Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Lula kebab

2019-09-30T14:54:32Z

37.58.158.114:

{{refimprove|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox food
|name=Lyulya kebab
|image=File:Azerbaijani_lyulya_kebab.jpg
|image_size=250
|caption=Lyulya kebab served in lavash, and with fried tomatoes, pomegranate grains, onion and lemon pieces.
|alternate_name=Lule kebab
|country=
|region=[[Caucasus|Caucasia]], [[Middle East]], [[Central Asia]]
|creator=
|course=[[Main course]]
|served=Hot
|main_ingredient=[[Lamb and mutton]], [[onion]]
|variations=
|calories=
|no_recipes=true
|no_commons=true
}}

'''Lyulya kebab''' or '''lule kebab''' is a type of [[kebab]] cooked on skewers. It is made from minced meat. It is a specialty of [[Azerbaidjan cuisine]]<ref>{{cite web|first1=Sheryl|last1=Julian|accessdate=2019-07-20|title=Noor's Azerbaidjan specialties are made with care|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2014/09/23/traditional-azerbaidjan-specialties-somerville-made-with-care/SEHl9Vq2TVDZn0bqdhXVcP/story.html|date=23 September 2014|website=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Stephanie|last1=Drescher|first2=Daniela|last2=Schulz|accessdate=2019-07-20|title=Lule kebab, Azerbaidjan |date=24 May 2017|url=https://www.dw.comhttp//www.dw.com/en/lule-kebab-armenia/a-37851859|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> and of other countries in [[Caucasus|Caucasia]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Central Asia]].

==Ingredients==
*[[Lamb and mutton|Mutton]] (or minced sheep and beef meat by 50:50)
*[[Onion]]
*[[Lamb and mutton|Sheep tail fat]]
*[[Salt]]
*[[Black pepper|Pepper]]
*[[Sumac]] (optional)
*[[Lavash]] (optional)

==Preparation==
[[File:Lula kebab.jpg|thumb|250px|Lyulya kebab]]
The soft portion of the mutton is ground with onion using a meat grinder and mixed with pepper and salt. There should be 400 grams of onion in per 1 kilogram of minced meat. This ratio is followed, to make it stay on the skewer. The meat mash is mixed well and stored in a cold for an hour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Люля-кебаб по-азербайджански (рецепт 1)|url= http://www.aif.ru/food/224301|publisher= aif.ru|language= ru|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref> Later the mince is extracted from the refrigerator and is mixed well. The mince is wrapped around the skewer.<ref name="dadli">{{cite web|title= Lülə kabab resepti|url= http://dadli.az/quru-yemekler/1906-lule-kabab-resepti.html |publisher= dadli.az|language= az|accessdate=12 February 2018}} </ref> The mince gets slightly long form on a slightly wide skewer. Then it gets fried on coal barbecue, called a [[Mangal (barbecue)|mangal]]. It’s cooked for 10-15 minutes.<ref name="berde">{{cite web|title= Lülə-kabab|url=http://berde.dream-test.com/az/cusine-current/38-Lule-kabab|publisher= berde.dream-test.com|language= az|accessdate=12 February 2018}} </ref> The kebab is served between the lavash. Sprinkling sumac on it is optional.

==See also==
*[[Kebab]]
*[[Kabab koobideh]]
*[[Şiş köfte]]
*[[List of kebabs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category: Kebabs]]
[[Category: Armenian cuisine]]
[[Category: Skewered foods]]
[[Category: Barbecue]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern grilled meats]]

Flag of South Africa

2018-03-21T07:47:21Z

37.58.158.114: /* Colours */

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use South African English|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Republic of South Africa
| Article =
| Image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| Nickname =
| Morenicks =
| Use = 110110
| Proportion = 2:3
| Adoption = 27 April 1994
| Design = a horizontal bicolour of red and blue with a black isosceles triangle based on the hoist-side and a green pall, a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, centred over the partition lines and was edged in both white against the red and the blue bands and gold against the triangle, in which the arms of the Y ends at the corners of the hoist and embraces the triangle on the hoist-side.
| Designer = [[Frederick Brownell]]
}}
{{Culture of South Africa}}

The '''flag of South Africa''' was adopted on 27 April 1994, at the beginning of [[South Africa]]'s [[South African general election, 1994|1994 general election]], to replace the flag that had been used since 1928. The new [[national flag]], designed by the then [[Bureau of Heraldry|State Herald]] of South Africa [[Frederick Brownell]], was chosen to represent the country's new democracy after the end of [[apartheid]].

The flag has horizontal bands of [[red]] (on the top) and [[blue]] (on the bottom), of equal width, separated by a central [[green]] band which splits into a horizontal "Y" shape, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side (and follow the flag's diagonals). The "Y" embraces a [[black]] [[isosceles triangle]] from which the arms are separated by narrow [[yellow]] bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow [[white]] stripes. The stripes at the fly end are in the 5:1:3:1:5 ratio.

== Colours ==

At the time of its adoption, the South African flag was the only national flag in the world to comprise six colours in its primary design and without a seal and brocade. The design and colours are a synopsis of principal elements of the country's flag history.

The central design of the flag, beginning at the flagpost in a "V" form and flowing into a single horizontal band to the outer edge of the fly.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Colour
!Textile colour
![[Pantone]] equivalent
![[RGB]]
!RGB sample
|-
| Green
| CKS 42 c Spectrum green
| 3415 c
| #007C59
| style="background: #007C59;" |
|-
| Black
| CKS 401 c Blue black
|
| #000000
| style="background:#000;" |
|-
| White
| CKS 701 c National flag white ||
| #FFFFFF
| style="background:#fff;" |
|-
| Gold
| CKS 724 c Gold yellow
| 1235 c
| #FCB514
| style="background: #FCB514;" |
|-
| Red
| CKS 750 c Chilli red
| 179 c
| #E23D28
| style="background: #E23D28;" |
|-
| Blue
| CKS 762 c National flag blue
| Reflex blue c
| #0C1C8C
| style="background: #0C1C8C;" |
|}

== Construction sheet ==
[[File:Flag of South Africa (construction sheet).png|thumb|center|600px|Flag construction sheet]]

== History ==

===1902–1910 ===

The [[Second Boer War|Anglo-Boer War]] between 1899 and 1902 ended with the [[Treaty of Vereeniging]] on 31 May 1902 and resulted in what is now South Africa falling under the British [[Union Flag]]. The former [[Boer Republics]] of the [[Orange Free State]] and the [[Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek]] (Transvaal) became British colonies along with the existing [[Cape Colony|Cape]] and [[Natal Colony|Natal]] colonies. Each was also entitled to a colonial flag following in the British tradition.

===1910–1928===
{{Main|South Africa Red Ensign}}
On 31 May 1910 these four colonies came together to form the Union of South Africa and the individual colonial flags were no longer used and new South African flags came into being. Once again, as a British dominion the British Union Flag was to continue as the national flag and the standard British ensign pattern was used as a basis for distinctive South African flags.

As was the case throughout the [[British Empire]], the [[Red Ensign|Red]] and [[Blue Ensign]]s were the official flags for merchant and government vessels at sea, and the British Admiralty authorised them to be [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] in the fly with the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]] from the South African [[coat of arms]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fotw.fivestarflags.com/za_1910.html |title=South African Vessels Ensign |accessdate=2005-03-20 |author=Flags of the World |coauthors= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flaggenlexikon.de/fsuedafr.htm |title=Südafrika – Großbritannien Flaggensystem eingeführt |accessdate=2008-05-26 |author=Volker Preuß|coauthors= |language=de}}</ref> These [[ensigns]] were not intended to be used as the Union's national flag, although they were used by some people as such. Although these ensigns were primarily intended for maritime use, they were also flown on land.

<gallery widths="180">
File:South Africa Flag 1910-1912.svg|The [[South Africa Red Ensign]] was South Africa's ''de facto'' national flag between 1910 and 1928 and was flown at times from Government buildings.
File:Red Ensign of South Africa (1912-1951).svg|The design of the Red Ensign was modified slightly in 1912 when the shield was placed on a white disc so as to make it more distinguishable. The Red Ensign continued to be used as the flag of the South African merchant marine until 1951.<ref name=msa>Merchant Shipping Act 1951 (South Africa); South Africa ''Government Gazette'' No 6085 dated 25 July 1958.</ref>
File:Blue Ensign of South Africa (1910–1912).svg|The [[Blue Ensign]] was flown over the Union’s offices abroad between 1910 and 1928.
File:South Africa Flag 1912-1928.svg|The Blue Ensign from 1912 to 1928.
</gallery>

These flags never enjoyed much popular support due to the animosities lingering after the Anglo-Boer War. The Afrikaner descendants of the Dutch settlers from the former Boer Republics found the prominent position of the British Union Flag to be offensive while the English-speakers saw any move to remove it as an Afrikaner plot to deprive them of their imperial symbol.

===1928–1994 flag===
{{main|Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = South Africa
| Article =
| Image = Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg
| Alt =
| Noborder = 
| Nickname =
| Morenicks =
| Use = 
| Symbol =
| Proportion = 2:3
| Adoption = 1928
| Relinquished = April 1994
| Design =
| Designer =
}}
[[File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994, small flags.svg|thumb|right|The three flags in the centre representing the former British colonies of [[Cape Province|Cape Colony]] and [[Natal Colony|Natal]] with the Union Jack on the left, followed by the flags of the former Boer republics of [[Orange Free State]] and the [[South African Republic]] on the right. The [[Union Jack]] is shown with [[Union Jack#Flying|the hoist on the right]].]]
Due to the lack of popularity of these flags, there were intermittent discussions about the desirability of a more distinctive national flag for South Africa after 1910,<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Frederick G |last=Brownell|authorlink=Fred Brownell|title= Convergence and Unification : The National Flag of South Africa (1994) in historical perspective, |type=PhD|publisher=University of Pretoria|location= Pretoria|date=2015}}</ref> it was only after a coalition government took office in 1925 that a bill was introduced in [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] to introduce a national flag for the Union. This provoked an often violent controversy that lasted for three years based on whether the British Union Flag should be included in the new flag design or not. The [[Natal Province]] even threatened to [[Natal covenant|secede from the Union]] should it be decided to remove it.

Finally, a compromise was reached that resulted in the adoption of a separate flag for the Union in late 1927 and the design was first hoisted on 31 May 1928. The design was based on the so-called Van Riebeeck flag or "[[Prince's Flag]]" (''Prinsenvlag'' in [[Afrikaans]]) that was originally the [[Flag of the Netherlands|Dutch flag]]; it consisted of orange, white, and blue horizontal stripes. A version of this flag had been used as the flag of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (known as the VOC) at the Cape (with the VOC logo in the centre) from 1652 until 1795. The South African addition to the design was the inclusion of three smaller flags centred in the white stripe. The miniature flags were the British [[Union Flag]] (mirrored) towards the hoist, the [[flag of the Orange Free State]] hanging vertically in the middle and the [[Flag of the South African Republic|Transvaal Vierkleur]] towards the fly. The position of each of the miniature flags is such that each has equal status. However, to ensure that the Dutch flag in the canton of the Orange Free State flag is placed nearest to the upper hoist of the main flag, the Free State flag must be reversed. The British Union Flag, which is nearest to the hoist and is thus in a more favoured position, is spread horizontally from the Free State flag towards the hoist and is thus also reversed. Although placed horizontally furthest from the hoist, to balance the British Union Flag, the Vierkleur is the only one of the miniature flags which is spread in the same direction as the main flag. This compensates for its otherwise less favourable position. In this arrangement, each of the miniature flags enjoy equal precedence.<ref name="Brownell1993" /> Note that the miniature flag of the Orange Free State contains a miniature of the Dutch flag, making the old South African flag the only former national flag in the world containing a flag in a flag in a flag.

The choice of the ''Prinsenvlag'' (which was believed to be the first flag hoisted on South African soil by Jan van Riebeeck of the VOC) as the basis upon which to design the South African flag had more to do with compromise than Afrikaner political desires, since the ''Prinsenvlag'' was politically neutral, as it was no longer the national flag of any nation. A further element of this compromise was that the British Union Flag would continue to fly alongside the new South African national flag over official buildings. This dual flag arrangement continued until 1957 when the British Union Flag lost its official status per an [[Act of Parliament]].

Following a [[South African republic referendum, 1960|referendum]] the country became a [[republic]] on 31 May 1961, but the design of the flag remained unchanged. However, there was intense pressure to change the flag, particularly from Afrikaners who still resented the fact that the British Union Flag was a part of the flag. In 1968, the then [[Prime Minister of South Africa|Prime Minister]], [[John Vorster]], proposed the adoption of a new flag from 1971, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the declaration of a republic but this never materialised.<ref name="Glasgow Herald">{{Cite news | newspaper= The [[Glasgow Herald]] | title= New flag | date = 12 September 1968 |page= 18 col C | accessdate = 2016-04-18 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4eg9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=oUgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2838,2158422&dq=south+africa+change+flag+1971&hl=en | language = | quote = }}</ref>

===Current flag since 1994 ===
[[File:New South African flag unveiling.jpg|thumb|South African Ambassador [[Harry Schwarz]] presenting the new flag to the president of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], in May 1994.]]

The present South African national flag was first flown on 27 April 1994, the day of the [[South African general election, 1994|1994 election]]. However, the flag was first intended to be an interim flag only, and its design was decided upon only a week beforehand.

The choice of a new flag was part of the negotiation process set in motion when [[Nelson Mandela]] was released from prison in 1990. When a nationwide public competition was held in 1993, the National Symbols Commission received more than 7,000 designs. Six designs were shortlisted and presented to the public and the Negotiating Council, but none elicited enthusiastic support. A number of design studios were then contacted to submit further proposals, but these also did not find favour. [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] went into [[recess (motion)|recess]] at the end of 1993 without a suitable candidate for the new national flag.

In February 1994, [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] and [[Roelf Meyer]], the chief negotiators of the [[African National Congress]] and the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government of the day respectively, were given the task of resolving the flag issue. A final design was adopted on 15 March 1994, derived from a design developed by the State Herald [[Fred Brownell]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27155475|title=Fred Brownell: The man who made South Africa's flag|date=27 April 2014|accessdate=27 April 2014|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> who had also previously designed the [[Flag of Namibia]]. This interim flag was hoisted for the first time on the 27 April 1994, the day when the nation’s first fully inclusive elections commenced which resulted in [[Nelson Mandela]] being inaugurated as South Africa’s first democratically elected president on 10 May 1994.

[[File:Pm cricket shots09 6058.jpg|thumb|left|The flag flying at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]].]]

The proclamation of the new national flag by [[South African President]] [[F. W. de Klerk]] was only published on 20 April 1994,<ref name="proc">South Africa ''Government Gazette'' No 15663 dated 20 April 1994.</ref> a mere seven days before the flag was to be inaugurated, sparking a frantic last-minute flurry for flag manufacturers. As stated in South Africa's post-apartheid interim constitution, the flag was to be introduced on an interim probationary period of five years, after which there would be discussion about whether or not to change the national flag in the [[Constitution of South Africa|final draft of the constitution]]. The Constitutional Assembly was charged with the responsibility of drafting the country’s new constitution and had called for submissions, inter alia, on the issues of its various national symbols. It received 118 submissions recommending the retention of the new flag and 35 suggesting changes to it. Thus on 28 September 1995 it decided that the flag should be retained unchanged and accordingly it was included as Section One of the Constitution of South Africa which came into force in February 1997.<ref>Bruce B Berry : “Zero to Hero” - the role of the national flag in nation building in post-apartheid South Africa, paper presented at the 26th International Congress of Vexillology, Sydney, Australia (September 2015)</ref>

== Proper display of the flag ==
{{See also|List of South African flags}}The South African government published guidelines for proper display of the flag at designated flag stations, in Government Notice 510 of 8 June 2001 (Gazette number 22356). These rules apply only to official flag stations and not to the general public.

The [[Southern African Vexillological Association]] (SAVA), a non-official association for the study of flags, published their own guide for proper display of the flag in 2002. This guide has no official authority but was drawn up with generally accepted vexillological etiquette and principles in mind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/no-need-to-get-in-a-flap-over-flag-etiquette-94265|title=No need to get in a flap over flag etiquette |work=IOL News |date=12 September 2002|accessdate=2013-03-23}}</ref>

== Heraldic description ==

An addendum to the Transitional Executive Council agenda (April 1994) described the flag in heraldic terms as follows:

''The National flag shall be rectangular in the proportion of two in the width to three to the length; per pall from the hoist, the upper band red (chilli) and lower band blue, with a black triangle at the hoist; over the partition lines a green pall one fifth the width of the flag, fimbriated white against the red and blue, and gold against the black triangle at the hoist, and the width of the pall and its fimbriations is one third the width of the flag.''

Schedule One of the Constitution of South Africa (1996) replaced the heraldic definition and described the flag in plain English as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule 1 to the South African Constitution, 1996|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng-s01.pdf|publisher=Department of Justice and Constitutional Development|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref>

# ''The national flag is rectangular; it is one and a half times as long as it is wide. ''
# ''It is black, gold, green, white, chilli red and blue. ''
# ''It has a green Y-shaped band that is one fifth as wide as the flag. The centre lines of the band start in the top and bottom corners next to the flag post, converge in the centre of the flag, and continue horizontally to the middle of the free edge. ''
# ''The green band is edged, above and below in white, and towards the flag post end, in gold. Each edging is one fifteenth as wide as the flag. ''
# ''The triangle next to the flag post is black. ''
# ''The upper horizontal band is chilli red and the lower horizontal band is blue. These bands are each one third as wide as the flag.''

==See also==
* [[List of South African flags]]
* [[Coat of arms of South Africa]]
* [[National anthem of South Africa]]
* [[National symbols of South Africa]]
* [[Southern African Vexillological Association]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="Brownell1993">{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Brownell|first=F. G. |authorlink=Fred Brownell|title=National and Provincial Symbols and Flora and Fauna Emblems of the Republic of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fo4yAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=C. van Rensburg|isbn=978-0-86846-074-1}}</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Saker|first=Harry |title=The South African flag controversy, 1925-1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYgaAAAAYAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Cape Town}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pama|first=C|title=Die vlae van Suider-Afrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AkVNAAACAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Tafelberg|language=af|isbn=978-0-624-02070-7}}
* {{cite journal|last=Brownell|first=F.G.|author-link=Fred Brownell|title= The Union Jack over Southern and Central Africa: 1795–1994|journal=SAVA Journal|date=March 1994|pages=|isbn=0-620-18833-2}}
* {{cite journal|last=Van Zyl|first=J.A.|title= The History of Flags of South Africa before 1900|journal=SAVA Journal|date=April 1995|isbn=0-620-19798-6}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Flags of South Africa}}
{{wikiquote|Flag of South Africa}}
* [http://www.savaflags.org.za Southern African Vexillological Association (SAVA)]
* {{FOTW|id=za|title=South Africa}}
* {{FOTW|id=za_old|title=South Africa (1928-1994)}}

{{Africa topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of Africa]]}}
{{nationalflags}}
{{Portal bar|South Africa|Heraldry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flag Of South Africa}}
[[Category:National symbols of South Africa]]
[[Category:Flags of Africa|South Africa]]
[[Category:Flags of South Africa| ]]
[[Category:South African heraldry]]
[[Category:National flags|South Africa]]

Flag of South Africa

2018-03-21T07:38:56Z

37.58.158.114: /* Colours */

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use South African English|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Republic of South Africa
| Article =
| Image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| Nickname =
| Morenicks =
| Use = 110110
| Proportion = 2:3
| Adoption = 27 April 1994
| Design = a horizontal bicolour of red and blue with a black isosceles triangle based on the hoist-side and a green pall, a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, centred over the partition lines and was edged in both white against the red and the blue bands and gold against the triangle, in which the arms of the Y ends at the corners of the hoist and embraces the triangle on the hoist-side.
| Designer = [[Frederick Brownell]]
}}
{{Culture of South Africa}}

The '''flag of South Africa''' was adopted on 27 April 1994, at the beginning of [[South Africa]]'s [[South African general election, 1994|1994 general election]], to replace the flag that had been used since 1928. The new [[national flag]], designed by the then [[Bureau of Heraldry|State Herald]] of South Africa [[Frederick Brownell]], was chosen to represent the country's new democracy after the end of [[apartheid]].

The flag has horizontal bands of [[red]] (on the top) and [[blue]] (on the bottom), of equal width, separated by a central [[green]] band which splits into a horizontal "Y" shape, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side (and follow the flag's diagonals). The "Y" embraces a [[black]] [[isosceles triangle]] from which the arms are separated by narrow [[yellow]] bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow [[white]] stripes. The stripes at the fly end are in the 5:1:3:1:5 ratio.

== Colours ==

At the time of c est harry its adoption, the South African flag was the only national flag in the world to comprise six colours in its primary design and without a seal and brocade. The design and colours are a synopsis of principal elements of the country's flag history.

The central design of the flag, beginning at the flagpost in a "V" form and flowing into a single horizontal band to the outer edge of the fly.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Colour
!Textile colour
![[Pantone]] equivalent
![[RGB]]
!RGB sample
|-
| Green
| CKS 42 c Spectrum green
| 3415 c
| #007C59
| style="background: #007C59;" |
|-
| Black
| CKS 401 c Blue black
|
| #000000
| style="background:#000;" |
|-
| White
| CKS 701 c National flag white ||
| #FFFFFF
| style="background:#fff;" |
|-
| Gold
| CKS 724 c Gold yellow
| 1235 c
| #FCB514
| style="background: #FCB514;" |
|-
| Red
| CKS 750 c Chilli red
| 179 c
| #E23D28
| style="background: #E23D28;" |
|-
| Blue
| CKS 762 c National flag blue
| Reflex blue c
| #0C1C8C
| style="background: #0C1C8C;" |
|}

== Construction sheet ==
[[File:Flag of South Africa (construction sheet).png|thumb|center|600px|Flag construction sheet]]

== History ==

===1902–1910 ===

The [[Second Boer War|Anglo-Boer War]] between 1899 and 1902 ended with the [[Treaty of Vereeniging]] on 31 May 1902 and resulted in what is now South Africa falling under the British [[Union Flag]]. The former [[Boer Republics]] of the [[Orange Free State]] and the [[Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek]] (Transvaal) became British colonies along with the existing [[Cape Colony|Cape]] and [[Natal Colony|Natal]] colonies. Each was also entitled to a colonial flag following in the British tradition.

===1910–1928===
{{Main|South Africa Red Ensign}}
On 31 May 1910 these four colonies came together to form the Union of South Africa and the individual colonial flags were no longer used and new South African flags came into being. Once again, as a British dominion the British Union Flag was to continue as the national flag and the standard British ensign pattern was used as a basis for distinctive South African flags.

As was the case throughout the [[British Empire]], the [[Red Ensign|Red]] and [[Blue Ensign]]s were the official flags for merchant and government vessels at sea, and the British Admiralty authorised them to be [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] in the fly with the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]] from the South African [[coat of arms]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fotw.fivestarflags.com/za_1910.html |title=South African Vessels Ensign |accessdate=2005-03-20 |author=Flags of the World |coauthors= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flaggenlexikon.de/fsuedafr.htm |title=Südafrika – Großbritannien Flaggensystem eingeführt |accessdate=2008-05-26 |author=Volker Preuß|coauthors= |language=de}}</ref> These [[ensigns]] were not intended to be used as the Union's national flag, although they were used by some people as such. Although these ensigns were primarily intended for maritime use, they were also flown on land.

<gallery widths="180">
File:South Africa Flag 1910-1912.svg|The [[South Africa Red Ensign]] was South Africa's ''de facto'' national flag between 1910 and 1928 and was flown at times from Government buildings.
File:Red Ensign of South Africa (1912-1951).svg|The design of the Red Ensign was modified slightly in 1912 when the shield was placed on a white disc so as to make it more distinguishable. The Red Ensign continued to be used as the flag of the South African merchant marine until 1951.<ref name=msa>Merchant Shipping Act 1951 (South Africa); South Africa ''Government Gazette'' No 6085 dated 25 July 1958.</ref>
File:Blue Ensign of South Africa (1910–1912).svg|The [[Blue Ensign]] was flown over the Union’s offices abroad between 1910 and 1928.
File:South Africa Flag 1912-1928.svg|The Blue Ensign from 1912 to 1928.
</gallery>

These flags never enjoyed much popular support due to the animosities lingering after the Anglo-Boer War. The Afrikaner descendants of the Dutch settlers from the former Boer Republics found the prominent position of the British Union Flag to be offensive while the English-speakers saw any move to remove it as an Afrikaner plot to deprive them of their imperial symbol.

===1928–1994 flag===
{{main|Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = South Africa
| Article =
| Image = Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg
| Alt =
| Noborder = 
| Nickname =
| Morenicks =
| Use = 
| Symbol =
| Proportion = 2:3
| Adoption = 1928
| Relinquished = April 1994
| Design =
| Designer =
}}
[[File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994, small flags.svg|thumb|right|The three flags in the centre representing the former British colonies of [[Cape Province|Cape Colony]] and [[Natal Colony|Natal]] with the Union Jack on the left, followed by the flags of the former Boer republics of [[Orange Free State]] and the [[South African Republic]] on the right. The [[Union Jack]] is shown with [[Union Jack#Flying|the hoist on the right]].]]
Due to the lack of popularity of these flags, there were intermittent discussions about the desirability of a more distinctive national flag for South Africa after 1910,<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Frederick G |last=Brownell|authorlink=Fred Brownell|title= Convergence and Unification : The National Flag of South Africa (1994) in historical perspective, |type=PhD|publisher=University of Pretoria|location= Pretoria|date=2015}}</ref> it was only after a coalition government took office in 1925 that a bill was introduced in [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] to introduce a national flag for the Union. This provoked an often violent controversy that lasted for three years based on whether the British Union Flag should be included in the new flag design or not. The [[Natal Province]] even threatened to [[Natal covenant|secede from the Union]] should it be decided to remove it.

Finally, a compromise was reached that resulted in the adoption of a separate flag for the Union in late 1927 and the design was first hoisted on 31 May 1928. The design was based on the so-called Van Riebeeck flag or "[[Prince's Flag]]" (''Prinsenvlag'' in [[Afrikaans]]) that was originally the [[Flag of the Netherlands|Dutch flag]]; it consisted of orange, white, and blue horizontal stripes. A version of this flag had been used as the flag of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (known as the VOC) at the Cape (with the VOC logo in the centre) from 1652 until 1795. The South African addition to the design was the inclusion of three smaller flags centred in the white stripe. The miniature flags were the British [[Union Flag]] (mirrored) towards the hoist, the [[flag of the Orange Free State]] hanging vertically in the middle and the [[Flag of the South African Republic|Transvaal Vierkleur]] towards the fly. The position of each of the miniature flags is such that each has equal status. However, to ensure that the Dutch flag in the canton of the Orange Free State flag is placed nearest to the upper hoist of the main flag, the Free State flag must be reversed. The British Union Flag, which is nearest to the hoist and is thus in a more favoured position, is spread horizontally from the Free State flag towards the hoist and is thus also reversed. Although placed horizontally furthest from the hoist, to balance the British Union Flag, the Vierkleur is the only one of the miniature flags which is spread in the same direction as the main flag. This compensates for its otherwise less favourable position. In this arrangement, each of the miniature flags enjoy equal precedence.<ref name="Brownell1993" /> Note that the miniature flag of the Orange Free State contains a miniature of the Dutch flag, making the old South African flag the only former national flag in the world containing a flag in a flag in a flag.

The choice of the ''Prinsenvlag'' (which was believed to be the first flag hoisted on South African soil by Jan van Riebeeck of the VOC) as the basis upon which to design the South African flag had more to do with compromise than Afrikaner political desires, since the ''Prinsenvlag'' was politically neutral, as it was no longer the national flag of any nation. A further element of this compromise was that the British Union Flag would continue to fly alongside the new South African national flag over official buildings. This dual flag arrangement continued until 1957 when the British Union Flag lost its official status per an [[Act of Parliament]].

Following a [[South African republic referendum, 1960|referendum]] the country became a [[republic]] on 31 May 1961, but the design of the flag remained unchanged. However, there was intense pressure to change the flag, particularly from Afrikaners who still resented the fact that the British Union Flag was a part of the flag. In 1968, the then [[Prime Minister of South Africa|Prime Minister]], [[John Vorster]], proposed the adoption of a new flag from 1971, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the declaration of a republic but this never materialised.<ref name="Glasgow Herald">{{Cite news | newspaper= The [[Glasgow Herald]] | title= New flag | date = 12 September 1968 |page= 18 col C | accessdate = 2016-04-18 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4eg9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=oUgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2838,2158422&dq=south+africa+change+flag+1971&hl=en | language = | quote = }}</ref>

===Current flag since 1994 ===
[[File:New South African flag unveiling.jpg|thumb|South African Ambassador [[Harry Schwarz]] presenting the new flag to the president of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], in May 1994.]]

The present South African national flag was first flown on 27 April 1994, the day of the [[South African general election, 1994|1994 election]]. However, the flag was first intended to be an interim flag only, and its design was decided upon only a week beforehand.

The choice of a new flag was part of the negotiation process set in motion when [[Nelson Mandela]] was released from prison in 1990. When a nationwide public competition was held in 1993, the National Symbols Commission received more than 7,000 designs. Six designs were shortlisted and presented to the public and the Negotiating Council, but none elicited enthusiastic support. A number of design studios were then contacted to submit further proposals, but these also did not find favour. [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] went into [[recess (motion)|recess]] at the end of 1993 without a suitable candidate for the new national flag.

In February 1994, [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] and [[Roelf Meyer]], the chief negotiators of the [[African National Congress]] and the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government of the day respectively, were given the task of resolving the flag issue. A final design was adopted on 15 March 1994, derived from a design developed by the State Herald [[Fred Brownell]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27155475|title=Fred Brownell: The man who made South Africa's flag|date=27 April 2014|accessdate=27 April 2014|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> who had also previously designed the [[Flag of Namibia]]. This interim flag was hoisted for the first time on the 27 April 1994, the day when the nation’s first fully inclusive elections commenced which resulted in [[Nelson Mandela]] being inaugurated as South Africa’s first democratically elected president on 10 May 1994.

[[File:Pm cricket shots09 6058.jpg|thumb|left|The flag flying at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]].]]

The proclamation of the new national flag by [[South African President]] [[F. W. de Klerk]] was only published on 20 April 1994,<ref name="proc">South Africa ''Government Gazette'' No 15663 dated 20 April 1994.</ref> a mere seven days before the flag was to be inaugurated, sparking a frantic last-minute flurry for flag manufacturers. As stated in South Africa's post-apartheid interim constitution, the flag was to be introduced on an interim probationary period of five years, after which there would be discussion about whether or not to change the national flag in the [[Constitution of South Africa|final draft of the constitution]]. The Constitutional Assembly was charged with the responsibility of drafting the country’s new constitution and had called for submissions, inter alia, on the issues of its various national symbols. It received 118 submissions recommending the retention of the new flag and 35 suggesting changes to it. Thus on 28 September 1995 it decided that the flag should be retained unchanged and accordingly it was included as Section One of the Constitution of South Africa which came into force in February 1997.<ref>Bruce B Berry : “Zero to Hero” - the role of the national flag in nation building in post-apartheid South Africa, paper presented at the 26th International Congress of Vexillology, Sydney, Australia (September 2015)</ref>

== Proper display of the flag ==
{{See also|List of South African flags}}The South African government published guidelines for proper display of the flag at designated flag stations, in Government Notice 510 of 8 June 2001 (Gazette number 22356). These rules apply only to official flag stations and not to the general public.

The [[Southern African Vexillological Association]] (SAVA), a non-official association for the study of flags, published their own guide for proper display of the flag in 2002. This guide has no official authority but was drawn up with generally accepted vexillological etiquette and principles in mind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/no-need-to-get-in-a-flap-over-flag-etiquette-94265|title=No need to get in a flap over flag etiquette |work=IOL News |date=12 September 2002|accessdate=2013-03-23}}</ref>

== Heraldic description ==

An addendum to the Transitional Executive Council agenda (April 1994) described the flag in heraldic terms as follows:

''The National flag shall be rectangular in the proportion of two in the width to three to the length; per pall from the hoist, the upper band red (chilli) and lower band blue, with a black triangle at the hoist; over the partition lines a green pall one fifth the width of the flag, fimbriated white against the red and blue, and gold against the black triangle at the hoist, and the width of the pall and its fimbriations is one third the width of the flag.''

Schedule One of the Constitution of South Africa (1996) replaced the heraldic definition and described the flag in plain English as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule 1 to the South African Constitution, 1996|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng-s01.pdf|publisher=Department of Justice and Constitutional Development|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref>

# ''The national flag is rectangular; it is one and a half times as long as it is wide. ''
# ''It is black, gold, green, white, chilli red and blue. ''
# ''It has a green Y-shaped band that is one fifth as wide as the flag. The centre lines of the band start in the top and bottom corners next to the flag post, converge in the centre of the flag, and continue horizontally to the middle of the free edge. ''
# ''The green band is edged, above and below in white, and towards the flag post end, in gold. Each edging is one fifteenth as wide as the flag. ''
# ''The triangle next to the flag post is black. ''
# ''The upper horizontal band is chilli red and the lower horizontal band is blue. These bands are each one third as wide as the flag.''

==See also==
* [[List of South African flags]]
* [[Coat of arms of South Africa]]
* [[National anthem of South Africa]]
* [[National symbols of South Africa]]
* [[Southern African Vexillological Association]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="Brownell1993">{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Brownell|first=F. G. |authorlink=Fred Brownell|title=National and Provincial Symbols and Flora and Fauna Emblems of the Republic of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fo4yAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=C. van Rensburg|isbn=978-0-86846-074-1}}</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Saker|first=Harry |title=The South African flag controversy, 1925-1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYgaAAAAYAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Cape Town}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pama|first=C|title=Die vlae van Suider-Afrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AkVNAAACAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Tafelberg|language=af|isbn=978-0-624-02070-7}}
* {{cite journal|last=Brownell|first=F.G.|author-link=Fred Brownell|title= The Union Jack over Southern and Central Africa: 1795–1994|journal=SAVA Journal|date=March 1994|pages=|isbn=0-620-18833-2}}
* {{cite journal|last=Van Zyl|first=J.A.|title= The History of Flags of South Africa before 1900|journal=SAVA Journal|date=April 1995|isbn=0-620-19798-6}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Flags of South Africa}}
{{wikiquote|Flag of South Africa}}
* [http://www.savaflags.org.za Southern African Vexillological Association (SAVA)]
* {{FOTW|id=za|title=South Africa}}
* {{FOTW|id=za_old|title=South Africa (1928-1994)}}

{{Africa topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of Africa]]}}
{{nationalflags}}
{{Portal bar|South Africa|Heraldry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flag Of South Africa}}
[[Category:National symbols of South Africa]]
[[Category:Flags of Africa|South Africa]]
[[Category:Flags of South Africa| ]]
[[Category:South African heraldry]]
[[Category:National flags|South Africa]]

Indra Nooyi

2014-05-22T06:43:38Z

37.58.158.114:

{{Infobox person
| name = Indra Nooyi
| image = IndraNooyiDavos2010ver2.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Nooyi at the [[World Economic Forum]] annual meeting in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], January 2010
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|10|28}}<br>[[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| residence = [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]
| citizenship = [[United States]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1595326_1615737_1615996,00.html The TIME 100]</ref>
| alma_mater = {{nowrap|[[Madras Christian College]] (B.S.)<br>[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Calcutta]] (M.B.A)<br>[[Yale School of Management]] (M.A.)}}
| occupation = [[Chairperson]] & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] of [[PepsiCo]]
| predecessor =
| religion = Hindu
| ethnicity = [[Tamil people|Tamil]]
| employer = PepsiCo
| awards =
| salary = $18.6 million (2014)<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/PepsiCos-Indra-Nooyi-got-18-6-million-pay-package-in-2013/articleshow/32508068.cms]</ref>
}}
'''Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi''' (born 28 October 1956) is an Indian-born, [[naturalization|naturalized]] American, business executive and the current [[Chairperson]] and [[Chief Executive Officer]] of [[PepsiCo]], the second largest food and beverage business in the world by net revenue.<ref name="pepsize">{{cite journal|title=PepsiCo, Inc. (NYSE:PEP) : Second Quarter 2010 Earnings Preview|journal=IStock Analyst|date=15 July 2010|url=http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewarticle/articleid/4311403|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> According to ''[[Forbes]]'', she is consistently ranked among the [[Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|World's 100 Most Powerful Women]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/wealth/power-women | work=Forbes | title=Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women | first=Patricia | last=Sellers | date=2012-10-02}}</ref> In 2013, she has been ranked 10th in the list of Forbes World's 100 most powerful women.

==Early life and career==
Nooyi was born to a Brahmin Family<ref>http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-02-07/news/28471801_1_indra-nooyi-nandan-nilekani-personal-side</ref> in [[Madras]] (presently [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. She was educated at [[Holy Angels Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]] in Madras. She received a Bachelor's degree in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics from [[Madras Christian College]] in 1974 and a [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta#Post Graduate Programme (MBA): PGDM & PGDCM|Post Graduate Diploma in Management]] ([[MBA]]) from [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] in 1976.<ref>[http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2004-Ko-Pr/Nooyi-Indra.html, Notable Biographies]</ref> Beginning her career in India, Nooyi held product manager positions at [[Johnson & Johnson]] and textile firm Mettur Beardsell. She was admitted to [[Yale School of Management]] in 1978 and earned a Master's degree in Public and Private Management. While at Yale, she completed her summer internship with [[Booz Allen Hamilton]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/09/29/magazines/fortune/mpw.femaleCEOs.intro.fortune/index.htm | work=CNN | title=It's good to be the boss | first=Patricia | last=Sellers | date=2006-10-02}}</ref> Graduating in 1980, Nooyi joined the [[Boston Consulting Group]] (BCG), and then held strategy positions at [[Motorola]] and [[Asea Brown Boveri]].<ref name=Yale>{{cite web|url=http://mba.yale.edu/alumni/alumni_leaders/nooyii.shtml|title=Alumni Leaders — Indra Nooyi '80|publisher=Yale School of Management|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref>

==PepsiCo executive==
Nooyi joined [[PepsiCo]] in 1994 and was named president and CFO in 2001. Nooyi has directed the company's global strategy for more than a decade and led PepsiCo's restructuring, including the 1997 divestiture of its restaurants into Tricon, now known as [[Yum! Brands]]. Nooyi also took the lead in the acquisition of [[Tropicana Products|Tropicana]] in 1998,<ref>{{cite news |first=Greg|last=Levine|title='Power Women' Member Nooyi To Lead 'Platinum' Pepsi|work=Forbes|date=2006-08-14|accessdate=2007-09-10|url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/08/14/pepsi-nooyi-ceo-cx_gl_0814autofacescan10.html}}</ref> and merger with [[Quaker Oats Company]], which also brought [[Gatorade]] to PepsiCo. In 2006 she became the fifth CEO in PepsiCo's 44-year history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indra Nooyi, Chairman and CEO of PepsiCo, Named CEO of the Year by GSCLG|url=http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Global-Supply-Chain-Leaders-Group-Gsclg-NYSE-PEP-1014870.html|date=2009-09-09|publisher=Marketwire|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref>

According to ''[[BusinessWeek]]'', since she started as CFO in 2000,<ref name="Forbes">{{cite news|url=http://people.forbes.com/profile/indra-k-nooyi/62917|title=Forbes Profile: Indra Nooyi|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> the company's annual revenues have risen 72%, while net profit more than doubled, to $5.6 billion in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |first=Diane|last=Brady|title=Indra Nooyi: Keeping Cool In Hot Water|work=BusinessWeek|date=2007-06-11|accessdate=2009-07-10|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_24/b4038067.htm}}</ref>

Nooyi was named on ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''{{'}}s list of 50 women to watch in 2007 and 2008,<ref>{{cite news |first=Betsy|last=McKay|title=The 50 Women to Watch 2007|work=Wall Street Journal|date=2008-22-19|accessdate=2009-07-10|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119517314579995043.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Michael R.|last=Crittenden|title=The 50 Women to Watch 2008|work=Wall Street Journal|date=2008-11-10|accessdate=2009-07-10|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122609301920009441.html}}</ref> and was listed among ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s 100 Most Influential People in The World in 2007 and 2008. ''[[Forbes]]'' named her the #3 most powerful woman in 2008.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_Indra-Nooyi_1S5D.html The 100 Most Powerful Women], Forbes.com</ref> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' ranked her the #1 most powerful woman in business in 2009 and 2010. On the 7th of October 2010 Forbes magazine ranked her the 6th most powerful woman in the world.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/2009/full_list/ The 50 Most Powerful Women in Business], Fortune.com</ref><ref>[http://www.peoplestar.co.uk/index.html?celebs=4 « The World's 100 Most Powerful Women »], ''peoplestar.co.uk'', Retrieved on 2010-10-11.</ref>

==Compensation==
While CEO of PepsiCo in 2011, Nooyi earned a total compensation of $17 million which included a base salary of $1.6 million, a cash bonus of $2.5 million, pension value and [[deferred compensation]] was $3 million.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/pepsico-ceo-nooyi-gets-17-mn-in-compensation-189522?pfrom=home-lateststories PepsiCo CEO Nooyi gets $17 mn in compensation | NDTV.com]</ref>

==Honours, awards and international recognition==
''[[Forbes]]'' magazine ranked Nooyi fourth on the 2008 and 2009 list of [[The World's 100 Most Powerful Women]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/11/biz_powerwomen08_Indra-K-Nooyi_1S5D.html|title=The 100 Most Powerful Women: #3|accessdate=2008-08-27 | work=Forbes|date=2008-08-27}}</ref> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine has named Nooyi number one on its annual ranking of Most Powerful Women in business for 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/popups/2006/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/1.html|title=50 Most Powerful Women 2006: #1|accessdate=2009-09-22 | work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0709/gallery.women_mostpowerful.fortune/index.html|title=50 Most Powerful Women 2007: #1|accessdate=2009-09-22 | work=CNN | first1=Katie | last1=Benner | first2=Eugenia | last2=Levenson | first3=Rupali | last3=Arora}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0809/gallery.women_mostpowerful.fortune/index.html|title=50 Most Powerful Women 2008: #1|accessdate=2009-09-22 | work=CNN | first1=Jessica | last1=Shambora | first2=Beth | last2=Kowitt | date=2008-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2009/fortune/0909/gallery.most_powerful_women.fortune/index.html|title=50 Most Powerful Women 2009: #1|accessdate=2009-09-22 | work=CNN | first1=Jessica | last1=Shambora | first2=Beth | last2=Kowitt | date=2009-09-15}}</ref> In 2008, Nooyi was named one of America's Best Leaders by [[U.S. News & World Report]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2008/11/19/americas-best-leaders-indra-nooyi-pepsico-ceo.html|title=America's Best Leaders: Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo CEO|accessdate=2008-11-20}}</ref>
In 2008, she was elected to the Fellowship of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy Announces 2008 Class of Fellows|url=http://www.amacad.org/news/new2008.aspx|date=2008-04-28|publisher=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref>

In January 2008, Nooyi was elected Chairwoman of the US-India Business Council (USIBC). Nooyi leads USIBC's Board of Directors, an assembly of more than 60 senior executives representing a cross-section of American industry.<ref>{{cite press release |title=PepsiCo’s Indra K. Nooyi Elected Chairman of U.S.-India Business Council|url=http://www.uschamber.com/NR/rdonlyres/exbnjy4mawims7mptd6isnhtvkqorskmwlupfr72a5u6sfs52z2ow6hh6fzrimvldilpygy5be2eefgrnnq6yyglhyh/2008.01.23PepsiCosIndraNooyiElectedasUSIBCsChairman.pdf|publisher=U.S. Chamber of Commerce|format=PDF|date=2009-01-23|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref><ref>
{{cite press release |title=USIBC Leads U.S. Commercial Nuclear Executives to Help Implement Historic Nuclear Deal|url=http://www.uschamber.com/NR/rdonlyres/eekwkh6jdasrtonek2fpjfev7x2dt35lwlkoxjxkq2skspnd6omydisjceahnorox2jsboessxzjegrhxmrp4b5rrye/PressRelease2009.01.16USIBCLeadsU.S.CommercialNuclearExecutivestoHelpImplementHistoricNuclearDeal.pd.pdf|publisher=U.S. Chamber of Commerce|date=2009-01-16|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref>

Nooyi has been named 2009 CEO of the Year by Global Supply Chain Leaders Group.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India-born-Indra-Nooyi-named-CEO-of-the-year/articleshow/4775431.cms India-born Indra Nooyi named CEO of the year]</ref>

In 2009, Nooyi was considered one of "The TopGun CEOs" by Brendan Wood International, an advisory agency.<ref>[http://archive.is/20120731070440/http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/22/top-gun-CEOs--intelligent-investing-survey.html.php The Market's Best Managers - Forbes.com], Forbes.com</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS148914+10-Jun-2009+MW20090610.php Brendan Wood International Announces 24 TopGun CEOs in the US], Reuters.com</ref> In 2010 she was named #1 on ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s list of the "50 Most Powerful Women" and #6 on ''[[Forbes]]''' list of the "World's 100 Most Powerful Women".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/wealth/power-women |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women| work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/fortune/1009/gallery.most_powerful_women.fortune/index.html | work=CNN | first1=Jessica | last1=Shambora | first2=Beth | last2=Kowitt | title=50 Most Powerful Women | date=2010-09-30}}</ref> After five years on top, PepsiCo's Indian American chairman and CEO Indra Nooyi has been pushed to the second spot as most powerful woman in US business by Kraft's CEO, [[Irene Rosenfeld]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/business/234484/indra-nooyi-second-most-powerful-woman-in-us-business/| title= Indra Nooyi second most powerful woman in US business|date=Oct 1, 2011|publisher=Indiavision news}}</ref>

Nooyi was named to ''[[Institutional Investor (magazine)|Institutional Investor]]'''s Best CEOs list in the All-America Executive Team Survey in 2008 to 2011.<ref>[http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Research-and-Rankings-Corporate-Excellence.html The All-America Executive Team Best CEOs], InstitutionalInvestor.com</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year !! Name !! Awarding organization !! Ref.
|-
|2013
|Honorary Degree
| [[North Carolina State University]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/freelon-to-speak-at-nc-state-commencement/}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2011
| Honorary Doctor of Laws
| [[Wake Forest University]].
| {{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2011
| Honorary Doctor of Laws
| [[University of Warwick]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/olympics_weirdstones_pepsi/|title=University of Warwick 2011: Citations for Medalists}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2011
| Honorary Doctorate of Law
| [[Miami University]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miamialum.org/s/916/internalNL.aspx?sid=916&gid=1&pgid=252&cid=6868&ecid=6868&ciid=25489&crid=0|title=Miami University 2011: Citations for Medalists}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2010
| Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters
| [[Pennsylvania State University]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://live.psu.edu/story/45336|title=Pennsylvania State 2010: Citations for Medalists}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2009
| Honorary Degree
| [[Duke University]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.duke.edu/2009/05/commencement.html|title=Duke University Commencement 2009: Citations for Medalists}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2009
| Barnard Medal of Honor
| [[Barnard College]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barnard.edu/commencement/2009/citations.html|title=Barnard College Commencement 2009: Citations for Medalists}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2008
| Honorary Degree
| [[New York University]].
| {{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2007
| [[Padma Bhushan]]
| [[President of India]].
|<ref>{{cite news |first=Aloke|last=Tikku|authorlink=|title=Khushwant, Karnik, Nooyi, Remo, Mittal on Padma list|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=14130333-163e-4218-ba2f-4e1cb2277f39|work=Hindustan Times|date=2007-02-23|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|-
| 2004
| Honorary Doctor of Laws
| [[Babson College]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.babson.edu/archives/awards/honorary_degrees.cfm|title=Babson College Commencement 2004: Citations for Medalists}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|}

==Memberships and Associations==
Nooyi is a Successor Fellow of the [[Yale Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PepsiCo president Indra Nooyi elected to Yale Corporation |work=Yale Bulletin & Calendar |date=30 August 2002 |accessdate=6 July 2009 |url=http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v31.n1/story3.html }}</ref> She serves as a member of the Foundation Board of the [[World Economic Forum]], [[International Rescue Committee]], [[Catalyst (nonprofit organization)|Catalyst]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.catalyst.org/page/89/catalyst-boards|publisher=Catalyst|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref> and the [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts]]. She is also a member of the Board of Trustees of [[Eisenhower Fellowships]], and has served as Chairperson of the U.S.-India Business Council.

Nooyi serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the [[World Justice Project]]. The [[World Justice Project]] works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the [[Rule of Law]] for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.

==Personal life==
Nooyi is married to Raj K. Nooyi. They have two daughters and reside in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. One of her daughters is currently attending the School of Management at Yale, Nooyi's alma mater.<ref name=pers>{{cite news|last=Credeur|first=Mary Jane|title=Pepsi's Indra Nooyi Led Non-Soda Growth; Women CEO Exemplar|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aVxff5ovmqYk|accessdate=17 August 2011|newspaper=Bloomberg, L.P.|date=15 August 2006}}</ref> Forbes ranked her at the 3rd spot among 'World's Powerful Moms' list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hillary-sonia-among-worlds-powerful-moms-list/257455-2.html |title= Clinton, Nooyi, Sonia among 'World's Powerful Moms' list |date= 13 May 2012}}</ref>

Her elder sister Chandrika Krishnamurthy Tandon is a well-known singer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Seabrook|first=John|title=Snacks for a Fat Planet|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/16/110516fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all|accessdate=May 28, 2013}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Indra Nooyi}}

{{wikinewspar|PepsiCo names Nooyi CEO as Reinemund retires}}
* [http://pepsico.com/Company/Leadership.aspx#indra.page_1 PepsiCo corporate biography]
* [http://www.forbes.com/profile/indra-nooyi/# Forbes Profile: Indra Nooyi]
* [http://money.cnn.com/2008/02/18/news/companies/morris_nooyi.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2008021904: The Pepsi Challenge, profile Indra Nooyi (Fortune)]
* [http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/biography/M-R/Nooyi-Indra-K-1955.html Reference for Business: Indra Nooho Leadership Biography]
* [http://www.asiasociety.org/resources/090414_indra_nooyi.html Video of discussion with Indra Nooyi at the Asia Society, New York, 4/14/2009]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Chairwoman and CEO of [[PepsiCo]]
| before= [[Steven Reinemund]]
| after= Incumbent
| years=2006 – Present}}
{{s-end}}
{{PepsiCo}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=85641885}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =Nooyi, Indra
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American businesswoman
| DATE OF BIRTH =1955-10-28
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nooyi, Indra}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American chief executives]]
[[Category:American people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Women corporate directors]]
[[Category:Boston Consulting Group people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian women in business]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:PepsiCo people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan]]
[[Category:American women chief executives]]
[[Category:Yale School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:American chairmen of corporations]]
[[Category:Indian chairmen of corporations]]