format|KIF]]
* [[Kite (programming language)|Kite]]
* [[Kogut]]
* [[Kent Recursive Calculator|KRC]]
{{col-3}}
* [[KUKA Robot Language|KRL]]
* [[KRYPTON]]
{{col-end}}

== L ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[L programming language|L]]
* [[LabVIEW]]
* [[Lagoona programming language|Lagoona]]
* [[LANSA]]
* [[Lasso programming language|Lasso]]
* [[Lava programming language|Lava]]
* [[Leda programming language|Leda]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Leadwerks Script]]
* [[Legoscript]]
* [[Leopard (programming language)|Leopard]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Lexico]]
* [[Lfyre]]
* [[Liberty BASIC]]
* [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]]
* [[Limnor]]
* [[LINC]]
* [[Lingo (programming language)|Lingo]]
* [[Lisaac]]
* [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] - ISO/IEC 13816
* [[Lite-C]]
* [[Logo (programming language)|Logo]]
{{col-3}}
* [[LOLCODE]]
* [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]]
* [[Linden Scripting Language|LSL]]
* [[LSE]]
* [[Lua programming language|Lua]]
* [[Lucid (programming language)|Lucid]]
* [[Lush (programming language)|Lush]]
* [[Lustre (programming language)|Lustre]]
* [[LYaPAS]]
* [[LSL (programing language)|LSL]]
{{col-end}}

== M ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[M4 (language)|M4]]
* [[MacRuby]]
* [[MAD programming language|MAD]]
* [[MADCAP]]
* [[MAGIC (programming language)|MAGIC]] - See [[eDeveloper]]
* [[Magik (programming language)|Magik]]
* [[Magma computer algebra system|Magma]]

* [[MapBasic]]
* [[Maple computer algebra system|Maple]]
* [[MAPPER (Software)|MAPPER]] ([[Unisys|Unisys/Sperry]]) now part of BIS
* [[M-A-R-E-K]] (Programming language)
* [[MARK-IV (Software)|MARK-IV]] ([[Sterling Software|Sterling/Informatics]]) now VISION:BUILDER of CA
* [[Mary programming language|Mary]]
* [[Mathematica]]
* [[MATLAB]]
{{col-3}}
* [[MATA]]
* [[Maxima computer algebra system|Maxima]] (see also [[Macsyma]])
* [[Maxscript|MaxScript]] internal language 3D Studio Max
* [[Maya programming language|Maya (MEL)]]
* [[Multiprocessor C Sharp (programming language)|Multiprocessor C#]]
* [[Mercury programming language|Mercury]]
* [[Mesa programming language|Mesa]]
* [[METAL programming language|METAL]]
* Michigan Algorithm Decoder see [[MAD programming language]]
* [[Microcode programming language|Microcode]]
* [[MicroScript programming language|MicroScript]]
* [[MillScript]]
* [[MIMIC]]
* Mindscript
* [[Miranda programming language|Miranda]]
* [[Miva]]
{{col-3}}
* [[ML programming language|ML]]
* [[Moby programming language|Moby]]
* [[MODCAP]]
* [[Model 204|Model 204 User Language]]
* [[Modula]]
* [[Modula-2]]
* [[Modula-3]]
* [[Mondrian programming language|Mondrian]]
* [[Mortran]]
* [[Moto programming language|Moto]]
* [[MOUSE programming language|MOUSE]]
* MSIL - Deprecated name for [[Common Intermediate Language]]
* [[MIRC script|MSL]]
* [[MONO (programing language) | MONO]]
* [[MUMPS programming language| MUMPS]]

{{col-end}}

== N ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Napier88]]
* [[Natural programming language|Natural]]
* [[Nemerle]]
* [[NESL]]
* [[Net.Data]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Neuralware]]
* [[NewLISP]]
* [[Newspeak (programming language)|Newspeak]]
* [[NewtonScript]]
* [[NGL programming language|NGL]]
* [[Nial]]
* [[NXT-G]]

* [[Nice programming language|Nice]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Nickle programming language|Nickle]]
* [[Nosica]]
* [[Nova programming language|Nova]]
* [[Not Quite C|NQC]]
* [[Nu (programming language)|Nu]]
{{col-end}}

== O ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[o:XML]]
* [[Oberon programming language|Oberon]]
* [[Objective Modula-2]]
* [[Object Lisp]]
* [[ObjectLOGO]]
* [[Object Pascal]]
* [[Objective-C]]
* [[Objective-J]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Objective Caml]]
* [[Obliq]]
* [[Objectstar]]
* [[ObjectView]]
* [[Ocaml]]
* [[Occam programming language|occam]]
* [[Occam-Pi|occam-π]]
* [[GNU Octave|Octave]]
* [[OmniMark]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Opal programming language|Opal]]
* [[Open programming language]]
* [[OPS5]]
* [[ORCA/Modula-2]]
* [[Organiser Programming Language]] (OPL) - cf. [[Psion Organiser]]
* [[Oxygene (programming language)|Oxygene]]
* [[Oz programming language|Oz]]
{{col-end}}

== P ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[PARI/GP]]
* [[Parser (programming language)|Parser]]
* [[Pascal programming language|Pascal]] - ISO 7185
* [[Pawn (programming language)|Pawn]]
* [[PBASIC]]
* [[PCASTL]]
* [[PEARL (programming language)|PEARL]]
* [[Perl]]
** [[Perl Data Language]]
* [[PHP]]
* [[Phrogram]]
* [[Pico (programming language)|Pico]]
* [[Piet (programming language)|Piet]]
* [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]]
* [[PIKT]]
* [[PILOT]]
* [[Pizza (programming language)|Pizza]]
{{col-3}}
* [[PL 11]]
* [[PL/0]]
* [[PL/8]]
* [[PL/B]]
* [[PL/C]]
* [[PL/I]] - ISO 6160
* [[PL/M]]
* [[PL/P]]
* [[PL/SQL]]
* [[Plankalkül]]
* [[PLD]]
* [[PLEX]]
*[[PLEXIL]]
* [[Pliant]]
* [[PNGlish]]
* [[Polymorphic Programming Language|PPL]]
* [[POP-11]]
* [[Poplog]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Port-a-punch-FORTRAN programming language|PORTRAN]]
* [[PostScript]]
* [[Ppc++]]
* [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]]
* [[Prograph]]
* [[Progress 4GL]]
* [[Prolog]]
** [[Turbo Prolog]]
* [[Promela]]
* Protheus
* [[PROIV|PRO-IV]]
* [[ProvideX]]
* [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
{{col-end}}

== Q ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Q programming language|Q]]

* [[Qi (programming language)|Qi]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Qt Script Kez Barnes for Applications|QtScript]]
* [[QuakeC]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Quantum programming|QPL]]
* [[Quikcomp]] (for the Moonrobot XI)
{{col-end}}

== R ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[R (programming language)|R]]
* [[R++]] - Based on C++ and added semanteme description
* [[Rascal programming language|Rascal]]
* [[Ratfiv]]
* [[Ratfor]]
* [[RBScript]]
* [[rc shell|rc]]
* [[Really Easy Programming Language|REPL]] - ''Really Easy Programming Language''
{{col-3}}
* [[REBOL]] - ''Relative Expression Based Object Language''
* [[Recital]] - FoxPro for Linux
* [[Red programming language (Ada prototype)|Red]] - Rejected prototype for [[Ada programming language|Ada]]
* [[Redcode]]
* [[REDO programming language|REDO]]
* [[REFAL]]
* [[Reia (programming language)|Reia]]
* [[Revolution programming language|Revolution]]
* [[REXX]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Rigal]]
* [[Rlab]]
* [[Robot Battle#Robot Coding|Robot Scripting Language]] (RSL)
* [[IBM RPG|RPG]] - ''Report Program Generator''
* [[RPL (programming language)|RPL]]
* [[RScript]]
* [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]
* [[Russell Programming Language]]
* [[REALBasic]]
{{col-end}}

== S ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[S programming language|S]]
* [[S2 programming language|S2]]
* [[S-PLUS]]
* [[S-Lang]]
* [[SAIL programming language|SAIL]]
* [[SAKO]]
* [[SAM76]]
* [[SAS System|SAS]]
* [[Sather programming language|Sather]]
* [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]
* [[ScalPL programming language|ScalPL]]
* [[SCAR programming language|SCAR]]
* [[SCATRAN]]
* [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]
* [[Scilab]]
* [[Script.NET]]
* [[Seccia]]
* [[Sed programming language|Sed]]
* [[Seed7]]
* [[Self programming language|Self]]
{{col-3}}
* [[SETL]]
* Shadow Programming Interface (Developing)
* ShadowScript
* [[Shift Script| Shift Script]]
* [[SIGNAL programming language|SIGNAL]]
* [[SiMPLE]]
* [[SIMPOL]]
* [[SIMSCRIPT]]
* [[Simula]]
* [[SISAL]]
* [[Slate programming language|Slate]]
* [[SLIP programming language|SLIP]]
* [[SMALL]] - ''SMALL Machine Algol Like Language''
* [[Small programming language|Small]]
* [[Smalltalk programming language|Smalltalk]]
* [[SNOBOL]] - ''String Oriented Symbolic Language''
** [[SPITBOL compiler|SPITBOL]]
* [[Snowball programming language|Snowball]]
{{col-3}}
* [[SPARK programming language|SPARK]]
* [[Spice (programming language)|Spice]]
* [[Spin (programming language)|SPIN]]
* [[SP/k programming language|SP/k]]
* [[SPL/1 programming language|SPL/1]] - aka SPL/I
* SPS (1620) - see [[IBM 1620]]

* [[Squirrel (programming language)|Squirrel]]
* [[SR programming language|SR]]
* [[SRF programming language|SRF]]
* [[SSL programming language|SSL]]
* [[Standard ML]]
* [[StringLang]]
* [[Subtext programming language|Subtext]]
* [[SuperCollider]]
* [[Suneido programming language|Suneido]]
* [[SYMPL]]
* [[SyncCharts]]
* [[Synergy/DE]]
* [[SystemVerilog]]
{{col-end}}

== T ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[T programming language|T]]
* [[TACL]]
* [[TACPOL programming language|TACPOL]]
* [[TagsMe]]
* [[TADS programming language|TADS]]
* [[Tensilica Instruction Extension|TIE]]
* [[Transaction Application Language]]
* [[Tcl]]
* [[Transact-SQL]]
* [[teco programming language|teco]]
* [[TELCOMP]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Telon]]
* [[Tempo programming language|Tempo]]
* [[thinBasic]]
* [[Titanium programming language|Titanium]]
* [[TI-Basic]]
* [[Today programming language|Today]]
* [[Tom (pattern matching language)|Tom]]
* [[TOM (object-oriented programming language)|TOM]]
* Topspeed - see [[Clarion]]
* [[TorqueScript programming language|TorqueScript]]
* [[tpu programming language|tpu]]
{{col-3}}
* [[TRAC programming language|Trac]]
* [[Trine programming language|Trine]]
* [[TTCN]]
* [[Turbo Pascal]]
* [[Turing programming language|Turing]]
* [[TUTOR (programming language)|TUTOR]]\
* [[Tutorial D]]
* [[TXL programming language|TXL]]
{{col-end}}

== U ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Ubercode]]
* [[Ultra 32]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Unicon programming language|Unicon]]
* [[Uniface (programming language)|Uniface]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Unix shell]]
* [[Unlambda]]
* [[UnrealScript programming language|UnrealScript]]

{{col-end}}
* [[Use]]

== V ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[V (programming language)|V]]
* [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]]
* [[Visual_Basic_for_Applications|VBA]] - Visual Basic for Applications
* [[VDM++]]
* [[VDM-SL]]
* [[Verilog]]
* [[VHDL]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Visual Assembler]]
* [[Visual Basic]] - ''Visual Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code''
* [[Visual Basic .NET]]
* [[Visual DataFlex]]
* [[Visual DialogScript]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Visual FoxPro]]
* [[Visual J++]]
* [[Visual Objects]]
* [[VBScript]]
* [[VX-REXX]]
* [[Vvvv]]
{{col-end}}

== W ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Water (programming language)|Water]]
* WATFOR - see [[WATFIV (programming language)|WATFIV]]
* [[WATFIV (programming language)|WATFIV]]
{{col-3}}
* [[WAXHTML]]
* [[WebQL]]
* [[Whitespace (programming language)|Whitespace]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Winbatch]]
* [[WinDev]]
* [[Windows PowerShell]]
{{col-end}}

== X ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[MorphX|X++]]
* [[X10 (programming language)|X10]]
* [[Xbase++ 32Bit Windows language]]
* [[XBL]]
* [[xbScript]] - Also [[xBaseScript]]
* [[xHarbour]]
{{col-3}}
* [[XL (programming language)|XL]]

* [[XOTcl]]
* [[XPL]]
{{col-3}}
* [[XPL0]]
* [[XQuery]]
* [[XSLT]] - See [[XPath]]
{{col-end}}

== Y ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Y programming language|Y]]
* [[YACC]]
{{col-3}}
* [[YAFL]]
* [[Yellow programming language (Ada prototype)|Yellow]] - Rejected prototype for [[Ada programming language|Ada]]
{{col-3}}
* [[Yorick programming language|Yorick]]
* [[Yunus programming language|Y]]
{{col-end}}

== Z ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Z (programming language)|Z]]
* [[Z notation]] - A program specification language, like [[Unified Modeling Language|UML]].
* [[Zonnon]]
{{col-3}}
* [[ZOPL]]
* [[ZPL programming language|ZPL]]
{{col-3}}
* [[ZZT-oop]]
{{col-end}}

{{CompactTOC2}}

== See also ==

* [[:Category:Query languages]]
* [[Categorical list of programming languages]]
* [[Programming language timeline|Timeline of programming languages]]
* [[Generational list of programming languages]]
* [[List of markup languages]]
* [[List of BASIC dialects]]
* [[wikibooks:List of hello world programs|Hello World in various programming languages]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/ 99 Bottles of Beer] in many languages and variations providing comparable code samples.

[[Category:Lists of programming languages|*]]
[[Category:Computer programming|*]]

[[af:Lys van programmeertale]]
[[ar:معلوماتية نظرية#نظرية التحسيب]]
[[bs:Spisak programskih jezika]]
[[bg:Списък на езици за програмиране]]
[[cs:Seznam programovacích jazyků]]
[[de:Liste der Programmiersprachen]]
[[eo:Listo de komputillingvoj]]
[[hr:Dodatak:Popis programskih jezika]]
[[is:Listi yfir forritunarmál í stafrófsröð]]
[[he:שפות תכנות]]
[[lv:Alfabētisks programmēšanas valodu saraksts]]
[[hu:Programozási nyelvek listája betűrendben]]
[[ms:Senarai bahasa pengaturcaraan]]
[[nl:Lijst van programmeertalen]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de linguagens de programação]]
[[ro:Listă alfabetică a limbajelor de programare]]
[[sk:Zoznam programovacích jazykov]]
[[sl:Seznam programskih jezikov]]
[[sr:Списак програмских језика]]
[[fi:Luettelo ohjelmointikielistä]]
[[tg:Рӯйхати забонҳои барномасозӣ]]
[[bug:Daftar basa ma-program-e]]
[[uk:Список мов програмування]]
[[zh:程序设计语言列表]]

Talk:Procfs

2008-12-15T19:33:18Z

85.148.224.39: Added two remarks

Procfs does not merely display information, but it can be used to implement kernel options (ie. ACPI) by for example using echo to change a proc value. However I am unclear on how the kernel treats procfs, does it read from the "file" constantly? [[User:John Riemann Soong|John Riemann Soong]] 04:17, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
:Procfs does not contain "real" files, it is a virtual filesystem that communicates with the kernel. [[User:Techefnet|Techefnet]] 00:16, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

:It is a pseudo-filesystem (in the developers terms), which translates filesystem changes into kernel configuration options (such as the ip_forward option), and kernel information is exposed as files in the subdirectories of /proc/. In real terms it is not separate from the kernel to the extent that the kernel would need to read it constantly, it is a translation layer which resides entirely in the kernel itself, and because all filesystem changes or reads must go through the kernel anyway they are translated at this point into various options instead of altering the files (Which don't really exist). When you read the /proc filesystem with commands such as "ls" or "cat" you are effectively asking the kernel for this information directly. [[User:Mrsteveman1|Mrsteveman1]] 06:02, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

The linux section is written somewhat like a tutorial, there is one line which is specifically written as if the writer is speaking to the reader, i think it says something like 'the one i have used the most', just seems a little un-wikipedia like for lack of a better term. It would be better to simply list a few (not all) of the various /proc interfaces, perhaps the most significant such as cpuinfo and meminfo, a few options that can literally change kernel behavior, and things such as the process, module, and partition lists. Everthing else is a bit excessive considering the relative lack of similar info given for other operating systems. [[User:Mrsteveman1|Mrsteveman1]] 06:02, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

== pseudo-file ==

''pseudo-file'' as in [[device node]]/[[device file]]? --[[User:Abdull|Abdull]] 11:08, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

: No, at least not as described by those articles - these files appear as regular files, except that their size is usually shown as 0. Once one reads from them, their content is displayed by the kernel. --[[User:Joy|Joy [shallot]]] 00:06, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

== Refreshs ==

How often are statistics in /proc updated? The article doesn't say. --[[User talk:Gwern |Gwern]] [[Special:Contributions/Gwern | (contribs)]] 02:18 [[11 December]] [[2007]] (GMT)

: They are calculated when you read the pseudo-files: remember, they aren't traditional files, they don't occupy space on a filesystem. -- anon —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/128.240.229.68|128.240.229.68]] ([[User talk:128.240.229.68|talk]]) 12:51, 19 February 2008 (UTC) 

== /proc/cpuinfo table seems to think that Intel/x86 is the only ISA in the world ==

It should at least mention what Linux does on other processors than Intel x86 ones, or, possibly, that this only is implemented on Intel x86.

== "ps operates entirely in user mode"? ==
The remark "''For example the GNU version of ps operates entirely in user mode, using the procfs to obtain its data''" does not make much sense to me. One has to make kernel calls to read procfs. I do not see how that is different from doing other kernel calls to obtain process information.

Büsingen am Hochrhein

2008-10-19T12:29:57Z

85.148.224.39: Added references to Belgian/Dutch enclaves

{{Infobox German Location
|Wappen = Wappen Buesingen am Hochrhein.png
|lat_deg = 47 |lat_min = 41 |lat_sec = 49
|lon_deg = 08 |lon_min = 41 |lon_sec = 25
|Lageplan = Lage von büsingen im detail.svg
|Lageplanbeschreibung = Location of Büsingen in the German-Swiss border area
|Bundesland = Baden-Württemberg
|Regierungsbezirk = Freiburg
|Landkreis = Konstanz
|Höhe = 395
|Fläche = 7.62
|Einwohner = 1429
|Stand = 2005-12-31
|PLZ = 78266 (Deutschland) 8238 (Schweiz)

|Vorwahl = 07734 (Deutschland) 052 (Schweiz)
|Kfz = BÜS
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 3 35 015
|Adresse = Junkerstraße 86 78266 bzw. 8238 Büsingen am Hochrhein
|Website = [http://www.buesingen.de/ www.buesingen.de]
|Bürgermeister = Gunnar Lang
}}
'''Büsingen am Hochrhein''' is a [[Germany|German]] town (7.62 km²) entirely surrounded by the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[canton of Schaffhausen]] and south across the [[Rhine]] by the cantons of [[Canton of Zurich|Zürich]] and [[Thurgau]]. It has a [[population]] of about 1,450 inhabitants. Since the early 19th century the [[exclave]] has been separated from the rest of Germany by a narrow strip of land which is less than 1 km at its narrowest and contains the Swiss settlement of [[Dörflingen]].
[[Image:Büsingen am Hochrhein.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Büsingen am Hochrhein]]

Administratively, Büsingen is part of Germany, forming part of the district of [[Konstanz (district)|Konstanz]], in the [[States of Germany|Bundesland]] of [[Baden-Württemberg]], but economically, it forms part of the Swiss customs area, as do the [[Italy|Italian]] [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] of [[Campione d'Italia|Campione]] and the independent principality of [[Liechtenstein]]. There are no border controls between Switzerland and Büsingen but to drive between the rest of Germany and Büsingen, one must pass through border control at the Swiss-German proper border.

Büsingen is highly regarded as a holiday paradise in summer by both German and Swiss visitors from around the area for its unique recreational areas along the Rhine. The town is also the home of the [[List of Church of the Nazarene schools|European Nazarene College]], a large (for the town) [[Bible college]] with an international focus.

==Curiosities==
Formally the [[euro]] is the only legal tender in Büsingen; however, the [[Swiss franc]] is far more popular in everyday use as shopping is generally done in nearby [[Schaffhausen]] instead of across the border(s) in Germany.

Owing to its unusual geographical location, it uses public services from both countries, including [[public transport]], [[mail|post]] and [[telephone]] services, which operate side by side.

To send a letter to Büsingen, one can send it using either a [[Swiss]] [[postal code]]
:''Junkerstrasse 86''
:''8238 Büsingen''
:''Schweiz''

or a German one:
:''Junkerstraße 86''
:''78266 Büsingen''
:''Deutschland''

Similarly, residents of Büsingen can be reached by telephone using either a German number (with the prefix +49 7734) or a Swiss one (with the prefix +41 52).

Germans who have been registered in Büsingen for more than 10 years are called Alt Büsinger (Old Büsingers) and receive a special recognised status similar to Swiss citizenship. Alt Büsingers are allowed to purchase real estate or work in Switzerland even if they don't possess Swiss citizenship.

In emergencies, both the Swiss or the German police may be called, with the Swiss, being closer, usually arriving faster. In the case of a search warrant both German and Swiss officials are required to be present.

After attending [[primary school]] in Büsingen, children may continue their education in either [[Switzerland]] or [[Germany]]. About 70% elect to go to school in Switzerland.

The local [[football (soccer)|football]] team, [[FC Büsingen]], is the only German team to play in the [[Swiss Football League]].

Unlike the rest of Germany, the enclave is not part of the [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen Zone]]. This might change when Switzerland fully implements the Schengen Agreement.

==History==
In 1918 a [[referendum]] was held in Büsingen in which 96% of voters chose to become part of [[Switzerland]]. However, it never happened as Switzerland could not offer anything suitable in exchange, and consequently Büsingen has remained an exclave of Germany ever since. Later attempts were rejected by Switzerland.

The exclave of Büsingen was formally defined in 1967 through negotiations between Germany and Switzerland. At the same time, the German exclave of [[Verenahof]], consisting of just three homes and fewer than a dozen people, became part of Switzerland.

==See also==
*[[Campione d'Italia|Campione d’Italia]]
*[[Jungholz]]
*[[Baarle-Hertog]]
*[[Baarle-Nassau]]

==External links==
*[http://www.buesingen.de Büsingen Official Website]
*[http://geosite.jankrogh.com/busingen.htm Jan S. Krogh's GeoSite on Büsingen]

{{Cities and towns in Konstanz (district)}}

[[Category:Canton of Schaffhausen|Busingen (enclave in the canton)]]
[[Category:Exclaves|Busingen]]
[[Category:Special territories of the European Union|Busingen]]
[[Category:Towns in Baden-Württemberg|Busingen]]
[[Category:Konstanz district]]

[[als:Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
[[de:Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
[[es:Büsingen]]
[[eo:Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
[[fr:Büsingen]]
[[hr:Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
[[it:Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
[[he:ביזינגן]]
[[nl:Büsingen]]
[[ja:ビュージンゲン]]
[[no:Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
[[pl:Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
[[pt:Büsingen]]
[[ro:Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
[[ru:Бюзинген-на-Верхнем-Рейне]]
[[sk:Büsingen]]
[[fi:Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
[[sv:Büsingen]]
[[vo:Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
[[zh:布辛根]]

Clang

2008-06-21T10:00:29Z

85.148.224.39: "code is human-readable" => "messages are human-readable"

{{lowercase}}
{{Infobox Software
| name = clang
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| author = [[Chris Lattner]] and others
| developer = [[Apple Inc.]]
| released =
| latest release version =
| latest release date =
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| programming language = C++
| operating system = [[Unix-like]]
| platform = [[Cross-platform]]
| language =
| status = in active development
| genre = [[Compiler]]
| license = [[University of Illinois Open Source License]] [http://llvm.org/releases/2.1/LICENSE.TXT]
| website = [http://clang.llvm.org/ clang home]
}}
'''clang''' is a [[compiler]] [[Front-end and back-end|front end]] for the [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], and [[Objective-C]] programming languages. It uses the [[Low Level Virtual Machine]] (LLVM) as its back end. It is still under development; when finished, it will offer a potential replacement to the [[GNU Compiler Collection]] (GCC). Development is sponsored by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], and it is licensed using a BSD-like [[open source]] license.

==Background==
In early 2005, Apple hired Chris Lattner and formed a team to work on the LLVM system for various uses within Apple's development systems.<ref>Adam Treat, ''[http://lists.trolltech.com/qt4-preview-feedback/2005-02/msg00691.html mkspecs and patches for LLVM compile of Qt4]</ref> LLVM can replace most of the "lower levels" of the GCC toolchain, offering more aggressive optimization and run-time compiling from its [[three address code]] intermediate form (IF). This allows code to be compiled statically, as it is under the traditional GCC system, as well as left for late-compiling from the IF to machine code in a [[just-in-time compiler]] to support a wider variety of hardware platforms.

Apple has made use of the LLVM system in a number of commercial systems. One of the most visible uses to date has been an [[OpenGL]] code compiler for [[Mac OS X]] that converts OpenGL calls into more fundamental calls for [[graphics processing unit]]s that do not support certain features. This was instrumental in allowing Apple to support the entire OpenGL API on computers using "integrated graphics" based on the [[Intel GMA]] chipsets, while at the same time greatly increasing performance when these conditions arose.<ref>Chris Lattner, ''[http://llvm.org/devmtg/2007-05/10-Lattner-OpenGL.pdf LLVM for OpenGL and other stuff]'', Apple Computer, May 2007</ref> More recently, LLVM's core ability to support a wide variety of underlying hardware was key in Apple's ability to offer high-performance applications on the [[iPhone]], which is based on the [[ARM]] processor which had limited support in the existing GCC toolchain. LLVM is a part of the iPhone development kit, and will be a part of [[Xcode|Xcode 3.1]] when it is released.<ref>Chris Lattner, ''[http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/llvmdev/2008-March/012978.html llvm-gcc 4.2 in Xcode]'', LLVMdev mailing list, 7 March 2008</ref>

While LLVM was initially targeted as part of the GCC toolchain, more recently there has been an interest in replacing other portions of the GCC system as well. GCC is a large and somewhat cumbersome system to develop. As one long-time gcc developer put it, "Trying to make the hippo dance is not really a lot of fun."<ref> Kenneth Zadeck, ''[http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2005-11/msg00918.html LLVM/GCC Integration Proposal]'', 19 Nov 2005, GCC development mailing list</ref> Apple has an intense interest in improving performance in [[Objective C]] (ObjC), but this sees little development under the normal GCC development effort. Their choices for improving ObjC performance were to continue to make changes to the "Apple-branch" of GCC, limiting their abilities, or strike out on their own with a fresh approach.

Licensing was also a factor; LLVM was initially developed at the [[University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign]] and released under a [[BSD licenses|BSD-like license]] that makes it easy to use in commercial programs, whereas GCC is [[GPL]] licensed and has redistribution requirements. As the LLVM system can be "embedded" within commercial systems (like the OpenGL example above), having an entire toolchain based on a similar license would make the legalities much simpler.<ref name=clang>clang team, ''[http://clang.llvm.org/ clang: a C language family frontend for LLVM]''</ref>

==clang==
clang is a new C-targeted compiler intended specifically to work on top of LLVM.<ref name=clang/> The combination of clang and LLVM provides the majority of a toolchain, allowing the wholescale replacement of the GCC system.

One of clang's primary goals is to better support incremental compilation to allow the compiler to be more tightly tied to the [[integrated development environment|IDE GUI]]. GCC is designed to work in a "classic" compile-link-debug cycle, and although it provides useful ways to support incremental and interrupted compiling on-the-fly, integrating them with other tools is not always easy. For instance, GCC uses a step called "fold" that is key to the overall compile process, which has the side effect of translating the code tree into a form that does not look very much like the original source, so finding an error at this point in the process may not be easy to translate back into a single location in the original source code. Vendors using the GCC stack within IDE's used separate tools to index the code to provide features like code coloring and [[autocomplete]], which took up time that would be better spent compiling.

clang was designed from the start to support these features, compiling and syntax checking on a character-by-character basis if needed. Additionally, the messages that it generates are human-readable and contain considerably more information than the same level of compilation within the GCC stack. IDE's can index the output of the compiler as it becomes available, ensuring that the compiler and IDE are looking at the "same thing". Since the compiler is always running, it can offer [[source code]] [[Index (search engine)|indexing]], syntax checking, and other features normally associated with [[rapid application development]] systems. clang also preserves the overall form of the original code, making it much easier to map back into the original source and point directly to problems, rather than "somewhere close". The errors reports it offers are also much more detailed and specific. The parse tree is also much more suitable for supporting automated [[code refactoring]].

Likewise, many portions of GCC are simply "old". The system was written in an era where single processor systems were almost universal, and thus doesn't support threading. Threading would have to be retrofitted in order to take full advantage of the now almost universal multi-processor hardware used during development. clang was designed from the start to be threaded, and has much better memory footprint and speed. Apple tests clang by compiling the [[Carbon (API)|Carbon]] libraries, which it does well over twice as fast as GCC, while using about five times less memory and disk space.

Although development on GCC may be difficult, the reasons for this have been well explored by its developers. This allowed the clang team to avoid these problems and make a more flexible system. clang is highly modularized, based almost entirely on replaceable link-time libraries as opposed to source code modules that are combined at compile time, and well documented. This makes it much easier for new developers to get up to speed in clang and add to the project. In some cases the libraries are provided in several versions that can be swapped out at runtime, for instance the parser comes with a version that offers performance measurement of the compile process.

clang, as the name implies, is a compiler only for C and C-like languages. It does not offer compiler front-ends for languages other than C, C++ and Objective C. For other languages, including [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[FORTRAN]] and [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], clang remains dependent on GCC. LLVM was always targeted as a lower layer for the GCC stack, and in the same spirit, clang is designed to be dropped in "on top" of GCCs lower layer. clang can be used or swapped out for GCC as needed, with no other effects on the toolchain as a whole {{Fact|date=June 2008}}.

=== Current Status ===
The project is under rapid development. Currently (December 2007), code generation for C and Objective-C is partially complete. Support for C++ and Objective-C++ is still quite incomplete; the project team "[doesn't] expect to have respectable C++ support for another 2 years or so."<ref name=clang/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://clang.llvm.org/ clang: a C language family frontend for LLVM]
*[http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/llvmdev/2007-July/009817.html LLVMdev: New LLVM C front-end: "clang"], announcement (11 July 2007)
*[http://llvm.org/devmtg/2007-05/09-Naroff-CFE.mov Presentation], [http://llvm.org/devmtg/2007-05/09-Naroff-CFE.pdf Slides]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1921156852099786640&q=lattner&total=13&start=10&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=1 Tech talk about LLVM future and clang], [http://llvm.org/pubs/2007-07-25-LLVM-2.0-and-Beyond.pdf Slides]

{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}

[[Category:Apple Inc. software]]
[[Category:Free compilers and interpreters]]

Talk:Letter case

2008-06-08T08:16:58Z

85.148.224.39: Added remark that Unicode 5.1 has a "capital sz" code point

Should this be merged into [[Case (orthography)]]? - [[User:Gwalla|Gwalla]] 22:35, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
: This, perhaps. Sentence case, no. [[User:Dysprosia|Dysprosia]] 22:47, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
: '''Agree.''' They all seem to be variations on a theme of [[type]] and [[typesetting]]. Although, I think there ought to be separate encompassing articles to define [[capitalization]] ([[Title case]], [[Sentence case]], [[Camel case]], [[All caps]]) apart from [[typesetting]], which are not neccessarily connected (the latter being "craft work" while the former being "a form of writing"). —[[User:Down10|Down10]] [[User talk:Down10|T]] + [[Special:Contributions/Down10|C]] 08:32, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

:'''Disagree.''' I do believe that these are interrelated subjects, and should assuredly reference each other; however, majuscule referers to a distinct type of historical writing. I feel that including it with typesetting would ignore the history.[[Special:Emailuser/Kaibab|@]][[User:Kaibab|Kaibab]][[User talk:Kaibab|TALK]] 23:15, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
::In case you didn't notice, it's a bit late now. [[User:66.229.160.94|66.229.160.94]] 09:49, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

:'''Disagree.''' CAPITAL LETTERS are a unique expressive medium, truly deserving of a disinct Wikipedia entry. [[User:Whiskey Pete|Whiskey Pete]] 23:33, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

==For what it's worth==

I disagree with the merge proposal. Just saying. [[User:Matt Yeager|Matt Yeager]] [[Special:Random|♫]] ([[User_talk:Matt Yeager|Talk?]]) 04:54, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

==Capital sz?==
Since Unicode 5.1, the phrase "An example of a letter without both forms is the German ß (ess-tsett), which exists only in minuscule" is not entirely correct anymore. I think that should be mentioned here, but do not see how to do that nicely.